Research code: 7736
Ethics code: IR.MAZUMS.REC.1399.7736
Clinical trials code: IR.MAZUMS.REC.1399.7736
Assistant Professor at Department of Exercise Physiology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, , Z_hch@pnu.ac.ir
Abstract: (576 Views)
Background
Obesity is associated with the growth of the number and size of fat cells, which leads to physiological changes and can be a threatening factor for the development of various diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, etc. Myonectin is one of the newly recognized myokines that is secreted from skeletal muscles and is related to the metabolic state of the body, as myonectin levels decrease in fasting conditions and Researchers observed that there is a relationship between myonectin and glycemic indices, especially insulin resistance. It appears to play a role in signaling between skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Studies have shown that disruption of myonectin production and function can inactivate insulin receptors and increase insulin resistance. Based on the research conducted by Seldin et al, they found that blood circulation myonectin and its gene expression decrease with obesity and muscle contractions increase myonectin gene expression. It seems that the increase in the deposition of free fatty acids in muscle tissue following a high-fat diet and adipose tissue reduces the ability of skeletal muscle to produce myokines such as myonectin. Based on the conducted research, the intervention of physical activity and nutrition can prevent the occurrence of related diseases by improving obesity. Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world, whose seeds contain high amounts of antioxidant compounds with anti-obesity properties. Green coffee contains two effective substances in the matter of metabolism, namely chlorogenic acid and caffeine. Chlorogenic acid in green coffee, in addition to reducing the absorption of fat in food by 45%, also stimulates metabolism. The main antioxidant in green coffee extract, namely chlorogenic acid, plays a role in the release of glucose 6-phosphate enzyme, a key enzyme in the glycolysis pathway and determining the process of fuel metabolism in the cell. Caffeine, another ingredient in green coffee, also affects fat metabolism. Many studies have reported maximal fat oxidation at intensities between 25 and 85% of maximal oxygen consumption, but fewer studies are available that accurately show the intensity of activity that causes maximal fat oxidation. Despite the great potential health benefits of aerobic exercise, many adults do not participate in these exercises due to lack of time as an important barrier. In addition, many researchers have suggested that high-intensity exercise compared to with moderate intensity, it burns more calories and increases fat oxidation after more activity, and also its energy cost is more than monotonous sports activity. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity aerobic exercise and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise along with the consumption of green coffee supplements on the levels of glycemic indices and myonectin in obese women.
Methods: This research was practical and semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design. First, from among 200 referrals, 72 people were selected based on the study entry criteria and randomly divided into six groups of 12 including high-intensity aerobic exercise (HIT), moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (MIT), aerobic exercise High intensity/green coffee, medium intensity aerobic exercise/green coffee, green coffee supplement and control group were divided. The criteria for subjects to be included in the study are 20 to 30 years old, body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 35 kg/m2, no cardiovascular, kidney, or hormonal diseases, no smoking and alcohol use, no drug use, no history Regular participation in sports activities in the last year, not taking supplements or weight-reducing drugs in the six months before the study. Exclusion criteria from the research were having any type of diet, missing more than three training sessions, and not taking green coffee supplements regularly. Before starting the exercise program, during a session, the conditions of conducting the research and the exercise program for the intervention were explained to the subjects, and after completing the informed consent form and the questionnaire, height and weight measurements were made by them. The training protocol consisted of warm-up, main program and cool-down phase. The warm-up consisted of gentle running, stretching and flexibility movements in the upper and lower body for 10 minutes. The main training program was implemented in two training intensities. The main exercise in the moderate intensity group (MIT) consisted of aerobic movements starting with an intensity of 60% and continuing up to an intensity of 80% of the maximum heart rate during the training period. The main training in the high-intensity group (HIT) consisted of aerobic movements with an intensity of 80-90% of the maximum heart rate during the training period. The green coffee supplement group only consumed green coffee tablets as directed and did not do any exercise during the course. Exercise intensity was calculated according to aerobic guidelines according to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) using the Karonen formula. During the exercise protocol, the subjects' heart rate was continuously recorded and their activity intensity was monitored. The maximum heart rate was also calculated using the age-220 formula of the subjects. A blood sample of 10 cc was taken from the brachial vein in the first session and 48 hours after the last training session, while fasting. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19 statistical software. In order to determine the normality of data distribution, Shapiro-Wilk test was used. T-test was used to compare the pre-test and post-test of the groups. Aanalysis of covariance and Bonferroni test were used to compare the changes of the groups. The significance level was considered p ≤ 0.05 in all cases.
Results: The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that myonectin values were significantly different between the groups, so the highest increase was in the high-intensity aerobic exercise group with supplements compared to other groups (p=0.000), but compared to the aerobic exercise group with The average intensity with this supplement was not significantly increased (p=0.149). The results of analysis of variance method regarding insulin and glucose showed that there was a significant difference between before and after training (p=0.000). In addition, all groups showed a significant increase in insulin levels compared to the control group. In a pairwise comparison, the highest increase in insulin was related to the group of high-intensity aerobic exercise with supplements (p=0.000). All groups, except the control group, showed a significant decrease in glucose levels after completing the exercise protocol compared to before exercise. Meanwhile, the high-intensity training group and the moderate-intensity training group with supplements showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p=0.05). The difference between insulin resistance groups showed that the high-intensity exercise group with supplements had a significant decrease compared to other groups, but it did not decrease significantly compared to the moderate-intensity exercise group with supplements.
Conclusion: There is no significant difference between high-intensity and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise with supplements, although HIT exercises were more effective than MIT, which indicates the effect of the type of exercise on this index, but there was a significant difference compared to the groups without supplements. It seems that to obtain more effective results, it is better to use HIT exercises and combine exercise with supplements; because in this case, by reducing insulin, we will see an increase in body metabolism and finally, more weight loss.
Obesity is associated with the growth of the number and size of fat cells, which leads to physiological changes and can be a threatening factor for the development of various diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, etc. Myonectin is one of the newly recognized myokines that is secreted from skeletal muscles and is related to the metabolic state of the body, as myonectin levels decrease in fasting conditions and Researchers observed that there is a relationship between myonectin and glycemic indices, especially insulin resistance. It appears to play a role in signaling between skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Studies have shown that disruption of myonectin production and function can inactivate insulin receptors and increase insulin resistance. Based on the research conducted by Seldin et al, they found that blood circulation myonectin and its gene expression decrease with obesity and muscle contractions increase myonectin gene expression. It seems that the increase in the deposition of free fatty acids in muscle tissue following a high-fat diet and adipose tissue reduces the ability of skeletal muscle to produce myokines such as myonectin. Based on the conducted research, the intervention of physical activity and nutrition can prevent the occurrence of related diseases by improving obesity. Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world, whose seeds contain high amounts of antioxidant compounds with anti-obesity properties. Green coffee contains two effective substances in the matter of metabolism, namely chlorogenic acid and caffeine. Chlorogenic acid in green coffee, in addition to reducing the absorption of fat in food by 45%, also stimulates metabolism. The main antioxidant in green coffee extract, namely chlorogenic acid, plays a role in the release of glucose 6-phosphate enzyme, a key enzyme in the glycolysis pathway and determining the process of fuel metabolism in the cell. Caffeine, another ingredient in green coffee, also affects fat metabolism. Many studies have reported maximal fat oxidation at intensities between 25 and 85% of maximal oxygen consumption, but fewer studies are available that accurately show the intensity of activity that causes maximal fat oxidation. Despite the great potential health benefits of aerobic exercise, many adults do not participate in these exercises due to lack of time as an important barrier. In addition, many researchers have suggested that high-intensity exercise compared to with moderate intensity, it burns more calories and increases fat oxidation after more activity, and also its energy cost is more than monotonous sports activity. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity aerobic exercise and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise along with the consumption of green coffee supplements on the levels of glycemic indices and myonectin in obese women.
Methods: This research was practical and semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design. First, from among 200 referrals, 72 people were selected based on the study entry criteria and randomly divided into six groups of 12 including high-intensity aerobic exercise (HIT), moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (MIT), aerobic exercise High intensity/green coffee, medium intensity aerobic exercise/green coffee, green coffee supplement and control group were divided. The criteria for subjects to be included in the study are 20 to 30 years old, body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 35 kg/m2, no cardiovascular, kidney, or hormonal diseases, no smoking and alcohol use, no drug use, no history Regular participation in sports activities in the last year, not taking supplements or weight-reducing drugs in the six months before the study. Exclusion criteria from the research were having any type of diet, missing more than three training sessions, and not taking green coffee supplements regularly. Before starting the exercise program, during a session, the conditions of conducting the research and the exercise program for the intervention were explained to the subjects, and after completing the informed consent form and the questionnaire, height and weight measurements were made by them. The training protocol consisted of warm-up, main program and cool-down phase. The warm-up consisted of gentle running, stretching and flexibility movements in the upper and lower body for 10 minutes. The main training program was implemented in two training intensities. The main exercise in the moderate intensity group (MIT) consisted of aerobic movements starting with an intensity of 60% and continuing up to an intensity of 80% of the maximum heart rate during the training period. The main training in the high-intensity group (HIT) consisted of aerobic movements with an intensity of 80-90% of the maximum heart rate during the training period. The green coffee supplement group only consumed green coffee tablets as directed and did not do any exercise during the course. Exercise intensity was calculated according to aerobic guidelines according to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) using the Karonen formula. During the exercise protocol, the subjects' heart rate was continuously recorded and their activity intensity was monitored. The maximum heart rate was also calculated using the age-220 formula of the subjects. A blood sample of 10 cc was taken from the brachial vein in the first session and 48 hours after the last training session, while fasting. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19 statistical software. In order to determine the normality of data distribution, Shapiro-Wilk test was used. T-test was used to compare the pre-test and post-test of the groups. Aanalysis of covariance and Bonferroni test were used to compare the changes of the groups. The significance level was considered p ≤ 0.05 in all cases.
Results: The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that myonectin values were significantly different between the groups, so the highest increase was in the high-intensity aerobic exercise group with supplements compared to other groups (p=0.000), but compared to the aerobic exercise group with The average intensity with this supplement was not significantly increased (p=0.149). The results of analysis of variance method regarding insulin and glucose showed that there was a significant difference between before and after training (p=0.000). In addition, all groups showed a significant increase in insulin levels compared to the control group. In a pairwise comparison, the highest increase in insulin was related to the group of high-intensity aerobic exercise with supplements (p=0.000). All groups, except the control group, showed a significant decrease in glucose levels after completing the exercise protocol compared to before exercise. Meanwhile, the high-intensity training group and the moderate-intensity training group with supplements showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p=0.05). The difference between insulin resistance groups showed that the high-intensity exercise group with supplements had a significant decrease compared to other groups, but it did not decrease significantly compared to the moderate-intensity exercise group with supplements.
Conclusion: There is no significant difference between high-intensity and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise with supplements, although HIT exercises were more effective than MIT, which indicates the effect of the type of exercise on this index, but there was a significant difference compared to the groups without supplements. It seems that to obtain more effective results, it is better to use HIT exercises and combine exercise with supplements; because in this case, by reducing insulin, we will see an increase in body metabolism and finally, more weight loss.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Exercise Physiology
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