Research code: 0
Ethics code: IR.UMZ.REC.1401.020
Clinical trials code: 0
1- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
2- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran (Corresponding author) Athletic Performance and Health Research Center, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran (Corresponding author) North Asa Hirbod Health and Sport Sciences Firm, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran (Corresponding author), Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran (Corresponding author) Athletic Performance and Health Research Center, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran (Corresponding a ,shadmehr.mirdar@gmail.com
3- Department of Pathology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran., Department of Pathology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
2- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran (Corresponding author) Athletic Performance and Health Research Center, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran (Corresponding author) North Asa Hirbod Health and Sport Sciences Firm, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran (Corresponding author), Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran (Corresponding author) Athletic Performance and Health Research Center, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran (Corresponding a ,
3- Department of Pathology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran., Department of Pathology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
Abstract: (117 Views)
Abstract
Background and Aim: In allergic asthma, a wide range of irritants trigger an immediate airway response and cause a cascade of inflammation, bronchiectasis, and excessive mucus secretion. Today, it is known that innate immune cells known as neutrophils act as double-edged swords by playing vital roles in clearing infection and inducing tissue damage. Neutrophil Elastase secreted by neutrophils is a strong secretion in the airways, which is of great importance in causing allergic airway inflammation and Hyperresponsiveness in chronic asthma. In addition, the prolongation of chronic inflammation causes significant structural changes in the lung tissue, which are caused by repeated damage and renewal of S. Structural changes in the lung caused by chronic inflammation include Subepithelial fibrosis, increased smooth muscle mass, enlarged glands, nucleation, and epithelial changes. As a selective barrier, the lung epithelium significantly contributes to maintaining the distinct integrity of tissue compartments and preventing the entry of inhaled allergens, irritants, and microorganisms. Airway epithelial barrier dysfunction is also one of the commonly observed features of asthma and may have important effects. Tight junctions almost exclusively seal the Paracellular space between epithelial cells, and dysfunction of tight corners increases Paracellular permeability and activates immune cells, and also plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic lung inflammation. Claudin 5 is a tight junction protein expressed by pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells that regulate the maintenance of immune barrier function and protect the lung against acute injury and chronic disease. The use of aerobic exercise in the experimental model with mice sensitized to ovalbumin has been recognized as a valuable tool for positive adaptations regarding the function of the immune system and pulmonary remodeling, and it has been recommended as a strong non-pharmacological strategy in animal models of chronic asthma. In addition, interval training is more popular due to its potentially greater effects on exercise capacity and less time required compared to conventional endurance training. Also, reducing activity patterns causes harmful physiological changes and ultimately impairment of functional ability in patients with asthma. However, the chronic consequences of peripheral muscle weakness observed in asthma are still controversial, and the role of peripheral muscle training on the pathogenesis of this disease remains to be elucidated. Studies on the effects of interval training combined with moderate-intensity resistance training are very few, and the physiological effects of various exercise training programs in patients with asthma are still unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether such responses may be associated with improved lung inflammation, airway remodeling, and exercise tolerance in asthmatic rats. Whereas exercise training has been found to decrease inflammation and improve aerobic capacity and quality of life, the effects of moderate intensity interval training (MIIT) and RT in these patients is still open to investigation.
Methods: Male Wistar rats were subjected first to 3 weeks ovalbumin sensitization and then 8 weeks of low OVA sensitization and moderate exercise training (OVA+MIIT/RT or combined) exercise trainings. Animals in MIIT group performed exercises in 3× /week, 30 min/session (1 min running/2 min active rest, 60-75% maximal endurance capacity). RT groups performed exercise in a squat apparatus (3 bouts, 10-12 reps, 90 s interval, 3× /week, 60% of one maximum repetition (1RM) for 8 weeks). The animals subjected to CT performed both the MIIT and RT exercise protocols. Specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), morphological analysis, immunohistological expression of neutrophil elastase and claudin5, and exercise capacity were evaluated.
Results: To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of moderate-intensity interval and resistance training (60-75% MCT and 60% 1RM, respectively, alone or in combination) in asthmatic rats. Based on the results obtained, the interval and combined exercise protocol reduces lung inflammation and subsequent airway remodeling such as airway smooth muscle thickness and epithelial mucus production, as well as neutrophil elastase and claudin expression. 5. In addition, it was found that exercise training regimens improve strength and endurance capacity. In addition, the analysis of the weight data of the rats tested in this study indicated the prevention of weight gain in the groups of intermittent and especially combined exercises compared to resistance training. The comparison of the types of exercises used in the present study also showed that the combined exercises caused a significant improvement in lung protection against inflammation, remodeling (by reducing the expression of neutrophil elastase and claudin 5), and increased exercise tolerance compared to the group Our observations suggest that moderate intensity interval training combined with resistance training as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy may play an important role in the treatment of lung diseases with chronic allergic inflammation such as asthma. OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation and remodeling were characterized by an increase in inflammatory infiltration (900%) and mucus production (786%), as well as increase in airway smooth muscle thickness (171%) (P < 0.05, for all) when compared with the control group. All features were lower in OVA-sensitized MIIT, RT and CT groups compared to OVA control group (P<0.05, for all). As with the IHC staining results, the training groups showed lower neutrophil elastase and claudin5 levels.
Conclusion: Combined exercise training (MIIT+RT) improved the cardiopulmonary fitness and muscle strength in animals with chronic asthma, which was associated to improvement in airway inflammation and remodeling.
Background and Aim: In allergic asthma, a wide range of irritants trigger an immediate airway response and cause a cascade of inflammation, bronchiectasis, and excessive mucus secretion. Today, it is known that innate immune cells known as neutrophils act as double-edged swords by playing vital roles in clearing infection and inducing tissue damage. Neutrophil Elastase secreted by neutrophils is a strong secretion in the airways, which is of great importance in causing allergic airway inflammation and Hyperresponsiveness in chronic asthma. In addition, the prolongation of chronic inflammation causes significant structural changes in the lung tissue, which are caused by repeated damage and renewal of S. Structural changes in the lung caused by chronic inflammation include Subepithelial fibrosis, increased smooth muscle mass, enlarged glands, nucleation, and epithelial changes. As a selective barrier, the lung epithelium significantly contributes to maintaining the distinct integrity of tissue compartments and preventing the entry of inhaled allergens, irritants, and microorganisms. Airway epithelial barrier dysfunction is also one of the commonly observed features of asthma and may have important effects. Tight junctions almost exclusively seal the Paracellular space between epithelial cells, and dysfunction of tight corners increases Paracellular permeability and activates immune cells, and also plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic lung inflammation. Claudin 5 is a tight junction protein expressed by pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells that regulate the maintenance of immune barrier function and protect the lung against acute injury and chronic disease. The use of aerobic exercise in the experimental model with mice sensitized to ovalbumin has been recognized as a valuable tool for positive adaptations regarding the function of the immune system and pulmonary remodeling, and it has been recommended as a strong non-pharmacological strategy in animal models of chronic asthma. In addition, interval training is more popular due to its potentially greater effects on exercise capacity and less time required compared to conventional endurance training. Also, reducing activity patterns causes harmful physiological changes and ultimately impairment of functional ability in patients with asthma. However, the chronic consequences of peripheral muscle weakness observed in asthma are still controversial, and the role of peripheral muscle training on the pathogenesis of this disease remains to be elucidated. Studies on the effects of interval training combined with moderate-intensity resistance training are very few, and the physiological effects of various exercise training programs in patients with asthma are still unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether such responses may be associated with improved lung inflammation, airway remodeling, and exercise tolerance in asthmatic rats. Whereas exercise training has been found to decrease inflammation and improve aerobic capacity and quality of life, the effects of moderate intensity interval training (MIIT) and RT in these patients is still open to investigation.
Methods: Male Wistar rats were subjected first to 3 weeks ovalbumin sensitization and then 8 weeks of low OVA sensitization and moderate exercise training (OVA+MIIT/RT or combined) exercise trainings. Animals in MIIT group performed exercises in 3× /week, 30 min/session (1 min running/2 min active rest, 60-75% maximal endurance capacity). RT groups performed exercise in a squat apparatus (3 bouts, 10-12 reps, 90 s interval, 3× /week, 60% of one maximum repetition (1RM) for 8 weeks). The animals subjected to CT performed both the MIIT and RT exercise protocols. Specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), morphological analysis, immunohistological expression of neutrophil elastase and claudin5, and exercise capacity were evaluated.
Results: To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of moderate-intensity interval and resistance training (60-75% MCT and 60% 1RM, respectively, alone or in combination) in asthmatic rats. Based on the results obtained, the interval and combined exercise protocol reduces lung inflammation and subsequent airway remodeling such as airway smooth muscle thickness and epithelial mucus production, as well as neutrophil elastase and claudin expression. 5. In addition, it was found that exercise training regimens improve strength and endurance capacity. In addition, the analysis of the weight data of the rats tested in this study indicated the prevention of weight gain in the groups of intermittent and especially combined exercises compared to resistance training. The comparison of the types of exercises used in the present study also showed that the combined exercises caused a significant improvement in lung protection against inflammation, remodeling (by reducing the expression of neutrophil elastase and claudin 5), and increased exercise tolerance compared to the group Our observations suggest that moderate intensity interval training combined with resistance training as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy may play an important role in the treatment of lung diseases with chronic allergic inflammation such as asthma. OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation and remodeling were characterized by an increase in inflammatory infiltration (900%) and mucus production (786%), as well as increase in airway smooth muscle thickness (171%) (P < 0.05, for all) when compared with the control group. All features were lower in OVA-sensitized MIIT, RT and CT groups compared to OVA control group (P<0.05, for all). As with the IHC staining results, the training groups showed lower neutrophil elastase and claudin5 levels.
Conclusion: Combined exercise training (MIIT+RT) improved the cardiopulmonary fitness and muscle strength in animals with chronic asthma, which was associated to improvement in airway inflammation and remodeling.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Exercise Physiology
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