Search published articles
Showing 12 results for Suicide
Mis Afsaneh Amiri, Dr Maryam Izadi Mazidi, Dr Sahar Eshrati, Dr Amirhossein Jafari Mehdiabad,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Abstract
Abstract:
Background: Suicide is a phenomenon which has plagued humans life throughout history from traditional relationships in the past to complex one s in modern life, so it has many consequences in different societies. Studies have shown that people who attempts to commit suicide are suffering deficiencies, emotional disturbance and difficulty in emotion regulation. According to these studies, ineffective emotion regulation strategies such as self-blame, rumination and catastrophizing have a stronger relationship with indicators of emotional problems such as suicide and aggression. As a result, the process of emotion regulation and its management is necessary in different situations. Emotional distress is a natural cognitive phenomenon that all people experience in certain situations of life. There are many evidences for this claim, but the intensity, frequency and controllability of this phenomenon are different in different people. [9]
Emotion regulation refers to an individual’s ability to be aware of and control the emotions they experience. It plays a significant role in preventing suicidal thoughts or actions. People unconsciously employ emotion regulation strategies throughout the day to cope with challenging situations. Many individuals use various strategies to regulate their emotions and adapt to environmental demands. Healthy strategies can moderate intense feelings and enhance understanding of the emotional experiences. Conversely, unhealthy strategies may leave lasting damage. Emotional regulation empowers individuals to better manage their emotional states. Unified transdiagnostic treatment is recognized as a novel psychological intervention with proven effectiveness for various emotional disorders.[14] In this study, we investigated the impact of unified transdiagnostic treatment on emotional dysregulation and difficulties in emotion regulation among patients with a history of suicide attempts. The core of this intervention is awareness, especially emotional and cognitive awareness, and identification and control of different emotions.
The main objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness the outcomes of unified transdiagnostic treatment for emotional disorders with those of emotion-focused transdiagnostic treatment in patients with a history of suicide attempts.
Method: The research method employed was a semi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group. For this study, 50 patients aged 18 to 40 years with at least one diagnosis of emotional disorders were purposefully selected from Baharloo and Roozbeh hospitals in the year 2023. During the course of the study, 6 individuals (4 from the experimental group and 2 from the control group) dropped out, resulting in a final sample of 44 participants divided into two groups of 22 each (experimental and control). In addition to standard interventions, the experimental group received an unified transdiagnostic treatment (Barlow et al., 2017) consisting of 8 sessions lasting 90 minutes each, while the control group received routine interventions during the same period. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires assessing emotion regulation difficulties (DERS) and emotional distress (DASS-21). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.
Results: In the post-test phase, the unified transdiagnostic treatment group showed improvement in emotional dysregulation scores and difficulty in emotion regulation compared to the control group. Additionally, the analysis of Covariance revealed that the distribution of scores in both emotional dysregulation and difficulty in emotion regulation variables is normal. Furthermore, statistical analyses indicated that there is a significant difference between the post-test mean scores of the experimental and control groups in at least one of the emotional dysregulation and difficulty in emotion regulation variables. The results of the multivariate analysis of Covariance showed that the F value for the emotional dysregulation variable was 188.912, and for the difficulty in emotion regulation variable, it was 207.199, all of which are statistically significant (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The results indicate that unified transdiagnostic treatment is effective in reducing emotional dysregulation and increasing emotional regulation in patients with a history of repeated suicide attempts referred to Tehran neurology and psychiatric hospitals. Transdiagnostic integrated treatment has been effective in reducing the level of emotional disturbance in patients with a history of suicide attempts. In general, the unified protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders, using psychological training techniques, emotional awareness training, increasing cognitive flexibility and emotional exposure, deals with emotional disturbance and correcting emotional regulation habits of patients. The unified protocol teaches the nature of emotions and the main components of emotional experiences and helps patients to track their experiences of an emotion, that is, to identify the triggers of emotional experiences, their responses to these emotions and the messages of these responses.[34] This finding is consistent with the studies conducted by Izadi et al. (2019),[33] Ghasemzadeh et al. (2021),[36] Elah Dadian Flavarjani and Gerji (2021),[37] Sauer-Zavala et al. (2021),[27] Galehgirian et al. (2021),[24] and Ehrenreich et al. (2017) [39]. The role of emotion regulation can be highlighted in explaining this finding. The second module of the integrated protocol focuses on psychological education about the nature of emotions and the core components of emotional experiences. It assists patients in tracking their emotional experiences, identifying emotional triggers, their responses to these emotions, and the consequences of these responses. unified transdiagnostic treatment, through emotional awareness and emotion regulation training, helps reduce anxiety, depression, and stress in participants. This intervention fosters improvement in negative emotional experiences.
Furthermore, the results demonstrate that unified transdiagnostic treatment has an effect on reducing and improving emotional disorders and emotion regulation in patients with a history of suicide attempts in the experimental group compared to the control group.This finding is consistent with other studies, including Talkovsky et al. (2017),[42] Davoudi et al. (2018),[47] Fadaei et al. (2018),[48] Sakiris and Berle (2019),[21] To elaborate on this finding, It should be said that one of the mechanisms through which this treatment protocol creates change is emotion regulation. One of the most common emotion regulation strategies is the use of cognitive strategies,[52] the fifth module of the integrated protocol focuses on assessing and modifying cognitive evaluations. It helps patients gain greater awareness of how they interpret and evaluate situations and understand how thoughts impact emotional reactions. The goal of changing cognitive evaluations is to enhance flexibility in evaluative situations. This module assists patients in identifying maladaptive self-appraisals, recognizing the impact of these appraisals on their mood or emotions, and achieving greater flexibility in their thinking patterns.
A.r Zohoor, M.r Aflatoonian,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2004)
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2004)
Abstract
Attempted suicide mainly occurs in obstinate, disturbed and hostile individuals and in ones who can not easily communicate with others. It is committed with awareness and aimed to hurt oneself. Since health care centers should pay high expenses to treat the patients and also suicide is a big sin in Islamic culture thus, it was decided to analyze the characteristics of all consecutive referrals for suicide attempt to emergency department of Jiroft Hospital. This cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the epidemiology of attempted suicide in all related referrals to Jiroft emergency department(2001). The studied population included all people who referred to emergency department after suicide during this study. The questionnaire provided in this study included questions about history of addiction and depression, demographic characteristics, method of attempted suicide and the most effective factors in suicide attempt. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS program and using Chi square test. Results of the study showed that from all cases, about 3% referred for being hurt by suicide. In 75% of the patients the route of suicide was drug poisoning, 20% poison and 5% cutting of vessels. The most important factor that influenced suicide was family problems(29%), sickness (29%), problems with spouse(18%) and economic problems(7%). About 36% of cases had a history of using depression drugs and 16% had a history of addiction to at least one of the opioids. Due to plenty of suicide attempts among young persons and since family problems are known to be the most effective factor in suicide therefore, authorities have to try hard to recognize vulnerable group and offer psychotherapy services to them.
M Karami, M.a Ebrahimzadeh, P Yousefi, K Khani,
Volume 11, Issue 42 (12-2004)
Volume 11, Issue 42 (12-2004)
Abstract
Poisoning is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in most countries. One of the most prevalent causes of poisoning is drug. Children with 1-5 years of age, youth with 12-30 and elderlies beyond 50 years are the most frequent age groups in poisoning. The aim of this study was to evaluate drug poisoning in Boo-Ali and Nimeh-Shaban Hospitals, which are poisoning centers in Sari. Existing data method was used to investigate the problems of drug poisoning in Sari. A total number of 194 acute drug poisoning cases in these hospitals were studied from 19th March 2000 to 20th March 2002. Results indicated that 65% of poisoned persons were adults and 35% were children. BDZ and TCA were the most prevalent drugs that induced poisoning to 25.5%. Non-drug poisoning was 28.4 % of total cases (e.g. opioids, hydrocarbons, chemical materials and so on). Data was compared in terms of sex, age of poisoned patients, type and agent of poisoning. This comparison indicated that the number of drug poisoning in females was generally greater than that of males,which was with the goal of committing suicide. Family quarrels, spiritual tensions, marriage troubles, unemployment, corruption, addiction of parents and lack of knowledge were the main problems causing intentional poisoning. Poisoning in children indicated lack of parental supervision. Public education, necessary prescription, hard or uneasy accessibility to drugs, suitable price and increase in knowledge concerning their side effects and replacement of drugs with high side effects with low ones have important roles in preventing accidental poisoning, specially in children. Changing prescription patterns with a shift from higher toxic tricyclic antidepressants to less toxic selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors is also recommended.
M Nojomi, J Bolhari, S.k Malakouti, M Hakim Shooshtari, S Asgharzadeh Amin, M Posht Mashhadi,
Volume 13, Issue 52 (9-2006)
Volume 13, Issue 52 (9-2006)
Abstract
Background & Aim: Following the increasing rate of suicide and its outcomes in recent decades, WHO introduced its attempt to decrease suicide rate as one of its aims in world health program by 2000. As a part of multinational project of World Health Organization, this study was undertaken to determine demographic characteristics of suicide attempters attending emergency ward of Karaj Hospitals in 2003-2004. Patients & Methods: Statistical population of this study was all suicide attempters attending emergency department of Karaj hospitals, out of whom 632 attendants ready to participate in the study were selected. Demographic variables, method of suicide, time and place of doing suicide, frequency of attempts and use of health services were all collected by hospital records, as well as interview with accompanies and patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted as a part of multinational projects of WHO between 2003-2004. T-test and chi-square test were used for data analysis. Results: Most of suicide attempters were female(62.5%), single(53.6%), with high school education(52.8%). The mean age was 24.5(±9) years. Suicide attempters were unemployed(29.8%) and housewife(67.5%) in male and female group respectively. There was a positive history of suicide in relatives in 15.4% of attempters(97 subjects). 28% of subjects had previous attempt and 23.7% of them reported a poor physical health in the past 3 months before attempt. Conclusion: Unemployed, female, single individuals, married females, and housewives are at risk of suicide more than others.
Mohsen Heidarinejad, Hassan Heidari, Hosein Davoodi,
Volume 27, Issue 0 (11-2020)
Volume 27, Issue 0 (11-2020)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents worldwide (1). Reducing suicide rates requires a wide range of public health interventions (2, 3). However, researchers and policymakers recommend strengthening positive social and family ties because family and social dependencies can reduce suicidal behavior in young people and adults (2). It is believed that the high prevalence of suicide in adolescents can be based on variables such as substance abuse (4), mood-emotional disorders (5), antisocial behavior (6), low self-esteem (7); Predicted family conditions (8), and poor economic conditions (9). However, few studies have examined the factors influencing it in families on the verge of divorce. The aim of the study was to determine the prediction of suicidal ideation based on the difficulty of emotional regulation, cognitive flexibility, family flexibility and distress tolerance in adolescents and young families on the eve of divorce in Isfahan.
Methods: The present study was a descriptive correlation that was performed in the statistical population of all adolescents and young families on the eve of divorce in Isfahan in the second half of 2019. According to the Cochran's formula, 373 people were selected and answered Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation Gratz & Roemer Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Dennis& Vander Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, Shakeri Family Flexibility Questionnaire (2003), Simons & Gaher distress tolerance scale, (2005). Data collected by Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression were analyzed using SPSS-24 software.
Results: Findings showed that the predictive model of suicidal ideation based on the variables of emotional regulation difficulty, psychological flexibility and family flexibility has a favorable fit with respect to the mediating role of distress tolerance. The anxiety tolerance variable can play a mediating role between the variables of emotion regulation difficulty, family flexibility and cognitive flexibility. It also means that the indirect path, which starts from the predictor variables and starts from the difficult path of emotion regulation, cognitive flexibility and family flexibility, ends in suicidal tendencies, while the stress tolerance variable acts as a mediating variable between the predictor variables. And be the criterion, has more validity than direct routes (p <0.05).
Conclusion: The results of this study show that suicide attempts in adolescents and young people living on the verge of divorce are influenced by individual, psychological and family variables, including difficulty in regulating emotion, cognitive flexibility, family flexibility and tolerance. Distress pointed out. Also, the present data showed that in this regard, the distress tolerance variable can be used as a mediating variable among the variables of suicidal ideation and difficulty in regulating emotion, cognitive flexibility and family flexibility and the effects of these variables on suicidal ideation. Adjust adolescents and young people living in divorced families; Therefore, according to the obtained result, due to limitations such as the use of the statistical population of families on the verge of divorce, caution should be observed in generalizing the research findings to individuals and other communities; Also, according to the findings of the present study, it is suggested that during the consensual divorce sessions offered to families, sessions be provided for children to teach them the skills of increasing anxiety tolerance to prevent self-harming behaviors. As a final result of the research, it can be said that increasing distress tolerance skills can reduce the tendency to commit suicide in high-risk maples.
Reihaneh Rezaei, Alireza Rezaei, Amirhossein Ghodrzi,
Volume 29, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Today, suicide is known as one of the most important social and psychological problems in the world. Many countries are facing an increase in the suicide rate in different age groups, which occurs for several reasons, including economic problems, psychological pressures, mental disorders such as depression and anxiety, or experiencing life traumas. People with a history of suicide are also at a higher risk of committing suicide due to previous experience. This issue is often linked to social and cultural challenges, as in many societies, talking about suicide is considered taboo and people may refuse to seek professional help. Also, easy access to suicide tools and a lack of effective prevention programs can exacerbate the crisis. Statistical studies have shown that environmental factors such as poverty, social inequality, discrimination, as well as the lack of family and social support, are the main drivers of increasing suicide rates. In addition, rapid changes in lifestyle and pressures caused by new technologies and social networks also form feelings of isolation and helplessness. To manage this crisis, many countries have tried to implement programs in prevention and public education, but the complexity of this issue requires coordination between different sectors of society, including the mental health system, families, and policymakers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-compassion on the meaning of life and fear of death in people with a history of suicide.
Methods: The current research was a semi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test type. The statistical population of this research included people who had a history of suicide in 2022-2023. The tools used in this research were the Meaning of Life questionnaire, the Fear of Death questionnaire, and the Plan of Compassion sessions. In the present study, to collect information, after obtaining the permission of the relevant research and after presenting the research objectives, after selecting the sample, explanations were first given to the experimental groups regarding the intervention and they were asked to be actively present in all the meetings. In this research, statistical and inferential indicators were used to analyze the research data.
Results: The results of the Vickers lambda test are significant for the mentioned variable and the significance in the dependent variable (meaning of life) indicates that the participants in the two groups are different from each other and the averages of the groups are significantly affected by the independent variable. The results of the Vickers lambda test are significant for the mentioned variable, and the significance of the dependent variable (death anxiety) indicates that the participants in the three groups are different from each other, and the averages of the groups are significantly influenced by the independent variable.
Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the research, self-compassion can have a profound effect on reducing the fear of death and strengthening the meaning of life in people with a history of suicide. This approach helps one to embrace difficult feelings and experiences with acceptance and kindness instead of wallowing in guilt or blame. With this method, people can distinguish between their mistakes and their identity and use mistakes to grow and learn. Practicing self-compassion makes a person look at himself and life with a more positive view and gain a deeper understanding of his values. This perspective not only reduces the anxiety and fear of death but also helps him to accept death as a natural part of life and focus on the goals and meaning of life. Self-compassion also increases people's resilience against crises and challenges by strengthening their sense of worth and self-efficacy. This feature, especially in people with a history of suicide, can help restore hope, reduce depression, and create better relationships with others. Ultimately, this process makes life not only more bearable but also more fulfilling and meaningful for these people. Focusing on designing and implementing self-compassion group programs where people with a history of suicide can strengthen acceptance, self-awareness, and self-compassion skills through practical activities and supportive interactions. Developing digital training tools, including self-compassion-based apps or online courses, That allow people to practice these skills in a safe and personal environment and better cope with their anxieties and fears. Creating social support networks where people with similar experiences can share their experiences through group meetings or virtual platforms and foster a sense of self-worth and inner acceptance. Fear of death is a concept that goes beyond the events after death and includes the manner of death and its process. This fear can manifest itself in different ways for different people, including anxiety caused by losing health in old age or after experiencing the death of a loved one. In some cases, this normal feeling turns into a severe and persistent anxiety that can disrupt a person's life. The type of attitude of each person towards death and his thinking about it affects not only the person himself but also his relationships with others and the way he functions in life. A correct understanding of death and its acceptance can have positive effects on people's lives. When a person manages the fear of death, he will be able to gain the trust of others, he will pay more attention to his life goals, and life will become simpler and more meaningful for him. This approach requires awareness and an accurate understanding of surrounding issues that empower a person and lead him to accept challenges and try to solve them.
Methods: The current research was a semi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test type. The statistical population of this research included people who had a history of suicide in 2022-2023. The tools used in this research were the Meaning of Life questionnaire, the Fear of Death questionnaire, and the Plan of Compassion sessions. In the present study, to collect information, after obtaining the permission of the relevant research and after presenting the research objectives, after selecting the sample, explanations were first given to the experimental groups regarding the intervention and they were asked to be actively present in all the meetings. In this research, statistical and inferential indicators were used to analyze the research data.
Results: The results of the Vickers lambda test are significant for the mentioned variable and the significance in the dependent variable (meaning of life) indicates that the participants in the two groups are different from each other and the averages of the groups are significantly affected by the independent variable. The results of the Vickers lambda test are significant for the mentioned variable, and the significance of the dependent variable (death anxiety) indicates that the participants in the three groups are different from each other, and the averages of the groups are significantly influenced by the independent variable.
Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the research, self-compassion can have a profound effect on reducing the fear of death and strengthening the meaning of life in people with a history of suicide. This approach helps one to embrace difficult feelings and experiences with acceptance and kindness instead of wallowing in guilt or blame. With this method, people can distinguish between their mistakes and their identity and use mistakes to grow and learn. Practicing self-compassion makes a person look at himself and life with a more positive view and gain a deeper understanding of his values. This perspective not only reduces the anxiety and fear of death but also helps him to accept death as a natural part of life and focus on the goals and meaning of life. Self-compassion also increases people's resilience against crises and challenges by strengthening their sense of worth and self-efficacy. This feature, especially in people with a history of suicide, can help restore hope, reduce depression, and create better relationships with others. Ultimately, this process makes life not only more bearable but also more fulfilling and meaningful for these people. Focusing on designing and implementing self-compassion group programs where people with a history of suicide can strengthen acceptance, self-awareness, and self-compassion skills through practical activities and supportive interactions. Developing digital training tools, including self-compassion-based apps or online courses, That allow people to practice these skills in a safe and personal environment and better cope with their anxieties and fears. Creating social support networks where people with similar experiences can share their experiences through group meetings or virtual platforms and foster a sense of self-worth and inner acceptance. Fear of death is a concept that goes beyond the events after death and includes the manner of death and its process. This fear can manifest itself in different ways for different people, including anxiety caused by losing health in old age or after experiencing the death of a loved one. In some cases, this normal feeling turns into a severe and persistent anxiety that can disrupt a person's life. The type of attitude of each person towards death and his thinking about it affects not only the person himself but also his relationships with others and the way he functions in life. A correct understanding of death and its acceptance can have positive effects on people's lives. When a person manages the fear of death, he will be able to gain the trust of others, he will pay more attention to his life goals, and life will become simpler and more meaningful for him. This approach requires awareness and an accurate understanding of surrounding issues that empower a person and lead him to accept challenges and try to solve them.
Aminreza Mahna, Naeimeh Moheb,
Volume 29, Issue 9 (12-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 9 (12-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Suicide is perhaps one of the saddest events in a person's life and one of the most painful problems in human society. The purpose of this research was to investigate factors affecting suicide from ideation to action based on Klonsky's theory in non-clinical populations. A person who can be said to be a masterpiece, intelligent, how can he decide to end his life and prefer not to live? Although many scientific and medical efforts are trying to protect people from diseases and injuries and perhaps increase their life span, on the other hand, we are witnessing an increase in the number of suicides and the unwillingness of a group of people to continue their lives. In recent decades, although studies have tried to reduce the number of suicides and somehow control this problem, we can practically see that the efforts have not had significant results, and relatively more modern humans have taken the path of giving up life than in the past and their primitive ancestors. At present, suicide is a major cause of concern and a serious problem for global health. The organization's statistics show that in 2023, worldwide, nearly 700,000 people will end their lives by suicide each year. Evidence suggests that for every adult who dies by suicide, there may be more than 20
Methods: : This research is basic in terms of its purpose and the method of carrying out descriptive research. The statistical population of this research was formed by all the people present in the social networks of Shahretbriez who could answer the questionnaire through the link to answer the questions. A sampling method was available and 638 were selected (based on about 20 people for each component of the model). The final sample was reduced to 607 people due to the failure of some participants in the final registration of answers. The entry criteria for this study were to have at least basic literacy to answer the questions and age (16-75), to have full consent, and also to be a volunteer for cooperation. To collect information, the questionnaires were placed in the dedicated link in social networks, and it was suggested that people participate in the research. In addition to ensuring the confidentiality of the participants, ethical considerations were observed in all stages of implementation. In this research, the data mining method and the decision tree technique were used to identify factors affecting suicide and provide a model to predict it. Finally, finding the answers to the study questions has been used. It is worth mentioning that in this study SPSS Modeler version 18 was used for data analysis.
Results: The research findings showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between the variables of mental pain, perception of being a burden, hopelessness, and neutral affiliation in the order of importance in the possibility of suicidal ideation, and also between the variables of suicidal thoughts, suicide readiness, despair, fearlessness about death, affiliation. There is a significant relationship between pain neutrality and pain tolerance in the order of importance in predicting suicide attempts. The parental bond variable did not have a significant effect on the prediction of ideation and suicide attempts. The probability of correct prediction in the training and evaluation groups in the C5.0 algorithm is 92.2 and 88.65, respectively, while on the other hand, the probability of correct prediction in the training and evaluation groups in the CART algorithm is 85.11 and 80, respectively. Two other indices show the optimality of the tree model (AUC and GINI indices) in the two training and experimental groups of the variable of suicidal ideation by separating the C5.0 and CART algorithms. According to the overall importance of the studied variables, the variables of mental pain and perception of burden were more effective than other variables in predicting suicidal ideation. In this way, with the increase in the amount of psychological pain, the perception of being a burden, disappointment, and neutral belongingness, the possibility of suicidal ideation increased. On the other hand, the possibility of suicidal ideation decreased in lower amounts of psychological pain and mild hopelessness. Also, among the two levels of interpersonal relationship variables (perception of burdensomeness and neutral affiliation), perception of burdensomeness was more effective than the variable of neutral belongingness in predicting suicidal ideation, so that as the score of perception of burdensomeness increases, the probability of suicidal ideation is higher and lower. As it went, its score would decrease. Therefore, it can be concluded that the variable of psychological pain and the perception of being a burden from the variables of interpersonal relationships had a more transient effect on the probability of suicidal ideation in the participants in the study. According to the results of the modeling of the prediction of suicidal ideation in the present study, it seems that Most of the variables considered in the study have been able to show a significant effect on the occurrence of this phenomenon, but at the same time, the results of the statistical technique used in the study indicate that the variables of parental bonding (care and control) included in the studied model have not been able to have a significant effect.
Conclusion: The variable of psychological pain showed the most importance in predicting the formation of suicidal ideation in the decision tree model, and also high values of psychological pain and despair, perception of being a burden, and neutral affiliation showed a higher probability of ideation in the model. In this study, among the three factors of suicide capacity, readiness to commit suicide, fearlessness of death, and pain tolerance, the variable of readiness to commit suicide showed the most importance in predicting suicide attempts. In terms of the decision tree model, it became important as a variable that was present in all the paths leading to suicide, along with suicidal ideation. In this study, among the three factors.
Aminreza Mahna, Forough Khalilizadeh Mahani, Fazeh Fathi Livari, Maryam Tamdon, Esmat Dehghan Dehnavi, Mahshid Tahmasebi,
Volume 29, Issue 9 (12-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 9 (12-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Suicide is a phenomenon that can cause serious harm to the people around, in addition to harming the person himself. Due to the fact that the rate of suicide in the modern era has always been increasing and threatening, from a specialized point of view, from the perspective of experts and related organizations such as the world health organization, suicide is recognized as one of the social issues and problems of the present age. Especially the threatening and painful aspect of this phenomenon appears in the form of thinking and mental preparation for suicide and committing it among teenagers and young people. According to the statistics of the world health organization, suicide and post-mortem deaths caused by road accidents and aids are the third most common cause of death among teenagers. According to this organization, the phenomenon of suicide is one of the important factors threatening mental and social health. According to the statistics reported by the countries in 2008, the world health organization has announced that the suicide rate in the world is an average of 11.6 cases per 100,000 people. Despair is one of the most important factors that is related to suicide attempts and is actually a connection between depression and suicide. According to researchers, despair is a feature of depression. Cognitive factors such as negativity and hopelessness along with a pessimistic view of the future, belief in one's inadequacy and inefficiency, and social isolation can increase a person's vulnerability to suicide. Disappointment confronts teenagers with many emotional and psychological problems, such as increased anxiety levels, increased irritability, and severe depression, and anxiety is a type of intense emotion with an unpleasant state and inner turmoil. A person with this condition is often afraid of predictable events in the future that can be considered a threat. Anxiety is one of the most common emotional states and is a subset of most mental disorders. This condition affects many people. They often experience it in the form of discomfort, severe stress and worry that the daily life of a person will be significantly affected. Among the effective behavioral therapy approaches in this field, we can mention the treatment focused on compassion. Compassion-focused therapy is derived from neuroscience, social psychology, development, and many therapeutic models that include the three principles of mindfulness, self-kindness, and a sense of sharing with humanity. The main focus of this treatment is cultivating a compassionate mind; therefore, therapists help clients by creating and increasing an inner compassionate relationship with themselves, instead of blaming, condemning, or self-criticizing. All psychotherapists believe that treatment should be done in a compassionate way, meaning that it should be full of respect, support, and generally with kindness. Also, cultivating compassion and kindness towards oneself and others as a way to promote well-being has been the focus of eastern traditions for thousands of years. The therapeutic approach of self-compassion is a therapeutic approach that emphasizes the three components of self-kindness versus self-judgment, human commonality versus isolation, and mindfulness versus extreme identification. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of effective treatment based on compassion therapy on improving the level of depression and anxiety in people with a history of suicide.
Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with control and experimental groups. The statistical population also consisted of people with a history of suicide who were referred to counseling centers in Tehran. The research sample was 30 people, which was done by the available sampling method and was formed into two control (15 people) and experimental (15 people) groups. The experimental group was formed for 8 one-hour sessions. The data were obtained using Beck's anxiety and depression questionnaires and the results were analyzed by covariance analysis.
Results: The results showed that the treatment based on compassion therapy improves the level of depression and anxiety in people with a history of suicide.
Conclusion: In this study, the treatment focused on compassion improved the level of depression and anxiety in people with a history of suicide. Creating a non-judgmental, compassionate, flexible, and moment-to-moment relationship using compassion therapy techniques in the interpersonal relationships of people with a history of suicide can be useful in various ways. In the explanation of these results, it can be said that one of the cases that are significant in people with a history of suicide is that the pressure of the situations they are in and the influx of information that they receive at the same time causes It may be difficult for them to make a decision. The existence of these consecutive problems causes him to experience successive failures and this feeling of helplessness causes him to feel anxious, paralyzed, confused, and angry with himself. Considering that in compassion therapy, the participants learn to have a kinder view of themselves, they also realize that all humans have problems in their lives and the only difference between humans is in the way deal with these problems, so when problems arise, they accept themselves with pride. It can also be said that when these people have problems, it becomes difficult for them to keep calm and engage in emotional behaviors such as engaging in other behaviors, aggression, depression, and withdrawal, taking revenge for their problems on others, and In some cases, they make themselves careless. The results of this kind of dealing with problems lead to feelings of loneliness and frustration and strengthen the feeling of inadequacy in the person, these people blame themselves and are strict with themselves, and therefore help to improve the process of forgiveness. Can help them. In the compassion therapy approach, by using compassionate techniques and self-empowerment, the person realizes that by using problem-oriented methods, he can be successful in solving his problems and as a result, he loves himself better. By using self-compassion techniques, a person can remove negative emotions be kind to himself, and love himself. It can also be said that one of the methods can be the use of the support of trusted experienced people. In the intervention of compassion therapy, a person learns to have a compassionate approach towards himself and his life problems. Compassionate therapy involves a compassionate relationship with oneself. This treatment is more than solving internal disputes; It helps people change by creating care, new attention to the self, and offering compassionate inner processes. A person learns that by taking a compassionate look at himself and those around him, people such as his parents and relatives can always support him in difficult times. Repair your broken bond with these loved ones again. In fact, by creating a compassionate bond between himself and those around him, a safe base is created for him so that he can refer to these people in times of need. Therapeutic compassion facilitates emotional change to care more and support oneself, increases the ability to accept discomfort, and reduces emotional disturbances. This treatment method enables people with a history of suicide to relieve and control themselves more.
Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with control and experimental groups. The statistical population also consisted of people with a history of suicide who were referred to counseling centers in Tehran. The research sample was 30 people, which was done by the available sampling method and was formed into two control (15 people) and experimental (15 people) groups. The experimental group was formed for 8 one-hour sessions. The data were obtained using Beck's anxiety and depression questionnaires and the results were analyzed by covariance analysis.
Results: The results showed that the treatment based on compassion therapy improves the level of depression and anxiety in people with a history of suicide.
Conclusion: In this study, the treatment focused on compassion improved the level of depression and anxiety in people with a history of suicide. Creating a non-judgmental, compassionate, flexible, and moment-to-moment relationship using compassion therapy techniques in the interpersonal relationships of people with a history of suicide can be useful in various ways. In the explanation of these results, it can be said that one of the cases that are significant in people with a history of suicide is that the pressure of the situations they are in and the influx of information that they receive at the same time causes It may be difficult for them to make a decision. The existence of these consecutive problems causes him to experience successive failures and this feeling of helplessness causes him to feel anxious, paralyzed, confused, and angry with himself. Considering that in compassion therapy, the participants learn to have a kinder view of themselves, they also realize that all humans have problems in their lives and the only difference between humans is in the way deal with these problems, so when problems arise, they accept themselves with pride. It can also be said that when these people have problems, it becomes difficult for them to keep calm and engage in emotional behaviors such as engaging in other behaviors, aggression, depression, and withdrawal, taking revenge for their problems on others, and In some cases, they make themselves careless. The results of this kind of dealing with problems lead to feelings of loneliness and frustration and strengthen the feeling of inadequacy in the person, these people blame themselves and are strict with themselves, and therefore help to improve the process of forgiveness. Can help them. In the compassion therapy approach, by using compassionate techniques and self-empowerment, the person realizes that by using problem-oriented methods, he can be successful in solving his problems and as a result, he loves himself better. By using self-compassion techniques, a person can remove negative emotions be kind to himself, and love himself. It can also be said that one of the methods can be the use of the support of trusted experienced people. In the intervention of compassion therapy, a person learns to have a compassionate approach towards himself and his life problems. Compassionate therapy involves a compassionate relationship with oneself. This treatment is more than solving internal disputes; It helps people change by creating care, new attention to the self, and offering compassionate inner processes. A person learns that by taking a compassionate look at himself and those around him, people such as his parents and relatives can always support him in difficult times. Repair your broken bond with these loved ones again. In fact, by creating a compassionate bond between himself and those around him, a safe base is created for him so that he can refer to these people in times of need. Therapeutic compassion facilitates emotional change to care more and support oneself, increases the ability to accept discomfort, and reduces emotional disturbances. This treatment method enables people with a history of suicide to relieve and control themselves more.
Samira Haji Omidi, Bahman Akbari, Leila Moqtader,
Volume 29, Issue 12 (3-2023)
Volume 29, Issue 12 (3-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Adolescents are among the vulnerable groups against suicide, many of them have dysfunctional attitudes, cognitive errors, and inconsistent moral problems. Therefore, it is important to know the antecedents of this problem. Therefore, the current study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural model of suicide based on resilience and cognitive distortion with the mediation of moral identity in adolescents.
Methods: The current research is a theoretical research and its design was descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included all ninth grade female students of Takestan city with an average age of 15 years who study in the schools of Takestan city in the academic year of 1400-1401. The sample size to test the hypotheses was determined by referring to Klein's (2015) strategy for studies that use the structural equation modeling method. That is, the minimum ratio of the sample size for each observed variable is 5 people, the ratio of 10 people for each variable is more suitable and the ratio of 20 people for each variable is considered desirable; Therefore, in the present study, using available sampling method, a sample size of 300 participants was considered. Research tools included: Revised Suicide Questionnaire (SBQ-R), Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire (2003), Abdullahzadeh and Salar's Cognitive Distortion Scale (2009) and Aquino and Reed's Moral Identity Questionnaire (2002).
Results: The findings showed that the standardized factor loading for all questions is more than 0.4. It can be said that the validity of the measurement structures of the relevant variables is confirmed at a significance level of 0.05. The value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient of all variables is more than 0.7. Further, in order to confirm the factor analysis model and document the obtained results, it is necessary that the fit indices of the model are acceptable. The following table shows the indicators used along with their values. In the factor analysis model, the chi-square value for the degree of freedom is 1.309 and less than 3. Also, the value of the root mean square error estimate (RMSEA) is equal to 0.032 and less than 0.08. Also, Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Incremental Fit Index (IFI) and Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) have all been calculated at a reasonable level. Therefore, in general and according to the calculated indices, it is possible to conclude the optimal fit of the model. Also, in the research model, the chi-square value of the degree of freedom is 1.485 and smaller than 3. Also, the value of the root mean square error estimate (RMSEA) is equal to 0.040 and less than 0.08. The comparative fit index (CFI), goodness of fit index (GFI) and incremental fit index (IFI) are equal to 0.96, 0.86 and 0.96, respectively, and all of them are at a very favorable level, so the model shows a good fit and is approved. The findings showed that the existence of a relationship between resilience and suicide tendency is confirmed with a probability of 95%. Because the standard path coefficient between these two variables is positive and equal to -0.149. Therefore, it can be said that there is a significant and inverse relationship between resilience and the tendency to commit suicide. On the other hand, the existence of a relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendencies is confirmed with a probability of 95%. Because the standard path coefficient between these two variables is positive and equal to 0.134. Therefore, it can be said that there is a significant and direct relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendencies. In order to investigate the mediating role of moral identity between the independent (resilience) and dependent (suicidal) variables, Baron and Kenny's test was used. According to the conceptual model of the research, in addition to the direct relationship between resilience and suicidal tendency, its indirect relationship can also be obtained through the mediating variable of moral identity. Based on the findings in the first stage and the initial model, which considered only the relationship between resilience and suicidal tendencies, this relationship is significant and its path coefficient is estimated as -0.340. In the next step, the mediating variable (moral identity) is entered into the model and is placed between the two variables of resilience and tendency to commit suicide. The path coefficient between these two variables has decreased from -0.340 to -0.149 and is statistically significant. Therefore, it can be said that the mediation of moral identity in the relationship between resilience and suicidal tendency is confirmed. Also, the investigation of the mediating role of moral identity in the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicide was determined. In the first stage and the initial model, which only considered the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicide tendency, this relationship was significant and its path coefficient was estimated as 0.304. In the next step, the mediator variable (moral identity) is entered into the model and is placed between the two variables of cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency. The path coefficient between these two variables has decreased from 0.304 to 0.134 and is statistically significant. Therefore, it can be said that the mediation of moral identity in the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency is confirmed.
Conclusion: The results confirmed the significant relationship between resilience and tendency to commit suicide on the one hand and cognitive distortion with suicide on the other hand, and moral identity also plays a mediating role in the relationship between these components. Therefore, it is suggested that teaching resilience skills and recognizing distorted thoughts, along with paying attention to a rich moral identity and in order to prevent issues related to suicide, especially among teenage students, should be considered important by the school authorities and the country and should be on their agenda.
Soraya Hanifi Yarazizi, Bibi Sareh Ebrahizadeh Moussavian, Mahshid Sadat Firouzabadi, Moslem Akbari, Mansoureh Khalili,
Volume 30, Issue 6 (9-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 6 (9-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: In the last decade, the number of researches focused on the mental health of sexual minorities has increased. In this study, sexual minority refers to people who have problems with their sexual identity. Gender identity means the internal perception of oneself as male or female or bisexual: this concept should not be considered as a binary; Gender identity can cover a spectrum from masculinity to femininity. In addition, a person may not identify himself as a woman or a man. The development of sexual identity in this minority is a complex process, people in this group experience many discriminations, restrictions and hostility in the society. People in this minority are exposed to isolation, violence, sometimes from the family and sometimes from peers, sometimes from the society, they are exposed to many stigmas and they are exposed to annoying behaviors from the society.
Transgender people often face various manifestations of discrimination, including violence and harassment, occupational and job discrimination and even discrimination in receiving health care services, therefore, it is not surprising that transgender people experience a high level of psychological distress. Minority stress theory, which is a social theory, states that stress that is rooted in the experience of discrimination and social stigmas can endanger mental well-being, according to this theory, inequality that sexual minority people experience has many unpleasant psychological consequences, one of which is suicide attempt. Research confirms that these people are more likely to commit suicide, have clinical conditions such as depression and anxiety, or tend to use drugs more than normal sex groups.
Suicide, suicidal thoughts, suicide planning, self-harm and attempted suicide are among the main issues in public health that can be prevented. Suicide is a complex phenomenon. A phenomenon that is influenced by various personal, social, and environmental factors at different stages of a person's life. Psychiatric disorders, history of abuse in childhood have a significant impact on suicide attempts. The findings show that the possibility of committing suicide among sexual minority people is more than other groups of society. According to the World Health Organization, belonging to a sexual minority group is itself a cause of suicide. Statistics show that people in the sexual minority group are 1.5 to 2 times more prone to suicide, self-mutilation and depression than other people.
Methods: In order to access studies related to the purpose of the study, in domestic databases (SID, ISC, Noormags, Magiran, IranMedex and Irandoc) and international databases (Google-Scholar, Medline, PubMed, Elsevier, ProQuest, Springer) using related keywords. , was searched between 2012 and 2022. Finally, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 studies were finally selected. The following keywords were used to search for articles: a term that refers to trans people (trans-sexual, transgender, gender dissatisfaction, disorder gender identity, trans), terms that examine self-injurious behavior (self-mutilation, self-mutilation, non-suicidal self-mutilation) and to examine suicide from the keywords (suicide, suicide, suicidal thoughts, attempted suicide and mortality) has been used. Transgender terms along with the prepositions "and" and "or" were searched with the words suicide and self-mutilation. The articles used included researches that investigated the prevalence of suicide and self-harming behaviors in the transgender community. In addition, researches that investigated the potential factors that could lead to suicide and self-mutilation in transgender people are included in this research. Among the inclusion criteria, it is possible to mention the selection of only original research studies that were published in English. Also, only studies were selected where the diagnosis of gender phobia was made by a mental health specialist (psychiatrist-clinical psychologist). Published studies were selected only if their journals were double-blind peer review. Also, only studies published after 2012 were selected. Also, the exclusion of other articles such as reviews, case studies, and books, exclusion of studies before 2012, and non-use of an expert in transgender diagnosis were among the most important exclusion criteria. A total of 80 articles on this topic were found and duplicates were removed. The remaining abstracts were reviewed considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria and irrelevant ones were removed. The full text of the articles was reviewed by two authors separately. Finally, 15 studies were found to be eligible for inclusion in the review.
Results: In the studies that were reviewed in this research, a high prevalence of self-harming behavior among sexually bored people is confirmed. This behavior has been more in transgender men compared to people of the same gender. This finding can be assumed that the gender they were born with at birth, i.e. the female phenotype, plays a role in the way people face their feelings and resolve them. This finding is in line with researches that have shown that the possibility of self-harming behavior is higher in same-gender women than in transgender women. Despite gender differences, the rate of engaging in self-harming behavior is higher among transgender people than people of the same gender. This issue itself indicates an inconsistent way of coping in transgender people. According to the reviewed researches, this is also the case in suicide. Studies have shown that the rate of suicide attempts, suicidal thoughts and the prevalence of suicide in transgender people even after gender reassignment surgery is higher compared to people of the same gender. Researches that have been reviewed show that the amount of self-harming behavior decreases after the process of gender adjustment. The findings of this research confirm a strong correlation between being transgender and committing suicide and self-mutilation. Most of these people, rather than committing self-harm and suicide with the intention of dying, use it as an incompatible coping method in response to problems, but it exposes them to death. The findings can indicate the vulnerability of transgender people to mental health problems. The increase in the suicide rate in the trans population with increasing age can be related to the lack of social support, feelings of loneliness, being a victim of violence and discrimination. These factors also lead to a decrease in the quality of life of transgender people.
Conclusion: From this research review, it can be concluded that transgender people are at a higher risk of committing suicide and self-harmful behavior than people of the same gender. It seems necessary that in the future researches, this issue should be addressed more on how effective treatment measures can be taken to reduce risk behaviors and improve social support in these people. Therefore, mental health professionals who are in contact with these people need the necessary training to prevent suicide. For this reason, it seems that interventions that lead to an increase in social support and teach interpersonal skills to these people can be effective in reducing self-injurious behavior. For example, among trans people, families understand their child's gender identity less and accept the gender adjustment process. For some trans people, the desire to transition can lead to a complete disconnection with the family. On the other hand, the family's non-acceptance can prevent transgender people from exploring their identity. These things can lead to the experience of depression. It seems that therapeutic actions on the family of transgender people can increase the social support that people need. This process itself can lead to the improvement of the mental health of transgender people. Some interventions can also lead transgender people to learn more adaptive ways of coping.
Transgender people often face various manifestations of discrimination, including violence and harassment, occupational and job discrimination and even discrimination in receiving health care services, therefore, it is not surprising that transgender people experience a high level of psychological distress. Minority stress theory, which is a social theory, states that stress that is rooted in the experience of discrimination and social stigmas can endanger mental well-being, according to this theory, inequality that sexual minority people experience has many unpleasant psychological consequences, one of which is suicide attempt. Research confirms that these people are more likely to commit suicide, have clinical conditions such as depression and anxiety, or tend to use drugs more than normal sex groups.
Suicide, suicidal thoughts, suicide planning, self-harm and attempted suicide are among the main issues in public health that can be prevented. Suicide is a complex phenomenon. A phenomenon that is influenced by various personal, social, and environmental factors at different stages of a person's life. Psychiatric disorders, history of abuse in childhood have a significant impact on suicide attempts. The findings show that the possibility of committing suicide among sexual minority people is more than other groups of society. According to the World Health Organization, belonging to a sexual minority group is itself a cause of suicide. Statistics show that people in the sexual minority group are 1.5 to 2 times more prone to suicide, self-mutilation and depression than other people.
Methods: In order to access studies related to the purpose of the study, in domestic databases (SID, ISC, Noormags, Magiran, IranMedex and Irandoc) and international databases (Google-Scholar, Medline, PubMed, Elsevier, ProQuest, Springer) using related keywords. , was searched between 2012 and 2022. Finally, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 studies were finally selected. The following keywords were used to search for articles: a term that refers to trans people (trans-sexual, transgender, gender dissatisfaction, disorder gender identity, trans), terms that examine self-injurious behavior (self-mutilation, self-mutilation, non-suicidal self-mutilation) and to examine suicide from the keywords (suicide, suicide, suicidal thoughts, attempted suicide and mortality) has been used. Transgender terms along with the prepositions "and" and "or" were searched with the words suicide and self-mutilation. The articles used included researches that investigated the prevalence of suicide and self-harming behaviors in the transgender community. In addition, researches that investigated the potential factors that could lead to suicide and self-mutilation in transgender people are included in this research. Among the inclusion criteria, it is possible to mention the selection of only original research studies that were published in English. Also, only studies were selected where the diagnosis of gender phobia was made by a mental health specialist (psychiatrist-clinical psychologist). Published studies were selected only if their journals were double-blind peer review. Also, only studies published after 2012 were selected. Also, the exclusion of other articles such as reviews, case studies, and books, exclusion of studies before 2012, and non-use of an expert in transgender diagnosis were among the most important exclusion criteria. A total of 80 articles on this topic were found and duplicates were removed. The remaining abstracts were reviewed considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria and irrelevant ones were removed. The full text of the articles was reviewed by two authors separately. Finally, 15 studies were found to be eligible for inclusion in the review.
Results: In the studies that were reviewed in this research, a high prevalence of self-harming behavior among sexually bored people is confirmed. This behavior has been more in transgender men compared to people of the same gender. This finding can be assumed that the gender they were born with at birth, i.e. the female phenotype, plays a role in the way people face their feelings and resolve them. This finding is in line with researches that have shown that the possibility of self-harming behavior is higher in same-gender women than in transgender women. Despite gender differences, the rate of engaging in self-harming behavior is higher among transgender people than people of the same gender. This issue itself indicates an inconsistent way of coping in transgender people. According to the reviewed researches, this is also the case in suicide. Studies have shown that the rate of suicide attempts, suicidal thoughts and the prevalence of suicide in transgender people even after gender reassignment surgery is higher compared to people of the same gender. Researches that have been reviewed show that the amount of self-harming behavior decreases after the process of gender adjustment. The findings of this research confirm a strong correlation between being transgender and committing suicide and self-mutilation. Most of these people, rather than committing self-harm and suicide with the intention of dying, use it as an incompatible coping method in response to problems, but it exposes them to death. The findings can indicate the vulnerability of transgender people to mental health problems. The increase in the suicide rate in the trans population with increasing age can be related to the lack of social support, feelings of loneliness, being a victim of violence and discrimination. These factors also lead to a decrease in the quality of life of transgender people.
Conclusion: From this research review, it can be concluded that transgender people are at a higher risk of committing suicide and self-harmful behavior than people of the same gender. It seems necessary that in the future researches, this issue should be addressed more on how effective treatment measures can be taken to reduce risk behaviors and improve social support in these people. Therefore, mental health professionals who are in contact with these people need the necessary training to prevent suicide. For this reason, it seems that interventions that lead to an increase in social support and teach interpersonal skills to these people can be effective in reducing self-injurious behavior. For example, among trans people, families understand their child's gender identity less and accept the gender adjustment process. For some trans people, the desire to transition can lead to a complete disconnection with the family. On the other hand, the family's non-acceptance can prevent transgender people from exploring their identity. These things can lead to the experience of depression. It seems that therapeutic actions on the family of transgender people can increase the social support that people need. This process itself can lead to the improvement of the mental health of transgender people. Some interventions can also lead transgender people to learn more adaptive ways of coping.
Faegheh Rezvani Chamanzamin, Zahra Mehravar, Moslem Akbari, Fatemeh Gharibi Tabbar, Seyyedeh Maryam Ziafati Bagherzadeh,
Volume 30, Issue 6 (9-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 6 (9-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Suicide is one of the most complex human phenomena, which according to the fifth diagnostic manual of mental disorders (DSM-5), is defined as a behavior in which a person commits suicide with the aim of killing himself, and suicide without the intention of killing himself and usually to get attention and points (1). It is from others, it is distinguished (3). According to the statistics published by the health organization, about 1 million people die each year due to suicide, which is called suicide leading to death. But if we want to consider the statistics related to suicide attempts, usually the statistics of suicide attempts are 20 to 50 times higher than suicides leading to death (6). In justifying this statistic, it can be said that since women commit suicide about 2 to 3 times more than men, suicide leads to death in men 2 to 3 times more than women, so in societies where women commit suicide more, the rate of suicide is Slaughter of pigs can lead to death many times more than suicide (9). People with perfectionist traits have ambitious, vague and unattainable goals. Perfectionism is a motivational component and includes the individual's efforts to achieve the perfect self. These people are very precise and critical (14), so that they cannot accept their faults, mistakes and failures in different aspects. In addition, it has been found that perfectionism is related to a wide range of mental disorders related to suicide, such as obsession (15), anxiety (16), depression (17) and bipolar disorder (18). Therefore, it seems that perfectionism can be related to suicide. Previous studies have also shown that perfectionism has a significant relationship with imposter syndrome and suicidal thoughts, that the higher the level of perfectionism in a person, the more likely that person feels unworthy and has suicidal thoughts (19). Also, it seems that perfectionism is more prevalent in girls than in men, and media and advertisements, by portraying successful and attractive people, have also played an important role in increasing perfectionism among different people, especially young people and teenagers (19). Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between perfectionism and suicidal thoughts and behavior among teenagers.
Methods: The method of this study is descriptive and according to the implementation method, it is a type of review articles. Review studies are a type of qualitative research that is used to investigate phenomena and identify important categories based on previous research sources. This method is useful when research sources are rich in the field of the phenomenon in question. In such a situation, by using review studies, the underlying categories of the studied phenomenon can be identified, classified and summarized.
The research community includes all the articles with the English keywords Perfectionism, perfect, sense of perfection along with suicide, suicide attempt, suicide ideation, self-harm, self-injury in foreign databases Scopus, Springer, Web of Science, Google-Scholar, Science Direct and the keywords of perfectionism, perfectionism, perfectionism, perfectionism and perfectionism along with suicide, suicidal thoughts, attempted suicide, self-harm, self-injury and self-harm in adolescents in SID, Normags, Magiran, Civilica, ISC, Google -Scholar, which was published between 2003 and 2023. In order to select relevant studies, the Prism guide was used for review studies (22). Initially, 241 articles were selected using the above keywords in internal and external search engines. After that, 187 studies were excluded due to non-relevance, 29 due to duplicates in search engines. From the remaining 25 studies, after fully reading the articles and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 more studies were excluded and 14 studies were selected for the final sample selection
Results: The results of this study showed that out of 14 studies conducted, 5 studies were conducted in Canada, 3 studies were conducted in America, 2 studies were conducted in Israel and China, South Korea, Hungary, and England each conducted 1 study. Also, only three studies were related to before 2000, 3 studies were between 2000 and 2010, and most of the studies were related to the last decade and 5 studies were related to the last 5 years. Also, out of the 14 selected studies, most of the studies used the Children and Adolescents Perfectionism Questionnaire (CAPS) to measure perfectionism (9 studies out of 14 studies). However, different tools have been used to measure suicidal thoughts and behavior. Among the conducted studies, 5 studies have less than 100 participants, 5 studies have between 100 and 200, three have between 200 and 1000 and only one study has more than 1000 subjects.
Conclusion: The results of the research showed that there is a very strong possibility that perfectionism is related to suicidal thoughts and it seems that perfectionism can increase the possibility of suicidal behavior in teenagers by intensifying mental disorders, especially depression, despair, eating and sleeping disorders in teenagers, but not all types of perfectionism seem to be negative. Limited studies have shown that hard-working perfectionist teenagers show very low levels of suicidal thoughts and behavior, so it can be said that perfectionism that is passive and accompanied by procrastination increases the likelihood of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Gives. Therefore, in order to reduce the suicide rate and prevent and treat suicidal people, health professionals should pay more attention to their perfectionism, so that in addition to improving the mental health of adolescents and the possibility of developing their talents, the society also does not lose its dynamic and youthful force. be your own development.
Methods: The method of this study is descriptive and according to the implementation method, it is a type of review articles. Review studies are a type of qualitative research that is used to investigate phenomena and identify important categories based on previous research sources. This method is useful when research sources are rich in the field of the phenomenon in question. In such a situation, by using review studies, the underlying categories of the studied phenomenon can be identified, classified and summarized.
The research community includes all the articles with the English keywords Perfectionism, perfect, sense of perfection along with suicide, suicide attempt, suicide ideation, self-harm, self-injury in foreign databases Scopus, Springer, Web of Science, Google-Scholar, Science Direct and the keywords of perfectionism, perfectionism, perfectionism, perfectionism and perfectionism along with suicide, suicidal thoughts, attempted suicide, self-harm, self-injury and self-harm in adolescents in SID, Normags, Magiran, Civilica, ISC, Google -Scholar, which was published between 2003 and 2023. In order to select relevant studies, the Prism guide was used for review studies (22). Initially, 241 articles were selected using the above keywords in internal and external search engines. After that, 187 studies were excluded due to non-relevance, 29 due to duplicates in search engines. From the remaining 25 studies, after fully reading the articles and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 more studies were excluded and 14 studies were selected for the final sample selection
Results: The results of this study showed that out of 14 studies conducted, 5 studies were conducted in Canada, 3 studies were conducted in America, 2 studies were conducted in Israel and China, South Korea, Hungary, and England each conducted 1 study. Also, only three studies were related to before 2000, 3 studies were between 2000 and 2010, and most of the studies were related to the last decade and 5 studies were related to the last 5 years. Also, out of the 14 selected studies, most of the studies used the Children and Adolescents Perfectionism Questionnaire (CAPS) to measure perfectionism (9 studies out of 14 studies). However, different tools have been used to measure suicidal thoughts and behavior. Among the conducted studies, 5 studies have less than 100 participants, 5 studies have between 100 and 200, three have between 200 and 1000 and only one study has more than 1000 subjects.
Conclusion: The results of the research showed that there is a very strong possibility that perfectionism is related to suicidal thoughts and it seems that perfectionism can increase the possibility of suicidal behavior in teenagers by intensifying mental disorders, especially depression, despair, eating and sleeping disorders in teenagers, but not all types of perfectionism seem to be negative. Limited studies have shown that hard-working perfectionist teenagers show very low levels of suicidal thoughts and behavior, so it can be said that perfectionism that is passive and accompanied by procrastination increases the likelihood of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Gives. Therefore, in order to reduce the suicide rate and prevent and treat suicidal people, health professionals should pay more attention to their perfectionism, so that in addition to improving the mental health of adolescents and the possibility of developing their talents, the society also does not lose its dynamic and youthful force. be your own development.
Samira Haji Omidi, Bahman Akbari, Leila Moqtader,
Volume 30, Issue 6 (9-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 6 (9-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Adolescents are among the vulnerable groups against suicide, many of them have dysfunctional attitudes, cognitive errors, and inconsistent moral problems. Therefore, it is important to know the antecedents of this problem. The present study aimed to investigate the structural model of suicide prevention based on cognitive distortion and perceived social support with the mediation of moral identity in adolescents.
Methods: The current research is a theoretical research and its design was descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included all ninth grade female students of Takestan city with an average age of 15 years who study in the schools of Takestan city in the academic year of 1400-1401. The sample size to test the hypotheses was determined by referring to Klein's (2015) strategy for studies that use the structural equation modeling method. That is, the minimum ratio of the sample size for each observed variable is 5 people, the ratio of 10 people for each variable is more suitable and the ratio of 20 people for each variable is considered desirable; Therefore, in the present study, using available sampling method, a sample size of 300 participants was considered. Research tools included: Revised Suicide Questionnaire (SBQ-R), Fleming et al.'s scale of perceived social support (1982), Abdullahzadeh and Salar's Cognitive Distortion Scale (2009) and Aquino and Reed's Moral Identity Questionnaire (2002).
Results: The results of the correlation test showed that there is a positive and direct correlation between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendencies, and there is a significant negative relationship between perceived social support and moral identity and suicidal tendencies. The value of the standardized factor load for all questions is more than 0.4, and considering that all the significance numbers (CR) between the items and the relevant latent variables are more than 1.96 and their significance level is less than the error level of 0.05. is, it can be said that the validity of the measurement structures of the relevant variables is confirmed at the significance level of 0.05. The results of Cronbach's alpha coefficient are also given for all research variables and as it can be seen, the value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient of all variables is more than 0.7. Also, in the factor analysis model, the chi-square value for the degree of freedom is 1.309 and less than 3. Also, the root mean square error estimate (RMSEA) is equal to 0.032 and less than 0.08. Also, the comparative fit index (CFI), incremental fit index (IFI) and goodness of fit index (GFI) have all been calculated at a suitable level. Therefore, in general and according to the calculated indicators, it is possible to conclude the optimal fit of the model. The value of the critical statistic (CR) between the perceived social support and the cognitive distortion with the tendency to commit suicide has exceeded the borderline limit of 1.96, and the significance level of the test in this regard is equal to 0.000 and less than 0.05. Therefore, it can be stated that the existence of the relationship between perceived social support and the tendency to commit suicide is confirmed with a probability of 95%. Because the coefficient of the standard path between these two variables is positive and equal to -0.237, it can be said that with an increase of one standard deviation in the perceived social support, we will see a decrease in the tendency to commit suicide by -0.237 standard deviation. Therefore, there is a significant and inverse relationship between perceived social support and suicidal tendencies. On the other hand, the standard path coefficient between these two variables is positive and equal to 0.134, and with an increase of one standard deviation in cognitive distortion, we will see an increase in the tendency to commit suicide by 0.134 standard deviations. Therefore, it can be said that there is a significant and direct relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency. In order to investigate the mediating role of moral identity between the independent variable (social support) and the dependent variable (suicidal tendency), Baron and Kenny's test showed that in the first stage and primary model, which only considered the relationship between social support and suicidal tendency, this relationship It is significant and its path coefficient is estimated as -0.381. In the next stage, the mediating variable (moral identity) is entered into the model and is placed between the two variables of social support and suicidal tendency. The path coefficient between these two variables has decreased from -0.381 to -0.237 and is statistically significant. Therefore, the role of the moral identity variable is partial mediation and the fifth hypothesis of the research is confirmed with 95% probability and according to the collected data. Also, regarding the mediating role of moral identity in the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency in the first stage and the initial model that only considered the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency, this relationship was significant and its path coefficient was estimated as 0.304. In the next stage, the mediating variable (moral identity) is included in the model and is placed between the two variables of cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency. The path coefficient between these two variables has decreased from 0.304 to 0.134 and is statistically significant. Therefore, the mediating role of moral identity in the mentioned relationship was confirmed.
Conclusion: The results confirmed the significant relationship between perceived social support and suicide tendency on the one hand and cognitive distortion with suicide on the other hand, and moral identity also plays a mediating role in the relationship between these components. Therefore, it is suggested that the training of skills to strengthen social protection and recognize distorted thoughts, along with paying attention to a rich moral identity and in order to prevent issues related to suicide, especially among teenage students, should be considered important by the authorities of schools and the country, and should be on the agenda. They should be placed.
Methods: The current research is a theoretical research and its design was descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included all ninth grade female students of Takestan city with an average age of 15 years who study in the schools of Takestan city in the academic year of 1400-1401. The sample size to test the hypotheses was determined by referring to Klein's (2015) strategy for studies that use the structural equation modeling method. That is, the minimum ratio of the sample size for each observed variable is 5 people, the ratio of 10 people for each variable is more suitable and the ratio of 20 people for each variable is considered desirable; Therefore, in the present study, using available sampling method, a sample size of 300 participants was considered. Research tools included: Revised Suicide Questionnaire (SBQ-R), Fleming et al.'s scale of perceived social support (1982), Abdullahzadeh and Salar's Cognitive Distortion Scale (2009) and Aquino and Reed's Moral Identity Questionnaire (2002).
Results: The results of the correlation test showed that there is a positive and direct correlation between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendencies, and there is a significant negative relationship between perceived social support and moral identity and suicidal tendencies. The value of the standardized factor load for all questions is more than 0.4, and considering that all the significance numbers (CR) between the items and the relevant latent variables are more than 1.96 and their significance level is less than the error level of 0.05. is, it can be said that the validity of the measurement structures of the relevant variables is confirmed at the significance level of 0.05. The results of Cronbach's alpha coefficient are also given for all research variables and as it can be seen, the value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient of all variables is more than 0.7. Also, in the factor analysis model, the chi-square value for the degree of freedom is 1.309 and less than 3. Also, the root mean square error estimate (RMSEA) is equal to 0.032 and less than 0.08. Also, the comparative fit index (CFI), incremental fit index (IFI) and goodness of fit index (GFI) have all been calculated at a suitable level. Therefore, in general and according to the calculated indicators, it is possible to conclude the optimal fit of the model. The value of the critical statistic (CR) between the perceived social support and the cognitive distortion with the tendency to commit suicide has exceeded the borderline limit of 1.96, and the significance level of the test in this regard is equal to 0.000 and less than 0.05. Therefore, it can be stated that the existence of the relationship between perceived social support and the tendency to commit suicide is confirmed with a probability of 95%. Because the coefficient of the standard path between these two variables is positive and equal to -0.237, it can be said that with an increase of one standard deviation in the perceived social support, we will see a decrease in the tendency to commit suicide by -0.237 standard deviation. Therefore, there is a significant and inverse relationship between perceived social support and suicidal tendencies. On the other hand, the standard path coefficient between these two variables is positive and equal to 0.134, and with an increase of one standard deviation in cognitive distortion, we will see an increase in the tendency to commit suicide by 0.134 standard deviations. Therefore, it can be said that there is a significant and direct relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency. In order to investigate the mediating role of moral identity between the independent variable (social support) and the dependent variable (suicidal tendency), Baron and Kenny's test showed that in the first stage and primary model, which only considered the relationship between social support and suicidal tendency, this relationship It is significant and its path coefficient is estimated as -0.381. In the next stage, the mediating variable (moral identity) is entered into the model and is placed between the two variables of social support and suicidal tendency. The path coefficient between these two variables has decreased from -0.381 to -0.237 and is statistically significant. Therefore, the role of the moral identity variable is partial mediation and the fifth hypothesis of the research is confirmed with 95% probability and according to the collected data. Also, regarding the mediating role of moral identity in the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency in the first stage and the initial model that only considered the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency, this relationship was significant and its path coefficient was estimated as 0.304. In the next stage, the mediating variable (moral identity) is included in the model and is placed between the two variables of cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency. The path coefficient between these two variables has decreased from 0.304 to 0.134 and is statistically significant. Therefore, the mediating role of moral identity in the mentioned relationship was confirmed.
Conclusion: The results confirmed the significant relationship between perceived social support and suicide tendency on the one hand and cognitive distortion with suicide on the other hand, and moral identity also plays a mediating role in the relationship between these components. Therefore, it is suggested that the training of skills to strengthen social protection and recognize distorted thoughts, along with paying attention to a rich moral identity and in order to prevent issues related to suicide, especially among teenage students, should be considered important by the authorities of schools and the country, and should be on the agenda. They should be placed.
| Page 1 from 1 |
© 2025 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | Razi Journal of Medical Sciences
Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb