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Showing 3 results for Locus of Control
Farbod Ebadi Fard Azar, Hasan Hedari, Mahnaz Solhi,
Volume 23, Issue 146 (8-2016)
Volume 23, Issue 146 (8-2016)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Diabetes is common among chronic diseases. Various factors such as personality and psychological traits have role in self-care and control in this disease Aim of This study is determination the relationship between self- care and locus of control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Method: This cross-sectional study carried out on 180 patients with diabetes mellitus type2 whom are members of diabetic association in city of Babylon. The sampling method was Simple random sampling. Data collection tools were Form C standard questionnaire Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC), abstract scale for self-care activities in diabetics (SDSCA) and Multidimensional scale for Health Locus of Control (MHLC).The data in SPSS (19) using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and analytical (Pearson correlation co-efficient, regression analysis and independent t-test) were analyzed. Results: the self- care score had a positive correlation with the inner locus of control score (r=.38, P =.01) and a negative correlation with the chance locus of control (r=-.53, P =.01). Self-care behavior and health of a significant relationship between external locus of control was not prepared. Also, the behavior of self-care and education (001/0 = P), the locus of control and education (01/0 = P) and locus of control risk education (001/0 = P) significant relationship was observed. Conclusions: improve internal locus of control and loss of control locus should be noted in the interventional program for promoting self-care behaviors in these patients.
Reza Ariavand, Robabeh Nouri, Jafar Hassani, Atefeh Zandifar,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Chronic pain is used to describe non-cancerous and refractory pain (1). Chronic pain is a pain that has continued every day for at least three months for the past six months (5). This pain affects the quality of life, so it is necessary to identify and pay attention to the role of chronic pain in mental and physical health. Psychological factors are indirectly related to the process of pain perception. As pain becomes more chronic, the role of psychological factors in the spread and persistence of pain becomes more prominent than the role of biological factors. In this regard, researchers have emphasized the importance of the locus of control (7). Belief in the extent to which a person controls their circumstances, behavior, and thoughts can be considered a factor in determining the severity of pain (8). Numerous psychosocial factors can affect the severity of pain. Studies have shown that emotion regulation and its components directly affect the intensity, frequency and duration of pain perception (11). Emotion regulation is a set of processes that control and evaluate a person's emotional reactions and even change these reactions if necessary, so that the person functions properly (12). The results of studies show that there is a relationship between the locus of control and regulation of emotion. Patients with an internal control source, experience less pain intensity than patients with an external control source. Patients with impaired emotion regulation also experience greater pain intensity (5). On the other hand, most studies have examined the relationship between these components in a correlational manner, but the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between loci of control, pain intensity and the interactive relationship of variables have not been investigated. According to the above points, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between locus of control and pain intensity in chronic pain patients
Methods: The method of this research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study was all patients with chronic pain of Esfarayen in 2019. The sample consisted of 200 patients with chronic pain aged 25 to 45 years who were selected by available sampling method from Imam Khomeini Hospital, specialized clinic of medical sciences and health centers of Shahid Shokouhi, Shahid Montazeri and Imam Reza (AS). Brief pain inventory, health locus of control scale and emotion regulation questionnaire were used as research tools. Correlation test, regression analysis and path analysis were used to analyze the findings. Data were analyzed using SPSS-23 software.
Results: Based on the findings, the mediating role of emotion regulation (re-evaluation- suppression) in the relationship between the source of internal control and pain intensity was confirmed. In this way, individuals with a source of internal control were more likely to use an adaptive reassessment strategy and less of a maladaptive repression strategy, and consequently experienced less pain intensity. Furthermore; In this study, the mediating role of emotion regulation (re-evaluation-suppression) in the relationship between external control source and pain intensity was also confirmed. According to this finding, people with an external source of control were more likely to use a maladaptive suppression strategy that leads to more severe pain.
Conclusion: The results of this study supported the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between locus of control and pain intensity. This finding indicates the importance of emotion regulation in explaining the severity of pain in patients with chronic pain. The findings of this study showed that emotion regulation (re-evaluation - suppression) has a mediating role in the relationship between external control source and pain intensity in patients with chronic pain. Incompatible emotion management strategies, such as repression or catastrophe, lead to reduced physical and social activity, psychological disorders, and feelings of helplessness and lack of control. So that the feeling of lack of control, in turn, intensifies the experience of pain. Thus, people come to believe that they have no sense of control and form a vicious circle (5). One of the most fundamental reasons people turn to dysfunctional emotional regulation strategies such as avoiding, repressing, criticizing, blaming themselves or others, and paving the way for the formation of chronic psychological disorders, including chronic pain, is the belief in lack of internal control (30). Some of the beliefs of most patients with chronic pain are that "my illness is the fault of my spouse, child or boss", "my pain is terrible", "I am going crazy" (31). As a result, patients engage in a maladaptive emotional behaviors and strategies, such as criticizing, blaming themselves or others, or even suppressing their emotions, in order to gain a sense of control over their illness and pain (30). Patients with chronic pain lose more control over the disease and their condition, which leads to more pain. Emotion regulation (re-evaluation - suppression) mediates the relationship between the source of internal control and pain intensity in people with chronic pain. Patients who use adaptive emotion management strategies in the face of problems, ie; problem-oriented strategy, define stressors, and therefore, such people experience fewer negative outcomes and feel more in control of their condition and experience less pain intensity. These patients are more successful in solving problems and dealing effectively with stress caused by life events, and this effective coping and satisfaction in solving the problems makes them feel in control of the stress which caused by important life events. The source of internal control is related to accepting pain and being prepared for change. In general, self-regulation is one of the factors that can be effective in causing or controlling pain in patients. People with chronic pain will be able to prevent information bias in the processing of information that leads to the experience of negative emotions by adjusting their emotions through the relationship between pains and adapt more effectively to their illness (33). Therefore, if the training program of these patients is accompanied by emotion regulation strategies, it can help reduce the severity of pain in these patients.
Methods: The method of this research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study was all patients with chronic pain of Esfarayen in 2019. The sample consisted of 200 patients with chronic pain aged 25 to 45 years who were selected by available sampling method from Imam Khomeini Hospital, specialized clinic of medical sciences and health centers of Shahid Shokouhi, Shahid Montazeri and Imam Reza (AS). Brief pain inventory, health locus of control scale and emotion regulation questionnaire were used as research tools. Correlation test, regression analysis and path analysis were used to analyze the findings. Data were analyzed using SPSS-23 software.
Results: Based on the findings, the mediating role of emotion regulation (re-evaluation- suppression) in the relationship between the source of internal control and pain intensity was confirmed. In this way, individuals with a source of internal control were more likely to use an adaptive reassessment strategy and less of a maladaptive repression strategy, and consequently experienced less pain intensity. Furthermore; In this study, the mediating role of emotion regulation (re-evaluation-suppression) in the relationship between external control source and pain intensity was also confirmed. According to this finding, people with an external source of control were more likely to use a maladaptive suppression strategy that leads to more severe pain.
Conclusion: The results of this study supported the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between locus of control and pain intensity. This finding indicates the importance of emotion regulation in explaining the severity of pain in patients with chronic pain. The findings of this study showed that emotion regulation (re-evaluation - suppression) has a mediating role in the relationship between external control source and pain intensity in patients with chronic pain. Incompatible emotion management strategies, such as repression or catastrophe, lead to reduced physical and social activity, psychological disorders, and feelings of helplessness and lack of control. So that the feeling of lack of control, in turn, intensifies the experience of pain. Thus, people come to believe that they have no sense of control and form a vicious circle (5). One of the most fundamental reasons people turn to dysfunctional emotional regulation strategies such as avoiding, repressing, criticizing, blaming themselves or others, and paving the way for the formation of chronic psychological disorders, including chronic pain, is the belief in lack of internal control (30). Some of the beliefs of most patients with chronic pain are that "my illness is the fault of my spouse, child or boss", "my pain is terrible", "I am going crazy" (31). As a result, patients engage in a maladaptive emotional behaviors and strategies, such as criticizing, blaming themselves or others, or even suppressing their emotions, in order to gain a sense of control over their illness and pain (30). Patients with chronic pain lose more control over the disease and their condition, which leads to more pain. Emotion regulation (re-evaluation - suppression) mediates the relationship between the source of internal control and pain intensity in people with chronic pain. Patients who use adaptive emotion management strategies in the face of problems, ie; problem-oriented strategy, define stressors, and therefore, such people experience fewer negative outcomes and feel more in control of their condition and experience less pain intensity. These patients are more successful in solving problems and dealing effectively with stress caused by life events, and this effective coping and satisfaction in solving the problems makes them feel in control of the stress which caused by important life events. The source of internal control is related to accepting pain and being prepared for change. In general, self-regulation is one of the factors that can be effective in causing or controlling pain in patients. People with chronic pain will be able to prevent information bias in the processing of information that leads to the experience of negative emotions by adjusting their emotions through the relationship between pains and adapt more effectively to their illness (33). Therefore, if the training program of these patients is accompanied by emotion regulation strategies, it can help reduce the severity of pain in these patients.
Maryam Ahmadi Niat, Reza Soltani Shal, Azra Zebardast,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Bakcground & Aims: Covid-19 is an infectious disease that spreads rapidly to other people and has become a global health emergency (1). Despite the various vaccines, the best way to prevent this disease is to follow the health guidelines announced by health experts. Based on the confirmed research regarding the role of intrapersonal psychological factors in health psychology, it seems that psychological models related to disease prevention and control can explain the subjective factors of getting infected with Covid-19. Health behavior is any type of action that a person takes for his health in the phase without symptoms of illness or health status. In addition to this definition of health behavior, individual characteristics such as beliefs, expectations, motivations, values, perceptions, and emotional features play a role in health behavior (2). In other words, a person intends less to perform the health behavior or to have preventive behaviors of Covid-19, when he believes he can't affect prevention of Covid-19 with their behavior effectively (3). In general, according to the comprehensive health psychology attitude, people's health in terms of getting infected and not getting infected by Covid-19, like other diseases, is considered at two ends of an illness/wellness continuum to represent people's differing health statuses. Therefore, people's health status changes during this continuum from health to illness by adopting health behavior or illness behavior (4). The answer to why people do or don't do health behaviors is explained in the Health Belief Model (HBM) (5). In this model, several fundamental cognitive beliefs predict why people take action to prevent, screen, or control disease conditions. These beliefs include 1. Perceived susceptibility; 2. Perceived Severity; 3. Perceived benefits; 4. Perceived costs (perceived barriers); and 5. Cues to Action.
One of the comprehensive approaches to the health belief model is the attribution theory, and its related concept is the health locus of control. The health locus of control states that personal control and health may be related together. People differ in whether they tend to consider events as controllable by themselves (internal source of control) or uncontrollable (external source of control) (3). Some people who have a strong sense of personal control may be more likely or able to maintain their health and prevent illness than those who have a weak sense of control (23). People are different in terms of whether they tend to consider events as controllable by themselves (internal locus of control) or not (external locus of control) (3). The Internal health locus of control is related to this belief that one's behaviors affect his/her health status. In contrast, the external health locus of control depends on one's belief that his/her health outcomes depend on external "random" variables such as luck and fate (9).
However, despite the many studies in the field of health behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic, the limitations of the existing studies in the explanation of concepts based on health behavior models and its complementary part, i.e., the source of health control, the current research were conducted to investigate the role of people's belief in getting infected Covid-19, around two conceptual and explanatory parts. These parts are the health belief model and the health locus of control (attribution theory). since according to health psychology experts, the health belief model is not a complete model on its own (3), And this research includes a comparative study of the mentioned constructs in two groups with and without covid-19. In this study, it's supposed that the health belief model and health locus of control can explain people's beliefs and their adaptation to health behavior and preventive behavior in the Covid-19 epidemic; and there is probably a significant difference between the beliefs of people with and without Covid-19.
Methods: The current research design is a descriptive method and causal-comparative method was used to analyze the data. The required sample size was 384 people based on the formula of Cochran and with an error level of 5% (14). In the first quarter of 2021, 539 people responded voluntarily and online to demographic questionnaires, the health belief model specific to the Covid-19 pandemic, and the MHLC Form C Walston health locus of control questionnaire according to the research entry criteria. After normalization and removal of outlier data, 262 people were chosen. The entry criteria of research include the age range of 18 years or older, access to a smartphone, the possibility of using social media, a definite diagnosis of a doctor for contracting Covid-19 with or without a history of hospitalization (in the case of samples related to the infected group). The criteria for exclusions included filling questionnaires incompletely and definite covid_19 infection in the case of non-infected samples. The two questionnaires of the current research were collected into the Google Drive site platform to be presented to the participants online (address: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfYu8gPhIJpUFKw5hTKC9WwjsnnNDpFcd-). Then the questionnaire link was shared on popular social media such as Telegram and Instagram. For describing the findings, descriptive statistics were computed on collected data (mean and standard deviation). Also, to compare the health belief model and the health locus of control, between the two groups, the multivariate analysis of variance method was used by SPSS version 26 software.
The ethical considerations were explained to the participants about the research process, the confidentiality of the information, and the approval of the proposed study before implementation in the research ethics committee of Gilan University with the code IR.GUMS.REC.1400.036.
Results: Statistical analysis of data was performed on 262 samples. 102 people in the sample were women, and 160 were men. The oldest age range in the infected group by Covid_19 was 40 to 59 years old. To compare the two groups, an analysis of covariance was performed. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups in the health belief model and health control source too at the 95% confidence level. Also, according to the mean values, the scores of perceived severity; perceived cost; and perceived benefits in the non-infected covid-19 group were larger than the infected group.
Conclusion: The present study showed that health belief as a hidden mediating variable is effective in participants' tendency to perform or not perform healthy behavior. Therefore, in health emergency conditions such as the Covid-19 pandemic, where the rates of infection are high and discovering a definitive treatment for the disease requires considerable time and cost, it seems that focusing more on prevention is more logical and it costs less coping strategy. Therefore, according to the role of knowledge in psychological factors which affect people's preventive behavior, it is necessary that health experts consider psychological training programs for effective health-therapeutic intervention at the level of primary prevention and to control infectious diseases such as Covid-19.
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