Volume 32, Issue 1 (3-2025)
RJMS 2025, 32(1): 1-11 |
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Research code: IR.IAU.SRB.REC.1401.007
Ethics code: IR.IAU.SRB.REC.1401.007
Clinical trials code: نویسندگان متعهد می شوند که تا زمان چاپ مقاله کد اخلاق ا
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Sadoughi Din Abad R, Ghazalian F. The Effect of High-Intensity Functional Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness Indicators of Taekwondo Girls. RJMS 2025; 32 (1) :1-11
URL: http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8072-en.html
URL: http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8072-en.html
Department of Exercise Physiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran , phdghazalian@gmail.com
Abstract: (204 Views)
Background & Aims: The important goal of coaches and athletes is to increase the physical and physiological ability of the athlete to the highest possible level, to develop and control the training program to ensure maximum performance (1). Physical activity improves vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC), and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) compared to sedentary individuals (2, 3). Several studies have been conducted to investigate and compare ventilation volume in athletes' samples to determine the effect of different training methods on pulmonary function (3-7). Durmic et al. (2017) compared the pulmonary functions of endurance and strength athletes (470 subjects) and found that forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), and vital capacity (VC) in the group of endurance athletes were significantly It was significantly higher than the measurements in both strength and control groups (3). Also, Mazic et al. (2015) conducted a large-scale study on 15 sports and sedentary individuals. The results showed that VC, FEV and FVC in rowing, basketball and water polo athletes were significantly higher than the control group (4). Dunham et al. (2012) did not observe significant differences in respiratory volumes (PEF, FEF25-75%, FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC) after four weeks of intense interval training and static training (6).
High Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) is a training method that emphasizes functional, multi-joint movements that can be adapted to any fitness level. The HIFT program includes various functional exercise and different activity durations along with rest periods (8). HIFT aims to develop high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, endurance, and strength beyond what is achieved by following current physical activity recommendations (10). Studies examining the effectiveness of HIFT programs have reported significant improvements in VO2max (~12%) (11) and reductions in body fat (~8%) (8).
Taekwondo requires a high level of aerobic and anaerobic fitness. Cardiopulmonary function indicates the ability to transfer oxygen to active muscles for taekwondo athletes who perform high-intensity movements in a short period of time and is an important factor that directly affects sports performance (12). According to the important role of exercise in improving lung function, especially in athletes, it seems that investigating the effects of high-intensity functional training on respiratory performance indicators is of great importance, but according to the studies conducted, the data it is very limited in this regard. Therefore, it shows the need to further investigate the impact of HIFT training on the respiratory performance of athletes. Therefore, the current research aims to examine the question of whether eight weeks of HIFT training has an effect on the indicators of cardiorespiratory fitness of taekwondo girls?
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 16 female Taekwondo fighters between the (ages; 17-27 year) were selected in an accessible and purposeful manner and were randomly assigned to two groups include high-intensity functional training (HIFT) and control. HIFT training was performed for 1 hour including 10 minutes of warm-up and stretching, 40 minutes of main training and 10 minutes of cooling, four sessions a week for eight weeks. Before and after training, anthropometric measurements were taken. Body composition and breath gas test (gas analyzer) of young Taekwondo girls were performed. The data were analyzed by covariance analysis test at the P<0.05.
Results: The results showed that time and the interaction of time and group had a significant effect on VO2max values in young Taekwondo girls (P=0.001). Time did not have a significant effect on FVC and VE/VCO2 values (P>0.05), but the interaction of time and group had a significant effect on FVC values in young Taekwondo girls (P=0.001). Time and the interaction of time and group had no significant effect on the values of FEV1, PEF, FEF25-75 and VE/VO2 in young Taekwondo girls (P>0.05). Time had a significant effect on the FEV1/FVC ratio (P=0.001), but the interaction of time and group did not have a significant effect on the FEV1/FVC ratio in young Taekwondo girls (P>0.05).
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that HIFT exercise caused a significant increase in FVC and VO2max values and a non-significant increase in PEF, FEF 25-75 and VE/VO2 in young female taekwondo fighters. Also, HIFT exercise were associated with a significant decrease in the FEV1/FVC ratio, a non-significant decrease in VE/VCO2 and no significant change in FEV1 in young female taekwondo fighters. These results show that HIFT training affect pulmonary ventilation by improving respiratory indices. The results of the present study are consistent with the findings of Fatima et al. (2013) and Mabhout moghadam and Abbasian (1401) (14,15). Respiratory function depends on many factors including the nervous system, coordination of nerves, muscles, strength of respiratory muscles and lung dimensions. Increasing respiratory muscle strength and reducing airway resistance following physical activity is effective in improving lung function. By engaging the muscles, exercise increases the range and depth of breathing to improve FVC and oxygen consumption and its release rate (16). The effect of exercise on respiratory volumes depends on the age group, race, gender, intensity and type of exercise as well as the level of physical fitness (17). The lack of significant change in the level of FEV1, PEF and FEF25-75 in the present study can be due to the high level of preparation of the subjects, so that hormonal secretion is probably less affected by the exercise.
The mechanism of aerobic performance improvement in response to HIFT training is not well understood. Usually, the adaptation after HIT training is due to the increase in the structure and function of the peripheral vessels, this leads to the improvement of O2 transfer to the tissues and subsequently to the improvement of the a-vO2 difference (22). In explaining the reasons for the change in FVC and FEV1 following HIFT training, it should be said that neuromuscular coordination and greater activity of the diaphragm muscle improve pulmonary indices (25). Consistent with the results of the present study, some researchers have investigated the effects of HIFT training after several weeks of training and have shown significant improvements in VO2max (~12%) after 16 weeks of HIFT (9,11,13). HIFT probably leads to improvement of VO2max through the above mechanisms. One of the limitations of the present study is the lack of measurement of blood lactate and stress hormones, so a similar study with the measurement of these indicators is suggested. Also, a similar research by measuring performance indicators of the respiratory system following exercise protocols with different intensities can help to better understand the results. According to the results of the research, probably HIFT exercise can be effective in improving the performance indicators of the respiratory system of taekwondo girls. Therefore, the implementation of HIFT training as a new training method along with regular exercise can be recommended to improve the lung function of taekwondo women.
High Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) is a training method that emphasizes functional, multi-joint movements that can be adapted to any fitness level. The HIFT program includes various functional exercise and different activity durations along with rest periods (8). HIFT aims to develop high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, endurance, and strength beyond what is achieved by following current physical activity recommendations (10). Studies examining the effectiveness of HIFT programs have reported significant improvements in VO2max (~12%) (11) and reductions in body fat (~8%) (8).
Taekwondo requires a high level of aerobic and anaerobic fitness. Cardiopulmonary function indicates the ability to transfer oxygen to active muscles for taekwondo athletes who perform high-intensity movements in a short period of time and is an important factor that directly affects sports performance (12). According to the important role of exercise in improving lung function, especially in athletes, it seems that investigating the effects of high-intensity functional training on respiratory performance indicators is of great importance, but according to the studies conducted, the data it is very limited in this regard. Therefore, it shows the need to further investigate the impact of HIFT training on the respiratory performance of athletes. Therefore, the current research aims to examine the question of whether eight weeks of HIFT training has an effect on the indicators of cardiorespiratory fitness of taekwondo girls?
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 16 female Taekwondo fighters between the (ages; 17-27 year) were selected in an accessible and purposeful manner and were randomly assigned to two groups include high-intensity functional training (HIFT) and control. HIFT training was performed for 1 hour including 10 minutes of warm-up and stretching, 40 minutes of main training and 10 minutes of cooling, four sessions a week for eight weeks. Before and after training, anthropometric measurements were taken. Body composition and breath gas test (gas analyzer) of young Taekwondo girls were performed. The data were analyzed by covariance analysis test at the P<0.05.
Results: The results showed that time and the interaction of time and group had a significant effect on VO2max values in young Taekwondo girls (P=0.001). Time did not have a significant effect on FVC and VE/VCO2 values (P>0.05), but the interaction of time and group had a significant effect on FVC values in young Taekwondo girls (P=0.001). Time and the interaction of time and group had no significant effect on the values of FEV1, PEF, FEF25-75 and VE/VO2 in young Taekwondo girls (P>0.05). Time had a significant effect on the FEV1/FVC ratio (P=0.001), but the interaction of time and group did not have a significant effect on the FEV1/FVC ratio in young Taekwondo girls (P>0.05).
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that HIFT exercise caused a significant increase in FVC and VO2max values and a non-significant increase in PEF, FEF 25-75 and VE/VO2 in young female taekwondo fighters. Also, HIFT exercise were associated with a significant decrease in the FEV1/FVC ratio, a non-significant decrease in VE/VCO2 and no significant change in FEV1 in young female taekwondo fighters. These results show that HIFT training affect pulmonary ventilation by improving respiratory indices. The results of the present study are consistent with the findings of Fatima et al. (2013) and Mabhout moghadam and Abbasian (1401) (14,15). Respiratory function depends on many factors including the nervous system, coordination of nerves, muscles, strength of respiratory muscles and lung dimensions. Increasing respiratory muscle strength and reducing airway resistance following physical activity is effective in improving lung function. By engaging the muscles, exercise increases the range and depth of breathing to improve FVC and oxygen consumption and its release rate (16). The effect of exercise on respiratory volumes depends on the age group, race, gender, intensity and type of exercise as well as the level of physical fitness (17). The lack of significant change in the level of FEV1, PEF and FEF25-75 in the present study can be due to the high level of preparation of the subjects, so that hormonal secretion is probably less affected by the exercise.
The mechanism of aerobic performance improvement in response to HIFT training is not well understood. Usually, the adaptation after HIT training is due to the increase in the structure and function of the peripheral vessels, this leads to the improvement of O2 transfer to the tissues and subsequently to the improvement of the a-vO2 difference (22). In explaining the reasons for the change in FVC and FEV1 following HIFT training, it should be said that neuromuscular coordination and greater activity of the diaphragm muscle improve pulmonary indices (25). Consistent with the results of the present study, some researchers have investigated the effects of HIFT training after several weeks of training and have shown significant improvements in VO2max (~12%) after 16 weeks of HIFT (9,11,13). HIFT probably leads to improvement of VO2max through the above mechanisms. One of the limitations of the present study is the lack of measurement of blood lactate and stress hormones, so a similar study with the measurement of these indicators is suggested. Also, a similar research by measuring performance indicators of the respiratory system following exercise protocols with different intensities can help to better understand the results. According to the results of the research, probably HIFT exercise can be effective in improving the performance indicators of the respiratory system of taekwondo girls. Therefore, the implementation of HIFT training as a new training method along with regular exercise can be recommended to improve the lung function of taekwondo women.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Exercise Physiology
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