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Showing 3 results for Ruminant
Zahrazahra Mordai, Masoud Sadeghi,
Volume 27, Issue 6 (8-2020)
Volume 27, Issue 6 (8-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aims: Rheumatoid arthritis is a debilitating autoimmune disease and the chronicity of this disease has a very large effect on the physical and psychological variables of these patients. The prevalence of this disease is estimated to be 0.5 to 2.4%, which is two to three times more common in women It is from men. The prevalence of this disease increases with age and the difference in sexual prevalence decreases with age. This disease causes progressive damage to the musculoskeletal system and leads to irreversible pain and destruction of bone and cartilage, which have different reactions. Ruminant is one of the problems that patients with rheumatoid arthritis are involved with and rumination is a significant predictor of depression in these patients. Ruminant thought is a repetitive thought and is a cognitive process that greatly increases the risk of developing symptoms of psychopathology. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy and positive psychology on rumination in women with rheumatoid arthritis.
Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population of the study included all women with rheumatoid arthritis in Khorramabad in 2019 who used the sampling method: The statistical population of the study included all women with rheumatoid arthritis in Khorramabad in 2019. Using the sampling method: 60 people were selected and randomly divided into three experimental groups 1 (act therapy), experimental group 2 (positive psychology), and the control group (20 people in each group) was replaced. Under the same conditions, the pretest was performed with a rumination questionnaire from all three groups. The experimental groups were treated with acceptance and commitment (group 1) and positive psychology (group 2) in 8 sessions of 90 minutes, but the control group did not receive any treatment. Then post-test was performed from all three groups. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential methods. Multivariate analysis of covariance, univariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used in descriptive statistics of frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation and in inferential statistics. Data were analyzed by SPSS-24 statistical analysis software.
Results: The results showed that both acceptance and commitment-based treatments and positive treatment reduced rumination in women with rheumatoid arthritis and there was a significant decrease between the mean rumination in pre-test and post-test in the two experimental groups. Using analysis of covariance, it was found that this decrease was statistically significant (p <0.05). In order to evaluate which treatment method was more effective, Bonferroni post hoc test was used, which showed that the treatment of acceptance and commitment was more effective in general rumination and distraction component. However, no significant difference was observed between the two experimental groups in the components of meditation and meditation.
Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, it can be said that the treatment of acceptance and commitment and positive psychology reduces rumination in women with rheumatoid arthritis and the treatment of acceptance and commitment was more effective. The results of the present study were compared with similar and consistent results that the results of these studies indicated the effectiveness of any treatment based on acceptance and commitment on rumination and variables such as: depression, anxiety, stress and anxiety. The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy can be explained by the processes that govern it; Thus, the component of desire and acceptance allows the person to accept unpleasant inner experiences without trying to control them, and doing so makes those experiences seem less threatening and have less impact on the person's life. This skill helps the person to consciously turn her attention to what is most useful and therefore helps the person to pass tempting thoughts through the mind and guide her mind towards a higher goal. Also, the practice of suppressing thinking in acceptance and commitment therapy, which is especially for people with rumination, helps therapists to get rid of annoying rumination or cognitive cognitions. No research has been done on the effectiveness of positive treatment on rumination, but research background shows that positive treatment has been effective on issues such as depression and stress. One of the components of positive psychology that affects rumination is the cognitive level of individuals and the effort to achieve positive emotions and happiness. In this study, based on the goals of positive psychology, an attempt was made to emphasize positive emotions, positive characteristics of people and their abilities and virtues, and people were encouraged to pay special attention to positive emotions and try to prevent emotions. Negatives increase the amount of positive emotions in their lives, because according to the falsification hypothesis, positive emotions also have the capacity to neutralize or nullify long negative emotions. On the other hand, people learn with this approach to be flexible and try to take steps to solve weaknesses by not focusing on weaknesses. Therefore, due to the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment and positive treatment on rumination in women with rheumatoid arthritis, these treatments can be used along with medical treatment to improve the condition of these patients.
Salem Jaafari, Bahman Kord Tamini, Farhad Kahrazei,
Volume 28, Issue 3 (5-2021)
Volume 28, Issue 3 (5-2021)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the valley of developed countries and is responsible for one-fifth of deaths. Today, diseases known as special diseases affect a part of the society in which we live. These diseases, in addition to the physical problems and physical injuries they inflict on the patient, affect a large part of the psychological and emotional aspects of the patients, which directly affect the course of the disease. It is very important to know and study the psychological components that change in these diseases and affect the psychological dimension of the patient's life; Because for every patient, life is still going on in any situation, and every patient should try to fight the disease as much as possible and slow its progression, which in itself involves a strong spirit, as a result of examining the psychological and emotional issues in this. Patients are very important and thought-provoking. One of the diseases that causes deep emotional and emotional problems in the patient and his family is cancer. Cancer is known as one of the most common non-communicable diseases, which is a disorder in the rate of cell proliferation and differentiation, and can occur in any part of the body and at any age, and can attack the healthy tissues of the body and cause cancer. Studies show that after the onset of the disease, patients' mood is greatly affected and their hope of survival is significantly reduced. This is the reason why they do not pay enough attention to their treatment and do not take doctors' instructions very seriously; these patients do not make much effort to recover and in fact, by doing so, they do worsen their health. One of the topics in psychology is how people react to physical illnesses that can have far-reaching harms to the individual. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the schema therapy approach on reducing depression and mental rumination in women with cancer in Shiraz.
Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental design based on pre-test and post-test with a control group. In this study, therapeutic intervention in schema-based therapy was considered as an independent variable and the dependent variables included depression and mental rumination. The statistical population of the study included all 300 women who were referred to the Omid Cancer Foundation of Shiraz Namazi Hospital and Saadi Hospital in Shiraz for treatment and support of cancer problems, which numbered 300 people. Simple random sampling was used to select the sample. Thus, from among the three central centers and after announcing the call to participate in the treatment plan, 50 people who want to participate in the plan during the interview and psychological assessment and implementation of the mentioned tests to diagnose depression and rumination randomly in two Schema therapy group (n = 25) and control group (n = 25). Criteria for entering the psychological diagnosis of depression and rumination were also in the age range of 20 to 60 years and at least having up to the third grade of education and definitive diagnosis of cancer by relevant specialists. At first, Beck Depression Inventory and Nolan Hoxma and Marlowe Ruminant Questionnaire were administered in both groups. The experimental group then received schema therapy for 12 hours with 2 sessions and the control group did not receive treatment. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to investigate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent.
Results: The results showed that the linear composition of the dependent variables was significantly different in the experimental and control groups (p = 0.001; F = 6.105). The results of one-way analysis of covariance in comparison with depression and rumination showed that for the variables of depression and rumination, the value of F calculated for the pre-test effect (7.820 and 9.587) were statistically significant, respectively. In other words, post-test scores were affected by pre-test scores and the effect of schema treatment (P <0.001 and P <0.001), respectively, after adjusting the means of the two groups based on the pre-test score, It is statistically significant. Considering the means of the two groups, it shows that the score of the subjects in the experimental group in the post-test has decreased compared to the control group. Therefore, it can be concluded that the schema therapy approach is effective in reducing depression and mental rumination. The value of Eta squared also shows that about 77% of the variance of depression and about 65% of the variance of mental rumination can be explained through the schema therapy approach.
Conclusion: In general, the results show that the schema therapy approach is effective in reducing the symptoms of depression and rumination in people with cancer, so the use of schema therapy can be useful in improving depressive and psychological symptoms in cancer patients.
Niloufar Beigi Harchegani, Tayebeh Sharifi, Mohammad Nikkhah, Reza Ahmadi,
Volume 30, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Psychological pressures caused by modern life and rapid social changes that are formed under the influence of the rapid growth of industrial life have major effects on human mental health and can lead to disorders such as social anxiety (2). This disorder is defined as an obvious fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the person is exposed to attention and criticism by others. People with this disorder are extremely afraid of doing inappropriate behavior or showing signs of anxiety in social relationships and try to refuse to be in public places (3).
The issue of anxiety is so broad that it even involves the main organs of the body, for example, it is known that the brain is the central regulator of emotions, physical symptoms, thoughts and behaviors that explain many psychological problems. . Research studies showed that social anxiety disorder is related to dysfunction and brain waves (12). On the other hand, by examining the relationship between the underlying mechanisms of the thalamocortical brain and psychological states, it has been shown that by making optimal changes in the rhythm and frequency of brain waves, using neurotherapeutic methods, optimal changes can be made in a person's neuro-psychological states. (13). One of the methods of neurotherapy is neurofeedback. People can be aware of the cortical activities of the brain through neurofeedback. Basically, neurofeedback is a kind of biofeedback that tries to teach the patient some kind of self-regulation by recording the electrical waves of the brain and giving feedback to the person. So that in a conditioning process, a person learns to voluntarily change his brain waves using the feedback he receives from the device (14).
Now, considering the prevalence of social anxiety and considering the importance of the role of brain-nerve waves and psychological factors in the emergence and continuation of social anxiety and the fact that there was no research on the effectiveness of neurofeedback treatment as a neurotherapeutic method on social anxiety, and considering the importance Choosing the right treatment for these people, the researcher is trying to answer the question of whether neurofeedback treatment has an effect on the level of social anxiety and mental rumination of people suffering from social anxiety.
Methods: In order to conduct this semi-experimental and applied research, which was conducted in the field and with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up plan, among the people suffering from social anxiety referring to counseling centers under the supervision of the welfare organization in Shahin Shahr city in 1400 (150 people) ) a number of 30 people were selected as a sample in a targeted manner and diagnosed based on the cut-off point of Jarbak's social anxiety questionnaire (1996) and were divided into experimental (neurofeedback) and control groups (21). Next, the experimental group received neurofeedback treatment for 25 sessions (three sessions per week) under the supervision of the researcher. During neurofeedback, the subjects were seated on a comfortable chair in a quiet room, and electrodes were attached to the scalp using special glue according to the international 10-20 system (28) and the electrical changes from the brain surface were continuously recorded. was taking place The neurofeedback device is a tool equipped with a computer system that was used for neural feedback training. The data measurement tool included Jarbak's social anxiety questionnaire (1996) and Hoeksma and Maro's rumination response scale (1991). Finally, descriptive statistics (tables and graphs) and Shapiro-Wilk tests, analysis of variance with repeated measures, and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to analyze the data using spss software version 24.
Results: Due to the inequality of covariances, the modified Greenhouse-Geisser test was used to report the within-subject effects of social anxiety and its dimensions and mental rumination, and the results of the Wilks's lambda test for the effects of time and the time*group interaction were significant (<0.01). P). Also, the results for the average scores of social anxiety at the time of the results showed a significant difference (F=41.15 and P=0.001) between the different stages (time) of measurement (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) as well as the interaction of the measurement time with the group as (F=13.86 and P=0.001) is significant, in fact, the results show that the average scores of social anxiety and its dimensions in the test and control groups were significantly different from each other at different times of measurement (Table 1).
The results of the inter-subject effects also showed that the mean social anxiety scores of the experimental and control groups were significantly different from each other (F = 18.77 and P = 0.001). The obtained eta coefficient is equal to 0.472, which indicates that more than 47% of the changes in the average scores of the experimental group were related to the provision of neurofeedback treatment. Finally, the results of the Bonferroni test in the test and control groups in the 3 times of pre-test, post-test and follow-up in Table 3 show that there is a significant difference between the average social anxiety scores of the research groups in the post-test phase compared to the pre-test (P<0.01) and the follow-up phase. There was a significant difference to the pre-test (P<0.01), but no significant difference was observed in the average scores of social anxiety in the post-test stage compared to the follow-up stage (P<0.01).
Conclusion: The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of neurofeedback treatment on social anxiety and mental rumination of people suffering from social anxiety in Shahinshahr. The findings showed that neurofeedback treatment was effective on social anxiety and mental rumination of people suffering from social anxiety. In explaining this finding, it can be said that neurofeedback has the ability to improve the activity of the middle and lower frontal areas and can regulate their activity. In addition, regulating the activity of the middle frontal gyrus reduces anxiety (34). In fact, anxiety is considered as an aspect of reducing self-regulation of the brain, and when the EEG is obtained from the patient, the state of anxiety is clearly evident; In addition, when the brain starts to self-regulate, its activities and functions improve (35). In fact, when the client is placed in the neurofeedback process, there is a good opportunity to learn to condition his brain wave pattern and increase the optimal level (32). Of course, the main reason for the effectiveness of neurofeedback can be attributed to the increased activity of the anterior cingulate cortex, which is responsible for modulating cognitive and emotional processes in the brain (33). With a quick look at the different dimensions of social anxiety, it is clear that these dimensions are somewhat consistent with what neurofeedback treatment is looking for. In fact, social anxiety includes the fear of speaking in public, which leads to a person's avoidance of starting or continuing conversations in groups, classes, public, or parties by reducing the effectiveness of verbal communication (36).
The issue of anxiety is so broad that it even involves the main organs of the body, for example, it is known that the brain is the central regulator of emotions, physical symptoms, thoughts and behaviors that explain many psychological problems. . Research studies showed that social anxiety disorder is related to dysfunction and brain waves (12). On the other hand, by examining the relationship between the underlying mechanisms of the thalamocortical brain and psychological states, it has been shown that by making optimal changes in the rhythm and frequency of brain waves, using neurotherapeutic methods, optimal changes can be made in a person's neuro-psychological states. (13). One of the methods of neurotherapy is neurofeedback. People can be aware of the cortical activities of the brain through neurofeedback. Basically, neurofeedback is a kind of biofeedback that tries to teach the patient some kind of self-regulation by recording the electrical waves of the brain and giving feedback to the person. So that in a conditioning process, a person learns to voluntarily change his brain waves using the feedback he receives from the device (14).
Now, considering the prevalence of social anxiety and considering the importance of the role of brain-nerve waves and psychological factors in the emergence and continuation of social anxiety and the fact that there was no research on the effectiveness of neurofeedback treatment as a neurotherapeutic method on social anxiety, and considering the importance Choosing the right treatment for these people, the researcher is trying to answer the question of whether neurofeedback treatment has an effect on the level of social anxiety and mental rumination of people suffering from social anxiety.
Methods: In order to conduct this semi-experimental and applied research, which was conducted in the field and with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up plan, among the people suffering from social anxiety referring to counseling centers under the supervision of the welfare organization in Shahin Shahr city in 1400 (150 people) ) a number of 30 people were selected as a sample in a targeted manner and diagnosed based on the cut-off point of Jarbak's social anxiety questionnaire (1996) and were divided into experimental (neurofeedback) and control groups (21). Next, the experimental group received neurofeedback treatment for 25 sessions (three sessions per week) under the supervision of the researcher. During neurofeedback, the subjects were seated on a comfortable chair in a quiet room, and electrodes were attached to the scalp using special glue according to the international 10-20 system (28) and the electrical changes from the brain surface were continuously recorded. was taking place The neurofeedback device is a tool equipped with a computer system that was used for neural feedback training. The data measurement tool included Jarbak's social anxiety questionnaire (1996) and Hoeksma and Maro's rumination response scale (1991). Finally, descriptive statistics (tables and graphs) and Shapiro-Wilk tests, analysis of variance with repeated measures, and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to analyze the data using spss software version 24.
Results: Due to the inequality of covariances, the modified Greenhouse-Geisser test was used to report the within-subject effects of social anxiety and its dimensions and mental rumination, and the results of the Wilks's lambda test for the effects of time and the time*group interaction were significant (<0.01). P). Also, the results for the average scores of social anxiety at the time of the results showed a significant difference (F=41.15 and P=0.001) between the different stages (time) of measurement (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) as well as the interaction of the measurement time with the group as (F=13.86 and P=0.001) is significant, in fact, the results show that the average scores of social anxiety and its dimensions in the test and control groups were significantly different from each other at different times of measurement (Table 1).
The results of the inter-subject effects also showed that the mean social anxiety scores of the experimental and control groups were significantly different from each other (F = 18.77 and P = 0.001). The obtained eta coefficient is equal to 0.472, which indicates that more than 47% of the changes in the average scores of the experimental group were related to the provision of neurofeedback treatment. Finally, the results of the Bonferroni test in the test and control groups in the 3 times of pre-test, post-test and follow-up in Table 3 show that there is a significant difference between the average social anxiety scores of the research groups in the post-test phase compared to the pre-test (P<0.01) and the follow-up phase. There was a significant difference to the pre-test (P<0.01), but no significant difference was observed in the average scores of social anxiety in the post-test stage compared to the follow-up stage (P<0.01).
Conclusion: The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of neurofeedback treatment on social anxiety and mental rumination of people suffering from social anxiety in Shahinshahr. The findings showed that neurofeedback treatment was effective on social anxiety and mental rumination of people suffering from social anxiety. In explaining this finding, it can be said that neurofeedback has the ability to improve the activity of the middle and lower frontal areas and can regulate their activity. In addition, regulating the activity of the middle frontal gyrus reduces anxiety (34). In fact, anxiety is considered as an aspect of reducing self-regulation of the brain, and when the EEG is obtained from the patient, the state of anxiety is clearly evident; In addition, when the brain starts to self-regulate, its activities and functions improve (35). In fact, when the client is placed in the neurofeedback process, there is a good opportunity to learn to condition his brain wave pattern and increase the optimal level (32). Of course, the main reason for the effectiveness of neurofeedback can be attributed to the increased activity of the anterior cingulate cortex, which is responsible for modulating cognitive and emotional processes in the brain (33). With a quick look at the different dimensions of social anxiety, it is clear that these dimensions are somewhat consistent with what neurofeedback treatment is looking for. In fact, social anxiety includes the fear of speaking in public, which leads to a person's avoidance of starting or continuing conversations in groups, classes, public, or parties by reducing the effectiveness of verbal communication (36).
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