Volume 30, Issue 7 (10-2023)
RJMS 2023, 30(7): 1-12 |
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Research code: IR.IAU.SRB.REC.1401.003
Ethics code: IR.IAU.SRB.REC.1401.003
Clinical trials code: IR.IAU.SRB.REC.1401.003
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Jabbari A, Ghazalian F. Effect of Six Weeks of Concurrent Training (Endurance-Resistance) on the Performance of the Cardio-Respiratory System in Inactive Young Women. RJMS 2023; 30 (7) :1-12
URL: http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8146-en.html
URL: http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8146-en.html
Associate Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran , phdghazalian@gmail.com
Abstract: (278 Views)
Background & Aims: The lack of regular physical activity and the high prevalence of inactivity increase the accumulation of visceral fat and, as a result, increase chronic low-grade inflammation and the onset of metabolic disorders, including metabolic syndrome, which shows a set of risk markers such as abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin resistance and pro-inflammatory state are strong and independent factors in the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (1,2).
In addition to negatively impacting cardiovascular health, physical inactivity accelerates age-related decline in lung function and is associated with decreased lung function, chronic noncommunicable diseases, and death (4).
The positive effects of regular exercise on health-related outcomes are widely recognized in all age groups (5). Previous studies have shown that regular participation in sports activities can improve cardio-respiratory fitness and body composition (13). In this context, performing aerobic and strength exercises simultaneously (concurrent exercises) is an integral part of physical exercises that are performed with the aim of improving sports performance and health. Concurrent or simultaneous exercises refer to the combination of aerobic and strength exercises to create aerobic capacity and muscle strength or hypertrophy at the same time (14). Concarnet exercises improve some cardio-respiratory indicators. In the same context, the results of Eschuman et al. (2015) showed that the maximal oxygen consumption in men and women was statistically higher in concurrent exercises (endurance and strength at the same time) compared to endurance and strength exercises alone (16). However, some studies have shown that a combination of endurance and strength training in a training program when the total number of weekly training sessions is high leads to impaired strength development and muscle hypertrophy (19). One study has shown that VO2max decreases after a long period (20 weeks) of concurrent endurance and strength training in men (20).
Considering today's modern life and the relative decrease in daily physical activity and the occurrence of some diseases related to weight gain and lack of physical fitness, research on the positive effects of exercise on the cardiorespiratory system and the use of appropriate exercise methods are essential to It seems But based on the researcher's studies, the research done in this regard is very limited. Therefore, the current research aims to examine the question of whether MRT (endurance-resistance) exercises have an effect on the performance of the cardio-respiratory system of inactive women?
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 16 inactive women of Tehran city were selected in a targeted and available manner and were randomly placed in two control groups (n = 8) and concurrent exercise (endurance and resistance) (n = 8). After the pre-test (anthropometric tests and gas analyzer), the concurrent exercise group (endurance and resistance) performed the concurrent exercise program for six weeks and three sessions every week, and the subjects of the control group did not have any special exercise. Before and after the training session, anthropometry, body composition and cardio-respiratory parameters were measured using an in-body device and a gas analyzer. The data were analyzed by covariance analysis test at the P<0.05.
Results: The results showed that six weeks of MRT (endurance-resistance) had no significant effect on the values of VO2max, FEV1, FVC, VE/VO2, VE/VCO2, FEV1/FVC, VO2/HR, HR in inactive young women (P<0.05). Also, after the training period, there was no difference in BMI, PBF, SMM and WHR indices between the training and control groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The findings of the present research showed that MRT (endurance-resistance) exercises lead to non-significant improvements in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced expiratory volume in one second to forced capacity (FEV1/FVC). ) and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2MAX) was disabled in young women. Also, after the training period, there was no significant change in the first ventilation break point (VT1), second ventilation break point (VT2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR), ratio of oxygen consumption to heart rate (VO2/HR) in Inactive young women were observed. The effect of exercise on respiratory volumes depends on the age group, race, gender, and the intensity and type of exercise as well as the level of physical fitness (23). In explaining the reasons for the effect of exercise on FVC and FEV1 following exercise, it should be said that Weakness of the respiratory muscles, including the diaphragm, intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles group, change the values of FVC and FEV1 and the forced expiratory volume in one second to the forced capacity, as well as the increase in the residual volume as a result of the weakness of the expiratory muscles, as well as neuromuscular disorders along with a decrease in ability Lung elasticity and limited are factors that reduce FVC values. On the other hand, it is known that neuromuscular coordination and greater activity of the diaphragm muscle improves these components (24). Therefore, aerobic training probably leads to the improvement of these indicators through the above mechanisms. However, a longer training period may be needed to have a significant effect on these indicators.
The results of the present study indicated a non-significant improvement in VO2max after MRT (simultaneous endurance and strength) training. The findings of Gabler et al. (2018), Faton et al. (2010), Eschuman et al. (2015) and Prastesh (2018) have reported a significant increase in VO2max after concurrent exercise (endurance and strength at the same time) (16,17) , 21, 25). Among the possible reasons for this increase in the maximum level of oxygen consumption, we can mention an increase in blood volume, an increase in the end-diastolic diameter, a better blood flow to the active muscles, an increase in the density of capillaries and mitochondria in active muscles after exercise (26). Factors affecting RER during exercise, such as duration and intensity of exercise, age, sex, fitness level, muscle glycogen, and daily dietary intake, together explain only 60% of the variation in RER during exercise, and usual dietary intake Food has a greater effect on RER than carbohydrate consumed during exercise. It has been found that during exercise, the increase in sympathetic activity causes the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline, resulting in an increase in myocardial contractions and an increase in heart rate. During exercise, by increasing the average arterial pressure, the pressure receptors in the arteries by sending a negative feedback decrease the sympathetic activity and as a result increase the diameter of the vessels, increase the volume of blood available to the muscles, decrease the blood pressure and decrease the heart rate (31). One of the limitations of the present study is the small number of samples, so a similar study with the measurement of these indicators in a high number of samples is suggested. Also, future studies should consider a longer period of time and a higher intensity to investigate the pulmonary function response to concurrent exercise. In summary, the results of this research showed that six weeks of MRT exercises led to non-significant improvement of some cardiorespiratory indices in inactive women. According to the results of the present research, it seems that concurrent exercises can help improve cardiorespiratory performance in inactive women. Therefore, inactive people, especially inactive women, can do this type of exercise to improve cardiorespiratory fitness. However, more cardiorespiratory benefits may be achieved by performing MRT exercises with greater intensity and duration.
In addition to negatively impacting cardiovascular health, physical inactivity accelerates age-related decline in lung function and is associated with decreased lung function, chronic noncommunicable diseases, and death (4).
The positive effects of regular exercise on health-related outcomes are widely recognized in all age groups (5). Previous studies have shown that regular participation in sports activities can improve cardio-respiratory fitness and body composition (13). In this context, performing aerobic and strength exercises simultaneously (concurrent exercises) is an integral part of physical exercises that are performed with the aim of improving sports performance and health. Concurrent or simultaneous exercises refer to the combination of aerobic and strength exercises to create aerobic capacity and muscle strength or hypertrophy at the same time (14). Concarnet exercises improve some cardio-respiratory indicators. In the same context, the results of Eschuman et al. (2015) showed that the maximal oxygen consumption in men and women was statistically higher in concurrent exercises (endurance and strength at the same time) compared to endurance and strength exercises alone (16). However, some studies have shown that a combination of endurance and strength training in a training program when the total number of weekly training sessions is high leads to impaired strength development and muscle hypertrophy (19). One study has shown that VO2max decreases after a long period (20 weeks) of concurrent endurance and strength training in men (20).
Considering today's modern life and the relative decrease in daily physical activity and the occurrence of some diseases related to weight gain and lack of physical fitness, research on the positive effects of exercise on the cardiorespiratory system and the use of appropriate exercise methods are essential to It seems But based on the researcher's studies, the research done in this regard is very limited. Therefore, the current research aims to examine the question of whether MRT (endurance-resistance) exercises have an effect on the performance of the cardio-respiratory system of inactive women?
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 16 inactive women of Tehran city were selected in a targeted and available manner and were randomly placed in two control groups (n = 8) and concurrent exercise (endurance and resistance) (n = 8). After the pre-test (anthropometric tests and gas analyzer), the concurrent exercise group (endurance and resistance) performed the concurrent exercise program for six weeks and three sessions every week, and the subjects of the control group did not have any special exercise. Before and after the training session, anthropometry, body composition and cardio-respiratory parameters were measured using an in-body device and a gas analyzer. The data were analyzed by covariance analysis test at the P<0.05.
Results: The results showed that six weeks of MRT (endurance-resistance) had no significant effect on the values of VO2max, FEV1, FVC, VE/VO2, VE/VCO2, FEV1/FVC, VO2/HR, HR in inactive young women (P<0.05). Also, after the training period, there was no difference in BMI, PBF, SMM and WHR indices between the training and control groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The findings of the present research showed that MRT (endurance-resistance) exercises lead to non-significant improvements in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced expiratory volume in one second to forced capacity (FEV1/FVC). ) and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2MAX) was disabled in young women. Also, after the training period, there was no significant change in the first ventilation break point (VT1), second ventilation break point (VT2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR), ratio of oxygen consumption to heart rate (VO2/HR) in Inactive young women were observed. The effect of exercise on respiratory volumes depends on the age group, race, gender, and the intensity and type of exercise as well as the level of physical fitness (23). In explaining the reasons for the effect of exercise on FVC and FEV1 following exercise, it should be said that Weakness of the respiratory muscles, including the diaphragm, intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles group, change the values of FVC and FEV1 and the forced expiratory volume in one second to the forced capacity, as well as the increase in the residual volume as a result of the weakness of the expiratory muscles, as well as neuromuscular disorders along with a decrease in ability Lung elasticity and limited are factors that reduce FVC values. On the other hand, it is known that neuromuscular coordination and greater activity of the diaphragm muscle improves these components (24). Therefore, aerobic training probably leads to the improvement of these indicators through the above mechanisms. However, a longer training period may be needed to have a significant effect on these indicators.
The results of the present study indicated a non-significant improvement in VO2max after MRT (simultaneous endurance and strength) training. The findings of Gabler et al. (2018), Faton et al. (2010), Eschuman et al. (2015) and Prastesh (2018) have reported a significant increase in VO2max after concurrent exercise (endurance and strength at the same time) (16,17) , 21, 25). Among the possible reasons for this increase in the maximum level of oxygen consumption, we can mention an increase in blood volume, an increase in the end-diastolic diameter, a better blood flow to the active muscles, an increase in the density of capillaries and mitochondria in active muscles after exercise (26). Factors affecting RER during exercise, such as duration and intensity of exercise, age, sex, fitness level, muscle glycogen, and daily dietary intake, together explain only 60% of the variation in RER during exercise, and usual dietary intake Food has a greater effect on RER than carbohydrate consumed during exercise. It has been found that during exercise, the increase in sympathetic activity causes the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline, resulting in an increase in myocardial contractions and an increase in heart rate. During exercise, by increasing the average arterial pressure, the pressure receptors in the arteries by sending a negative feedback decrease the sympathetic activity and as a result increase the diameter of the vessels, increase the volume of blood available to the muscles, decrease the blood pressure and decrease the heart rate (31). One of the limitations of the present study is the small number of samples, so a similar study with the measurement of these indicators in a high number of samples is suggested. Also, future studies should consider a longer period of time and a higher intensity to investigate the pulmonary function response to concurrent exercise. In summary, the results of this research showed that six weeks of MRT exercises led to non-significant improvement of some cardiorespiratory indices in inactive women. According to the results of the present research, it seems that concurrent exercises can help improve cardiorespiratory performance in inactive women. Therefore, inactive people, especially inactive women, can do this type of exercise to improve cardiorespiratory fitness. However, more cardiorespiratory benefits may be achieved by performing MRT exercises with greater intensity and duration.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Exercise Physiology
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