Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
RJMS 2024, 31(1): 0-0 |
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Research code: 0
Ethics code: IR.IAU.TNB.REC.1402.033
Clinical trials code: 0
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Ershadi Manesh S, Ghorbaninejad F. Structural Pattern of Childhood Trauma with Self-Injury Behavior of Adolescents with Borderline Personality Traits Based on Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies. RJMS 2024; 31 (1)
URL: http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8453-en.html
URL: http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8453-en.html
Assistant Professor, Psychology Department, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (corresponding author) , sue.ershadi@gmail.com
Abstract: (275 Views)
Background and Aim: Non-suicidal self-injury refers to the intentional destruction of body tissue without suicidal intent and for socially unsupported purposes. The aim of this study was to investigate the structural relationships between childhood trauma with adolescents' self-injury behavior based on the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies.
Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study is all the second high school students in Tehran in the academic year of 1402-1401. In this study, 316 students were selected through multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected using a non-suicidal self-injury behavior questionnaire (Klonsky & Glenn, 2009), childhood trauma (Bernstein et al., 2003), cognitive emotion regulation strategies (Garnefski and et al, 2001).
Results: Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and structural modeling using SPSS and AMOS software. The findings indicate that the proposed model is fitted with the data.
Conclusion: In explaining these results, it can be said that Gratz et al. (2002) model, explained the relationship between self-harm and emotion regulation based on three factors; Self-harm causes the avoidance of unwanted emotions, self-harm causes emotional pain to become tangible, and self-harm causes the change of negative emotional states, and this effect is achieved through the release of endorphins. It causes numbness and creates a sense of comfort. The most important physiological mechanisms that support the emotion regulation model of self-injury are related to studies that have shown that self-injury causes the release of endorphins (Laporte et al., 2021). Emotion regulation centers and pain regulation and reduction centers are located close to each other in the brain and are connected; therefore, because self-harm causes physical pain, for this reason, treatment of physical pain regulates negative emotions and relieves the pressure of negative emotions (Thomas and Bonaire, 2023). On the other hand, based on the process model of emotion regulation, strategies are distinguished based on the time of impact in the emotion-generating process; before the response (focusing on the antecedent) and after the response (focusing on the response). In response-focused strategies, a person uses them after the emotion starts, and to get rid of his unpleasant and painful feelings, there is a possibility of harming and wounding himself (Newman et al., 2010). Self-harm behavior is a way to express, enliven, or manage negative emotional states, and the reason for the continuation of this behavior is its effect in reducing negative emotions creating positive states, or getting rid of numb states. It is emotional numbness. About the role of self-harm as a strategy for allocating attention to emotion regulation, it can be stated that with this act, attention is diverted from annoying emotional stimuli and creates thoughtlessness, distraction, suppression, and avoidance of states. It becomes an unpleasant emotion that is one of the motives of self-harm. Self-harm, either directly or indirectly, is related to emotions, ways of coping with emotions, and emotional consequences. As mentioned earlier, the difficulty of regulating emotions is the inability of people to manage and modify emotional experiences to adapt them to personal goals. People who have difficulty regulating their emotions cannot self-regulate their emotions and do not know when to experience them or how to express them. This factor plays the role of a fog in adapting to stressful events in life. The present study has limitations that should be taken into consideration in future studies. First, the relative lack of diversity in some samples (for example, the student sample in the age range of 15 to 17 years) may moderate the generalizability of the results. Therefore, it is susceptible to the limitations of using a simple data collection method. Therefore, it is better to use other measurement methods such as structured clinical interviews, behavioral rating scales, and direct evaluation of behavior in future research. Since the family factors and individual differences of teenagers are the background for formulating and implementing various interventions to correct and prevent mental injuries; It is suggested that future researchers should pay attention to other related variables such as individual differences in coping styles, personality traits, as well as family dimensions, such as the presence of family members with streaks of behavioral disorders and personality disorders, to complete the data of the current research. It is suggested to carry out screening tests every year at the school level, to identify the cases that need intervention in the fields of health and mental health while examining the mental health status of adolescents, both boys and girls, and with the help of relevant organizations and the cooperation of families in To adjust the conditions of adolescents with mental disorders as well as their family problems, take practical steps to prevent their conditions from worsening and turning them into serious psychological injuries such as self-injurious behavior. It is also important to remember that the present study was descriptive. Therefore, drawing and adapting communication patterns between variables in various samples according to the evolutionary level requires more studies to gain more validity for the findings of the current research. The results of structural equation modeling showed that 0.04% of the changes related to adaptive emotional regulation are explained by childhood trauma. 0.01% of changes related to maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation are explained by childhood trauma. Accordingly, 72% of the changes related to adolescents' self-injury are explained by childhood trauma, and adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation. Self-injury behaviors in adolescents are a function of childhood trauma and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies mediate this relationship.
Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study is all the second high school students in Tehran in the academic year of 1402-1401. In this study, 316 students were selected through multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected using a non-suicidal self-injury behavior questionnaire (Klonsky & Glenn, 2009), childhood trauma (Bernstein et al., 2003), cognitive emotion regulation strategies (Garnefski and et al, 2001).
Results: Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and structural modeling using SPSS and AMOS software. The findings indicate that the proposed model is fitted with the data.
Conclusion: In explaining these results, it can be said that Gratz et al. (2002) model, explained the relationship between self-harm and emotion regulation based on three factors; Self-harm causes the avoidance of unwanted emotions, self-harm causes emotional pain to become tangible, and self-harm causes the change of negative emotional states, and this effect is achieved through the release of endorphins. It causes numbness and creates a sense of comfort. The most important physiological mechanisms that support the emotion regulation model of self-injury are related to studies that have shown that self-injury causes the release of endorphins (Laporte et al., 2021). Emotion regulation centers and pain regulation and reduction centers are located close to each other in the brain and are connected; therefore, because self-harm causes physical pain, for this reason, treatment of physical pain regulates negative emotions and relieves the pressure of negative emotions (Thomas and Bonaire, 2023). On the other hand, based on the process model of emotion regulation, strategies are distinguished based on the time of impact in the emotion-generating process; before the response (focusing on the antecedent) and after the response (focusing on the response). In response-focused strategies, a person uses them after the emotion starts, and to get rid of his unpleasant and painful feelings, there is a possibility of harming and wounding himself (Newman et al., 2010). Self-harm behavior is a way to express, enliven, or manage negative emotional states, and the reason for the continuation of this behavior is its effect in reducing negative emotions creating positive states, or getting rid of numb states. It is emotional numbness. About the role of self-harm as a strategy for allocating attention to emotion regulation, it can be stated that with this act, attention is diverted from annoying emotional stimuli and creates thoughtlessness, distraction, suppression, and avoidance of states. It becomes an unpleasant emotion that is one of the motives of self-harm. Self-harm, either directly or indirectly, is related to emotions, ways of coping with emotions, and emotional consequences. As mentioned earlier, the difficulty of regulating emotions is the inability of people to manage and modify emotional experiences to adapt them to personal goals. People who have difficulty regulating their emotions cannot self-regulate their emotions and do not know when to experience them or how to express them. This factor plays the role of a fog in adapting to stressful events in life. The present study has limitations that should be taken into consideration in future studies. First, the relative lack of diversity in some samples (for example, the student sample in the age range of 15 to 17 years) may moderate the generalizability of the results. Therefore, it is susceptible to the limitations of using a simple data collection method. Therefore, it is better to use other measurement methods such as structured clinical interviews, behavioral rating scales, and direct evaluation of behavior in future research. Since the family factors and individual differences of teenagers are the background for formulating and implementing various interventions to correct and prevent mental injuries; It is suggested that future researchers should pay attention to other related variables such as individual differences in coping styles, personality traits, as well as family dimensions, such as the presence of family members with streaks of behavioral disorders and personality disorders, to complete the data of the current research. It is suggested to carry out screening tests every year at the school level, to identify the cases that need intervention in the fields of health and mental health while examining the mental health status of adolescents, both boys and girls, and with the help of relevant organizations and the cooperation of families in To adjust the conditions of adolescents with mental disorders as well as their family problems, take practical steps to prevent their conditions from worsening and turning them into serious psychological injuries such as self-injurious behavior. It is also important to remember that the present study was descriptive. Therefore, drawing and adapting communication patterns between variables in various samples according to the evolutionary level requires more studies to gain more validity for the findings of the current research. The results of structural equation modeling showed that 0.04% of the changes related to adaptive emotional regulation are explained by childhood trauma. 0.01% of changes related to maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation are explained by childhood trauma. Accordingly, 72% of the changes related to adolescents' self-injury are explained by childhood trauma, and adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation. Self-injury behaviors in adolescents are a function of childhood trauma and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies mediate this relationship.
Keywords: Childhood Trauma, Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Behavior, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies, Borderline Personality Disorder, Adolescents.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Clinical Psychiatry
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