Volume 32, Issue 1 (3-2025)
RJMS 2025, 32(1): 1-10 |
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Research code: نویسندگان متعهد می شوند کد اخلاق تا زمان چاپ به نشریه ا
Ethics code: IR.SSRC.REC.1402.321
Clinical trials code: نویسندگان متعهد می شوند کد اخلاق تا زمان چاپ به نشریه ا
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Dabaghi E, Molanourozi K, Mousavi Sadati S K, Ghasemi A. Effectiveness of Coach, Mirror and Self-Control Observation on Learning of Movement Sequence Using Kinect Sensor Evaluation. RJMS 2025; 32 (1) :1-10
URL: http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8391-en.html
URL: http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8391-en.html
1- PhD Student of Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2- Assistant Professor, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ,keivannorozy@gmail.com
3- Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
4- Assistant Professor, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2- Assistant Professor, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ,
3- Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
4- Assistant Professor, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract: (2211 Views)
Background & Aims: Physical exercise is not the only way to acquire new motor skills, and model observation can facilitate learning a wide range of tasks (2). Observational practice is considered as an effective method for teaching general task features. Studies in this field show the positive effects of watching a skilled video or live model on learning different motor skills such as bowling (4), golf shot (5), basketball throw (6), gymnastics routine and trampoline (7). Another observational learning method that is used to learn motor skills is a mirror. Mirrors are often used in educational settings where movements must be learned accurately (8). Simultaneous mirror feedback has been used more in clinical studies for patients (9). The effectiveness of using a mirror in non-clinical research has been shown in various skills such as balance, rhythmic movements, manipulative skills, basketball dribbling (9, 12, 13). It has been found that if the learner has some control over the observation exercise, it increases learning (14, 15). Self-controlled practice is practice in which the learner has some control over the practice conditions. Self-controlled exercise is more beneficial than exercise programs that are strictly prescribed by a trainer (16). Researches have shown that when the amount of training is the same between the self-control and paired groups, the self-control group performs better in the memory and transfer test (19, 20). On the other hand, recent research shows that it is very difficult to learn long sequences of actions in form movements in a non-social way, but social learning significantly increases the probability of people achieving sequences of form movements (22).
Considering the opportunity to observe the instructor and the mirror in training environments of form movements and also the possibility of self-control of these exercises, and in a clickable manner, the research in the field of form movements training, and especially that so far, there has been no research on the effect of different methods of direct observation, mirror and self-control The movements of the form have not been investigated, the necessity of many researches is felt. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer these basic challenges, what effect will the different methods of direct observation, mirror observation, and self-control observation of the instructor have on learning a new movement sequence through Kinect evaluation?
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, the number of 30 novice women and 30 skilled women in form movements from the city of Tehran with the age range of 18 to 30 were selected as available and each category was randomly divided into three groups of 10 people: direct observation of the coach, observation of the coach in the mirror, self-control observation. The exercises consisted of a one-hour training session of new form movements from Kinect's set of rhythmic movements, which were taught to the participants by three methods: direct observation, mirror and self-control. The evaluation of the performance of the movement sequence in the stages of acquisition, acquisition, retention, and follow-up was evaluated through the Kinect sensor (highest score = 100).
Results: The results showed that all groups showed the significant acquisition (M > 50; P ≤ 0.05) and their performance in retention and follow-up tests was maintained (P > 0.05). Skilled groups performed significantly better than novice groups (P≤0.05). Also, the self-control groups performed better in all stages of evaluation than other groups (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: The first result of the research indicated the effectiveness of all three teaching methods (direct observation, mirror and self-control) on learning the movement sequence in both skilled and beginner people. These results show that regardless of the type of training, observing the behavior of a skilled model (such as direct observation in the present study) and practicing in the mirror (observing the instructor in the mirror) improves the learning of a new movement sequence after a training session. Which indicates the powerful effects of observation in the motor learning process. These results are generally in line with research results that show the positive effects of learning to observe an observational model (3) as well as practicing in a mirror (9,12,13,23,27). Therefore, it can be said with high confidence that learning through physical exercise and observation are acquired due to similar cognitive processes (28-30). Another result related to learning the movement sequence indicated the superiority of the self-control groups over the direct and mirror observation groups, which is in line with the research results of Abdoli et al. (2014), Aiken et al.) is consistent (14,15,17,18). According to the social cognitive perspective, the basic characteristic of self-control is focusing on the learner's ability to implement a sense of choice and control in a situation where various self-regulation strategies are used (31).
In general, training protocols in which the learner is given at least some degree of self-control leads to more learning than protocols that are completely prescribed (32,33). It is believed that self-controlled learners use strategies that are more consistent with their individual needs; and the principled use of cognitive, motivational and behavioral strategies doubles the effects of learning (34). Especially in observational learning, when learners have an opportunity to request information, they extract more task-related information from observing the model (35). It was also shown in this study that skilled people scored significantly higher than beginners, which was predictable, but this result is important in this study because the Kinect evaluation system is so sensitive that it can detect the differences to discriminate between skilled and novice motor sequence performance with high confidence. The first limitation that can be mentioned was the small number of participants in each group, so future research should be done with a larger number. Also, the current research had one exercise session, so for a better understanding of the effectiveness and efficiency, it is better for future researches to examine the effectiveness of these exercises in different sessions.
The present study for the first time showed the effectiveness of self-control in learning form movements and the reliability of Kinect assessment. Therefore, during training sessions, trainers should be allowed to control the type and rhythm of training by creating self-control conditions for learners. Also, due to the high reliability and validity of using Kinect grading, it is suggested that instructors use this tool to evaluate the progress of learners during learning sessions.
Keywords: Effectiveness of Coach, Mirror and Self-Control Observation, Learning of Movement Sequence, Kinect Sensor Evaluation
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Exercise Physiology
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