Volume 30, Issue 6 (9-2023)
RJMS 2023, 30(6): 327-344 |
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Research code: 0
Ethics code: IR.IAU.SARI.REC.1402.247
Clinical trials code: 0
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Teimouri S, Pouryousef Miandoab M, Jabalameli L, Aramideh S, Haddadi A. The Effect of Nanoparticle, Nanocomposite, Nanocapsule, and Liposome Forms of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Essential Oils in Reducing the Biofilm of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria. RJMS 2023; 30 (6) :327-344
URL: http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8388-en.html
URL: http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8388-en.html
Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy and Agroecology, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran , pooryousefm@yahoo.com
Abstract: (269 Views)
Background & Aims: One of the most important factors of pathogenicity and multidrug resistance of bacteria is the formation of biofilm. Bacterial biofilm includes communities of microorganisms, extracellular products, and materials in the space between them that are attached to a surface. The thickness of the biofilm can be significant from a single cell layer to a community depending on the adhesive polymeric environment in which it is located. In the 21st century, resistance to antibiotics was considered one of the biggest threats in the world, which is known to be a great danger to the health of humans and animals, and it has been proven to be an effective disaster. Finally, in the last few years, scientists have thought of replacing some organic and natural substances with antibiotics in order to minimize the harm caused by them, until the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance is raised as an important problem in health care This feature spreads antibiotic-resistant microbial pathogens. Bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative staphylococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Enterococcus, and Escherichia coli, which are receiving a lot of attention now and can be said to be the most resistant bacteria. It is compared to antibiotics and leads to the most dangerous infections in humans and animals. Staphylococcus aureus can produce multi-layered biofilm in one layer of glycocalyx. Due to its special structure and the presence of extracellular polymeric substances, biofilm reduces the penetration of antimicrobial agents. It is difficult to treat infections caused by biofilm-forming bacteria, and due to the distinctive properties of biofilms and their role in reducing the penetration of drugs into bacterial cells, biofilm-forming bacteria have high drug resistance and need to be used There are different treatment methods to treat this type of infection. Pseudomonas-aeruginosa is also one of the most important hospital pathogens. One of the treatment problems of this bacterium is its antibiotic resistance to common antibiotic treatments, which is related to biofilm production. One of the most important effects of antibiotics is drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in a way that reduces or completely eliminates the effect of the drug. This modified bacterium survives and causes new damage to body systems. In the last few years, scientists have been thinking of replacing some organic and natural substances instead of antibiotics in order to minimize the harm caused by them, until the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance has been raised as an important problem in health care. This feature spreads antibiotic-resistant microbial pathogens. Plant secondary metabolites such as essential oils and plant extracts have been investigated for their antimicrobial effect and it has been found that most of the plant essential oils extracted from plants have insecticidal, antifungal, antiparasitic, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant and cell killing properties. The active compounds of plant extracts and essential oils are volatile and some of them are hardly soluble in water and are easily oxidized. One of the problems of essential oils is their effectiveness. The method that can be suggested to increase the effectiveness and consumption of essential oils is to convert the essential oil into a nano form or use nanocomposite, nanoparticle, nanocapsule and liposome for further penetration into cells. Some studies show that encapsulated essential oils increase the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the compounds and also cause their properties to be preserved for a longer period of time. Due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, essential oils can be suitable substitutes in food and medicine fields and to deal with bacterial infections and pathogenic bacteria. They can also be an alternative to antibiotics. One of the latest methods to improve the transmission and effect of plant essential oils is the use of nanotechnology and the production of nanoparticle, nanocomposite, nanocapsule and liposome. Europe, Africa and Asia grow. This plant has received much attention in this family due to its aromatic compounds, antioxidant compounds and special biological characteristics. In recent studies, the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and activities of rosemary have been investigated. The essential oils obtained from rosemary and peppermint plants were analyzed by GC and GC-MS using the distillation method. Methyl cyclohexanol (35.90%) and menthone (23.01%) were the main components of the peppermint plant, camphor (23.22%), and alpha-pinene (17.99%) of the rosemary plant, respectively. The particle size of nano-emulsion, nano-composite, nano-capsule, and nano-liposome of both essential oils (rosemary and peppermint) was determined below 100 nm, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis. The antibacterial activity of Mentha piperita L and Rosmarinus officinalis L against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was determined using the MIC method.
Methods: The samples of rosemary and peppermint plants tested in this research were collected from the growth center of agricultural technology units of Urmia University and were approved by botanical specialists of Urmia University. The collected plants were completely dried in the dark and then the dried plants were powdered by a blender. To prepare essential oil, essential oil was extracted from the Cloninger machine available in the laboratory of Urmia University.
Results: Nanocapsules containing rosemary and peppermint essential oils were obtained with particle sizes of 19.25 and 35.2, respectively. Nanocomposite containing rosemary and peppermint essential oil was obtained with particle sizes of 27.14 and 71.7, respectively. Nanoliposomes containing rosemary and peppermint essential oils were obtained with particle sizes of 19.1 and 25.38, respectively.
Conclusion: The particle size of all formulations showed a significant difference over time, the particle size of nano emulsions was slightly different compared to nano-capsules, nano-composites, and nanoliposomes, but in general, all samples were stable. If the change in particle size was acceptable after one month. In the test of antimicrobial effects, the effect of essential oil in both free and encapsulated states in lipid carriers against Gram-positive bacteria was higher than Gram-negative bacteria, and the inhibition rate of nanoemulsion and nanoliposome compared to free essential oil in all bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus), Escherichia coli, Moraxella catarrhalis) and Candida albicans fungus was higher. nanoemulsion also had more antimicrobial effects compared to nanoliposomes.
Methods: The samples of rosemary and peppermint plants tested in this research were collected from the growth center of agricultural technology units of Urmia University and were approved by botanical specialists of Urmia University. The collected plants were completely dried in the dark and then the dried plants were powdered by a blender. To prepare essential oil, essential oil was extracted from the Cloninger machine available in the laboratory of Urmia University.
Results: Nanocapsules containing rosemary and peppermint essential oils were obtained with particle sizes of 19.25 and 35.2, respectively. Nanocomposite containing rosemary and peppermint essential oil was obtained with particle sizes of 27.14 and 71.7, respectively. Nanoliposomes containing rosemary and peppermint essential oils were obtained with particle sizes of 19.1 and 25.38, respectively.
Conclusion: The particle size of all formulations showed a significant difference over time, the particle size of nano emulsions was slightly different compared to nano-capsules, nano-composites, and nanoliposomes, but in general, all samples were stable. If the change in particle size was acceptable after one month. In the test of antimicrobial effects, the effect of essential oil in both free and encapsulated states in lipid carriers against Gram-positive bacteria was higher than Gram-negative bacteria, and the inhibition rate of nanoemulsion and nanoliposome compared to free essential oil in all bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus), Escherichia coli, Moraxella catarrhalis) and Candida albicans fungus was higher. nanoemulsion also had more antimicrobial effects compared to nanoliposomes.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Microbiology
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