Razi Journal of Medical Sciences

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Background: The aim of this study was to assessing the protective effect of Resistance Training and Vitamin D on the histopathological changes of spinal cord tissue in Female Rats with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.
Material and method: In this experimental study, 48 male Louise 4-week-old female rats were randomly divided into 8 groups. Resistance training protocol was performed for 6 weeks and 5 days a week. Starting a training program with a load equal to 50% of the body weight of the rat. Animals in the first two sessions performed 8 to 10 repetitions (climbing the ladder) at 2-minute breaks. The rats were immunized with the guinea pig's spit and complete adjuvant. The EAE model was induced at the end of the sixth week of exercise. Rats received 5 μg of body weight per kilogram of vitamin D3 in 150 μl of sesame oil every two days once for 2 weeks’ intraperitoneal injection. selected microscopic sections of spinal cord tissue, then stained with hematoxylin and eosin were studied with optical microscope.
Results: Histopathological findings of the spinal cord showed that healthy control, D healthy control and healthy D resistance group were spinal cord tissue completely normal. In the MS control group, in addition to severe myelin degradation, inflammation was observed. In the healthy resistance training and MS resistance groups was observed vascular Hyperemia. In the D MS control group was found inflammation and myelin degradation, and in the D MS resistance group, inflammation and myelin degradation were partially.
Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that resistance exercise with vitamin D consumption can prevent the destruction of myelin and inflammation of the spinal cord tissue.
 

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1. Introduction

2. Methods

3. Result

4. Conclusion

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Background: As obesity reaches epidemic proportions in all ages from childhood, adolescence, youth, middle age and old age, it causes metabolic disorders and chronic diseases during the lifetime of these people (1-3). Convincing evidence has shown that increased adipose tissue mass is not only a consequence of obesity, but also plays an essential role in the development of obesity-related diseases, including insulin resistance (4). Obesity mediates most of its direct medical consequences through the development of insulin resistance. Multiple and complex pathogenic pathways link obesity with the development of insulin resistance, including chronic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction (with reactive oxygen species production and endoplasmic reticulum stress), gut microbiota dysbiosis, and fat extracellular matrix remodeling. Furthermore, insulin resistance increases the weight gain associated with secondary hyperinsulinemia, resulting in a vicious cycle of worsening insulin resistance and its metabolic consequences. Finally, insulin resistance underlies other obesity-related diseases. Insulin resistance also underlies many obesity-related malignancies through the effects of compensatory hyperinsulinemia on the relatively intact Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which controls the processes of cell growth and mitoses. Furthermore, emerging data in recent decades support an important role of insulin resistance associated with central obesity and type 2 diabetes in the development of cognitive dysfunction, including effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity (18). Growing evidence suggests that ectopic fat accumulation is more closely related to diabetes physiology than other variables, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress and plasma inflammatory cytokine concentrations. Several animal and epidemiological studies have shown that the accumulation of diacylglycerol in the plasma membrane fractions due to aberrant fat accumulation or reduced fat oxidation is a critical factor in the development of insulin resistance through the activation of novel protein kinase C (nPKC). It is in liver tissues and skeletal muscles. Based on this pathophysiological mechanism of insulin resistance, suppression of lipid synthesis in the liver and stimulation of fat oxidation in skeletal muscle provide a means to potentially reduce aberrant fat accumulation, improve insulin sensitivity, and ultimately prevent or delay type 2 diabetes. (19). Based on our current knowledge, no research has been found that has comprehensively investigated the effect of exercise training on insulin resistance related to obesity throughout life. Accordingly, the present study aims to review and summarize the effect of exercise training on insulin dysfunction related to obesity. Obesity is lifelong (from fetal period to old age).
Methods: In the present review study, which was an narative review, considering the main purpose of the research, which was to review and summarize the effect of exercise training on obesity-related insulin dysfunction throughout life (from fetal period to old age); Keywords related to the study including obesity, insulin, insulin resistance, pregnancy, infancy, breastfeeding, childhood, adolescence, youth, elderly and menopause alone and in combination with exercise were searched in electronic databases and related articles based on the title were selected and after the initial study of the abstract and removal of unrelated studies or repeated studies, related articles were used for the present review.
Results: In this review, obesity-causing factors and its relationship with insulin resistance during the developmental period from fetal, infant, childhood, and adolescence to old age have been investigated, and the role of exercise throughout life as a non-pharmacological intervention on insulin resistance related to Obesity is highlighted. Overall, the results of our study showed the positive effects of exercise on improving insulin resistance associated with obesity at different ages.
Conclusion: Although insulin resistance caused by obesity is a metabolic disorder that causes cardiometabolic diseases in obese people under the influence of genetics and environmental factors (19). On the other hand, exercise is a non-pharmacological intervention related to lifestyle that can affect the overall systemic metabolism. In fact, the positive effects of exercise improve the acute insulin function caused by training sessions and chronic adaptation. Exercise challenges the homeostasis of the whole body and affects many cells, tissues and organs through increasing the metabolic activity of skeletal muscles. In addition, the beneficial effects of exercise training are not limited to adaptation in tissues, but rather result from the integration of inter-tissue communication through different signaling molecules, hormones and cytokines secreted by different tissues. According to the current review, epigenetic conditions, including the mother's body composition and mother's metabolic conditions during pregnancy, can cause obesity in babies and metabolic disorders in older children with early planning. Also, obesity and sedentary lifestyle in nursing mothers, affecting the quality of breast milk as the main source of nutrition for the child, are effective factors in the occurrence of metabolic disorders in infants. Based on the findings of the present review, exercise training by pregnant and lactating mothers can improve metabolic health in infants. Also, exercising throughout life from childhood to old age is an effective strategy to reduce insulin resistance related to obesity; which can improve insulin function in obese people even without affecting body composition. However, due to the fact that in adults, muscle mass decreases with age, especially in old age; In training protocols, it is necessary to pay attention to maintaining and increasing muscle mass.
 

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Compilation and Validation of Virtual Educational Content for Preventing and Controlling COVID-19 among Pregnant Women and Healthcare Providers
Abstract:
Background & Aim: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of prompt and accurate responses to global health crises. It has also underscored the need for effective strategies, such as digital educational interventions, to manage potential epidemics in the future. This study aimed to develop and validate virtual educational content on COVID-19 prevention and control for pregnant mothers and healthcare providers.
Methods: The information of this study was obtained from the electronic records of 4124 pregnant women or women who have given birth (with or without a history of COVID-19) included in the Sib system of Babol University of Medical Sciences in the form of a census. In this study, informational and educational packages were prepared for the target groups of pregnant mothers and healthcare providers using infographics, motion graphics, short video, interviews with experts and e-books in four stages;1) Identification of adverse pregnancy outcomes with high frequency, 2) Preparation of appropriate scientific contents, 3) Preparing infographics, motions, short videos, e-books and interviews and 4) Determining the validity of the generated virtual packages.
In order to prepare a questionnaire (checklist) after reviewing extensive literature and examining studies in valid profiles about adverse maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes and using the results of studies, the opinions of experts in this field and the information and questionnaires available in the electronic system, the initial checklist was designed and validated using a panel of experts. The different sections of the checklist were extracted and completed by the researcher through the review of electronic health records or through interviews (telephone, face-to-face) of the mothers. In order to check the validity of the checklist, we used the opinions of technical professors and related experts by forming an expert panel. After examining 4124 pregnant women and those who have given birth (with and without a history of COVID-19) from 20/02/2020 to 20/03/2022, whose information was registered in the Sib system of Babol University of Medical Sciences, data analysis performed and unfavorable consequences were determined with high frequency. Obstetric complications and maternal diseases such as hypertension are at least one of the cases of bleeding during pregnancy, premature birth, premature rupture of the amniotic sac, improper weight gain, the most common consequences in pregnant mothers with a history of COVID-19. In adverse neonatal outcomes, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of Apgar minutes one and five of infants, exclusive feeding with breast milk and the presence of symptoms of COVID-19 in infants according to the physician’s diagnosis. Preparation of infographics, motions, short videos, e-book and interview: The preparation of electronic content from the information collected in the previous stage was done using Canva, Photoshop, etc. software. Determining the validity of the produced virtual packages: In order to validate the educational content, a questionnaire was first designed and given to three groups of experts, pregnant women and health care workers, and its validity and content were evaluated using two qualitative and quantitative methods. Criteria were used to design the questions of the educational content validation questionnaire (such as objectivity, accuracy, integrity, non-contradiction, transparency, clarity of content, attractiveness, applicability, appropriateness, necessity, etc.) Some evaluation criteria of educational media are used. To check content validity in a quantitative way, content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were calculated.
Results: The content validity ratio was found to be greater than 62.0, and the content validity index was found to be greater than 79.0 during the content validity check. The developed educational package was deemed suitable and applicable for both experts and expectant mothers. The agreement percentage among experts regarding the desirability of educational content was 87.5%. For pregnant mothers and healthcare providers, it was 86% respectively. Both groups found the educational content favorable in terms of content and structure.
Discussion: The main goal of this research was to compile and validate virtual (digital) educational content in the field of prevention and control of COVID-19 in pregnant mothers and health service providers. According to the studies conducted, studies of this type are very limited. Due to the fact that today the rapid changes in technology have a significant impact on the education of learners, information and communication technological devices have been developed to present and regardless of place and time, knowledge quickly appeared in new forms of media presentation. This was in order to make virtual content suitable for existing content types such as motion graphics and infographics. In all cases, attention to the attractiveness, simplicity, practicality and availability of the type of content was emphasized. On the other hand, due to the fact that the preparation and compilation of the training package requires investment and time, awareness of the quality of virtual training provided and the efficiency of their effectiveness are among the most important expectations. This is expected from the implementation of training programs that are developed to increase the quality and effectiveness of the virtual training package. Compliance with the necessary standards was emphasized in their preparation, and in line with the implementation of the virtual package quality evaluation program, the use of the opinions of experts and the target group for the purpose of validating and judging it and asking the training recipients (pregnant mothers) were included in the program. In order to improve knowledge and correct attitudes in the areas related to the adverse outcomes that have occurred more commonly after contracting COVID (obstetrical complications and maternal illnesses and the adverse end of pregnancy) in accordance with the target groups (pregnant mothers and health care providers) in a virtual and Using digital tools and technology to empower people and avoid repetition in preventable cases, a virtual training package was compiled with consultation and review and validated with the opinion of experts in this field and the target group. The purpose of validity is to determine the ability of a tool to measure what it is designed to measure. The results of the present study showed that the prepared educational content has content validity and appropriate criteria.
Conclusion: The developed educational content has demonstrated high validity and reliability in providing training on effective measures to mitigate the adverse effects and consequences of COVID-19. It was found to be suitable and applicable from the perspectives of experts, healthcare providers, and expectant mothers.
Keywords: COVID-19, Pregnancy, Childbirth, Pregnant Women, Maternal and Infant Outcomes,
Virtual Training Package

 

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Background and purpose: Today, one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases and liver damage is the increase in fat mass, or in other words, obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous and intermittent aerobic exercises with leukoate leaf consumption on liver enzymes in overweight women.

Methodology: The current research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design. For this purpose, 75 overweight women of Qom city were selected purposefully. Participants were randomly assigned to six groups of continuous aerobic exercise (15), intermittent aerobic exercise (15), leuquat consumption (15), continuous aerobic exercise group with leuquat leaf consumption (15), intermittent aerobic exercise with The consumption of leukovate leaves and the control group (15) were divided. The participants came to the Hijab sports club in Qom to implement the training protocol for 8 weeks with three training sessions. The program of aerobic exercises includes continuous aerobic exercises including continuous running without rest with an intensity of 55-60% of the reserve heart rate, the interval training program includes interval runs at distances of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 600 meters with intensity 80-85% of reserve heart rate with rest between rounds is vests. The data were tested using the statistical method of paired t-test and covariance analysis and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of 0.05.

Findings: The available results showed that eight weeks of continuous and intermittent aerobic exercises with the consumption of leukovate leaves have a significant effect on liver enzymes (ALP, AST, ALT) in overweight women. Also, the results of Tukey's post hoc test showed that there was a significant difference between the exercise groups with the extract and the control group and the control group and the exercise group.

Conclusion: In general, the results of the present study indicate that, in addition to performing continuous and periodic aerobic exercises, the consumption of leukovate leaves can be an adjunctive treatment in reducing the levels of liver enzymes AST, ALP and ALT in overweight women.
 

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Background and Aim: New progress has been made in more than one field of sports science. One of the most important and current topics in the development of this field is the science of practice. In recent years, coping with a sedentary and car-free life is of particular importance to societies today, as doing exercise programs has become an undeniable necessity for disease prevention and quality of life. Noses. According to the design of exercise science, the best type of exercise to record the best record is the exercise that becomes the same sport according to the physiological needs and had the most similarity with its competitive conditions.Therefore, better selection and design in special training for swimming and water polo training needs to be found due to the competitive competition during the working group, which needs to maintain higher physical and motor fitness. In this regard, exercise immunology studies have focused on key components of immune functions such as immune cells, immunoglobulins, glutamines and messenger molecules (cytokines) and the effects of environmental, nutritional and exercise factors. Meanwhile, interleukin10 attracts a lot of attention because on the one hand it is in the post-exercise period that increases insulin release and on the other hand it is associated with obesity and decreased insulin function. There are conflicting findings about the appropriate intensity to reduce inflammatory factors and observe the anti-inflammatory effects of physical activity. Exercise with moderate and high intensity and duration in the training period has a greater effect on inflammatory variables and reduces inflammatory factors, and lower intensities have less effects. Although little research has been done on the relationship between intermittent exercise and changes in interleukin and interleukin10; But mainly in them, only nutritional and medical interventions are emphasized and more on patients. In the present study, the changes of these factors in relation to the adaptations of intense periodic training on water polo athletes without nutritional and pharmacological considerations are investigated. Finally, it seeks to answer the question, what effect does eight weeks of selected training have on the serum levels of Interleukin-10 and TNF-α elite water polo players?
Methods: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of selected training on serum levels of IL-10,TNF-α of elite water polo players. For this purpose, 20 male water polo players (with a mean age of 23 years) were randomly divided into two groups of 10 experimental (selected water polo training) and control (traditional water polo training). Selected water polo training was performed for eight weeks and 6 sessions per week. To control the intensity of training, used percentage of maximum heart rate (80-100% MHR); Also, the intensity of training was increased by 5% every week. In this study, To evaluate the serum levels of IL-10,TNF-α 5 cc of venous blood was taken in the pre-and post-test stages and measured by sandwich ELISA method. To compare the measured means,t-test was used at a significant level of P <0.05.
Results: The results showed that eight weeks of selected water polo training caused significant changes in IL-10 levels of elite water polo players (P <0.05), however, there were no significant changes in TNF-α levels.
The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of selected water polo exercises had a significant increase in serum IL-10 level in the experimental group but these results did not show a significant increase in TNF-α serum level in the experimental group. Consistent with our research results, many studies have reported an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines after a period of exercise (29,30,31). Among the studies that examined the effect of exercise on serum interleukin-10 levels; According to the results of our study, Baldusi et al. (2010) in a study measured the effect of one year of aerobic and resistance training on diabetic patients and observed a significant increase in interleukin 10 in one of their research groups compared to the control group. The results of some studies have also shown that obesity causes the production of TNF-α, leptin and proinflammatory cytokines such as 4-IL and 5-IL in patients with asthma (8). Regarding studies close to the present study, we can refer to Nikzad et al. (2017), who showed that twelve weeks of swimming training (on mice). Has decreased the amount of proinflammatory cytokine 6-IL. Ebrahimpour et al. (2017,) also showed that 8 weeks of endurance swimming training increased the inflammatory effects of breast cancer by increasing interleukin-10 and decreasing interleukin-6 in heart tissue(3). Also, the research of Kapomakio et al. (2011) on the effect of physical exercise on swimmers, an increase in interleukin-6 expression levels and no change in interleukin-6 receptor in the training group compared to the control group was observed. Rihaneh et al. In 2013 achieved almost the same findings, so that in the studies of these researchers, 6-IL was significantly increased as a result of exercise(25). our results showed that eight weeks of selected water polo training caused significant changes in plasma levels of interleukin-10 elite water polo players, however, it could not cause significant changes in plasma levels of TNF-α.
 

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Background and aim
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a chronic disease of global significance characterized by hyperglycemia. Several risk factors influence T2DM, but obesity has a direct effect on insulin resistance and is of particular importance, with type 2 diabetes increasing linearly with increasing body mass index. Despite the efforts made to manage T2DM, there is a growing need to find better approaches to more effectively control T2DM. Exercise training can increase the expression of FNDC5 in skeletal muscle, which is converted into irisin after exercise and structural changes and is released in the bloodstream ،which can cause the conversion of white fat cells into beige fat cells and increasing the expression of the UCP1 gene, which leads to the induction of thermogenesis and increased energy consumption. It also reduces oxidative stress and reduces pro-inflammatory conditions. Therefore, it can help reduce blood lipids and hyperglycemia in patients with T2DM and slow down the progression of the disease.
Studies report that circulating irisin levels are lower in diabetic patients compared to healthy control subjects. In diabetic patients. That serum irisin levels were significantly lower in these patients. Exercise training is associated with a significant decrease in HbA1C, so that reduces the risk of complications related to diabetes acceptably. All types of exercise increase the level of irisin in the blood circulation in T2DM, and high-intensity exercise increases irisin levels. Along with drug therapy and a healthy diet, it can help to increase the secretion of irisin and, as a result, increase energy consumption. Despite the conducted research, we still need more research in this area due to the newness of the topic of irisin and its relationship with exercise. Also, despite the significant relationship between irisin and glycemic indices in diabetic patients, in meta-analyses, the serum levels of irisin and index are still high. This issue raises questions about the type and extent of the relationship between irisin and glycemic indices in diabetes to help these people.

Materials and methods
A systematic search of English and Persian articles published in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, and Magiran databases was conducted until August 2023. Meta-analysis to investigate the effect of various types of exercise on serum irisin levels and blood glycemic indices (fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)) in T2DM patients compared to the control group (without exercise training) were done. The Mean difference and a 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random effect model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 test, and Risk of bias was evaluated by visual analysis of the funnel plot and Egger's test.

Results
Based on the search in scientific databases until August 2023, 1655 articles were found. After removing duplicate articles (462 articles), and after reviewing the titles and abstracts of the articles, 79 articles were finally selected for full text evaluation, and after reviewing the full text of the articles, 71 articles were excluded from the present study. 26 studies were excluded from the existing study due to lack of control group, 9 studies due to lack of pre-test data and 36 studies due to lack of type 2 diabetes and finally 8 studies were included in the meta-analysis.
The results showed that exercise significantly increased serum irisin [SMD=0.5, P=0.03] and sports training caused a significant decrease in fasting blood sugar [WMD=-20.76 mg/dl, P=0.001], Fasting insulin [WMD=-0.47μU/mL, P=0.01], HOMA-IR [WMD=-0.55 mmHg, P=0.001], HbA1C [WMD=-1.41 mmol/mol, (P=0.001)] compared to the control group in T2DM patients.
Discussion
The purpose of the present meta-analysis is to compare the effect of various types of exercise compared to the control group on irisin and glycemic indices including (fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and glycosylated hemoglobin). It was conducted in T2DM patients. The results of 8 studies with 315 subjects indicated that exercise training caused a significant increase in serum irisin level, a significant decrease in fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1C, compared to the control group. T2DM patients. Investigating the effects of exercise on serum irisin and blood glycemic indices in diabetic people is small and the general evidence obtained shows that the effect of various sports exercises on serum irisin levels exercise causes a significant increase in the level of serum irisin compared to the control group. Compared to hypertrophy in non-diabetic people it is inconsistent, which can be due to the decrease in serum irisin in diabetic people and the decrease in muscle volume of these patients, which can have a greater potential to increase muscle volume due to exercises. and despite the positive relationship between muscle volume and irisin levels it causes a more significant increase in irisin serum levels in these people. Also, by examining the intensity of exercise, it was found that high-intensity exercise has a greater effect on serum irisin levels than moderate-intensity exercise in diabetic people.
The intensity and duration of exercise training has a positive relationship with the increase in serum irisin regardless of energy consumption. Considering this issue, in one of the combined intervention studies including two combined groups, Resistance-Aerobic and Aerobic-Resistance, it was investigated that no significant difference was observed in the amount of serum irisin in these two groups, and it seems that in combined exercises, the training sequence has no effect on the concentration of serum irisin. Comparison of the effect of aerobic, resistance and combined exercise on irisin level has resulted in inconsistent results that different measurement kits and sampling conditions and the wide variety of exercise and metabolic conditions of patients such as duration and rate of disease progression can be effective.
Exercise training can play an important role in treating and preventing the development of diabetes in diabetic and prediabetic people. In all the studies that reported HbA1C in the present study, a significant decrease with a high effect size was observed. In aerobic exercises which is probably the result of the reduction of fat tissue, and in resistance training.it is due to the increase in muscle volume and possibly FNDC5. It can be concluded that exercise training is a very effective intervention in controlling the side effects of diabetes and improving metabolic function and glucose removal from the blood.
Conclusion
The results of the present study showed that exercise training is an optimal and suitable method for increasing the serum irisin level and improving glycemic indices, including reducing fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1C in type 2 diabetes patients compared to the control group. to be the combination of this type of exercise with drug therapy and a controlled diet creates a clear perspective for the control and treatment of T2DM.
Conflicts of interest: None
Funding: None
Keywords: Exercise training, Type 2 diabetes, Irisin, Insulin resistance

 

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AIM: Today, reaching the maximum of sports power is the main goal of athletes. This research has investigated the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training and vitamin C consumption with a mask on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in men of the national rowing team.
Method: The research plan includes three groups of subjects with pre-test-post-test and a control group. The statistical population included athletes in the preparatory camp of the national rowing team. The participants include 48 qualified men in the age group of 22 to 27 years. The criteria for entering the research were no history of specific diseases or use of anti-inflammatory supplements and at least 6 years of experience in national team camps. According to the new guidelines of the US Department of Communicable Disease Control (CDC) approved by the Ministry of Health of Iran, N95 or KN95 masks have been introduced as the best protection against COVID-19 and were used in this research. The dosage amount was 500 mg per day/person.
Findings: The findings show that after 8 weeks, there is a significant decrease in hs-CRP in the intermittent intensive + mask + vitamin C groups (Ma + VC group) and intermittent intensive + vitamin C (VC group), but the decrease in the intermittent intensive + vitamin C groups Mask (Ma group) and periodic high intensity (Co control) are not significant (P<0.05). In the post-test stage, in three groups exercise + mask with exercise + vitamin C, exercise + mask + vitamin C with exercise + vitamin C and exercise + mask with exercise; No significant change was observed in the amount of IL-6. Meanwhile, in the rest of the groups, including the mask group - the mask + vitamin C group, the control group - the mask + vitamin C group, and the vitamin C - control group, a significant decrease in the amount of IL-6 was observed (P<0.05).
Conclusion: It seems; Perhaps a longer period of time than exercises is needed to achieve effectiveness, and the use of supplements accelerates its improvement, which is related to the anti-inflammatory role of vitamin C and inhibits the activity of the transcription factor NF-κB and the expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as CRP and IL-6 decreases.
 

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Introduction: To reach the highest sports performance in sports, almost all athletes need high cardio-respiratory fitness, increase in muscle strength, power and force development rate, as well as speed (1). On the other hand, adaptations of training to chronic training depend on the type of training (2). For most sports, improving muscle strength or muscle power is of critical importance, which helps improve performance in speed, jumping, and skill shifting skills. Therefore, the short-term and long-term adaptations of resistance training can achieve this; However, most athletes use combined training methods to improve sports performance, the purpose of which is to obtain resistance and endurance training adaptations in one session or consecutive sessions (3). The adaptations of combined training have been of interest to sports science researchers for more than a few decades, and in terms of research literature, different terms such as parallel training or combined training are used (3). Due to the fact that the phenomenon of interference and training order are the most important challenges of doing parallel exercises. Knowing the anabolic and catabolic factors as well as the effective signaling pathways after performing this training method greatly helps trainers and sports science researchers in designing training programs (9, 10). Hormonal and anabolic changes involved in controlling the regulation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis, including testosterone, can affect variables related to muscle function, including muscle power and strength, through increasing skeletal muscle mass (11). According to the studies and the importance of concurrent training in training programs has increased significantly in recent years. At the same time, the use of interval training with different methods instead of continuous endurance training has been proposed in concurrent training. We cannot confirm with certainty that the results are more effective due to the small number of research. On the other hand, considering the limited research and contradictory results regarding the adaptations obtained from concurrent training on testosterone and cortisol as two hormones that affect the anabolic and catabolic status in athletes, it indicates the necessity of the current research. In this research, we aim to investigate the effect of concurrent training (resistance-interval) compared to traditional methods of concurrent training (resistance-endurance) on hormonal changes and muscle function during a training period in trained individuals. Therefore, the main question is whether the method of combined training with the sequence of resistance-interval training can be superior to the hormonal changes and muscle function during a short period of time compared to resistance-endurance training? Therefore, the purpose of this research is determine the effect of a concurrent training period (resistance-intermittent vs. resistance-aerobic) on the changes of testosterone, cortisol and muscle chloride in trained men.
Methodology: In this semi-experimental research, 36 trained men were selected voluntarily and randomly divided into three groups of 12: 1) resistance training, 2) resistance -endurance training, and 3) resistance -interval training. The duration of the training intervention was eight weeks and three training sessions per week. The resistance training program was with an intensity of 85% of one maximum repetition (3 sets of 4 to 6 repetitions). Interval training that included 30-second efforts at full speed for 4 to 6 repetitions (rest periods of 4.5 minutes of active recovery were separated) and aerobic training with a training intensity of 70% of maximal oxygen consumption for 30 minutes in each training session. (concurrent training groups). Blood samples and anthropometric variables and functional tests of lower limb muscles strength and explosive power lower limb muscles strength were measured using Sargent's jump and leg press tests. Body composition measurement was done using the body composition analysis device of this brand. Body composition indicators such as muscle mass and body fat were measured. Brzeski formula was used to measure the muscle strength of the selected movement of the resistance training protocol. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data and all hypotheses were tested at the P<0.05 level.
Results: The results of the present research showed that a significant difference were founded in testosterone and explosive power and limb muscle strength in three training groups (P < 0.001). But there was no significant difference was founded in the changes of cortisol level (P > 0.05). The increase of testosterone in the resistance group was significantly higher than the resistance-interval and resistance-aerobic groups (P < 0.001), but there was no a difference was founded between resistance-interval and resistance-aerobic groups (P<0.05). The increase in explosive power and lower limb muscles strength in the resistance training group was significantly higher than resistance-interval and resistance-aerobic groups (P < 0.001), as well as the increase in explosive power in the resistance-interval group was significantly higher compared to resistance-aerobic group (P<0.001), but no difference in lower body muscle strength was observed between the resistance training group and the resistance-interval group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: In this research, the effect of parallel training with two approaches of resistance-aerobic training (traditional approach) versus resistance-interval training (modern approach) on hormonal changes, muscle function and muscle mass in trained people was investigated. The results showed that combined resistance-interval training caused better induction of anabolic adaptation and improved muscle performance compared to resistance-aerobic training, and caused less interference with hormonal changes and lower body muscle performance than resistance training alone. Based on the results, it can be suggested that resistance training is recommended to improve athletic performance due to the creation of hormonal anabolic conditions (increasing resting testosterone without significant changes in cortisol) to increase muscle performance (lower limb muscle strength and vertical jump power); Also, due to the effect of less interference in sports performance and hormonal status, it is suggested to use interval training followed by resistance training to obtain training adaptations in concurrent training.
 

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Background & Aims: One of the factors associated with health in the general population is an active lifestyle and regular exercise (3, 4 Resistance training has been shown to be a popular and safe exercise modality for health-related goals across a range of ages, including middle age and old age (6-8). Resistance training is considered a promising intervention for preventing or delaying cognitive decline (9). However, research in this area is limited. Another intervention that researchers recommend, along with resistance training activities, is the use of sports supplements. Creatine is one of the most popular types of sports supplements, which has been shown to improve muscle strength, muscle hypertrophy, and power performance (10). While creatine supplementation is widely used to enhance athletic performance and promote overall health, it has also garnered growing interest for its potential cognitive benefits ( 11 , 12 ). Previous research has shown that resistance training (9) and creatine supplementation (11, 12) have positive effects on cognitive performance. On the other hand, it seems that participating in resistance training programs and taking creatine supplements can help improve the performance of participants in brain games. However, no study has directly examined the effects of exercise and dietary supplementation on concentration in these individuals, which indicates the need for the present study. Based on the above, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of resistance training combined with creatine phosphate supplementation on the attentional performance of middle-aged men while playing the Mafia game.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 36 middle-aged men living in Mashhad were selected through convenience sampling based on the inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria included good general health, no supplement use in the past six months, no specific underlying disease, being 40 to 50 years old, having a body mass index between 20 and 25 kg/m2, having participated in mafia games for at least one year, and regularly performing weight training programs in the past year. The exclusion criteria included not participating in mafia games, not participating in training programs for more than 2 consecutive sessions, not taking creatine supplements, participating in another training program, and experiencing musculoskeletal injury during training sessions. After the final selection of participants, they were divided into three groups: resistance training + supplement use, resistance training + placebo use, and control by simple randomization. By measuring research variables before and after the mafia game, participants were randomly divided into three groups: resistance training + supplement (n=12), resistance training + placebo (n=12), and control (n=12) The training program was completed for twelve weeks, with a frequency of three sessions per week at an intensity of 70 to 85% of one repetition maximum. After the end of the training intervention and with a 48-hour rest, the pre-test tests were measured again in the follow-up or post-test phase. Thus, the pre-test variables were measured and recorded again before and after the mafia game. In this study, the creatine hydrochloride supplement ConCret, produced in the United States, was used. For the supplement + resistance training group, the dosage was 3 grams per day, which was consumed 30 minutes before each training session on training days and at the same time before training on non-training days (17). The placebo group used maltodextrin under the same conditions. The supplements were packaged and delivered to each participant weekly. Participants were asked to bring the packets containing the supplement and placebo with them to the training location and consume them 30 minutes before training. They were also reminded by phone to ensure they did not forget to bring the supplement and placebo. For data analysis, the repeated measures analysis of variance test was used for significance between groups, as well as the Bonferroni post hoc test for comparison of paired groups.

Results: In the first (acute) phase, no significant difference was observed between the groups. In the second phase, a significant decrease in the concentration of the control group was observed compared to the resistance training + supplement group, but no significant difference was observed compared to the resistance training + placebo group. Also, no significant difference was observed between the resistance training + placebo group and the resistance training + supplement group.
Conclusion: This study aimed to investigate the effects of resistance training and creatine hydrochloride supplementation on professional Mafia players. The results obtained indicate that the Mafia game has reduced concentration due to high mental involvement in making the right decision to win the game in this challenge. The results of concentration in the second stage show that there is a significant decrease between the resistance training + supplement and resistance training + placebo groups, as well as between the resistance training + supplement and control groups, but there is no significant difference between the resistance training + placebo and control groups. On the other hand, the results within the group show a significant decrease in pre-test-post-test in all groups. The percentage changes in both groups show that there was an increase in progress from 1.9% to 3.8% for the resistance training + supplement group. For the resistance training + placebo group, it was 3.4% and 3.3%, and for the control group, it was 4.2% compared to 5.1%. There is evidence that participation in sports activities improves or delays fatigue and thus improves concentration (21, 22). The theory of processing efficiency predicts that physical training can increase the resources needed to maintain cognitive performance even when the level of performance is not affected (23). Although this study used a brain game such as Mafia, it is possible that resistance training adaptations, albeit small, prevent further impairment of cognitive performance in the Mafia game. In fact, cognitive enhancement helps the neural process involved in the acquisition, processing, retention, and application of information, and these adaptations help the individual's cognitive performance in planning and decision-making (2, 26). It seems that resistance training has a positive effect on cognitive and neural function by creating adaptations that increase cerebral blood flow, increase arousal, neurogenesis and angiogenesis, and release of neurotrophins (26). The results showed that during the second phase of the Mafia game, adaptation to creatine supplementation along with resistance training reduced the level of concentration, although it did not completely eliminate the decremental trend. It is possible that the improvement in attention in the resistance training group with creatine supplementation was due to the reduction in fatigue during mental activity in the Mafia game. However, a recent meta-analysis showed that creatine supplementation did not have a significant effect on attention; this indicates that although individual studies show different degrees of effect, creatine supplementation does not have a significant positive effect on attention when considered as a whole (11). This is while the effect of supplementation along with resistance training was found in the present study; also, the subjects of the present study included people who regularly played the Mafia game as a leisure activity related to mental performance. Based on the results, it can be said that creatine consumption and resistance training can prevent further decrease in concentration in intellectual games such as Mafia.
 

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  Background: The prevalence of obesity and its complications is rapidly increasing worldwide. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of 10 week progressive resistance training on serum levels of adiponectin and lipid profiles in obese men.

  Methods: In semi-experimental study, Sixteen obese men (Body Mass Index≥ 30, 18-32 years)) were selected between voluntary subjects and located randomize in to two resistance training (n=8) and control (n=8) groups. The experimental subjects received resistance training program. Progressive resistance training was performed three times a week on alternate days for 10 weeks and included 8 exercises. At baseline and after 10 weeks, Blood samples were taken in 12-14 hours fasting state from all subjects and investigated blood lipid profiles and adiponectin pre-post protocol. The paired and unpaired t-test in <0.05 significantly level were used in the statistical analysis.

  Results : Compared to pre-training, after 10 weeks progressive resistance training, the serum adiponectin levels significantly increased (P<0.05) and total cholesterol levels significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the training group, while it remained unchanged in control subjects (P>0.05).

  Conclusion : According to this study, resistance training because of anti-inflammatory and hypolipidaemic effects has been an effective therapeutic devise to favorable changes in lipid profiles and adiponectin levels in obese individuals.

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  Background : The aim of this research is investigation of angiotensin converting enzyme gene expression and angiotensin II activity in middle-aged men , following to eight weeks moderate exercise.

  Methods: This study was a semi-experimental research with a repeated measures design. From 96 volunteer middle-aged men, 20 subject (age range of 45-55 years) participated in this study after signing an informed consent form. Next, subject divided in two groups of training (10 person) and control (10) groups and performed the eight weeks moderate exercise training (time: 45 minutes, speed: 50-65 maximal heart rate, slope: 0%). Blood samples were collected in three times: baseline, after 4 week and after 8 week, and Real time- PCR ) Polymerase Chain Reaction ( was used for evaluation of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) mRNA and Elisa methods for angiotensin II (Ang II).

  Results: AngII activity in training group were not significantly changed after 4 weeks exercise training (p=0.255) but significantly increased after 8 weeks (p= 0.004). In control groups AngII increased after 4 and 8 weeks exercise training (respectively p=0.952 and p=0.876). ACE gene expression was significantly reduced in training group after 4 and 8 weeks (p=0.001), but in control group, ACE gene expression was not increased after 4 weeks of no regular exercises (p=0.35), but after 8 weeks, ACE mRNA significantly increased (p=0.001).

  Conclusion: Moderate exercise training has reduced the genetic and blood markers of blood pressure in middle-aged men, but not doing regular exercises increased this factor.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate “the effect of intensive activity and regular exercise with carbohydrate ingestion on cortizol, lymphocyte, monocyte, white blood cell, fast blood suger, CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD4 to CD8 ratio, cell-mediated immunity”.

 

Methods: This semi experimental, cross sectional and double blind study performed to investigate the responses of cell-mediated immunity after 12 weeks intensive activity and regular exercises. 39 sedentaryand healthy studentswith same-life style, were selected .They did not use cigarette, alcohol, supplementary and they had not infection diseases. Students selected randomly and then divided into three groups: Glucose and train (TG) 23±2.1years, 73±8.2 Kg, 179±4.7Cmand with 22±2.5 BMI.

 

 Train (T), 23.5±1.8 years, 71.7±7.8 Kg, 176.4±3.6 Cmand 22±1.9 BMI. Control (C) 23.7±1.1 years, 72.4±6.6 Kg, 174.8±3.5 Cmand 22±2 BMI, they did endurance and speed train for 12 weeks. TG group drank 2cc/Kg, glucose5% monohydrate & water solution, in the middle of their train session. T group drank 150 – 200 ml water. Bloods sample were withdrawn from antecubital vein after 14±2/hr fasting and evaluated before, immediately and after 48/hr of train. As well as cellular determined by immunology assay. For analyze in between groups ,one way ANOVA with significan used from modify method of green house-ghezer (GG), level      , were used.

 

Results: There were not any differences in T, TG and C group before 12 weeks exercise. The amounts of cortizol in TG & T groups significantly increased after exercise, but there was a lower increase in TG group. Results was significantly decreased after 48/hrs of train in before and after train parameters. The FBS in TG and T groups had not any differences but in TG group / T group results was significantly lower, after 48 hours. There was not any diffrences in amount of LYM after train but after 48/hrs, it significantly increased in TG group. The amount of WBC increased in after train but significantly decreased after 48/hr in TG group. The CD4 significantly increased after train in TG group, and CD3 significantly increased after train and after 48/hrs in TG group. Monocytes, ratio CD4/CD8 and CD8 amount had not any differences in TG and T groups.

 

Conclusion: This research showed that intensive activity and regular exercise with cabohydrat digestion induced increase some of immune cells and cellular defence against infection disease that caused from intensive exercises. Another finding of this investigation indicates that drinking a CHO solution during exercise, improves performance. This study has practical implications for those sports and drinking CHO solution during activity. Carbohydrates as a factor can increase security against infection disease risk in recovery time and after intensive exercise.

 

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Background: Osteoarthritis is the most common form of synovial joint diseases which affect old people all around the world and can lead to chronic pain and severe disability. The aim of present study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of swimming exercise on MIA-induced osteoarthritis in male rats’ knee joint.

 

Methods: Eighteen Wistar male rats (weight of 173±1 g, 8 weeks old) were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups: intact control, monosodium Iodoacetate (MIA) only and swimming. Intra-articular injection of MIA (50µl) was applied on rats’ right knee, similarly saline was injected in left knees. Training program used in the study was swimming with moderate intensity for 28 days. After the completion of the protocol, rats were killed and both knees of the animals were assessed histopathologically. One-way ANOVA (p<0/05) and post-hoc Tukey test were used for statistical analysis of data.

 

Results: Results indicated that moderate swimming training for 4 weeks significantly improved osteoarthritic symptoms of rats’ knee in 3 histopathological measures of Depth Ratio of Lesions (p=0/001), Total Degeneration Width (p=0/001) and Significant Degeneration Width (P=0/001).

 

Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that a moderate swimming training program exerts a beneficial influence on cartilage lesions induced by monosodium iodo acetate injection. Thus, the training protocol used in this study can be recommended for the treatment of osteoarthritis.

 

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Background: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) ,the most common type of UI, is the involuntary leakage of urine from the urethra with an increase in intra-abdominal pressure. Pelvic Floor Muscle( PFM) dysfunction in women may lead to SUI . Thus, one of the effective managements in SUI is Pelvic Floor Muscle Training. PFM strength has a strong relationship with abdominal muscles work, therefore, in the present study, a combination training of PFMT and core exercises is used for the management of SUI.

 

Methods: The study was a semi experimental control trail which was approved by the Ethical Committee of Medical Sciences/Tehran University , Main participants were 22 women with proven stress urinary incontinence , VAS score , IQOL questionnaire , PFM strength ,PFM static and PFM dynamic tests were evaluated pre and post intervention. The subjects were conducted a three-weekly training program under supervision

 

Results: Conservative management & exercise therapy is recommended as a first line treatment for SUI. The results of this study showed that combined exercise training of core muscles & PFM was associated with the improvement of SUI, in reducing incontinency, increasing the score of IQOL questionnaire, improvement of the PFM strength and endurance in a short duration. There were significant differences in our variables pre and post intervention, including 60% increasing of the total score of IQOL questionnaire, 57% reduction in VAS score and 76% increase in pelvic floor muscle strength .

 

Conclusions: Our findings showed the positive effects of this new exercise protocols in improving the physical condition and quality of life in all participants.

 

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Background: Introduction of leptin, a product of the obese gene, recently has led to numerous experiments to better understand body weight and composition function. Based on these findings, leptin is proposed to be an important factor in energy balance and metabolism to influence body weight. In addition, investigators have reported contradictory findings about the influence of physical exercise under various experimental conditions on leptin secretion regulation from adipose tissue stores. Thus, this review has been focused on the conflicts in the literature and the acute effect of various physical exercises on leptin and leptin’s response to acute exercise and trainings.

 

Methods: In this review, the studies that examined the influence of a variety exercise on leptin and the complications in the literature are summarized then the implication with physical exercise and training are discussed.

 

Results: The effect of physical exercise and training on leptin concentrations is currently controversial. Several researchers revealed that exercise may result in reductions depending on the duration and calorie expenditure whereas others have reported no change in concentrations.

 

Conclusions: This review appears that involving in physical exercise longer than 60 minutes with a significant caloric agitation (>800 kcals) is necessary for acute exercise to result in a significant reduction in leptin concentrations in non-athletes.

 

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Background: Today, cardiovascular disease is considered as one of the most common serious illnesses in developing countries. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management training on the reduction of the dysfunctional attitudes and stress in adolescent with coronary heart disease.

Methods: This study was single-subject experimental design. The population of study included adolescents with coronary heart disease that were admitted in Shaheed Madani Cardiology Hospital of Tabriz between February-April 2013. Sampling for this study was convenient-available. Data collection were Harry stress test, dysfunctional attitudes scale and researcher made Package. In accordance with the implementation plan, graphing and graphical analysis was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions. Also to analyze the results, percent improvement formulation and effect size were used.

Results: To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, percent improvement formulation and effect size was used. The results showed that the size effect of the dysfunctional attitudes in the first subject was 8.09, second subject 6.73 and in third subject was 5.32. Effect sizes are greater than 2.70 and indicate that the effect size is a major component of dysfunctional attitudes in all three subjects. Also the size effect on the stress in the first subject was 5.63, second subject 6.50 and in the third subject was 5.95. This suggests that effect size is a major component of stress in all three subjects.

Conclusion: Analysis of the data revealed that cognitive-behavioral stress management training had a significant impact on reduction of the dysfunctional attitudes and stress in adolescent with coronary heart disease.

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Background: High interval training changes the bone metabolism. The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on biochemical factor of adult male Wistar rat.
Methods: In this semi-experimentral studu  sixteen male Wistar rats aged 6 weeks old with  weight of 250±20 g were divided into control (n=8) and experimental groups (n=8). After a week of orientation training protocol, eight weeks of incremental HIIT training program was followed. 24 hours after the last training session, anesthesia and sacrificed blood samples were taken directly from the animal's heart. Serum PTH and ALP were determined with RAI (Imonotopic CA kit), kinetic (Pars azmon kit), Ca and P were determined with Arsenazo, Phosphomolydate and independent t-test was used for statistical analysis.
Results: The result indicated that the level of PTH and ALP increased significantly whereas calcium and phosphate of experimental group did not show significant rise.
Conclusion: High intense interval training, possibly through increased PTH and protein factors, control bone mass density and volume and thus effecting bone metabolism.