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Showing 9 results for Self-Control
Malieh Zaferanieh, Marzieh Alivandivafa, Seyyed Davood Hosseini Nasab,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background and purpose: In addition to academic problems, children with autism also have problems such as emotional and behavioral problems, which can endanger their health, mental health, and the quality of life of those around them. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of cognitive rehabilitation based on strengthening working memory on self-control, verbal fluency and information processing speed of children with autism. Methods: The statistical population of this semi-experimental research was formed by children with autism spectrum disorder in Sabzevar city, 40 people were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 20 people. Then, all the subjects took the self-control scales of Williams et al. (1997), Wechsler's intelligence (2003), the subtest of letter signs and signs of the face test (verbal fluency) and the subtest of encoding and symbolization from the Wechsler intelligence test series for children. They completed the pre-test. Then therapeutic intervention based on strengthening working memory was performed on the experimental group during 18 one-hour sessions. At the end of the treatment period and three months later, both groups completed the questionnaires again. Finally, the data were analyzed using the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements. Results: The results showed that cognitive rehabilitation based on strengthening working memory is effective on self-control, verbal fluency and information processing speed of children with autism spectrum disorder. Conclusion: According to the results, it is recommended to use cognitive rehabilitation interventions based on strengthening working memory to improve the self-control of children with autism.
The prevalence of autism has increased over the past three decades
So that the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in America and other countries is about 1%. Autism is believed to be on the rise, so it is imperative that therapists make an all-out effort to find its causes and cures.
The International Autism Society has estimated that the number of children with autism will increase significantly in the coming decades. The global prevalence of this disorder has increased dramatically since the first epidemiological studies in the 1960s and early 1970s.
In addition to academic problems, children with autism have other problems, including emotional and behavioral problems, which can endanger their health, mental health, and the quality of life of those around them. In recent decades, deficits in working memory, accuracy, and attention have been proposed as one of the important cognitive causal hypotheses in children with autism.
Since verbal fluency and processing speed are related to the speed and accuracy of reading in children with autism, and considering that most autistic children experience many emotional-behavioral problems, examining the above variables in children with autism is very important.
One of the indicators that is noticeable in students with autism spectrum disorder is low information processing speed, which is considered as an important foundation of cognitive abilities. Processing speed is a multidimensional factor that represents a person's cognitive performance in a certain period of time.
Attention is also a concept studied in cognitive psychology that refers to the way we process certain information in our living environment. The attentional system allows us to focus on something specific in our environment, and it also influences our perception of surrounding stimuli.
Another characteristic of students with autism spectrum disorder is their lack of self-control skills. The concept of self-control in social learning theory expresses the fact that self-control as a concept can be interpreted, learned and taught, and can be effective on the self-help behaviors of students with autism spectrum disorder with the help of cognitive regulation of emotion.
Cognitive rehabilitation is based on strengthening working memory and strengthening types of attention, including therapeutic approaches that are useful in improving cognitive defects. The cognitive rehabilitation method is a special and unique type of treatment in that it focuses solely and mainly on cognitive abilities.
In explaining the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation based on strengthening working memory on the verbal fluency of children with autism spectrum disorders, it can be said that the basis of improving cognitive deficits through cognitive rehabilitation is the neural plasticity of the brain. Based on this property, cognitive rehabilitation intervention increases the synaptic connections between neurons and improves the lost cognitive function.
In cognitive rehabilitation based on strengthening working memory, efforts are made to strengthen synaptic connections through cognitive tasks that are presented to the individual through various techniques and tasks. In this cognitive rehabilitation approach, the difficulty of the tasks is automatically increased throughout the treatment sessions and the client's performance is continuously challenged. Neuroimaging studies have shown changes in brain activity patterns following cognitive rehabilitation in children with autism spectrum disorders.
In explaining the findings, it can be said that since the relationship between emotion and cognition is two-way, when emotional information cannot be perceived and evaluated in cognitive processing processes, a person will be disturbed emotionally and cognitively.
This disability disrupts the organization of one's emotions and cognitions, and one fails in stressful situations. In other words, children who can control their inappropriate behaviors and have the ability to regulate and adjust cognitive-behavioral When faced with stressful events and frustrating conditions, they mostly use problem-oriented control strategies. It can be said that enhancing working memory and attention facilitates people's use of fresh appraisals, and people who rely on fresh appraisals provide more cognitive resources to aid their sustained attention, which leads to greater control in everyday life.
Conclusion
The results confirm the effect of cognitive rehabilitation based on strengthening working memory on self-control, verbal fluency and information processing speed of children with autism, so it is recommended to use cognitive rehabilitation interventions based on strengthening working memory to improve self-control of children with autism.
Mahnaz Solhi, Hamid Abasi, Mohammad Mahdi Hazavehei, Ghodratollah Roshanaei,
Volume 21, Issue 118 (4-2014)
Volume 21, Issue 118 (4-2014)
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of smoking among teenagers is increasing and. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an educational intervention on empowering high school students in Hamadan city for prevention of smoking.
Methods : In this quasi-experimental study which has done during 2010-2011, a trial of 240 boy students of third year of high school of Hamedan were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling and divided into experimental and control groups of 120 people randomly. Data was collected by standard questionnaires on self-esteem, problem solving, self- control and self-efficacy and a checklist for prevention of smoking behavior. According to preliminary results from the completed questionnaires and the checklist, an appropriate educational intervention was designed and implemented in the experimental group. One month after the intervention, data were collected from two groups and were compared analyzed by SPSS (version16) through statistical tests.
Results: Before intervention, behavior of prevention of smoking and mean scores of self-esteem, self-control, self-efficacy and problem solving skills in the two groups were moderate and two groups were not significantly different. After intervention, mean scores for self-esteem, self-control (p = 0.003), efficacy (p =0 .014) and problem solving (p =0.001) revealed significant differences between the two groups and there was significant difference between smoking prevention behavior in the two groups (p =0 .02).
Conclusions: The educational intervention improves the students’ self-esteem, self-control, self-efficacy and problem solving and improves their smoking prevention behavior
Najmeh Sadat Golestani Fard, Kiomars Khatir Pasha, Reza Yousefi Saeedabadi,
Volume 29, Issue 11 (1-2023)
Volume 29, Issue 11 (1-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: In today's world, solving many problems of a society depends on the educational system of that society. If the society has the correct education, it can overcome all its problems. There are several definitions of the concept of attitude. Attitude is a combination of beliefs and emotions that prepare a person in advance to look at others, objects, and different groups in a positive or negative way. Attitudes summarize the evaluation of objects and thus undertake to predict or guide future actions or behaviors. Attitude can be defined in terms of learning theories and cognitive approaches. In each of these theories, the concept of attitude is defined differently and each of the different aspects of attitude is emphasized. Attitude is a state of mental and nervous preparation that is organized through experience and has a direct and dynamic effect on the individual's reaction to all issues and situations related to attitude. "In this definition, which is mainly based on learning theory. The influence of past experiences on organizing attitudes as well as reacting to a situation (as in the behaviorist approach) has been considered. Attitude is the stable organization of motivational, emotional, perceptual, and cognitive processes related to With some aspects of the individual world, it is observed that this definition does not refer to the origin of the attitude and instead emphasizes the mental experience of the present, in other words, each attitude is a kind of the previous position to perform a positive or negative action. Attitudes toward people, objects, and events are social goals and play a guiding role in transforming psycho-emotional states into motor states. The attitude in educational management is a sensitive issue that affects a large set of organizations. They are the mainstay of current societies. Among these, educational organizations are very important due to their comprehensiveness, uniqueness and importance in growth and development. Attitude-related issues are closely related to the strategic and professional activities of the organization. Responsibility, commitment, and self-control can be mentioned as influential components of attitude. One of the important personality traits that play a major role in success is responsibility. Responsibility is defined as an inner obligation and commitment on the part of a person to perform well all the activities assigned to him/her, and responsibility originates from within the person. The person in charge of the work agrees to perform a series of activities and tasks or to supervise the performance of these tasks by others. Self-control means the ability to control ourselves in terms of controlling our desires and tastes. People who have self-control can adjust what they want to make sure they do not overdo it. Self-controlled people can save their lives. In other words, they are able to do the right thing to keep themselves healthy and happy. Identifying the components affecting the attitude of employees in the education system plays an effective role in advancing the goals of the education system.
Methods: The research method is heuristic mixed. In the qualitative stage, the theme analysis was used and in the quantitative stage, the descriptive-survey analysis method was used. Participants in the qualitative section included experts and specialists in the field of management and educational sciences, and 16 people were selected as key informants through purposive sampling. The statistical population in the quantitative part includes all education staff in Mazandaran province. 350 employees were selected using a stratified random sampling method for the study. A semi-structured interview was used to collect research data in the qualitative stage and a researcher-made questionnaire was used in a quantitative part. The research data were collected in the qualitative part using open coding and in the quantitative part using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in Amos and SPSS statistical software.
Results: The results showed that responsibility, commitment, and self-control have a significant effect on employees' responsible attitude, which is one of the components of ethics.
Conclusion: As a result, we can pay attention to responsibility, commitment, and self-control in the education system to institutionalize the attitude of employees. Based on the analysis of research data, responsibility, commitment, and self-control components affect employees' attitudes. The results of a study showed that responsibility is one of the key components of organizational ethics. Attitude is one of the most important concepts in modern social psychology. In contemporary US social psychology, the concept of attitude is probably the most distinctive and essential. Attitude, like many psychological variables, is not a directly observable essence, but a hypothetical construct about the nature of human behavior. The concept of attitude does not refer to any particular action, but is an abstraction of a large number of related reactions or actions. In another study, it was found that the values of the organization, benevolence, service, intimacy, empathy, cooperation, consultation, and participation in the optimal performance of job duties and organization are components of organizational ethics, these results are consistent with the findings of the present study. Attitude is a state of mental and psychological readiness that is organized based on experience and has a dynamic and directional effect on a person's reaction to all the objects and situations he encounters. Attitude is therefore seen as the desire to respond to a person, an idea, or a situation in a particular way, and in fact reflects an inner desire and motivation to do or not to do a particular behavior. It is a combination of favorable and unfavorable beliefs, tendencies, or feelings, which refers to a person's readiness and willingness to react in a relatively constant way to specific objects, people, and events. Attitudes are fixed personal characteristics that give people a positive or negative view of working conditions. Attitude is not visible or palpable, but is inferred from a person's words or actions. Therefore, the study of employees' attitudes in different organizations due to the significant results that can have on improving organizational behaviors, has been considered by researchers and experts in organizational behavior management and human resource management over the past few decades. Manpower spends most of its life in the organizational environment, it is natural that attention and awareness of the dimensions of physical, mental, and social health of employees are of great importance. In line with the results, it can be stated that attitude is a common understanding of the occurrence of behaviors that should be done. Development of organizational values, creating a responsible attitude towards society and organization, developing the atmosphere and ethical atmosphere based on Islamic principles, developing organizational virtues, and observing the principles of professional ethics in the organization.
Ali Barzegari, Mojtaba Rezaei Rad, Soda Kazari, Hanieh Javidan, Anahita Salehi, Afsaneh Sadat Razavi, Lila Zohrabi Karani,
Volume 29, Issue 11 (1-2023)
Volume 29, Issue 11 (1-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: The global epidemic of the disease caused by the coronavirus (Covid-19), as a severe acute respiratory syndrome that appeared in December 2019, not only as a threat to the health and lives of millions of people around the world was considered The sudden outbreak of covid-19 faced many challenges in the education systems of the world and affected the field of education. In 120 countries, face-to-face learning stopped and the education of one billion students was ordered to close schools and higher education as an emergency measure to prevent the spread of infection. In the face of the Covid-19 epidemic, health protocols emphasized social distancing, and in many countries, including our country, the education of students is not interrupted during the period of social distancing and the curriculum continues according to the predetermined schedule. Different solutions were presented. In fact, with the beginning of the closure of schools to help eliminate this virus, the concern of developing and implementing educational programs to continue education at home and in the conditions of home quarantine is one of the biggest challenges of educational systems, including education. And breeding became. In such a way that international institutions and organizations, such as the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization, were forced to work hard to develop curricula, guidelines, and educational guides for these conditions. Although Covid-19 could have negative effects on educational activities, social distancing has stimulated the growth of online educational activities so that there is no disruption in education. The electronic learning system has created educational environments that are not dependent on any specific location or time and allows teachers to teach a course simultaneously or asynchronously or use a combination of these two modes. In this way, electronic education or education through virtual space was chosen as one of the important and serious programs in education. Electronic education and learning are one of the achievements that have transformed our world. So, in the field of health, virtual education can be used to increase the level of awareness and perform physical activity. Paying attention to motor and cognitive function during life and investigating effective factors for preventing the decline of body functions have always been of interest to researchers, therefore, the purpose of this research is the effect of a course of physical activity through virtual training on indicators of aggression and self-control in women in The critical situation of Corona was in 2019.
Methods: The statistical population studied in this research included all the women in the sports hall of one district of Tehran in 2019. In this survey, an available sampling method was used, in the first stage, 3 districts were randomly selected from the ten districts of one district of Tehran city, which included districts 5, 6, and 9, each district had two clubs. One from each area was randomly selected. Then, after each morning and evening shift of classes held in the hall, one group from the morning shift and one group from the evening shift were randomly selected. In the next step, research questionnaires were administered to all women as a group. Then 30 women who had a significantly low score in the self-control questionnaire and a significantly high score in the aggression questionnaire were identified. Then these 30 people were randomly divided into two groups of 15 people (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group). The aerobic exercise program was performed for 24 sessions and three sessions of 60 minutes each week with an intensity equal to 65-80 maximum heart rate. Before the beginning of the sessions and at the end of the last session, the aggression and self-control questionnaire was completed. To analyze the research data, descriptive statistical methods such as frequency, mean and standard deviation, as well as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic to check the normality of the data and at the level of inferential statistics while respecting the assumptions, at the level of the total score of the questionnaires, from the t analysis correlated to The statistical software SPSS version 22 was used at a significance level of P≤0.05.
Results: The results of the correlation t analysis show that in the physical activity group, aggression improved with a significant level of 0.011, and self-control improved with a significant level of 0.042.
Conclusion: The results showed that aggression and self-control improved in the physical activity group. The results of the present study are a confirmation of previous studies regarding the role of physical activity in improving psychological, cognitive, and mood states. It is suggested that in line with the tendency of citizens to exercise more and more and increase their physical activity, on the one hand, to improve the changeable conditions of people's living environment, such as making it easier to access recreational-sports spaces, including the development of walking paths leading to these places, providing more services public transportation from different parts of the city and increasing the personal security of people on the street, and on the other hand, to strengthen the psychological-social factors through holding sports competitions in different age groups at the level of each neighborhood, equipping and attracting sports facilities in accordance with the interests of use - Participants in the direction of establishing and increasing the level of self-control and reducing aggression of people, providing sports fields for family use such as walking festivals with the aim of increasing role modeling, social support of the family and informing about the benefits of physical activity through social media and city advertisements to increase The level of awareness and social norms of different people, their family and relatives, should be given more attention. It should be kept in mind that this research was on women referring to clubs in one area of Tehran, so one should be careful in generalizing the results to other people, which was one of the limitations of the present research. The researcher couldn't control all the influencing variables (such as the motivation to participate in training sessions) on the subjects, which was one of the limitations of this research.
Mokhtar Arefi, Shahrzad Khoshbakht,
Volume 29, Issue 12 (3-2023)
Volume 29, Issue 12 (3-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Among all institutions, organizations and social facilities, the family has a significant role and importance. All those who have thought about the organization of society have emphasized the family and its vital importance for society. In fact, no society can claim health if it does not have healthy families, and there is certainly no social harm that arises regardless of the influence of the family. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to provide prediction of extramarital relationships based on personality traits and attachment styles mediated by self-control, conflict management and forgiveness. According to Doodle and Kasenki (2018), the source of marital conflict can be due to social contexts that include changes in people's relationships for various reasons, including changes in knowledge, attitudes and insights gained through different and social changes, or differences. Perception created in couples, which includes seeing the situation differently to start and continue life from the couple, these perceptual differences are due to learning and training that the person willingly or unwillingly understands and receives. Conflict management can be a predictor of many processes in couples communication. Because extramarital affairs is one of the most critical issues that couples face and because infidelity undermines the most basic component of the marital relationship which is trust. Therefore, it leaves huge destructive effects on the life of the couple. In the meantime, most of all, the spouse who has been betrayed and betrayed will be harmed and will cause mental health disorders and loss of emotional and behavioral balance, as well as the problems of divorce and the breakdown of marital life. Sense of revenge, psychological harm to children is one of the consequences of betrayal. Looking at the background of studies on extramarital relationships, it can be seen that in Iran, little research has been done directly on extramarital relationships, including gender differences in committing extramarital relationships and its underlying factors in Iran due to cultural and social factors. The family is one of the most important social systems based on marriage between the opposite sex. Maintaining and maintaining a family is very important, and since extramarital affairs or infidelity have become one of the social problems in recent years, addressing the root causes and the gap between them can have effective benefits for couples .Therefore, the aim of the present study is to answer the question of what is the predictive model of extramarital relationships based on personality traits and attachment styles mediated by self-control, conflict management and forgiveness?
Methods: The statistical population of this study is all married men and women who referred to family counseling centers under the supervision of Kermanshah Welfare Organization in 1397-1396. According to statistics obtained from the Welfare Organization, their number was about 420 people. The sampling method was census. The type of this research is descriptive-survey, based on applied purpose and in terms of quantitative analysis. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, correlation tests and structural equations have been developed.
Results: The results showed that personality traits and attachment styles predict self-control, conflict management and forgiveness of extramarital relationships. The value of RFI or relative fit index obtained is 0.936, the value of IFI or incremental fit index obtained is 0.983, and the value of CFI or comparative fit index obtained is 0.986, which indicates the optimal fit of the model. The value of RMSEA or the root mean square of the estimation error obtained is 0.028, which is favorable considering the standard value of less than 0.05. The value of PNFI or parsimony normalized index is equal to 0.734, the value of PCFI or parsimonious adaptive fit index is equal to 0.792, the value of PRATIO or parsimony ratio is equal to 0.625 and more than 0.5 and shows the favorable condition of the model.
Conclusion: It is suggested that a general evaluation to identify the factors affecting marital satisfaction and the tendency to extramarital relationships, according to its role in the lives of individuals, as a factor for the development of societies, to form a strong family foundation and progress. Society to use it. Mental health is a science focused on promoting welfare, social welfare, and life health which is related to all periods (pre-birth to death) and aspects of life (family environments, school, university, appointment, and society). Besides physiological needs, human beings have emotional, moral, religious, instructional, and directional needs and healthy life is produced through fulfilling these needs and maintaining balance between them. Personality is a collection of mental characteristics that consistently exists in individuals and influences their behaviors and thoughts. In other words, individuals’ personality is a combination of mental characteristics that are used for determining the position of that individual in classifications. Self-control is one of the unique personality characteristics that varies from one person to another. That is, individuals with high levels of self-control depending on the extent of control they employ show different reactions and behaviors. In order to use this characteristic effectively, it should be nurtured because controlling excitements in social interactions is a very difficult task although researchers believe that public culture of a society effects the way individuals control themselves. Cultural psychology has confirmed that individuals are usually different with respect to their behaviors and through their particular behaviors are distinguished from each other; for instance, in most societies it is believed that only persons can have a personality who has stable, united and coherent characteristics and during time their personality remains unchanged and resists influence. Research has indicated that power of “self-control” in different periods of life ensures success. Agreement and conscientious are aspects of self-control because these factors respectively ensure the ability to “adapt” one’s behavior to other’s feelings and wishes and tolerate desires. Several limitations should be noted in the current study. First, thisstudy had a cross-sectional design which makes it difficult to draw anycausal relationship among the variables. In future, researchers mayconduct experimental or longitudinal studies to examine the mediationmodel.
Methods: The statistical population of this study is all married men and women who referred to family counseling centers under the supervision of Kermanshah Welfare Organization in 1397-1396. According to statistics obtained from the Welfare Organization, their number was about 420 people. The sampling method was census. The type of this research is descriptive-survey, based on applied purpose and in terms of quantitative analysis. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, correlation tests and structural equations have been developed.
Results: The results showed that personality traits and attachment styles predict self-control, conflict management and forgiveness of extramarital relationships. The value of RFI or relative fit index obtained is 0.936, the value of IFI or incremental fit index obtained is 0.983, and the value of CFI or comparative fit index obtained is 0.986, which indicates the optimal fit of the model. The value of RMSEA or the root mean square of the estimation error obtained is 0.028, which is favorable considering the standard value of less than 0.05. The value of PNFI or parsimony normalized index is equal to 0.734, the value of PCFI or parsimonious adaptive fit index is equal to 0.792, the value of PRATIO or parsimony ratio is equal to 0.625 and more than 0.5 and shows the favorable condition of the model.
Conclusion: It is suggested that a general evaluation to identify the factors affecting marital satisfaction and the tendency to extramarital relationships, according to its role in the lives of individuals, as a factor for the development of societies, to form a strong family foundation and progress. Society to use it. Mental health is a science focused on promoting welfare, social welfare, and life health which is related to all periods (pre-birth to death) and aspects of life (family environments, school, university, appointment, and society). Besides physiological needs, human beings have emotional, moral, religious, instructional, and directional needs and healthy life is produced through fulfilling these needs and maintaining balance between them. Personality is a collection of mental characteristics that consistently exists in individuals and influences their behaviors and thoughts. In other words, individuals’ personality is a combination of mental characteristics that are used for determining the position of that individual in classifications. Self-control is one of the unique personality characteristics that varies from one person to another. That is, individuals with high levels of self-control depending on the extent of control they employ show different reactions and behaviors. In order to use this characteristic effectively, it should be nurtured because controlling excitements in social interactions is a very difficult task although researchers believe that public culture of a society effects the way individuals control themselves. Cultural psychology has confirmed that individuals are usually different with respect to their behaviors and through their particular behaviors are distinguished from each other; for instance, in most societies it is believed that only persons can have a personality who has stable, united and coherent characteristics and during time their personality remains unchanged and resists influence. Research has indicated that power of “self-control” in different periods of life ensures success. Agreement and conscientious are aspects of self-control because these factors respectively ensure the ability to “adapt” one’s behavior to other’s feelings and wishes and tolerate desires. Several limitations should be noted in the current study. First, thisstudy had a cross-sectional design which makes it difficult to draw anycausal relationship among the variables. In future, researchers mayconduct experimental or longitudinal studies to examine the mediationmodel.
Houshang Valadi Alashti, Kiomars Khatir Pasha, Maryam Taghvaie Yazdi,
Volume 29, Issue 12 (3-2023)
Volume 29, Issue 12 (3-2023)
Abstract
Background & Purpose: In today's world, solving many problems of a society depends on the educational system of that society. If the society has the correct education, it can overcome all its problems. There are several definitions of the concept of attitude. Attitude is a combination of beliefs and emotions that prepare a person in advance to look at others, objects, and different groups in a positive or negative way. Attitudes summarize the evaluation of objects and thus undertake to predict or guide future actions or behaviors. Attitude can be defined in terms of learning theories and cognitive approaches. In each of these theories, the concept of attitude is defined differently and each of the different aspects of attitude is emphasized. Attitude is a state of mental and nervous preparation that is organized through experience and has a direct and dynamic effect on the individual's reaction to all issues and situations related to attitude. "In this definition, which is mainly based on learning theory. The influence of past experiences on organizing attitudes as well as reacting to a situation (as in the behaviorist approach) has been considered. Attitude is the stable organization of motivational, emotional, perceptual, and cognitive processes related to With some aspects of the individual world, it is observed that this definition does not refer to the origin of the attitude and instead emphasizes the mental experience of the present, in other words, each attitude is a kind of the previous position to perform a positive or negative action. Attitudes toward people, objects, and events are social goals and play a guiding role in transforming psycho-emotional states into motor states. The attitude in educational management is a sensitive issue that affects a large set of organizations. They are the mainstay of current societies. Among these, educational organizations are very important due to their comprehensiveness, uniqueness and importance in growth and development. Attitude-related issues are closely related to the strategic and professional activities of the organization. Responsibility, commitment, and self-control can be mentioned as influential components of attitude. One of the important personality traits that play a major role in success is responsibility. Responsibility is defined as an inner obligation and commitment on the part of a person to perform well all the activities assigned to him/her, and responsibility originates from within the person. The person in charge of the work agrees to perform a series of activities and tasks or to supervise the performance of these tasks by others. Self-control means the ability to control ourselves in terms of controlling our desires and tastes. People who have self-control can adjust what they want to make sure they do not overdo it. Self-controlled people can save their lives. In other words, they are able to do the right thing to keep themselves healthy and happy. Identifying the components affecting the attitude of employees in the education system plays an effective role in advancing the goals of the education system. Methods: The research method is heuristic mixed. In the qualitative stage, the theme analysis was used and in the quantitative stage, the descriptive-survey analysis method was used. Participants in the qualitative section included experts and specialists in the field of management and educational sciences, and 16 people were selected as key informants through purposive sampling. The statistical population in the quantitative part includes all education staff in Mazandaran province. 350 employees were selected using a stratified random sampling method for the study. A semi-structured interview was used to collect research data in the qualitative stage and a researcher-made questionnaire was used in a quantitative part. The research data were collected in the qualitative part using open coding and in the quantitative part using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in Amos and SPSS statistical software. Results: The results showed that responsibility, commitment, and self-control have a significant effect on employees' responsible attitude, which is one of the components of ethics. Conclusion: As a result, we can pay attention to responsibility, commitment, and self-control in the education system to institutionalize the attitude of employees. Based on the analysis of research data, responsibility, commitment, and self-control components affect employees' attitudes. The results of a study showed that responsibility is one of the key components of organizational ethics. Attitude is one of the most important concepts in modern social psychology. In contemporary US social psychology, the concept of attitude is probably the most distinctive and essential. Attitude, like many psychological variables, is not a directly observable essence, but a hypothetical construct about the nature of human behavior. The concept of attitude does not refer to any particular action, but is an abstraction of a large number of related reactions or actions. In another study, it was found that the values of the organization, benevolence, service, intimacy, empathy, cooperation, consultation, and participation in the optimal performance of job duties and organization are components of organizational ethics, these results are consistent with the findings of the present study. Attitude is a state of mental and psychological readiness that is organized based on experience and has a dynamic and directional effect on a person's reaction to all the objects and situations he encounters. Attitude is therefore seen as the desire to respond to a person, an idea, or a situation in a particular way, and in fact reflects an inner desire and motivation to do or not to do a particular behavior. It is a combination of favorable and unfavorable beliefs, tendencies, or feelings, which refers to a person's readiness and willingness to react in a relatively constant way to specific objects, people, and events. Attitudes are fixed personal characteristics that give people a positive or negative view of working conditions. Attitude is not visible or palpable, but is inferred from a person's words or actions. Therefore, the study of employees' attitudes in different organizations due to the significant results that can have on improving organizational behaviors, has been considered by researchers and experts in organizational behavior management and human resource management over the past few decades. Manpower spends most of its life in the organizational environment, it is natural that attention and awareness of the dimensions of physical, mental, and social health of employees are of great importance. In line with the results, it can be stated that attitude is a common understanding of the occurrence of behaviors that should be done. Development of organizational values, creating a responsible attitude towards society and organization, developing the atmosphere and ethical atmosphere based on Islamic principles, developing organizational virtues, and observing the principles of professional ethics in the organization. |
Marzieh Sadat Seyedkhorasani, Hamid Rafiei-Honar, Hassan Mirzahosseini,
Volume 30, Issue 4 (7-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 4 (7-2023)
Abstract
| Background & Aims: Adolescence is one of the most substantial and yet shortest stages of every person's life, which is accompanied by many changes. This period covers 14-19 years and has 3 important parts: physical, mental and social maturity. Psychological well-being has a significant impact on improving the mental health of adolescents. Psychological well-being is the effort to realize one's talents, improve them and reveal one's abilities. It consists of six parts: self-acceptance, purposeful life, mastery of the environment, positive relationships with others, autonomy, and personal growth. The emotional connection between the child and their caregiver has a major impact on the process of psychological well-being. This factor, called attachment, causes the child to seek comfort from the mother, especially in situations where they feel fear and danger. Another factor influencing the psychological well-being and mental health of adolescents is their psychological-spiritual changes. Religion is the deepest source in which human existence is nurtured and all its dimensions – including the unity of man with God – depend on it. Another dominant factor is self-control or self-discipline which is very effective in mental health and well-being. Self-control means the ability to control emotions, behavior, and desires to achieve rewards or avoid some consequences. People who have higher self-control have better achievements in a variety of fields. Self-control is related to a set of positive and desirable achievements, including proper adjustment, better school grades, fewer eating problems, better interpersonal communication, and the emergence of optimal emotional responses. Methods: In terms of the practical purpose and also based on the data collection method, the present study is a descriptive research of the correlation type (using structural equations). The population under study included all the students in the second year of secondary school in Kashan (8,100 people) who were studying in the academic year of 2021-2022 in the age group of 15 to 18 years. According to the number of variables observed in the current research, a sample size of 550 people was considered. After data collection, 500 questionnaires were analyzed. To sample students, the random cluster method was used. Questionnaires used in the research included the psychological well-being questionnaire (RSPWB), religious orientation questionnaire, attachment style questionnaire, and self-control questionnaire. Results: The indices reported in structural equation analysis (Table 2) show a good fit between the data and the model. As a result, the experimental data collected by the researcher confirmed the theoretical model developed in the literature and shows that the causal model developed to explain the well-being of Kashan students based on attachment styles, and religious orientation with the mediation of self-control is a desirable model. The explained variance of psychological well-being by the linear combination of exogenous and mediating variables is 0.60. In other words, which shows that the linear combination of attachment styles, religious orientation, and self-control explains 60% of changes in psychological well-being. The linear combination of attachment styles and religious orientation explained 25% of the changes in self-control. Based on the results of Table 3, safe style with (p < 0.05, β = 0.10), ambivalent style (p < 0.01, β = -0.19), external religious orientation (p < 0.01, β = -0.15), and self-control (p < 0.01, β = 0.41) had a significant role in predicting students' psychological well-being. All 5 predictor variables had a significant relationship with the mediation of self-control and psychological well-being. All predictor variables had a significant relationship with the self-control variable. Conclusion: The purpose of this research was to investigate the role of attachment style and religious orientation in the psychological well-being of adolescents through self-control. The findings showed that safe style and ambivalent style have a significant relationship with psychological well-being. To interpret the findings, when children receive and perceive appropriate support from their parents, they can deal with problems more optimistically and purposefully can enjoy good personal development, be flexible, optimistic, progressive, and self-regulating, and have more vitality and vitality. Children who have insecure attachments are related to the feeling of fear, and inability to coordinate with situations. The unfavorable result of insecure attachment is significantly far from psychological well-being. People with secure attachment in adulthood can effectively create favorable interpersonal relationships. A person should accept their strengths and weaknesses. As for internal orientation and psychological well-being, researchers show a significant and positive relationship between internal orientation and psychological well-being. In the present study, however, this relationship was not significant, which is contrary to the literature. It can be explained that self-control is the capacity of a person to adjust their behavior according to the conditions and changes of the internal and external environment. In other words, a person can organize their behavior according to their goals, so that people with higher self-control gain better achievements in various fields. Self-control is correlated with a set of positive and desirable achievements, including appropriate adjustment (less psychological damage and higher self-esteem), better educational grades, better interpersonal communication, and the occurrence of optimal emotional responses. Another finding of the present study showed that all 5 predictor variables had a significant relationship with the mediation of self-control and psychological well-being. Some studies have investigated the effect of attachment style and religious orientation on self-control. The findings of the present research show the significant relationship between variables with self-control and ultimately the mediating role of self-control in promoting psychological well-being. It can be explained that self-control is an internal force available to inhibit, reject or change responses that are influenced by moral beliefs, social characteristics, parents' level of religiosity, and an individual's participation in religious activities and traditions. The more parents are careful in choosing to create an attachment between themselves and their children, and the more students have an internal religious orientation, the more self-controlled they will be, and finally, we conclude that they will make fewer mistakes in youth and adulthood.
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Rogayeh Mehraban, Seyyed Davood Hosseini Nasab, Marziye Alivandi Vafa,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Bakcground & Aims: Academic performance means the ability to plan, self-efficacy, motivation, reduce anxiety, use useful goals and carry out study-related activities, and it can be considered one of the most important outputs of the educational system. Students with good academic performance are accepted by their peers, parents, and teachers and have more self-esteem and a sense of self-sufficiency; On the contrary, students with a poor academic performance feel incompetent and inferior and stop studying. Self-control or self-restraint means the correct use of emotions. In other words, self-control implies the power to regulate emotions, which increases the personal capacity to relieve oneself and understand anxiety, depression, or common boredom. Self-control is defined as one of the types of social skills, that is, the ability to resist temptations, change one's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, or ignore impulses and habits, which allows a person to manage himself to meet expectations. monitor, and regulate. Self-control can determine the level of success in life. Self-control has a significant positive relationship with mental health, interpersonal relationships, progress in tasks, and academic performance. Also, the researchers showed that mental health decreases with a decrease in self-control. Likewise, there is a significant positive relationship between self-control and mental health in male and female students. Usually, the effect of different educational and therapeutic methods on people's self-control is taken into consideration, among these methods, we can mention emotion regulation and mindfulness training. Emotion control includes creating thoughts and behaviors that inform people what kind of emotion they have when this emotion arises in them and how they should express it. The effectiveness of emotion regulation training as a behavioral and cognitive ability can stabilize a person's relationship with the environment by harmonizing mental, biological, and motivational processes and equip him with efficient and appropriate consequences in dealing with situations, and as a result, a sense of efficiency Improve the person. On the other hand, mindfulness techniques in adherence, commitment, and change strategies help people to achieve a lively, purposeful, and meaningful life; The goal of this treatment is not to change the shape or frequency of disturbing thoughts and feelings; Rather, its primary purpose is to strengthen psychological flexibility. It is the ability to contact the moments of life and change and stabilize behavior. Mindfulness is a type of awareness that emerges when we pay attention to an experience in a specific, purposeful way, in the present moment and away from judgment. Mindfulness is a type of meditation that has become a popular term in many areas of health care in the western world over the past few decades. As far as the literature review shows, so far no research has done a comparative study of two interventional methods of emotion regulation training and mindfulness training among students with low performance. Mindfulness training on self-control of female students with low performance in the first year of high school in Tabriz, is there any difference?
Methods: The research design was semi-experimental with two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population consisted of all female students with low academic performance in the first year of high school in Tabriz, and 75 of them were selected as a research sample and were randomly assigned to three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). The data collection tool included Tanji's (2004) self-control scale. The emotion regulation training package and the mindfulness training package lasted for two months and one session each week for 90 minutes, and during this time the control group did not participate in any intervention. The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of covariance.
Results: The results of the one-way covariance analysis in the test show the effect of the independent variable (group) on the self-control variable after adjusting the pre-test scores. Based on the results of the implementation of independent variables, i.e. training based on mindfulness and emotional regulation, it has affected the self-control variable (F = (1, 47) - 1.08, P < 0.05). According to the results, the average of the mindfulness test group in self-control is 47.86 and the average of the emotion regulation group is 45.37. The average difference between these two groups is 2.49 units, which is not significant at the 0.05 level. Therefore, it can be said that the average of the mindfulness and emotion regulation test groups in self-control is not significantly different from one another. According to the results, the average of the mindfulness test group in self-control is 47.86 and the average of the emotion regulation group is 45.37. The average difference between these two groups is 2.49 units, which is not significant at the 0.05 level. Therefore, it can be said that the average of the mindfulness and emotion regulation test groups in self-control is not significantly different from one another.
Conclusion: Regarding the difference in the effectiveness of emotion regulation training and mindfulness training on students' self-control, the results of data analysis using one-way covariance analysis indicated that the effectiveness of these methods was the same. In explaining this finding, it can be stated that self-control includes the ability to control emotions, behavior, and desires to achieve rewards or avoid consequences. Self-control is one of the types of social skills that can determine the level of success in life. Self-control has a significant positive relationship with mental health, appropriate interpersonal relationships, progress in assignments, and improvement in academic performance. Familiarity with the management and regulation of excitement during adolescence can help increase self-control in these people and bring positive results. Mindfulness training is also an all-around awareness that helps to develop an open mind and accept emotions, and by learning this skill, people can gain self-control as well as control their thoughts and emotions, and by accepting these emotions, they can improve their level of life and positive emotions. The method of mindfulness intervention through regular meditation exercises increases a person's moment-to-moment awareness of feelings and emotions directed at his body. In this way, people learn to be aware and alert to their negative emotional thoughts, to accept these thoughts in a non-judgmental way, and express them calmly. This research, like any research, was faced with limitations, among which the following can be mentioned: The research was conducted on high school girls. Conducting this research during the Corona era was one of the main limitations of this research. In the end, according to the findings of this research, it is suggested to implement mindfulness and emotion regulation training to help increase the level of self-control of female students in high schools. Especially in the current era of Corona, when students faced serious emotional and academic problems, the implementation of such training even in virtual form can be very effective. In general, the results showed that the use of emotion regulation and mindfulness methods can be effective in increasing the self-control of students with low academic performance, so the use of these methods is helpful in academic performance.
Bita Hajiebrahim Araghi, Mohammad Alii Rahmani, Flora Rahimaghaee,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Women are the main pillar of development and the main axis of family health, the success, survival, and promotion of society depend on the health of women in society. Since a healthy lifestyle and psychological well-being are important determinants of health, the analysis of this issue is more prominent in women. Scientific evidence shows that choices and lifestyle patterns affect their health and longevity. A healthy lifestyle combines behavior patterns and individual habits throughout life, including nutrition, mobility, periodic examinations, etc. Many risk factors can be dealt with by improving lifestyle. According to the report of the World Health Organization, five types of diseases are known as the most important chronic diseases in the world, which are: obesity, heart attack, diabetes, cancer, and osteoporosis, all of which are directly related to lifestyle. Considering that many years of women's lives are spent with illness and disability, a health-oriented lifestyle is vital for maintaining health improving the quality of life, and reducing disability caused by chronic diseases causes a clear reduction in death and It will die. In this regard, it should be said that many obese and overweight people are not aware of their eating habits. This awareness can be measured through mindful eating as a complex process related to being aware of how food is consumed. Mindful eating is a new construct for researchers who tend to measure mindfulness exclusively in the realm of eating. Obesity is one of the important health and social problems in modern societies, and in this regard, a health-oriented lifestyle focusing on mindful eating and strengthening self-control has been considered as two key factors. Therefore, this study aimed to present a structural model of a health-oriented lifestyle in obese women based on mindful eating with the mediating role of self-control.
Methods: In this structural equation modeling correlation study, the statistical population included all obese women who referred to obesity and beauty clinics in different areas of Tehran in 1402, and the statistical sample number was based on Stevens' sample estimation ( 1996) was used, where the number of 250 people was considered. To collect data, Walker et al.'s health-oriented lifestyle questionnaire (1987), Framson et al.'s mindful eating (2009), and Tanji et al.'s self-control (2004) were used. In this research, data analysis was done using statistical software spss version 26 and Amos version 24.
Results: Pearson correlation results showed that there was a negative and significant relationship between mindful eating, self-control, and health-oriented lifestyle in obese women (P<0.001). Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between self-control and a health-oriented lifestyle (P<0.001). Also, there was a moderate to strong correlation between the components of mindful eating and a health-oriented lifestyle with the total score of the main construct. Also, the results showed that self-control has a mediating role in the relationship between mindful eating and the health-oriented lifestyle of obese women, and its indirect effect is equal to 0.0612. Pearson correlation data showed that there was a negative and significant relationship between conscious eating with self-control and a health-oriented lifestyle in women with obesity (P<0.001). Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between self-control and a health-oriented lifestyle (P<0.001). Also, there was a moderate to strong correlation between the components of mindful eating and a health-oriented lifestyle with the total score of the main construct. Table 3 shows the standard factor loadings of the indicators in the measurement model. Standardized coefficients, standardized error, and significance levels for each of the obvious variables in the measurement model are reported in Table 3. All coefficients are significant at the P<0.001 level.
Conclusion: Overall, this study emphasizes that the combination of mindful eating and self-restraint can be an effective approach to combat obesity in women and promote a healthier lifestyle. Health-based lifestyle is the process of empowering people to increase the control of health-related factors and as a result, increase their health. A health-promoting lifestyle is a combination of six dimensions stress management, responsibility for health, interpersonal relationships, spiritual growth, nutrition and physical activity. Therefore, choosing the type of lifestyle and the behaviors related to it, not only has a fundamental role in people's health, but it will have consequences and results that can affect their performance, well-being, and physical, mental, and social health. In general, learning to eat consciously has a positive effect on the health-oriented lifestyle in women with obesity. This method helps to lose weight, increase self-efficacy, regulate emotions, and eat healthy. Mindful eating can indirectly affect the health-oriented lifestyle of women with obesity, and this effect is done through self-restraint. Mindful eating helps women pay more attention to their body's feelings and needs and avoid emotional and indiscriminate eating. This method can help to reduce weight and improve the quality of life. Self-restraint as a mediator has an important role in this process. By increasing self-control, women can better deal with food temptations and make healthier choices. This, in turn, can lead to improved health-oriented lifestyle and weight loss. Overall, mindful eating and self-restraint can work together to help women lead a healthier lifestyle and achieve their weight loss goals.
Methods: In this structural equation modeling correlation study, the statistical population included all obese women who referred to obesity and beauty clinics in different areas of Tehran in 1402, and the statistical sample number was based on Stevens' sample estimation ( 1996) was used, where the number of 250 people was considered. To collect data, Walker et al.'s health-oriented lifestyle questionnaire (1987), Framson et al.'s mindful eating (2009), and Tanji et al.'s self-control (2004) were used. In this research, data analysis was done using statistical software spss version 26 and Amos version 24.
Results: Pearson correlation results showed that there was a negative and significant relationship between mindful eating, self-control, and health-oriented lifestyle in obese women (P<0.001). Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between self-control and a health-oriented lifestyle (P<0.001). Also, there was a moderate to strong correlation between the components of mindful eating and a health-oriented lifestyle with the total score of the main construct. Also, the results showed that self-control has a mediating role in the relationship between mindful eating and the health-oriented lifestyle of obese women, and its indirect effect is equal to 0.0612. Pearson correlation data showed that there was a negative and significant relationship between conscious eating with self-control and a health-oriented lifestyle in women with obesity (P<0.001). Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between self-control and a health-oriented lifestyle (P<0.001). Also, there was a moderate to strong correlation between the components of mindful eating and a health-oriented lifestyle with the total score of the main construct. Table 3 shows the standard factor loadings of the indicators in the measurement model. Standardized coefficients, standardized error, and significance levels for each of the obvious variables in the measurement model are reported in Table 3. All coefficients are significant at the P<0.001 level.
Conclusion: Overall, this study emphasizes that the combination of mindful eating and self-restraint can be an effective approach to combat obesity in women and promote a healthier lifestyle. Health-based lifestyle is the process of empowering people to increase the control of health-related factors and as a result, increase their health. A health-promoting lifestyle is a combination of six dimensions stress management, responsibility for health, interpersonal relationships, spiritual growth, nutrition and physical activity. Therefore, choosing the type of lifestyle and the behaviors related to it, not only has a fundamental role in people's health, but it will have consequences and results that can affect their performance, well-being, and physical, mental, and social health. In general, learning to eat consciously has a positive effect on the health-oriented lifestyle in women with obesity. This method helps to lose weight, increase self-efficacy, regulate emotions, and eat healthy. Mindful eating can indirectly affect the health-oriented lifestyle of women with obesity, and this effect is done through self-restraint. Mindful eating helps women pay more attention to their body's feelings and needs and avoid emotional and indiscriminate eating. This method can help to reduce weight and improve the quality of life. Self-restraint as a mediator has an important role in this process. By increasing self-control, women can better deal with food temptations and make healthier choices. This, in turn, can lead to improved health-oriented lifestyle and weight loss. Overall, mindful eating and self-restraint can work together to help women lead a healthier lifestyle and achieve their weight loss goals.
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