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Showing 7 results for Perceived Social Support
Simin Arab,
Volume 28, Issue 7 (10-2021)
Volume 28, Issue 7 (10-2021)
Abstract
Background & Aims: The emergence of the coronavirus and the development of acute respiratory syndrome posed a significant challenge to health care systems around the world. The rapid transmission and severity of infectivity and even its transmissibility in the asymptomatic stage led the World Health Organization to declare a global epidemic on March 12, 2020.Changes in people's daily lives following the Corona epidemic have led to " Self-Isolation", "social distancing" and " Self-Quarantine" to prevent the transmission of infection, maintain health and dealing with the disease. Most people have similar conditions in terms of "Unknown" with these situations and this can create psychological, social and even health challenges. In general, various studies have shown a strong relationship between psychological issues and the occurrence of physical symptoms in this disease, and the need for public access to a rapid diagnostic test and the reduction of psychological effects is very important. Rapid transmission, lack of definitive drug treatment of the disease, and the risk of global epidemics continue to highlight the need for social distance. However, in studies of social distancing, feelings of abandonment and neglect, and in "quarantine", negative psychological effects such as post-traumatic stress, confusion, anger, and tension (due to lack of face-to-face communication and traditional interaction, changing work schedules, and Teleworking at home), has been reported. At the same time, perceived social support has been shown to be inversely related to anxiety, depression, insomnia, and loneliness during quarantine. Advertising and training such as the correct use of face masks, despite issues such as scarcity or high cost and the gradual disappearance of inferiority or concern of some people about lack of access to health facilities, is very important. Quarantine plays a key role in controlling the pandemic of coronavirus disease. Although people around the world have witnessed social discrimination during the COVID-19 epidemic, governments around the world need to gain public trust and ensure good mental health and prevent Psychological reflections such as Panic caused by the inability to purchase and supply health care, make various and transparent efforts to ensure people's financial security and the availability of health services and facilities.
Keihan Fathi, Sara Shirmardi, Zeynab Mahar, Amin Koraei,
Volume 28, Issue 7 (10-2021)
Volume 28, Issue 7 (10-2021)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Considering the epidemic irreversible effects of the corona virus disease and the lack of any definitive treatment resulting in the prevalence of the stress and great worry in the community. There seem to be psychological factors that affect people's anxiety. These factors can be individual or social. Individual factors are like the beliefs and schemas of individuals, and social factors are like the support that individuals receive from family, friends, and important people in their lives. Research shows that these variables are associated with anxiety Therefore, the present study aims to Determining the role of maladaptive schemas of abandonment, vulnerability to harm and disease, and perceived social support in coronary disease anxiety.
Methods: The descriptive and correlational methods were applied in this study. The study society composed of Health Network Personnel of Darab in 1399 in which 200 individuals were selected via available sampling method. The Perceived social Support Questionnaire (Zimet et al. 1998), Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas (2003), and Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (Alipour et al.2019) were applied to collect data. Criteria for inclusion in this study included: 1) having at least 20 years, 2) employee of Darab health network, 3) conscious consent and voluntary to answer the questions of the questionnaire; Exclusion criteria included: Deficiency in answering the questions of the questionnaire. Data was analyzed via Enter and Stepwise regression method in SPSS 22.
Results: Findings showed that there was a significant relationship between predictor variables including vulnerability to harm and disease schema, maladaptive abandonment schema and perception of support of others with corona disease anxiety (P>0.001). On the other hand, the relationship between perceived support of family and friends with corona disease anxiety was not significant. Enter regression results showed that approximately 31% of the variance related to the corona anxiety variable is explained by the predictor variable. Also, among the predictor variables, vulnerability schema to harm and disease and abandonment maladaptive schema are the best predictors for teachers' corona disease anxiety, respectively (P<0.001).
Conclusion: This study showed that there is a significant relationship between predictors of vulnerability to harm and disease schema and coronary disease anxiety. This results is in line with the research of Kalvete and Cardenoso (4) and Arefinia (6) et al. The prevalence of coronary disease and the media coverage of injuries associated with the disease cause people to experience anxiety, wich is primarily triggered by coronary heart disease but is rooted in the beliefs and schemas of the anxious person; Research has also shown that the vulnerability to harm and disease schema plays an important role in disease anxiety; These people think that it is possible for them or their loved ones to get coronary disease and they can have no control over this condition. In fact, distorted interpretations of coronary disease, its magnification and catastrophe, become a stimulus for the activation of anxiety and fear of the disease. Therefore, vulnerability to harm and disease schema may play a role in the development of coronary disease anxiety. Another finding of this study was that there was a significant relationship between the predictor variables of maladaptive abandonment schema and coronary disease anxiety. This finding is in line with the research of Kalvete and Cardenoso (4) research, Which showed that schema of fear of abandonment are major predictor variables in anxiety symptoms. Because of outbreak of the disease, people usually try to protect themselves by creating a home quarantine, and as a result, people's relationships with each other weaken, so this situation is a stimulus to activate the abandonment schema of people, which follows, Anxiety occurs, an anxiety that is triggered by illness and the fear of abandonment. Also, the results of the present study on the non-significance of the family and friends dimension of perceived social support with coronary disease anxiety are in line with the results of Ghasemi, Ganjeh, Saqezi et al. (22). Perceived social support theorists state that not all relationships one has with others are social support. In other words, social communication is not a source of social support, unless one assesses it as an accessible and appropriate source to meet one's needs (23). Another finding of the study was a positive and significant relationship of important another dimension in the scale of perceived social support of coronary disease anxiety, which is in line with the research of Rashedi et al. (33). Another important dimension has an adaptive function and is negatively correlated with the psychological disorders of people at risk (35). Therefore, having social support, especially from important people in life, leads a person to physical health, psychological and ultimately mental well-being, and leads to better adaptation to difficult and critical situations associated with illness (36). Therefore, in examining the effective factors in corona disease anxiety of clients, it is recommended to pay attention to the schemas of vulnerability to harm and disease and the abandonment schema to counselors and psychologists. Also, considering the research results and the special importance of the important role in mental and physical health, it is suggested to prioritize educational and treatment programs to improve these relationships in counseling and education.
Nasim Amir, Maryam Akbari, Yahya Yarahmadi, Mahmod Godarzi,
Volume 28, Issue 12 (3-2022)
Volume 28, Issue 12 (3-2022)
Abstract
| Background & Aims: Autism spectrum disorder is a pervasive neurological disorder that affects many aspects of childhood development. This disorder is known as the most unknown and severe childhood disorder. According to the fifth edition of the Guidance and Diagnosis and Statistics of Mental Disorders (2013), the criteria for diagnosing typhoid disorder include two main areas: first, the field of interaction and social communication, and second: limited and repetitive interests and activities (2). The occurrence of this disorder not only affects the psychological and social processes of children but also the occurrence of this problem causes psychological damage to the family and parents, especially mothers. Studies show that parents of children with pervasive autism disorders are more exposed to stress due to having disabled children than parents of children with other psychological disorders. However, screening results show that the prevalence of autism in Iran is about 77 per 10,000 children. Differences in the conditions of children with autism spectrum disorder compared to normal children who grow normally, also affect the parenting process. The results of a study conducted by Weiss et al. (2013) showed: high levels of anxiety, depression, decreased physical and mental health Behavioral problems of children with disorders, chronic and complex nature of the disease are among the factors that affect maternal parenting adequacy and this feeling of inadequacy and inadequacy in controlling the situation eventually leads to a decrease in parenting self-efficacy (8). Parenting self-efficacy refers to a parent's assessment of his or her abilities in the role of caregiver and refers to a parent's beliefs and judgments about his or her ability to organize and perform a range of child-related tasks. Parenting is very complex and parents try to do it in the best possible way.In other words, whenever there is a problem in the parent-child relationship, the parents blame themselves and question their competencies as a parent. The research literature on Autism Spectrum Disorder indicates that the main focus of research so far has been on people with the disorder and that less attention has been paid to the need for supportive and psychological interventions for parents, especially mothers; Also, with the advent of the second and third waves of psychology, the importance of addressing issues related to positive psychology has increased. Does psychological superiority fit with the experimental model? Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlation with the modeling approach of structural equations and the statistical population included all mothers with children with autism spectrum disorder in Tehran in 1399, which was estimated to be 900 people. In the present study, 380 eligible mothers were selected from the mentioned statistical population by available sampling method, considering the probability of falling. After executing and deleting the distorted questionnaires and hypert data, information about 362 people entered the final analysis. Criteria for inclusion of mothers in the study include having literacy education, willingness to cooperate in research, having at least one child with autism spectrum disorder in the age group of 7 to 18 years, no acute physical and mental problems and exclusion criteria include: specific physical problem in The length of the research was the unwillingness to continue to participate in the research, the completion of incomplete and distorted questionnaires and the lack of cooperation from participating in the research. In this study, in order to measure mental vitality, the state mental vitality scale (Ryan and Frederick, 1997) was used, which measures a person's current energy and vitality. This scale has 7 items, it is scored on a 5 point Likert scale from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). The scores on this scale range from 7 to 35, and the second question is scored in reverse. The Parenting Self-Efficacy Questionnaire was introduced by Dumka et al. (1996). The answer to this questionnaire is graded according to the weekly Likert scale from 1 to 7. Questions 1 - 3 - 5 - 6-8 in the questionnaire are scored in reverse. The low score of the questionnaire is 10, the average score is 4 and the high score is 7. Scores between 10 and 20 indicate low self-efficacy. Scores between 20 and 40 indicate moderate parenting and scores above 40 indicate high parenting self-efficacy. The 12-item multidimensional questionnaire was developed by Zimmet, Dahlem, and Farley (1988), and included perceptions of social support adequacy in three sources: family with Articles 3, 4, 8, and 11, friends with Articles 6, 7, 9, and 12. And measures others with Articles 1, 2, 5, and 10 on a weekly scale ranging from strongly disagree = 1 to strongly agree = 7. The results of the study by Zimet et al. (1988) showed that this tool has a validity and reliability for measuring perceived social support. The Kubasa Hardness Test (1982) was developed by Kubasa et al to measure cognitive stiffness. This test consists of 20 four-choice questions (never, rarely, sometimes and often) Results: After analyzing the results, the obtained results showed that the structural model of the research fits well are related with the collected data and parenting self-efficacy both directly and positively (β = 0.306, p = 0.001) and indirectly due to psychological hardiness (0.07).β, p = 0.001), as well as perceived social support directly and positively (β = 0.094, p = 0.100) and indirectly due to psychological hardiness (β = 0.306, p = 0.001) with subjective vitality of mothers with children with autism spectrum disorder . Conclusion: Stubbornness is a fundamental sense of control that allows the stubborn person to draw and access a list of strategies. Ultimately, stubbornness develops an optimistic view of stressors; In other words, the trait of fighting enables the stubborn person to consider even unpleasant events as a potential threat to safety, and all these aspects prevent or shorten the duration of negative stressful consequences, and in fact Stubbornness is a shield against intense physiological arousal due to stressful events, which is considered by other researchers as a factor of vulnerability to diseases. Psychological stubbornness acts as a moderator of the relationship between stress and psychological and physical illness. People with strong psychological toughness are less likely to suffer physical or psychological harm than people with poor psychological resilience in response to stress. Experimental findings also confirm the moderating role of psychological toughness in comparison with stress lateral pressures. Other findings indicate that there is no significant difference between the two sexes in terms of psychological toughness. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that in order to increase the vitality and mental vitality of Iranian mothers with children with autism spectrum disorders, they should be identified and mothers' correct perception of supportive resources should be increased. Self-efficacy and parenting competence. Therefore, mental health professionals should put support programs for mothers at the top of mental health programs in the community to increase vitality and mental well-being. One of the limitations of this research is available sampling. Another limitation is that the statistical population of the research is limited to Tehran, which limits the decision to generalize the research results. According to the results obtained from research, it is suggested that research be conducted with the aim of psychological empowerment of parents, especially mothers, with an emphasis on promoting their mental vitality and well-being; Future research should also examine other predictive factors that may play a role in promoting mental vitality; Considering that the living conditions of other family members with children are the same as those of mothers affected by the disorders of the child, it is also recommended to study the indicators related to well-being and mental vitality in fathers and sisters. |
Soudabeh Bassak Nejad, Ghodratollah Shakeri Nejad, Keyhan Fathi, Banafsheh Moradi, Sara Shirmardi,
Volume 29, Issue 2 (4-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 2 (4-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Today, cancer is a growing phenomenon that is recognized as one of the major problems for contemporary human health. Breast cancer is still the most common cancer among women in the world. Living with breast cancer presents women with significant challenges that interfere with their physical, social, psychological, economic and spiritual life of patients. These challenges are major factors that reduce the quality of life of women with breast cancer. One of the psychological components that plays a key role in the lives of these patients and their families is hope. Hope is a vital factor in predicting the adaptation of cancer patients to the nature of the disease and its treatment, especially when faced with the prospect of chronic pain. Low or no hope can threaten the patient's physical and mental health. Another important psychological component in coping with the disease is the perception of the disease. Perception of disease means the belief or image that patients have of their disease, which affects their adaptation to the disease and their psychological state. Understanding the causes of breast cancer can affect patients' ability to seek medical treatment; Because misconceptions may lead to search for alternative health care from unapproved sources. Another psychological factor related to life expectancy in patients is the availability and perception of social support. The availability of social support is considered a important source of coping that can help the patient to cope with life with cancer. Evidence from the research literature shows that social support from family, friends, and other important individuals is associated with reduced mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal behaviors, and improved quality of life in women with breast cancer. Another important psychological component that people use when facing problems is coping styles. These styles that developed to reduce stress are important both in acute periods of stress (such as natural disasters) and in patients suffering from chronic illnesses such as depression, breast cancer, and HIV / AIDS. One of the most common styles for managing a challenging situation is trying to deal with and change the stressful stimulus; This strategy is called problem-oriented coping. Most research shows that people who use this style are more adaptable. On the other hand, research shows that people who use emotion-oriented and avoidance strategies experience higher stress and lower quality of life. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the role of perception of disease, perceived social support and coping style in the life expectancy in women with breast cancer.
Methods: The method of the present study is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population is all patients with breast cancer in Ahvaz in 1398 that 60 patients volunteered to participate in the study by available sampling method. Inclusion criteria include 1- ability to read and write, 2- being between 31 to 70 years old, 3- having 2 to 3 years of illness, 4- undergoing chemotherapy without or before mastectomy, 5- Not having a history of psychiatric illness and being hospitalized in psychiatric wards and 6- Willingness to participate in research. In order to conduct the research, after obtaining the necessary permits and coordination with the relevant authorities from the two public hospitals of Baqaei and Golestan in an available method, 70 patients who met the research criteria were asked to complete the research tools. Due to the decrease in patients staying in the hospital during corona disease and the lack of cooperation of patients, the sample of this study was reduced from 70 volunteers to 60 patients. The tools used in this study included questionnaires of disease perception (Bradbent, 2006), multidimensional perceived social support (Zimt et al., 1998), coping styles in special situations (Billings & Moss, 1981) and life expectancy (Schneider, 1991). In this study, multivariate regression was used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between perception of disease and life expectancy (-0.78). Also, there is a significant relationship between predictor variables including social support, problem-oriented coping styles and emotion-oriented coping style with participants' life expectancy (0.80, 0.47 and -0.52, respectively). On the other hand, the relationship between avoidant coping style and participants' life expectancy was not significant (0.06 and 0.06, respectively). Also, the results of stepwise regression analysis indicate that the variables of social support and disease perception are the best predictors of life expectancy in patients with breast cancer, respectively.
Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between social support and life expectancy of breast cancer patients. Sun et al. Also found in their research that people who benefit from the social support of their relatives when faced with problems are more satisfied with life. Perceived social support affects patients' life expectancy in two ways. First, it can vaccinate a person before experiencing stress, thus reducing the harmful effects of stress. Second, it acts as a shield against the stress of the disease and makes the patient more satisfied with his life and hopes for positive consequences such as health and reducing the risk of disease. Also, this study showed that there is a significant positive relationship between problem-oriented coping style and life expectancy of breast cancer patients. When people believe that they have the ability to cope with stressful events such as illness, their anxiety is reduced and they can choose more effective coping strategies. Also, this study showed that the perception of the disease has a negative and significant relationship with life expectancy of women with breast cancer. Therefore, when patients have negative beliefs and perceptions of their disease and its various aspects, they experience physical and mental problems that can increase the burden of the disease for them and reduce their quality of life. Considering the importance of hope in the life and treatment of cancer patients, it is recommended that medical staff and psychologists pay attention to the role of life expectancy in their interventions and treatment protocol, especially in breast cancer patients.
Samira Haji Omidi, Bahman Akbari, Leila Moqtader,
Volume 30, Issue 6 (9-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 6 (9-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Adolescents are among the vulnerable groups against suicide, many of them have dysfunctional attitudes, cognitive errors, and inconsistent moral problems. Therefore, it is important to know the antecedents of this problem. The present study aimed to investigate the structural model of suicide prevention based on cognitive distortion and perceived social support with the mediation of moral identity in adolescents.
Methods: The current research is a theoretical research and its design was descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included all ninth grade female students of Takestan city with an average age of 15 years who study in the schools of Takestan city in the academic year of 1400-1401. The sample size to test the hypotheses was determined by referring to Klein's (2015) strategy for studies that use the structural equation modeling method. That is, the minimum ratio of the sample size for each observed variable is 5 people, the ratio of 10 people for each variable is more suitable and the ratio of 20 people for each variable is considered desirable; Therefore, in the present study, using available sampling method, a sample size of 300 participants was considered. Research tools included: Revised Suicide Questionnaire (SBQ-R), Fleming et al.'s scale of perceived social support (1982), Abdullahzadeh and Salar's Cognitive Distortion Scale (2009) and Aquino and Reed's Moral Identity Questionnaire (2002).
Results: The results of the correlation test showed that there is a positive and direct correlation between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendencies, and there is a significant negative relationship between perceived social support and moral identity and suicidal tendencies. The value of the standardized factor load for all questions is more than 0.4, and considering that all the significance numbers (CR) between the items and the relevant latent variables are more than 1.96 and their significance level is less than the error level of 0.05. is, it can be said that the validity of the measurement structures of the relevant variables is confirmed at the significance level of 0.05. The results of Cronbach's alpha coefficient are also given for all research variables and as it can be seen, the value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient of all variables is more than 0.7. Also, in the factor analysis model, the chi-square value for the degree of freedom is 1.309 and less than 3. Also, the root mean square error estimate (RMSEA) is equal to 0.032 and less than 0.08. Also, the comparative fit index (CFI), incremental fit index (IFI) and goodness of fit index (GFI) have all been calculated at a suitable level. Therefore, in general and according to the calculated indicators, it is possible to conclude the optimal fit of the model. The value of the critical statistic (CR) between the perceived social support and the cognitive distortion with the tendency to commit suicide has exceeded the borderline limit of 1.96, and the significance level of the test in this regard is equal to 0.000 and less than 0.05. Therefore, it can be stated that the existence of the relationship between perceived social support and the tendency to commit suicide is confirmed with a probability of 95%. Because the coefficient of the standard path between these two variables is positive and equal to -0.237, it can be said that with an increase of one standard deviation in the perceived social support, we will see a decrease in the tendency to commit suicide by -0.237 standard deviation. Therefore, there is a significant and inverse relationship between perceived social support and suicidal tendencies. On the other hand, the standard path coefficient between these two variables is positive and equal to 0.134, and with an increase of one standard deviation in cognitive distortion, we will see an increase in the tendency to commit suicide by 0.134 standard deviations. Therefore, it can be said that there is a significant and direct relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency. In order to investigate the mediating role of moral identity between the independent variable (social support) and the dependent variable (suicidal tendency), Baron and Kenny's test showed that in the first stage and primary model, which only considered the relationship between social support and suicidal tendency, this relationship It is significant and its path coefficient is estimated as -0.381. In the next stage, the mediating variable (moral identity) is entered into the model and is placed between the two variables of social support and suicidal tendency. The path coefficient between these two variables has decreased from -0.381 to -0.237 and is statistically significant. Therefore, the role of the moral identity variable is partial mediation and the fifth hypothesis of the research is confirmed with 95% probability and according to the collected data. Also, regarding the mediating role of moral identity in the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency in the first stage and the initial model that only considered the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency, this relationship was significant and its path coefficient was estimated as 0.304. In the next stage, the mediating variable (moral identity) is included in the model and is placed between the two variables of cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency. The path coefficient between these two variables has decreased from 0.304 to 0.134 and is statistically significant. Therefore, the mediating role of moral identity in the mentioned relationship was confirmed.
Conclusion: The results confirmed the significant relationship between perceived social support and suicide tendency on the one hand and cognitive distortion with suicide on the other hand, and moral identity also plays a mediating role in the relationship between these components. Therefore, it is suggested that the training of skills to strengthen social protection and recognize distorted thoughts, along with paying attention to a rich moral identity and in order to prevent issues related to suicide, especially among teenage students, should be considered important by the authorities of schools and the country, and should be on the agenda. They should be placed.
Methods: The current research is a theoretical research and its design was descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included all ninth grade female students of Takestan city with an average age of 15 years who study in the schools of Takestan city in the academic year of 1400-1401. The sample size to test the hypotheses was determined by referring to Klein's (2015) strategy for studies that use the structural equation modeling method. That is, the minimum ratio of the sample size for each observed variable is 5 people, the ratio of 10 people for each variable is more suitable and the ratio of 20 people for each variable is considered desirable; Therefore, in the present study, using available sampling method, a sample size of 300 participants was considered. Research tools included: Revised Suicide Questionnaire (SBQ-R), Fleming et al.'s scale of perceived social support (1982), Abdullahzadeh and Salar's Cognitive Distortion Scale (2009) and Aquino and Reed's Moral Identity Questionnaire (2002).
Results: The results of the correlation test showed that there is a positive and direct correlation between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendencies, and there is a significant negative relationship between perceived social support and moral identity and suicidal tendencies. The value of the standardized factor load for all questions is more than 0.4, and considering that all the significance numbers (CR) between the items and the relevant latent variables are more than 1.96 and their significance level is less than the error level of 0.05. is, it can be said that the validity of the measurement structures of the relevant variables is confirmed at the significance level of 0.05. The results of Cronbach's alpha coefficient are also given for all research variables and as it can be seen, the value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient of all variables is more than 0.7. Also, in the factor analysis model, the chi-square value for the degree of freedom is 1.309 and less than 3. Also, the root mean square error estimate (RMSEA) is equal to 0.032 and less than 0.08. Also, the comparative fit index (CFI), incremental fit index (IFI) and goodness of fit index (GFI) have all been calculated at a suitable level. Therefore, in general and according to the calculated indicators, it is possible to conclude the optimal fit of the model. The value of the critical statistic (CR) between the perceived social support and the cognitive distortion with the tendency to commit suicide has exceeded the borderline limit of 1.96, and the significance level of the test in this regard is equal to 0.000 and less than 0.05. Therefore, it can be stated that the existence of the relationship between perceived social support and the tendency to commit suicide is confirmed with a probability of 95%. Because the coefficient of the standard path between these two variables is positive and equal to -0.237, it can be said that with an increase of one standard deviation in the perceived social support, we will see a decrease in the tendency to commit suicide by -0.237 standard deviation. Therefore, there is a significant and inverse relationship between perceived social support and suicidal tendencies. On the other hand, the standard path coefficient between these two variables is positive and equal to 0.134, and with an increase of one standard deviation in cognitive distortion, we will see an increase in the tendency to commit suicide by 0.134 standard deviations. Therefore, it can be said that there is a significant and direct relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency. In order to investigate the mediating role of moral identity between the independent variable (social support) and the dependent variable (suicidal tendency), Baron and Kenny's test showed that in the first stage and primary model, which only considered the relationship between social support and suicidal tendency, this relationship It is significant and its path coefficient is estimated as -0.381. In the next stage, the mediating variable (moral identity) is entered into the model and is placed between the two variables of social support and suicidal tendency. The path coefficient between these two variables has decreased from -0.381 to -0.237 and is statistically significant. Therefore, the role of the moral identity variable is partial mediation and the fifth hypothesis of the research is confirmed with 95% probability and according to the collected data. Also, regarding the mediating role of moral identity in the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency in the first stage and the initial model that only considered the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency, this relationship was significant and its path coefficient was estimated as 0.304. In the next stage, the mediating variable (moral identity) is included in the model and is placed between the two variables of cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency. The path coefficient between these two variables has decreased from 0.304 to 0.134 and is statistically significant. Therefore, the mediating role of moral identity in the mentioned relationship was confirmed.
Conclusion: The results confirmed the significant relationship between perceived social support and suicide tendency on the one hand and cognitive distortion with suicide on the other hand, and moral identity also plays a mediating role in the relationship between these components. Therefore, it is suggested that the training of skills to strengthen social protection and recognize distorted thoughts, along with paying attention to a rich moral identity and in order to prevent issues related to suicide, especially among teenage students, should be considered important by the authorities of schools and the country, and should be on the agenda. They should be placed.
Leila Kardani, Simin Bashardoost, Hayede Saberi,
Volume 30, Issue 7 (10-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 7 (10-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Gender identity is a fundamental factor in human life, which accompanies him from the beginning to the end of his life, and represents a person's stable emotional and cognitive experience of his gender and objective manifestations of a specific gender. In Iran, the number of people suffering from sexual boredom is estimated to be approximately 150 thousand people. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition, gender identity disorder is diagnosed based on the fact that a person continuously and intensely assumes the opposite gender identity for himself; An identity that does not belong to another gender simply because of the desire to benefit from cultural privileges. Restlessness, dissatisfaction, confusion, or gender boredom is a situation in which a person experiences a lot of confusion and anxiety due to the inconsistency between the gender assigned to him at birth and his gender identity. Therefore, dissatisfaction with one's gender makes the family and society always expect them to accept the roles appropriate to their biological sex and blame them for having movements and behaviors similar to the opposite sex. They put pressure and this causes these people to withdraw and reduce their self-esteem. Most of the people suffering from sexual boredom have a lot of interpersonal conflicts and they form one of the most victimized minorities, and they are not being accepted by their family and society and their isolation has consequences such as suicidal thoughts in them. Therefore, one of the most important problems of these people can be suicidal ideation. Emotion regulation is related to constructs such as self-compassion. Self-compassion is the extent of kindness and compassion towards oneself or deep awareness and empathy towards the suffering of others. Also, research background has shown that dissatisfaction with gender identity affects self-concept and identity in patients with gender boredom. This means dissatisfaction with their gender identity can make people with gender dysphoria show less self-compassion towards themselves. On the other hand, the special conditions in which these people are located increase the risk of creating problems related to mental health for them, and in the meantime, the perceived social support protects them. Since there is little research on the predictive role of emotion regulation, self-compassion, and perceived social support on suicidal ideation of people suffering from sexual boredom, to solve this research gap, the question of whether ideation has been answered. Can suicide processing be predicted based on emotion regulation, self-compassion, and perceived social support in people suffering from sexual boredom?
Methods: The research method is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the research was all the people suffering from sexual boredom in Tehran in 2019-1400, approximately 150,000 people. The sample size of 300 of these people were selected based on Klein's (2016) point of view and the available non-random sampling method (online method) and according to Beck et al.'s suicidal ideation scale (1979), Gross's emotion regulation questionnaire and John (2003), Neff's (2003) self-kindness or self-compassion scale, and Zimmet et al.'s (1988) Multidimensional Social Support Scale answered. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis.
Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between emotion regulation, self-compassion, and perceived social support with suicidal ideation (P<0.01). The results of multiple regression analysis also revealed that 54.8% of the variance of suicidal ideation is explained by emotion regulation, self-compassion, and perceived social support.
Conclusion: The purpose of this research was to investigate the prediction of suicidal ideation based on emotion regulation, self-compassion, and perceived social support in people suffering from sexual boredom. The results showed that cognitive reappraisal and emotional suppression (as emotion regulation strategies) can predict suicidal ideation. Emotional suppression can make a person weak against suicidal thoughts and prone to suicide. In this way, when a person evaluates a negative event in his mind with negative strategies such as emotional suppression, he looks at this event with a more negative view and considers its possible short and long-term positive aspects less. As a result, he experiences more depression and despair, so he is more prone to suicidal ideation. People suffering from sexual boredom in Iran are under more pressure from society due to religious, social, and cultural restrictions and they experience high psychological and social pressure that these cases make them prone to suicide. Therefore, sexually bored people who tend to experience their negative emotions uncontrollably from society, the possibility of using the strategy of emotional suppression increases in them, and most of them lack the necessary skills to manage and regulate negative emotional experiences They are inconsistent and have more suicidal thoughts. Therefore, it is reasonable to say that emotion regulation strategies can predict suicidal ideation. To make the results more generalizable, it is suggested that students and researchers repeat such studies in other cities to provide evidence of the obtained relationships. It is suggested that the model of the present study, i.e. suicide ideation based on the regulation of emotions and compassion in people suffering from gender boredom, should be investigated and compared by gender, i.e. in men and women. The use of longitudinal studies and other research methods (a combination of qualitative and quantitative) can be more beneficial for this study. In this way, it is suggested to use a qualitative study (studies of lived experience and descriptive phenomenology) to examine the factors affecting suicidal ideation in people suffering from gender boredom. The achievements and consequences of this research can be presented at two theoretical and practical levels. At the theoretical level, the research findings can help to expand the existing knowledge, concepts, and models in the field of suicidal ideation, especially in people suffering from gender boredom, by explaining how the variables of emotion regulation and self-compassion influence. Also, the results of the present research can pave the way for more recent research to expand emotional and psychological knowledge in the field of factors influencing the formation of suicidal ideation in these people.
Methods: The research method is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the research was all the people suffering from sexual boredom in Tehran in 2019-1400, approximately 150,000 people. The sample size of 300 of these people were selected based on Klein's (2016) point of view and the available non-random sampling method (online method) and according to Beck et al.'s suicidal ideation scale (1979), Gross's emotion regulation questionnaire and John (2003), Neff's (2003) self-kindness or self-compassion scale, and Zimmet et al.'s (1988) Multidimensional Social Support Scale answered. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis.
Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between emotion regulation, self-compassion, and perceived social support with suicidal ideation (P<0.01). The results of multiple regression analysis also revealed that 54.8% of the variance of suicidal ideation is explained by emotion regulation, self-compassion, and perceived social support.
Conclusion: The purpose of this research was to investigate the prediction of suicidal ideation based on emotion regulation, self-compassion, and perceived social support in people suffering from sexual boredom. The results showed that cognitive reappraisal and emotional suppression (as emotion regulation strategies) can predict suicidal ideation. Emotional suppression can make a person weak against suicidal thoughts and prone to suicide. In this way, when a person evaluates a negative event in his mind with negative strategies such as emotional suppression, he looks at this event with a more negative view and considers its possible short and long-term positive aspects less. As a result, he experiences more depression and despair, so he is more prone to suicidal ideation. People suffering from sexual boredom in Iran are under more pressure from society due to religious, social, and cultural restrictions and they experience high psychological and social pressure that these cases make them prone to suicide. Therefore, sexually bored people who tend to experience their negative emotions uncontrollably from society, the possibility of using the strategy of emotional suppression increases in them, and most of them lack the necessary skills to manage and regulate negative emotional experiences They are inconsistent and have more suicidal thoughts. Therefore, it is reasonable to say that emotion regulation strategies can predict suicidal ideation. To make the results more generalizable, it is suggested that students and researchers repeat such studies in other cities to provide evidence of the obtained relationships. It is suggested that the model of the present study, i.e. suicide ideation based on the regulation of emotions and compassion in people suffering from gender boredom, should be investigated and compared by gender, i.e. in men and women. The use of longitudinal studies and other research methods (a combination of qualitative and quantitative) can be more beneficial for this study. In this way, it is suggested to use a qualitative study (studies of lived experience and descriptive phenomenology) to examine the factors affecting suicidal ideation in people suffering from gender boredom. The achievements and consequences of this research can be presented at two theoretical and practical levels. At the theoretical level, the research findings can help to expand the existing knowledge, concepts, and models in the field of suicidal ideation, especially in people suffering from gender boredom, by explaining how the variables of emotion regulation and self-compassion influence. Also, the results of the present research can pave the way for more recent research to expand emotional and psychological knowledge in the field of factors influencing the formation of suicidal ideation in these people.
Nahideh Dorostkar, Saeed Moosavipour, Zabih Pirani, Firoozeh Zangeneh Motlagh,
Volume 30, Issue 7 (10-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 7 (10-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Researchers believe that creating psychological well-being and inner and stable happiness leads people to greater success, healthier social relationships, and finally higher mental and physical health (1). In this context, research results also show a positive relationship between psychological well-being and academic performance (2). On the other hand, the spread of Covid-19 in Wuhan, China and its epidemic all over the world inevitably caused many changes in people's lifestyles, the anxiety caused by the possibility of contracting this disease caused the formation of social distance between people and reduced communication between them. especially students). Since the need to connect is one of the essential needs for people's mental health, this has affected the psychological well-being of students more (3). Another psychological construct that is one of the most prominent variables in positive psychology and is likely to predict students' psychological well-being is resilience. Resilience is the process or ability to adapt oneself to failures, calamities, life conflicts and challenging events and overcome them. Resilient people show positive adaptive behavior when facing adverse conditions and stressful situations (6). According to research results, another factor that affects the academic and social life of students is self-efficacy (12). Self-efficacy is one of the important and effective concepts in Bandura's cognitive-social theory. In Bandura's system, self-efficacy refers to feelings of sufficiency, competence and ability to cope with life (2). On the other hand, one of the most important social factors related to psychological well-being is the perception of social support. Perceived social support is a concept that refers to people's subjective evaluations of supportive relationships and behaviors. Among other reasons for the correctness of this result, we can point to the fact that in the course of interactions and social support, a person uses methods He becomes aware of the effectiveness of others in life, and with this cognitive capital, he can establish positive practices and pleasant behaviors for a satisfying life (14). Therefore, the basic problem of the current research is to find an answer to the question of whether the model of students' psychological well-being based on personality traits and perceived social support with the mediation of resilience and self-efficacy has a good fit with the data?
Methods: To conduct this descriptive-correlational research, which was conducted using the statistical method of structural equation modeling, he has the code of ethics IR.IAU.ARAK.REC.1400.004 approved by the Islamic Azad University of Arak Branch. 400 female students of the second secondary education in the 2nd district of Tehran in the academic year of 1399-1400 were selected as a sample using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. Then Riff psychological well-being questionnaire (1989), NEO-FFI-R five-factor questionnaire (NEO-FFI-R) by McCree and Costa (2008), multidimensional perceived social support scale (Zimmet, Dahlem, Zimet and Farley, 2012), Scherer's general self-efficacy scale and colleagues (1982), and completed the Connor and Davidson (2003) resilience scale, and after entering the data into SPSS software, the data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling method and using AMOS software. were analyzed.
Results: As can be seen in Table 2, the fit indices, such as the chi-square ratio to the degree of freedom (df/χ²) with a value of 3.52, the incremental fit index (IFI) with a value of 0.97, the comparative fit index (CFI) ) with a value of 0.95, goodness-of-fit index (GFI) with a value of 0.92, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI=0.91), adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI=0.89) and root mean square error of approximation ( RMSEA) with a value of 0.06 indicates a good fit of the proposed model with the data. In addition, as seen in diagram 1, the coefficients of the direct path and their direction have been determined, and these coefficients are significant at the minimum level (a ≥ 0.05). Also, the diagram of the proposed model of the current research shows that the predictor variables explain 90% of the variance of the dependent variable (psychological well-being), which indicates the high predictive power of the model variables in predicting psychological well-being. As shown in Table 3, the path coefficients (ß) and the significance level of each of them (p) are given, all of which are significant at the minimum level (a ≥ 0.05). In this table, the highest beta coefficient (ß) is related to the path of resilience to psychological well-being (ß = 0.64, p < 0.001), and the lowest beta coefficient (ß) is related to the path of personality traits to self-efficacy. β = 0.17, p = 0.002).
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the proposed model of students' psychological well-being based on personality traits and perceived social support with the mediation of resilience and self-efficacy in the conditions of covid-19 had a favorable fit with the data. In general, the predictor variables have explained about 90% of the variance of the dependent variable (psychological well-being) in the present study. In explaining this pattern, it can be said that personality traits, as one of the important components of individual differences, can play an essential role in how to engage, search and pursue experiences. Also, extroversion as one of the personality traits provides the context for social interaction; As a result, one's social skills are strengthened and finally, by reducing the feeling of loneliness, one's happiness and psychological well-being are strengthened. It can be said that neurotic people constantly experience lower quality of life and, as a result, lower psychological well-being due to having characteristics such as high anxiety, low self-esteem, and severe depression (22). Also, according to the findings of the current research, social support has a causal relationship with psychological well-being both directly and indirectly - through resilience and self-efficacy. In explaining this finding, it can be said that the people around you can be different sources of social support in different ways. have a major impact on the student's sense of well-being. In other words, among the effective factors in mental well-being is the social network with which a person is connected and supported by it; The support received from this network plays a very important role in the way a person interacts with himself and the environment. In the case of students, family, friends and school are the most important elements of this network and play an important role in overcoming problems and positively evaluating themselves and their lives (26).
Methods: To conduct this descriptive-correlational research, which was conducted using the statistical method of structural equation modeling, he has the code of ethics IR.IAU.ARAK.REC.1400.004 approved by the Islamic Azad University of Arak Branch. 400 female students of the second secondary education in the 2nd district of Tehran in the academic year of 1399-1400 were selected as a sample using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. Then Riff psychological well-being questionnaire (1989), NEO-FFI-R five-factor questionnaire (NEO-FFI-R) by McCree and Costa (2008), multidimensional perceived social support scale (Zimmet, Dahlem, Zimet and Farley, 2012), Scherer's general self-efficacy scale and colleagues (1982), and completed the Connor and Davidson (2003) resilience scale, and after entering the data into SPSS software, the data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling method and using AMOS software. were analyzed.
Results: As can be seen in Table 2, the fit indices, such as the chi-square ratio to the degree of freedom (df/χ²) with a value of 3.52, the incremental fit index (IFI) with a value of 0.97, the comparative fit index (CFI) ) with a value of 0.95, goodness-of-fit index (GFI) with a value of 0.92, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI=0.91), adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI=0.89) and root mean square error of approximation ( RMSEA) with a value of 0.06 indicates a good fit of the proposed model with the data. In addition, as seen in diagram 1, the coefficients of the direct path and their direction have been determined, and these coefficients are significant at the minimum level (a ≥ 0.05). Also, the diagram of the proposed model of the current research shows that the predictor variables explain 90% of the variance of the dependent variable (psychological well-being), which indicates the high predictive power of the model variables in predicting psychological well-being. As shown in Table 3, the path coefficients (ß) and the significance level of each of them (p) are given, all of which are significant at the minimum level (a ≥ 0.05). In this table, the highest beta coefficient (ß) is related to the path of resilience to psychological well-being (ß = 0.64, p < 0.001), and the lowest beta coefficient (ß) is related to the path of personality traits to self-efficacy. β = 0.17, p = 0.002).
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the proposed model of students' psychological well-being based on personality traits and perceived social support with the mediation of resilience and self-efficacy in the conditions of covid-19 had a favorable fit with the data. In general, the predictor variables have explained about 90% of the variance of the dependent variable (psychological well-being) in the present study. In explaining this pattern, it can be said that personality traits, as one of the important components of individual differences, can play an essential role in how to engage, search and pursue experiences. Also, extroversion as one of the personality traits provides the context for social interaction; As a result, one's social skills are strengthened and finally, by reducing the feeling of loneliness, one's happiness and psychological well-being are strengthened. It can be said that neurotic people constantly experience lower quality of life and, as a result, lower psychological well-being due to having characteristics such as high anxiety, low self-esteem, and severe depression (22). Also, according to the findings of the current research, social support has a causal relationship with psychological well-being both directly and indirectly - through resilience and self-efficacy. In explaining this finding, it can be said that the people around you can be different sources of social support in different ways. have a major impact on the student's sense of well-being. In other words, among the effective factors in mental well-being is the social network with which a person is connected and supported by it; The support received from this network plays a very important role in the way a person interacts with himself and the environment. In the case of students, family, friends and school are the most important elements of this network and play an important role in overcoming problems and positively evaluating themselves and their lives (26).
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