Search published articles
Showing 10 results for Intimacy
Nazanin Saeidi, Seyede Fatemeh Mohajeri, Kamran Shoorangiz, Namdar Asghari,
Volume 29, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Couples need to establish intimate relationships because intimacy is a primary psychological need for marriage stability. Intimacy is a dynamic and interactive integrated process that includes emotional, psychological, intellectual, and spiritual dimensions. A high level of emotional intimacy in couples' relationships is one of the strongest predictors of physical and mental health and mutual satisfaction. Marital intimacy is one of the basic features in couples' relationships. Marital intimacy can be defined as a relationship with real self-disclosure and mutual understanding based on participation, and intimacy is the degree of closeness and support that each couple feels and expresses. A couple that experiences a higher level of intimacy shows a positive relationship and easily communicates their needs to their partner. The closeness of couples, sharing of values and ideas, engaging in joint activities, sexual relations, mutual understanding, and emotional behaviors (e.g. hugging) are characteristics of intimate couples. This model of interactive intimacy focuses on knowing, understanding, accepting, empathizing with the other party's feelings, and appreciating. Couples who have a higher level of intimacy may have a greater ability to deal with problems and changes related to their relationship, and as a result, experience higher marital satisfaction. Lack of marital intimacy leads to unpleasant consequences such as dissatisfaction with the relationship, loss of love, and affection, and poor understanding in the relationship between spouses. Marital intimacy is one of the effective factors in stable marriages, and lack of intimacy in marital relationships leads to divorce. One of the very important and influential variables in marital intimacy is attachment style. These styles are formed in childhood and affect a person's view of himself, others, and the way interpersonal relationships are organized. Currently, the use of mobile phones has a negative effect on the face-to-face communication of couples to the extent that their intimacy is reduced. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and marital intimacy with the mediating role of phabbing in Tehran University couples.
Methods: This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive research in terms of methodology. The statistical population of this research was all married students of Tehran University, from which 350 people were selected as a sample using a multi-stage cluster method. sample people to Collins and Reed's (1990) attachment style questionnaires; Bagaroozi's marital intimacy (2001); General Fabing Scale Answered by Chotpitayasonvand and Douglas (2018). In order to investigate the dual relationship of the variables, Pearson correlation method was used and in order to investigate the mediation relationship of Fabing, the theoretical framework of Baron and Kenny and the path analysis method in LISREL software were used.
Results: The research results showed that secure attachment style has a direct and positive relationship with marital intimacy (0.24), avoidant and ambivalent attachment style has a direct and negative relationship with marital intimacy (-0.25); Also, phubbing plays a mediating role in the relationship between couples' attachment styles and intimacy.
Conclusion: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of phubbing in the relationship between attachment styles and marital intimacy. The findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between secure attachment style and marital intimacy, also the relationship between avoidant attachment style and anxious ambivalent attachment style with marital intimacy is negative and significant. The results showed the direct effect of each attachment style on marital intimacy. which confirmed the significant relationship between two secure and ambivalent anxiety styles with marital intimacy, and the research of Botlani et al., which showed that attachment-oriented couple therapy increases the intimacy of spouses, is consistent and harmonious. Couples with anxious ambivalent attachment style have a high need for intimacy; But in fact, these people have little ability to be intimate for fear of being abandoned by their spouse or other important people in their lives. Couples with avoidant and anxious attachment styles avoid intimate relationships. In explaining this finding, it can be said that couples' attachment styles play an important role in developing and maintaining interpersonal connection and are related to psychological processes related to intimate relationships, as well as the behaviors observed in these relationships and the outputs of intimate relationships, which are both subjective (such as satisfaction) and It is also objective like (separation) and it is predictable. Among the three styles introduced for attachment, people with an anxious-ambivalent attachment style because of their feelings of anxiety and rejection, as well as because of their strong attachment and feeling of constant danger from their spouse's infidelity, cause too much psychological disturbance to their spouse and His constant control deprives the freedom, independence, and autonomy of the other party, and as a result, the level of marital intimacy decreases in this type of attachment. On the other hand, people with high levels of avoidant attachment deny the importance of intimate relationships and the need for closeness. As a result, the attachment system becomes inactive in these people and they do not seek support from their spouse in their relationships; Therefore, a husband or wife who has a higher avoidant attachment style compared to their spouse may reject their spouse's needs or respond to them with anger, and when they feel helpless, they will distance themselves from their spouse and cause a decrease in marital intimacy. Couples with a secure attachment feel more attached to their spouse consider the spouse as the main source of security and comfort and have positive feelings toward each other. The secure attachment style leads to the creation of trust and intimacy, and the quality of interpersonal interactions, and commitment It improves the quality of marital relations. People with a secure attachment style have more trust in family relationships and are stable in romantic relationships; Therefore, it increases marital intimacy. When a secure attachment style is formed, this security is transferred to future interpersonal relationships, especially relationships with spouses. Therefore, it makes the relationship of the spouse full of peace and security, these couples are not afraid to communicate and the established relationships are full of intimacy, love, and expression. It is recommended for family officials to use educational workshops and public information in order to increase the intimacy of couples regarding the correct use of smartphones.
Methods: This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive research in terms of methodology. The statistical population of this research was all married students of Tehran University, from which 350 people were selected as a sample using a multi-stage cluster method. sample people to Collins and Reed's (1990) attachment style questionnaires; Bagaroozi's marital intimacy (2001); General Fabing Scale Answered by Chotpitayasonvand and Douglas (2018). In order to investigate the dual relationship of the variables, Pearson correlation method was used and in order to investigate the mediation relationship of Fabing, the theoretical framework of Baron and Kenny and the path analysis method in LISREL software were used.
Results: The research results showed that secure attachment style has a direct and positive relationship with marital intimacy (0.24), avoidant and ambivalent attachment style has a direct and negative relationship with marital intimacy (-0.25); Also, phubbing plays a mediating role in the relationship between couples' attachment styles and intimacy.
Conclusion: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of phubbing in the relationship between attachment styles and marital intimacy. The findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between secure attachment style and marital intimacy, also the relationship between avoidant attachment style and anxious ambivalent attachment style with marital intimacy is negative and significant. The results showed the direct effect of each attachment style on marital intimacy. which confirmed the significant relationship between two secure and ambivalent anxiety styles with marital intimacy, and the research of Botlani et al., which showed that attachment-oriented couple therapy increases the intimacy of spouses, is consistent and harmonious. Couples with anxious ambivalent attachment style have a high need for intimacy; But in fact, these people have little ability to be intimate for fear of being abandoned by their spouse or other important people in their lives. Couples with avoidant and anxious attachment styles avoid intimate relationships. In explaining this finding, it can be said that couples' attachment styles play an important role in developing and maintaining interpersonal connection and are related to psychological processes related to intimate relationships, as well as the behaviors observed in these relationships and the outputs of intimate relationships, which are both subjective (such as satisfaction) and It is also objective like (separation) and it is predictable. Among the three styles introduced for attachment, people with an anxious-ambivalent attachment style because of their feelings of anxiety and rejection, as well as because of their strong attachment and feeling of constant danger from their spouse's infidelity, cause too much psychological disturbance to their spouse and His constant control deprives the freedom, independence, and autonomy of the other party, and as a result, the level of marital intimacy decreases in this type of attachment. On the other hand, people with high levels of avoidant attachment deny the importance of intimate relationships and the need for closeness. As a result, the attachment system becomes inactive in these people and they do not seek support from their spouse in their relationships; Therefore, a husband or wife who has a higher avoidant attachment style compared to their spouse may reject their spouse's needs or respond to them with anger, and when they feel helpless, they will distance themselves from their spouse and cause a decrease in marital intimacy. Couples with a secure attachment feel more attached to their spouse consider the spouse as the main source of security and comfort and have positive feelings toward each other. The secure attachment style leads to the creation of trust and intimacy, and the quality of interpersonal interactions, and commitment It improves the quality of marital relations. People with a secure attachment style have more trust in family relationships and are stable in romantic relationships; Therefore, it increases marital intimacy. When a secure attachment style is formed, this security is transferred to future interpersonal relationships, especially relationships with spouses. Therefore, it makes the relationship of the spouse full of peace and security, these couples are not afraid to communicate and the established relationships are full of intimacy, love, and expression. It is recommended for family officials to use educational workshops and public information in order to increase the intimacy of couples regarding the correct use of smartphones.
Ahmad Mazarei Sotoodeh, Abolfazl Bakhshipour, Mahmoud Jajarmi,
Volume 29, Issue 2 (4-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 2 (4-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Depression is a common mental illness that causes mental, occupational, and physical dysfunction. Most empirical studies on the causes of depression adopt a predisposition-depression model in which vulnerable individuals become depressed when external stressors outweigh the individual's personal resources to overcome the illness. In addition to examining genetic predispositions, research on depression has paid much attention to the study of personality vulnerabilities. Therefore, achieving a healthy society obviously depends on the health of the family and the realization of a healthy family is conditional on the mental health of its members and having a favorable relationship with each other. Therefore, improving the health of family members in their relationships will undoubtedly have positive effects on society. When the family center includes a healthy environment and warm relationships and intimate interpersonal interaction, it can lead to the growth and development of family members. The existence of a satisfactory marriage is a place of intersection and exchange of positive feelings and emotions between couples, and the formation of a normal family plays an important role in the health, quality, and satisfaction of married life and the well-being of the whole society. An important expectation from the pattern of marriage in today's world is that couples pay attention to each other's needs for love, intimacy, and affection. Also, people consider marriage to be the most intimate relationship of adulthood, a relationship for which the main source of affection, support, and satisfaction. The ability to cultivate intimacy is an interpersonal factor, the importance of which is often highlighted because of its essential role in the development of close relationships and its relationship with marital satisfaction. Thus, intimacy creates both personal and communication satisfaction and is the main factor in providing health, adjustment, happiness, and a sense of meaning in couples; Besides, intimacy seems to improve commitment in relationships and increase communication compatibility, so this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of existential group therapy on intimacy and marital satisfaction of depressed married women.
Methods: The present study with the code IR.IAU.BOJNOURD.REC.1399.009 was approved by the ethics committee of Islamic Azad University Bojnourd branch. Quasi-experimental research method with pre-test, post-test with a control group and two-month follow-up and the statistical population of married female clients applied for counseling from two counseling and psychology centers in Mashhad in the period of October to November 1398. Beck Depression Inventory, 56 women who scored higher in this questionnaire according to the inclusion criteria, which were: having at least a diploma, more than 3 years of married life, and no mental or physical illness available 30 women were selected. For these people, the research plan including the number of sessions, the duration of each session, and the issues raised in the sessions, were fully explained, and after obtaining their full consent and desire in the research company, written consent was obtained and their names were included in the research list. Became; Then 30 women were randomly selected into two experimental groups (15 women) and a control (15 women). Research tools: Walker and Thompson Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (1983) and Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire, 1989; Also, the intervention program of the educational-therapeutic package of the existential theory of Frankel and Yalom models were taught to the experimental group in 8 90-minute group sessions. Data were analyzed using repeated measures mixed analysis of variance.
Results: The results show that group existential therapy was effective on the score of marital intimacy (P = 0.020) with an effect size of 0.18 and also on the score of marital satisfaction (P = 0.017) with an effect size of 0.18. Also, the comparison of the three stages in the experimental group and the control group shows that the difference between marital intimacy and marital satisfaction in the post-test and follow-up stages in comparison with the pre-test is significant and this effect remains stable until the follow-up stage; While in the control group, these differences are not significant.
Conclusion: The aim of this study was the effectiveness of group existential therapy on intimacy and marital satisfaction of depressed married women. The results of this study show that the mean of marital intimacy in both experimental groups in the post-test stage has increased compared to the pre-test. Also, repeated measures analysis of variance confirms that this intervention has been able to affect marital intimacy in the post-test and follow-up stages, and this effect has remained stable until two months after the end of the training, according to the results of the Bephroni post hoc test. According to the research literature, each of these approaches is one of the most effective and successful interventions in the field of psychotherapy. A look at the extent of the impact of each of these approaches on marital intimacy in explaining the findings of this study will be enlightening. The basis of all human relationships is the need to belong, to love, to acknowledge, and to respect. Hence, a healthy relationship is characterized by interdependence, calculation, and an existential relationship based on generosity and mutual love. As a result, existential psychotherapy helped married women in the experimental group to get to know each other better during a dynamic relationship with their husbands and family members; Get acquainted with their inner and fundamental needs, meanings and values, and explore them in the depths of their being. They were also trained to identify challenges in their relationships, to approach the issue from their own perspective, and then to try to address the issue from the perspective of the other person as well as the perspective of a third person to address all aspects of a Get acquainted with the problem and challenge and then take action to reduce the challenges in the heart of their relationship by accepting their role and responsibility. According to the research findings, group existential therapy can be used to improve intimacy and marital satisfaction.
Nasibeh Nakhostin, Tavakol Musazadeh, Azar Kiamarsi,
Volume 29, Issue 7 (10-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 7 (10-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Following the growing changes and changes that have occurred in the structure of human societies, the family institution has not been deprived of these changes and in some cases, has accepted dramatic changes in its structure, so marital incompatibility. Nowadays, it has become a social issue that damages the institution of the family and gradually leads the society to a critical situation and the collapse of values. For this reason, social planners need to investigate this problem in practice, identify its causes and factors, and take action to address it. The increasing problems, marital dissatisfaction, incompatibility, the increase in the divorce rate in recent years, as well as its negative consequences, indicate the need and importance of paying attention to marital adjustment. Adaptation means consistent adaptation to change and creating a connection between oneself and the environment in a way that enables maximum self-improvement with social welfare. Adaptation is defined as a continuous process in which specific social learning experiences create psychological needs and enable the acquisition of abilities and skills through which those needs can be met. Therefore, we say that a person is adaptable when he has learned the necessary skills to communicate and interact and can effectively meet his needs. Social adjustment is a process in which a person acquires the ability to be absorbed in that group by learning the principles and customs accepted in the group or community and aligning his or her needs and wants with the group in which he or she lives. Marital incompatibility has many negative effects such as reduced intimacy, reduced marital relationships, and reduced self-esteem in the family. The prevalence of marital incompatibility has always been of interest to psychologists and is more prevalent today. The prevalence of marital incompatibility has been reported in various ways. All the reports, despite their differences, show that the level of marital incompatibility is increasing. Research has shown that the ratio of divorce to marriage is increasing in Iran. A report on marital status in the United States also found that the proportion of children in families with two parents rose from 88 percent to 68 percent. On the other hand, in recent years, helping couples to improve their marital relationships by using training and applying different treatment methods has been considered. It is necessary to help couples to solve marital problems by recognizing the factors and causes affecting marital adjustment and reducing marital conflicts. The effect of communication skills on marital relationships in married couples is very important because it can help professionals in implementing the correct training program to provide better marital communication skills to meet physical and mental needs and wants. It can help couples live happier and more satisfying lives, it can also help them resolve their differences better, and it can therefore create a strong bond for better family functioning and social well-being. Slowly Despite the effectiveness of the emotion-oriented approach in improving subjects' behaviors in various studies, few studies have examined the effectiveness of the emotion-oriented approach on intimacy, communication skills, and feelings of worth. Hence, the research gap in this area is quite obvious. Given that couple adjustment plays an important role in family stability to achieve this goal, the emotional approach can be used, so the research question is whether the emotional approach to intimacy, communication skills And is the feeling of worth effective in incompatible couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran?
Methods: The research method is experimental with a multi-group pretest-posttest design and follow-up period. The statistical population includes all incompatible couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran, whose number in 1400 was equal to 3500 people. Taking into account the existing files of incompatible couples referring to the Family Counseling Center of Tehran, 10 couples (10 men and 10 women) who referred to the Family Counseling Centers of Tehran due to marital incompatibility by sampling method in Availability of choice was divided into two groups of 5 couples (5 couples in the first experimental group and 5 couples in the control group). Criteria for inclusion in the sample are the existence of marital incompatibility, minimum cycle education, passing at least one year of married life, obtaining the consent of clients, and also the criteria for leaving the research are having a history of psychiatric disorders and participating in another treatment program and absence there were more than two sessions in treatment sessions. The individuals selected in these groups, after completing the Thompson and Walker Intimacy Questionnaire (1983), Matson (1983) Communication Skills, and Crocker et al. (2003) and Spanier (1976) Marital Adjustment Questionnaire in the experimental group under the emotion-centered approach treatment was performed and the control group remained to wait until the end of the course. Then post-test was performed for both groups and after two months follow-up was performed for all three groups. The results are analyzed by SPSS software.
Results: The results showed that the emotion-oriented approach affects intimacy, communication skills, and feelings of worth in the subscales (family support, overtaking and competition, physical appearance, and academic competence) in maladapted couples.
Conclusion: The aim of this study was the effectiveness of an emotion-oriented approach to intimacy, communication skills, and feelings of worth in maladapted couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran. For this purpose, from all incompatible couples referred to counseling centers in Tehran, trained individuals and a control group were selected by the available sampling method. The results showed that the emotion-oriented approach to intimacy, communication skills, and feelings of worth in the subscales (family support, overtaking and competition, physical appearance, divine love, scientific competence, and consent from others) in incompatible couples is effective. Explaining the results of this study, it can be said that the emotion-oriented approach by controlling the person's emotions and improving the level of ability to manage the person's emotions teaches him how to react correctly in different emotional times. People who take emotion-oriented training courses know their emotions better and are prepared to be in exciting environments. In these people, emotional intelligence is also strengthened and the person chooses the best behavior and reaction from all the expected behaviors. According to the obtained results, it is suggested to use the emotion-oriented approach to improve the situation of intimacy, communication skills, and sense of worth in couples with marital incompatibility.
Anahita Panahi, Ahmad Ghazanfari, Tayebe Sharifi, Reza Ahmadi,
Volume 29, Issue 8 (11-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 8 (11-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Intimacy is one of the most basic elements in a couple's relationship. Intimacy is a dynamic concept in human relationships, especially in marital relationships, which means openness and non-inhibition in relationships and the closeness of two or more people in various emotional, logical and functional dimensions. Couples who experience a higher degree of intimacy, apart from socioeconomic status, report significantly fewer adjustment problems in their marital relationship (1).
Given the importance of intimacy, identifying effective intervention and educational approaches to increase couple intimacy to improve couple relationships will be very useful. One of these approaches is motivational interviewing, which is a combination of principles and techniques derived from a very wide range of models of psychotherapy and behavior change (4).
In addition, given that many marital problems have emotional roots, the recent approach to meta-diagnostic treatment to resolve couples' problems has come into focus; Because this treatment emphasizes emotions and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, emotional experience and response to emotion is the main basis in the meta-diagnostic approach (12). But it is not clear which intervention is more effective. On the other hand, it is not clear whether these interventions affect intimacy or not, and which intervention is more effective is also in a state of ambiguity.
Methods: In order to conduct applied and quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test design, from couples referring to counseling centers in Shahrekord in 1399-1400 (1250 couples), by purposive sampling method and provided entry conditions For the study (with at least a third grade of middle school, age range 25 to 45 years, no disabling physical or mental illness) 60 couples were selected and randomly divided into three groups of motivational interview, meta-diagnostic treatment and witness. Before, immediately after and 45-day follow-up, the subjects completed the Wonden Brook and Bertman (1995) intimacy questionnaire, and the experimental groups each received 8 sessions of 90-minute intervention.
Finally, from descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Kalmogorov-Smirnov tests, analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc using SPSS software version 25 at a significance level of 0.05 for statistical analysis of data used.
Results: The results showed that the meta-diagnostic therapy group and motivational interviewing could lead to a change in the mean scores of the couple's intimacy (intimacy, agreement, honesty, love and commitment) in the post-test and follow-up stages. In order to be effective, the meta-diagnostic therapy and motivational interview therapy group was able to increase the mean scores of the couple's intimacy (intimacy, agreement, honesty, interest and love and commitment) in the post-test and follow-up stages. On the other hand, it was found that there were no significant changes between the pre-test scores.
The results showed that the mean scores of the couple's intimacy variable, regardless of the effect of grouping, changed significantly during the post-test and follow-up stages, which is a significant difference compared to the pre-test (p = 0.001). On the other hand, it was found that the variable of grouping (post-diagnostic treatment group therapy) regardless of stages (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) had a significant effect on the intimacy variable of couples. This means that meta-diagnostic treatment was a significant effect compared to the control group (p = 0.001). Finally, the results indicate that meta-diagnostic treatment with the interaction of stages also had a significant effect on the test stages (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) of the couple intimacy variable (p = 0.001).
The results of post hoc test (Table 3) show that the difference between the mean scores of pre-test and post-test is significant by following the variable of couple intimacy. However, there is no significant difference between the mean of the post-test and the follow-up of this variable. This means that the mean scores of couples intimacy in the follow-up phase did not change significantly compared to the post-test, but due to the lack of follow-up scores compared to the post-test and a significant change in follow-up scores compared to the pre-test shows that the effectiveness of meta-diagnostic treatment on intimacy over time Preserved.
On the other hand, it was found that the difference between the mean scores of intimate couples in the experimental group of meta-diagnostic therapy and the experimental group of motivational interviews was not significant and this finding means that the effectiveness of meta-diagnostic treatment and motivational interviews on the intimacy of couples was not significant. However, the difference between the experimental groups (meta-diagnostic therapy and motivational interview) with the control group was significant. In a summary, it can be stated as follows: Transdiagnostic treatment intervention and motivational interview have a significant effect on the level of intimacy of couples; However, the effectiveness of meta-diagnostic treatment and motivational interviewing on the level of intimacy of couples are not significantly different (Table 4).
Conclusion: In explaining the effectiveness of motivational interview on couples intimacy, it should be noted that the therapist's goal in motivational interview is to create a safe environment to express problems and then, strengthen the desire to change to improve relationships in the client, which leads to increased intrinsic motivation. . Since intimacy is a feature that is not a fixed feature and changes when the couple is faced with stressful situations. Therefore, motivational interviewing, by increasing the couple's inner motivation to maintain intimacy in difficult life situations, causes the couple to communicate with each other emotionally (increase interest), then plan with interest to improve their relationship (reduce boredom) and from this Satisfy and enjoy your action (increase intimacy) (9).
In explaining this finding, it may be pointed out that couples are more likely to not be able to use positive emotions effectively in times of conflict, and on the contrary, they have a lot of negative emotions, which causes other problems such as negative perception. Concerns about their relationship with their spouse and improper marital functioning become a reason for their intimacy to be disrupted. However, emotional awareness training in meta-diagnostic therapy makes them aware of the existence of negative emotions and their negative impact on themselves, or try to recover emotions in different situations to keep the emotion healthy, and thus, the rate of marital problems is reduced and in The result is marital intimacy (14).
Ahmad Mazarei Sotoodeh, Abolfazl Bakhshipour, Mahmoud Jajarmi,
Volume 30, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Depression is a feeling of extreme sadness and grief that can range from mild frustration to a feeling of great despair (1). Depression affects the quality of married life of individuals and impairs their performance more than anxiety disorders and as much as the most common medical diseases (2). In this regard, the development of intimacy between spouses is the first step towards creating a desirable marriage (5); Therefore, establishing and maintaining intimate relationships in marriage is a skill and an art that, in addition to early mental health and healthy experiences, requires the acquisition of skills and the performance of special tasks (6). In this regard, research shows that the root of many marital problems is the lack of intimacy and communication problems between spouses (2). Dissatisfaction with intimacy may lead to increased conflicts, decreased marital satisfaction, and emotional and psychological problems (7); In today's society, couples have severe and pervasive problems to establish and maintain an intimate relationship, and often seek treatment to re-establish levels of trust and satisfaction in their relationship, especially issues related to emotional-communication ties with important people in life (9). People who have difficulty developing intimacy often seek counseling for their marital problem, while increasing and improving intimacy is often one of the goals of couple therapy (7). Therefore, various therapeutic interventions have been performed with people with low quality marital relationships, and it has been confirmed that one of the effective therapeutic interventions to improve the quality of marital relationships and promote marital intimacy is to enrich marital life training based on Glaser theory of reality therapy. Considering the above and the importance of married life on the one hand, the negative impact of depression on life on the other hand and considering the impact of reality therapy on married life, therefore, by reviewing research conducted at home and abroad, research on the impact of reality therapy on Intimacy and marital satisfaction have not been performed in depressed married women. On the other hand, policymakers, researchers and psychotherapists in our country have not paid much attention to preventive methods and these methods need more scientific study, so the present study is necessary. Methods: For the present quasi-experimental and applied research, which was conducted with the experimental and control group and the pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up research plan, 30 depressed women referred to two counseling and psychology centers in Mashhad in 1398 (94 people) were 30 people. They were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups: reality therapy and control. After completing the consent form, they completed the Walker and Thompson Marriage Intimacy Questionnaire (1983) and the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1989). Then, the subjects of the experimental group underwent 8 sessions of 90 minutes under the reality therapy program of Duba et al. (2009). Immediately after the intervention and two months later, the questionnaires were completed again by the subjects Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Shapirovilk tests, analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc using SPSS software version 23 were used for statistical analysis of data. Results: The results showed that the mean marital intimacy of the experimental groups in the post-test stage increased compared to the pre-test. It was also found that group reality therapy intervention compared to the control group increased marital intimacy after the test and stability in the follow-up phase of married women. It was also found that the difference between the mean of marital intimacy between pre-test and post-test and follow-up stages was significant (P = 0.001) but the mean difference between post-test and follow-up was not significant, indicating that the results in follow-up did not return and the effect of intervention was stable. . Another finding showed that the average marital satisfaction of married women in the experimental group increased in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test. It was also found that group reality therapy intervention compared to the control group increased marital satisfaction after the test and stability in the follow-up phase in married women. The results of post hoc test showed that the mean of marital satisfaction between pre-test and post-test and follow-up stages was significant (P = 0.001) but the mean difference between post-test and follow-up was not significant, indicating that the results in follow-up stage did not return and the effect of intervention was stable. have been. Conclusion: The results showed that the mean of marital intimacy in the experimental group increased in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test. It was also found that training has been able to affect marital intimacy in the post-test and follow-up stages, and this effect has remained stable until two months after the end of training, according to the results of the Bephrone post hoc test. In the above explanation, it can be said that in reality therapy, it emphasizes on cultivating a sense of responsibility to satisfy the basic needs of oneself and one's spouse and liberation from external control; Therefore, people may not have paid enough attention to their own needs and the needs of the other party, because meeting each other's needs in the marital relationship is one of the important factors in improving marital intimacy; However, attending reality therapy training sessions has been able to draw their attention to these important issues and to consider them in practice (2). Therefore, teaching how to look at these needs and meet them has been able to help couples. (20). As a result of reality therapy training, awareness about the intensity of couples' needs and creating a sense of responsibility has increased, and as a result, satisfying their needs has been able to play an important role in creating and improving sincere relationships. Another finding showed that the mean of marital satisfaction in the experimental group increased in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test. It was also found that these trainings were able to affect marital satisfaction in the post-test and follow-up stages, and this effect remained stable until two months after the end of the training. In explaining the results in terms of the effect of reality therapy, it can be said that Glasser's emphasis on accepting responsibility for each person's behavior helps people to examine and examine their own behavior instead of addressing their spouse's behavior and putting him or her under a magnifying glass. Play their part in problems and reduce marital satisfaction And thus improve their relationships; Reality therapy counselors based on Glasser's concepts try to increase couples 'trust, intimacy and marital satisfaction in their clinical interventions by increasing responsibility in couples and teaching communication skills, and strengthen couples' sense of commitment; Another factor that Glasser considers effective in strengthening and stabilizing marital relations is the couple's attention to each other's wants and needs; They learn to satisfy their own and their spouse's needs through loving behaviors (22).
Mohammadreza Naderiyan, Ahmad Ghazanfari, Reza Ahmadi, Maryam Cherami,
Volume 30, Issue 2 (4-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 2 (4-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Anxiety is one of the issues that human beings have always been involved with over time (1). One of the characteristics associated with anxiety and quality of life is self-compassion. Compassionate people feel better about themselves and therefore experience more satisfaction in interpersonal relationships. Self-compassion is one of the factors that reduce anxiety (7). Another thing that seems to be related to anxiety due to its special nature is social skills. And is one of the variables that has a significant effect on mental health and can play a major role in mental health and therefore anxiety (12). However, among the disorders that can disrupt social success is anxiety, and the destruction of social relationships is one of the biggest consequences of this disorder, although anxious people are eager to have social relationships (14).
One of the methods that affects the cognitive aspects is the reciprocal behavior analysis method, which is an interactive treatment method that emphasizes the cognitive, rational and behavioral aspects of the treatment process and aims to increase people's awareness and power to make new decisions. In doing so, they change the course of their lives. One of the therapies that deals with emotions and its effects on anxiety has been studied is emotion-focused therapy (17). In view of the above, the researcher seeks to answer the question whether there is a significant difference between the effectiveness of group therapy focused on emotion and the analysis of reciprocal behavior in social intimacy, social acceptance and compassion for anxious clients of counseling centers in Isfahan?
Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a one-month follow-up period. To conduct this study, among the anxious clients of Tohid Counseling Centers in Isfahan in the spring and summer of 1399, whose anxiety disorder was identified through clinical interview and SCL-90 questionnaire, 60 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into three groups. 20 people were divided. Before the beginning of the intervention, all individuals had a sample questionnaire of Nef (2003) self-compassion questionnaire with 26 questions and 6 components, Miller and Lefkourt (1982) social intimacy questionnaire with 17 questions and two components and Marlowe and Crown (1960) social acceptance test. They completed 33 questions before, after and one month after the interventions.
Also, the experimental group received emotion-focused treatment interventions and interaction behavioral analysis therapy interventions received 12 sessions of 120 minutes of treatment, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapiro and Wilk test and repeated measures analysis of variance were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that there is a difference between the effectiveness of the two types of interventions on self-compassion. It was also found that both emotion-focused group therapy and interaction behavioral analysis therapy were effective compared to the control group. However, the mean score of self-compassion in group therapy focused on emotion and interaction behavior analysis is not significantly different.
Another finding showed that there is a difference between the effectiveness of two types of interventions on social intimacy. It was also found that the mean scores of social intimacy in the emotion-focused treatment group and interaction behavior analysis and the control group were significantly different. Comparison of means shows that emotion-focused therapy and behavioral analysis are effective. But the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy is greater than that of reciprocal behavior analysis.
Finally, it was found that there is a difference between the effectiveness of two types of interventions on social acceptance. Also, the mean scores of social acceptance in the emotion-focused treatment group and the interaction behavior analysis group and the control group are significantly different.
Conclusion: Explaining the results, it can be said that reciprocal behavior analysis is one of the most effective psychological theories. It causes a more correct orientation in life, which has a positive effect on people's verbal and non-verbal behaviors and brings peace and people experience more pleasure in life. Also, emotion-focused therapy is that emotion is the foundation and determining factor for self-organization at the beginning of its construction (20).
On the other hand, it can be said that the teachings of exchange analysis in the field of caress and strategies for providing caress, intimacy, free expression of feelings and self-disclosure in an atmosphere of psychological security and mutual empathy, can reduce the negative confrontation among anxious people. . Finally, approaching bitter mental and emotional experiences is often a difficult and tedious process for clients. The therapist's mission in this area, in addition to creating an effective relationship, is to teach emotion regulation skills. The creators of emotion-based therapy believe that emotion regulation is a process rather than a training program with a specific protocol, and in this respect the therapist's work is more like a work of the waist than a low-knowledge task (20).
One of the methods that affects the cognitive aspects is the reciprocal behavior analysis method, which is an interactive treatment method that emphasizes the cognitive, rational and behavioral aspects of the treatment process and aims to increase people's awareness and power to make new decisions. In doing so, they change the course of their lives. One of the therapies that deals with emotions and its effects on anxiety has been studied is emotion-focused therapy (17). In view of the above, the researcher seeks to answer the question whether there is a significant difference between the effectiveness of group therapy focused on emotion and the analysis of reciprocal behavior in social intimacy, social acceptance and compassion for anxious clients of counseling centers in Isfahan?
Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a one-month follow-up period. To conduct this study, among the anxious clients of Tohid Counseling Centers in Isfahan in the spring and summer of 1399, whose anxiety disorder was identified through clinical interview and SCL-90 questionnaire, 60 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into three groups. 20 people were divided. Before the beginning of the intervention, all individuals had a sample questionnaire of Nef (2003) self-compassion questionnaire with 26 questions and 6 components, Miller and Lefkourt (1982) social intimacy questionnaire with 17 questions and two components and Marlowe and Crown (1960) social acceptance test. They completed 33 questions before, after and one month after the interventions.
Also, the experimental group received emotion-focused treatment interventions and interaction behavioral analysis therapy interventions received 12 sessions of 120 minutes of treatment, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapiro and Wilk test and repeated measures analysis of variance were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that there is a difference between the effectiveness of the two types of interventions on self-compassion. It was also found that both emotion-focused group therapy and interaction behavioral analysis therapy were effective compared to the control group. However, the mean score of self-compassion in group therapy focused on emotion and interaction behavior analysis is not significantly different.
Another finding showed that there is a difference between the effectiveness of two types of interventions on social intimacy. It was also found that the mean scores of social intimacy in the emotion-focused treatment group and interaction behavior analysis and the control group were significantly different. Comparison of means shows that emotion-focused therapy and behavioral analysis are effective. But the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy is greater than that of reciprocal behavior analysis.
Finally, it was found that there is a difference between the effectiveness of two types of interventions on social acceptance. Also, the mean scores of social acceptance in the emotion-focused treatment group and the interaction behavior analysis group and the control group are significantly different.
Conclusion: Explaining the results, it can be said that reciprocal behavior analysis is one of the most effective psychological theories. It causes a more correct orientation in life, which has a positive effect on people's verbal and non-verbal behaviors and brings peace and people experience more pleasure in life. Also, emotion-focused therapy is that emotion is the foundation and determining factor for self-organization at the beginning of its construction (20).
On the other hand, it can be said that the teachings of exchange analysis in the field of caress and strategies for providing caress, intimacy, free expression of feelings and self-disclosure in an atmosphere of psychological security and mutual empathy, can reduce the negative confrontation among anxious people. . Finally, approaching bitter mental and emotional experiences is often a difficult and tedious process for clients. The therapist's mission in this area, in addition to creating an effective relationship, is to teach emotion regulation skills. The creators of emotion-based therapy believe that emotion regulation is a process rather than a training program with a specific protocol, and in this respect the therapist's work is more like a work of the waist than a low-knowledge task (20).
Nasibeh Nakhostin, Tavakol Musazadeh, Azar Kiamarsi,
Volume 30, Issue 3 (5-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 3 (5-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: The social developments of the past decades at the global level have faced the family system with new and diverse changes, challenges, issues, and needs. During this period, the family has been increasingly threatened by multiple and complex causes and factors. When the functions of the family, such as biological, social, cognitive, and emotional functions are damaged one after the other, its members gradually lose their sense of satisfaction. The gradual decrease in the satisfaction of family members due to incompatibility between couples first causes psychological dissociation and then social dissociation. In fact, the functioning of the family is formed based on the relationship between the spouses, and the conflicts between them cause the family system to undergo serious problems. One of the factors that can be mentioned as an influential factor in the occurrence of marital conflicts is intimacy, which in fact, with the reduction of this factor, the process of incompatibility moves forward quickly, and as an essential factor, it can be paid. Marital compatibility can be more in couples that have a higher level of intimacy. In other words, couples with higher intimacy are more capable of facing problems and changes related to their relationship, and as a result, they experience higher marital satisfaction and compatibility. On the other hand, communication skills are considered to be complex processes that enable a person to behave in such a way that others consider him/her adequate. Skills are the necessary abilities to perform purposeful and successful behaviors. Communication skills are the ability to symbolically and efficiently convey the meanings and messages that a person has in mind. When the couple's communication is of better quality, they can be closer to each other and can share their thoughts and feelings, as a result, they feel more intimate and avoid possible misunderstandings that arise in marital conflicts. They prevent seizures. Various treatment methods have been used to solve marital problems. The existence of incompatibility and unhealthy functioning of the family leads to the emergence of various family complications and damages. Therefore, it is necessary to implement therapeutic interventions to increase the functioning of couples, and one of the most effective therapeutic approaches in this field is schema therapy. Schema therapy is effective in improving the sense of closeness and psychological state of couples, marital relations, communication documents and sexual performance of couples, communication beliefs, and marital compatibility, and reducing the desire for divorce. The schema therapy approach is a fundamental evolution in cognitive therapy. The schema therapy approach was formed and developed at the heart of the cognitive therapy approach, based on the attachment theory. Schemas, as traces of a complex set of cognitions, feelings, and tendencies to react, are placed in the neural networks of the brain based on previous experiences. As soon as these patterns are activated in the later stages of life, people will feel trapped. By presenting the role of schemas and coping responses in conceptualizing psychological problems, schema therapy has been able to play a greater role in explaining psychological problems. Despite conducting various studies in the field of the effect of the use of treatment protocols on marital psychological characteristics, there are still many gaps in this field. Each of the conducted research is limited to certain statistical societies and cannot be generalized to the whole society. Also, the way of implementing treatment protocols may be of different quality, which requires repeating these training and comparing their results to reach the final conclusion. Conducting the present research can bring significant and interesting results by examining the effectiveness of the schema therapy protocol. Despite the effectiveness of schema therapy in improving subjects' behaviors in various studies, there have been few studies that have been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on intimacy and communication skills. Therefore, the research gap in this field is quite evident. Considering that the compatibility of couples plays an important role in the stability of the family, schema therapy can be used to achieve this goal, so the research question is whether schema therapy can affect intimacy and communication skills in incompatible couples. Is it effective for counseling centers in Tehran?
Methods: It is a semi-experimental research method with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population included all incompatible couples who referred to the counseling centers of Tehran in the first half of 1400, and by taking possession of the existing files of incompatible couples who referred to the counseling centers of Tehran, the number of 10 couples (10 men and 10 women) who due to conflicts Marital have referred to counseling centers in Tehran using available sampling method and were placed in two groups of 5 couples (5 couples in the experimental group, 5 couples in the control group). The data collection tool was Thompson and Walker's Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (1983), Matson's Communication Skills Questionnaire (1983), and Spanier's Marital Compatibility Questionnaire (1976). In this research, Yang's schema therapy protocol was used for schema therapy training, which was used for three months and in 10 sessions of 120 minutes, as shown in table no. The mixed variance analysis test with repeated measurements was used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that schema therapy is effective and stable in intimacy and related skills in incompatible couples. Also, the difference between the scores of all components in the pre-test and post-test stages, as well as pre-test and follow-up is significant (P<0.01), while the difference between the post-test and the follow-up stage is not significant. (P>0.01). This finding means that schema therapy has not only improved the marital intimacy components of couples in the experimental group, but this effect has also been stable in the follow-up phase. Also, the results of Table 6 show that the difference between the scores of communication skills in the pre-test and post-test stages as well as pre-test and follow-up is significant (P<0.01), while the difference between The test and the follow-up phase are not significant (P>0.01). This finding means that schema therapy has not only improved the communication skills of couples in the experimental group, but this effect has also been stable in the follow-up phase.
Conclusion: According to the results of this research, in general, schema therapy has a significant and stable effect on intimacy and communication skills in incompatible couples. In other words, schema therapy has improved intimacy and communication skills in incompatible couples. Every study has some limitations, and this study, like other studies, is not exempt from this case, which can be mentioned as the following limitations. In this research, only questionnaires were used to collect information, and due to practical limitations, interviews were not used to collect knowledge data. Also, the limitation of the sample size and the sampling method inevitably used the available sampling method. The main limitation of this research is that the current research sample was selected from among incompatible couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran, and the generalization of the results of this research to other people should be done with caution. Also, in this research, the possible effect of some intervening variables such as family, cultural, social, and economic factors and personality traits such as mental health or underlying family problems and their role in the research variables were not investigated, which found generalizability. It reduces research.
Methods: It is a semi-experimental research method with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population included all incompatible couples who referred to the counseling centers of Tehran in the first half of 1400, and by taking possession of the existing files of incompatible couples who referred to the counseling centers of Tehran, the number of 10 couples (10 men and 10 women) who due to conflicts Marital have referred to counseling centers in Tehran using available sampling method and were placed in two groups of 5 couples (5 couples in the experimental group, 5 couples in the control group). The data collection tool was Thompson and Walker's Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (1983), Matson's Communication Skills Questionnaire (1983), and Spanier's Marital Compatibility Questionnaire (1976). In this research, Yang's schema therapy protocol was used for schema therapy training, which was used for three months and in 10 sessions of 120 minutes, as shown in table no. The mixed variance analysis test with repeated measurements was used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that schema therapy is effective and stable in intimacy and related skills in incompatible couples. Also, the difference between the scores of all components in the pre-test and post-test stages, as well as pre-test and follow-up is significant (P<0.01), while the difference between the post-test and the follow-up stage is not significant. (P>0.01). This finding means that schema therapy has not only improved the marital intimacy components of couples in the experimental group, but this effect has also been stable in the follow-up phase. Also, the results of Table 6 show that the difference between the scores of communication skills in the pre-test and post-test stages as well as pre-test and follow-up is significant (P<0.01), while the difference between The test and the follow-up phase are not significant (P>0.01). This finding means that schema therapy has not only improved the communication skills of couples in the experimental group, but this effect has also been stable in the follow-up phase.
Conclusion: According to the results of this research, in general, schema therapy has a significant and stable effect on intimacy and communication skills in incompatible couples. In other words, schema therapy has improved intimacy and communication skills in incompatible couples. Every study has some limitations, and this study, like other studies, is not exempt from this case, which can be mentioned as the following limitations. In this research, only questionnaires were used to collect information, and due to practical limitations, interviews were not used to collect knowledge data. Also, the limitation of the sample size and the sampling method inevitably used the available sampling method. The main limitation of this research is that the current research sample was selected from among incompatible couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran, and the generalization of the results of this research to other people should be done with caution. Also, in this research, the possible effect of some intervening variables such as family, cultural, social, and economic factors and personality traits such as mental health or underlying family problems and their role in the research variables were not investigated, which found generalizability. It reduces research.
Aziz Lachini, Mina Mojtabaie, Malek Mirhashemi,
Volume 30, Issue 6 (9-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 6 (9-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: The aim of this research was to develop and validate an educational package, an intervention for pervasive anxiety based on a solution-oriented perspective and to test it clinically on marital intimacy in couples referring to medical centers.
Methods: The current research was conducted in two parts, qualitative and quantitative. The first sub-study: Compilation of an interventional, educational package for generalized anxiety based on a solution-oriented approach through 1) review, 2) review of experts' opinions using the Delphi method, and 3) determining the content validity of the designed educational package, and the second sub-study: clinical trial of the educational package. , an intervention on meta-anxiety, psychological capital and marital intimacy. The quantitative part of the research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The treatment package was compiled in 8 sessions of 45 minutes. This package was implemented on 30 couples, at least one of whom had generalized anxiety disorder. Sampling was available in a purposeful way, which was randomly replaced in the two experimental groups (15 couples) and the control group (15 couples). Finally, the information of 27 couples entered the statistical analysis. The research tools were Spitzer et al.'s 7-item generalized anxiety disorder questionnaire (GAD-7), and Bagaroozi couple's need for intimacy questionnaire (MINQ), which were completed by both groups at the beginning and end of the intervention. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS 26 software and the inferential statistics of the multivariate analysis. By analyzing and refining these ideas, removing duplicates and using the same words, the researcher extracts the final list of factors related to the research problem. The research environment included all universities of medical sciences and universities of the Ministry of Science of the country. The researched community included all key informants including experts, experts, specialists in the field of mental health (psychiatrists, psychologists) and... The entry criteria of the participants include the desire to participate in the interview, having a doctorate degree/specialization in the field of mental health (psychology/psychiatry), having at least 5 years of teaching, research and treatment experience in the field of mental health in reputable scientific centers and experts in the field. Psychological treatments and especially the solution-oriented approach. To collect the required information based on the purposeful sampling method in the Delphi method, 13 experts and faculty members of the universities of medical sciences and the Ministry of Science of the country and abroad were selected in the fields of psychiatry and psychology. Then the compilation of the final educational-intervention package was done in two stages of the research: compilation of data and compilation of the content of the package based on generalized anxiety and compilation of the executive structure of the treatment package with the focus of generalized anxiety. The prepared educational package was sent to experts (10 experts) in the field of psychology to check its content validity. They were asked to comment on relevance, clarity and simplicity, and essentials. To analyze the data in terms of content validity, two indices of content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were used. In order to calculate this ratio, the opinions of experts were used in the field of the content of the compiled educational package. The experts were asked to classify each of the techniques and meetings, tasks and work of leaves according to the three-part Likert scale: it is necessary, it is useful but not necessary, it is not necessary. In the implementation phase of the educational package (trial phase), the purpose of this phase was to conduct a clinical trial of the educational intervention package on meta-anxiety and psychological capital and marital intimacy of couples referring to treatment centers, one of which had pervasive anxiety. This was a semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The research community includes all couples who, based on the screening, at least one of them has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder and have referred to psychiatric offices, clinics, counseling offices and psychological services in Mahabad city from July 1401 to October 1401. According to Cohen's table, the sample size will be 10 people for each group with the test power of 85 and the effect size of 70 and alpha of 0.05, but to consider the possibility of dropping out, 15 people were determined in each group, and the selection of the research sample is available non-randomly. The inclusion criteria for people to participate in the research in order to compare the people under study and according to the characteristics of the research are: the agreement and willingness of the couple to participate in the research and sign a written consent form, having symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder as diagnosed by a psychiatrist or psychologist of the center and a high score in the anxiety questionnaire Inclusive, in case of drug use, the possibility of keeping the type and amount of drug used constant during the research, being married and having at least one and a maximum of 15 years of cohabitation, not on the verge of divorce, reading and writing literacy at least until the end of middle school, age range 50 20 years, commitment and willingness of the couple to regularly and continuously participate in the meetings, not having addictions and not having a severe mental disorder according to the clinical interview and not receiving other individual and couple counseling and psychological services during the participation in the interventional and educational sessions of the research.
Results: The results showed that the pervasive anxiety intervention training package based on the solution-oriented approach had an effect on the rest of the marital intimacy components, except for the spiritual and aesthetic intimacy of the couple's intimacy components.
Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that the comprehensive anxiety intervention package based on the solution-oriented approach had an effect on marital intimacy.
Rezgar Majidi, Omid Moradi, Yahya Yarahmadi, Maryam Akbari,
Volume 30, Issue 7 (10-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 7 (10-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: A healthy and dynamic society depends on a healthy family. The family is the first founder of personality, values, intellectual criteria and also one of the most important social institutions and preservation of human emotions. Family is the main pillar in the formation or continuation of mental disorders, this finding has been confirmed in various studies (1, 2). On the other hand, mental disorders can disrupt the functioning of families (3). When one family member suffers from a mental disorder, other family members get involved in some way and bear a lot of pressure (4). In recent years, fundamental changes in the shape and characteristics of the family have been noticeable in Iran. The decrease in the level of birth and fertility, in addition to the decisive effect it had on the rate of population growth and through that population adjustment, has also affected the composition and structure of the population (5). Satisfaction with life and desired number of children is considered the main factor in women's fertility. In his theory, Gary Becker believes that reproductive behavior is the result of family selection (6).Marriage is the most important and fundamental human relationship, because it provides the basic structure for creating a family relationship and educating the next generation (11), according to Sternberg and Hodgett (1997), marital satisfaction is a very important and complex aspect of the marital relationship. In other words, one of the vital aspects of a marital system is the satisfaction of the spouses with their relationship. Marital satisfaction is a process that occurs throughout the life of a couple and includes four areas of attraction (physical, sexual), understanding, attitude and investment. These variables lead to couples' satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the marital relationship (12).
Considering the declining trend of population growth in Iran and its consequences and considering that Khushodi will strengthen the family. In this regard, developing a model that can increase family consolidation and cover population growth strategy to some extent was of interest to researchers, therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate marital satisfaction based on attachment styles through the mediation of couples' marital intimacy.
Methods: In this study, the modeling of marital satisfaction based on attachment styles with the mediation of marital intimacy was done using the path analysis model, and then using descriptive statistics - correlation of the structural equation model type and to develop a semi-experimental model of the post-test type with The control group was used. The collected samples include all married men and women referring to the family clinic laboratory and specialized clinic of Quds Hospital in Sanandaj who lived in Sanandaj between March 2017 and August 2018. To determine the sample size in this research, 500 subjects were selected using available sampling method and research tools were implemented on them. At first, written consent was obtained from all subjects and then they entered the study. Questionnaires were completed for each person in 4 sessions. The questionnaires were presented to the participants along with the necessary explanations. Questionnaires used include: Collins and Reed's adult attachment styles, marital satisfaction, Sexual Quality of Life - Female (SQOL-F) & SQOL-M. The data was analyzed using SPSS-22 statistical software, Lisrel 8.5 and SmartPLS 3.2.8 software. All analyzes were performed at the 5% level. Then the research hypotheses were tested based on the results obtained from examining the questions using descriptive statistics and using statistical tests (variance analysis, correlation and multivariate regression).
Results: The obtained results indicate that secure, avoidant, ambivalent attachment style has an effect on marital intimacy. Also, intimacy has a positive and direct effect on marital satisfaction. Other results obtained indicate that secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles do not affect marital satisfaction. But secure attachment style has a positive effect on marital intimacy; Avoidant and ambivalent attachment style has a negative effect on marital intimacy.
Conclusion: The results obtained from our study indicate that secure, avoidant, ambivalent attachment style has an effect on marital intimacy. This finding is consistent with the results of the study conducted by Rezaei et al. (19) in which it was found that marital satisfaction was significant in the secure attachment style with intimacy and commitment and in the avoidant attachment style with intimacy, passion and commitment. . The findings obtained from a perspective are also similar to the research of Nosko et al. (20) who found that people who showed a more secure (and less avoidant) attachment style at the age of 17, while maintaining this attachment style, at the age of 26, from a True love is consistent in their relationships. It is also consistent with the study by Lavi et al. (21) who observed love as a mediating variable in the relationship between avoidant attachment style and life satisfaction. Hafizi and Jamei (22) also found in their research that love, positive affect and secure attachment style have a positive and significant relationship with marital satisfaction, which is consistent with the present study. In their study, Wong Pakaran et al. (23) concluded that avoidant attachment style along with romantic relationships predict life satisfaction, which is consistent with our study. In their research, Nouri and Jan Zaregi (24) also stated that attachment styles are related to attitudes towards love and marriage values. In fact, from these results, it can be concluded that people with secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment style have higher marital intimacy, in fact, the components of marital intimacy and attachment style can have a significant effect on better relationships and satisfaction with their spouse. . However, regarding the attachment style, there have been some studies that are not consistent with the results of our study. Among these studies, Rajabi et al.
Most of these views believe that the effective factors in marital satisfaction are important because a person's satisfaction with married life is an important part of interpersonal and family health. According to Allen and Bokam (26), the avoidance style presents the relationship with the main couple as an inappropriate closeness. In this case, it can be said that due to constant anxiety of rejection, these people are constantly in the direction of closeness and excessive dependence on the other party, i.e. spouse, because in their close and intimate relationships, they unconsciously have childhood relationships with the face. It remembers attachment and thus awakens the anxiety caused by the rejection experienced in childhood. This emotional cooling is also effective on people's sexual relationships and causes a decrease in sexual satisfaction. As a result, the more insecure a person is, the less his or her desire to get close to another person, and in this way, insecure attachment can have a negative effect on sexual satisfaction, and finally, it was found that the mediating effect of marital intimacy in the relationship between secure, avoidant and Ambivalence is significant with marital satisfaction. This finding is consistent with the results of a study by Sharnia and X (27) that showed that people with a secure attachment style compared to insecure people have higher levels of intimacy, favorable expectations towards their partner, better marital quality and more optimism towards Marriage and report more love and commitment to each other, it is aligned. In a study conducted by Mansoori et al. (28) with the aim of providing a structural model for predicting marital intimacy based on attachment styles with the mediation of the love commitment component in married students. The results obtained in that research indicated the direct effect of secure attachment style on students' marital intimacy, which is consistent with our study. In explaining this finding, it can be stated that whenever the attachment style is formed in a secure manner, this security is transferred to future interpersonal relationships, especially relationships with spouse. Therefore, they see the relationship of their spouse as full of peace and security, they are not afraid of establishing a relationship, and they describe the established relationship as full of intimacy and love.
Considering the declining trend of population growth in Iran and its consequences and considering that Khushodi will strengthen the family. In this regard, developing a model that can increase family consolidation and cover population growth strategy to some extent was of interest to researchers, therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate marital satisfaction based on attachment styles through the mediation of couples' marital intimacy.
Methods: In this study, the modeling of marital satisfaction based on attachment styles with the mediation of marital intimacy was done using the path analysis model, and then using descriptive statistics - correlation of the structural equation model type and to develop a semi-experimental model of the post-test type with The control group was used. The collected samples include all married men and women referring to the family clinic laboratory and specialized clinic of Quds Hospital in Sanandaj who lived in Sanandaj between March 2017 and August 2018. To determine the sample size in this research, 500 subjects were selected using available sampling method and research tools were implemented on them. At first, written consent was obtained from all subjects and then they entered the study. Questionnaires were completed for each person in 4 sessions. The questionnaires were presented to the participants along with the necessary explanations. Questionnaires used include: Collins and Reed's adult attachment styles, marital satisfaction, Sexual Quality of Life - Female (SQOL-F) & SQOL-M. The data was analyzed using SPSS-22 statistical software, Lisrel 8.5 and SmartPLS 3.2.8 software. All analyzes were performed at the 5% level. Then the research hypotheses were tested based on the results obtained from examining the questions using descriptive statistics and using statistical tests (variance analysis, correlation and multivariate regression).
Results: The obtained results indicate that secure, avoidant, ambivalent attachment style has an effect on marital intimacy. Also, intimacy has a positive and direct effect on marital satisfaction. Other results obtained indicate that secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles do not affect marital satisfaction. But secure attachment style has a positive effect on marital intimacy; Avoidant and ambivalent attachment style has a negative effect on marital intimacy.
Conclusion: The results obtained from our study indicate that secure, avoidant, ambivalent attachment style has an effect on marital intimacy. This finding is consistent with the results of the study conducted by Rezaei et al. (19) in which it was found that marital satisfaction was significant in the secure attachment style with intimacy and commitment and in the avoidant attachment style with intimacy, passion and commitment. . The findings obtained from a perspective are also similar to the research of Nosko et al. (20) who found that people who showed a more secure (and less avoidant) attachment style at the age of 17, while maintaining this attachment style, at the age of 26, from a True love is consistent in their relationships. It is also consistent with the study by Lavi et al. (21) who observed love as a mediating variable in the relationship between avoidant attachment style and life satisfaction. Hafizi and Jamei (22) also found in their research that love, positive affect and secure attachment style have a positive and significant relationship with marital satisfaction, which is consistent with the present study. In their study, Wong Pakaran et al. (23) concluded that avoidant attachment style along with romantic relationships predict life satisfaction, which is consistent with our study. In their research, Nouri and Jan Zaregi (24) also stated that attachment styles are related to attitudes towards love and marriage values. In fact, from these results, it can be concluded that people with secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment style have higher marital intimacy, in fact, the components of marital intimacy and attachment style can have a significant effect on better relationships and satisfaction with their spouse. . However, regarding the attachment style, there have been some studies that are not consistent with the results of our study. Among these studies, Rajabi et al.
Most of these views believe that the effective factors in marital satisfaction are important because a person's satisfaction with married life is an important part of interpersonal and family health. According to Allen and Bokam (26), the avoidance style presents the relationship with the main couple as an inappropriate closeness. In this case, it can be said that due to constant anxiety of rejection, these people are constantly in the direction of closeness and excessive dependence on the other party, i.e. spouse, because in their close and intimate relationships, they unconsciously have childhood relationships with the face. It remembers attachment and thus awakens the anxiety caused by the rejection experienced in childhood. This emotional cooling is also effective on people's sexual relationships and causes a decrease in sexual satisfaction. As a result, the more insecure a person is, the less his or her desire to get close to another person, and in this way, insecure attachment can have a negative effect on sexual satisfaction, and finally, it was found that the mediating effect of marital intimacy in the relationship between secure, avoidant and Ambivalence is significant with marital satisfaction. This finding is consistent with the results of a study by Sharnia and X (27) that showed that people with a secure attachment style compared to insecure people have higher levels of intimacy, favorable expectations towards their partner, better marital quality and more optimism towards Marriage and report more love and commitment to each other, it is aligned. In a study conducted by Mansoori et al. (28) with the aim of providing a structural model for predicting marital intimacy based on attachment styles with the mediation of the love commitment component in married students. The results obtained in that research indicated the direct effect of secure attachment style on students' marital intimacy, which is consistent with our study. In explaining this finding, it can be stated that whenever the attachment style is formed in a secure manner, this security is transferred to future interpersonal relationships, especially relationships with spouse. Therefore, they see the relationship of their spouse as full of peace and security, they are not afraid of establishing a relationship, and they describe the established relationship as full of intimacy and love.
Mohammad Alii Afkhami Ardakani, Fatemeh Javadzadeh Shahshahani, Mohammad Masoud Dayarian, Mostafa Khanzadeh,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background & Aims: One of the factors for the sustainability and promotion of marital intimacy is honesty. Certainly, teaching honesty requires knowing the components that constitute honesty and implementing practical solutions for honesty. Psychological theories have expressed the origin of intimacy differently. According to attachment theory, a person with a positive view of himself and others is considered a secure individual, and a person with a negative view of himself and others is considered far from attachment and intimacy. According to social exchange theory, relationship partners focus on their positive outcomes (reward) and negative outcomes (cost) in matters (including intimacy). According to social learning theory, every time partners perform positive behaviors, they learn that they can trust, and when they see negative behavior, trust decreases and they distance themselves from each other in terms of intimacy. According to the coercion theory, if people receive a suitable response from their partner after performing a specific behavior, they will continue that behavior and maintain their relationship. Marital intimacy is defined as the process of being in contact, understanding oneself and disclosing oneself in the presence of the spouse, and the emotional and psychological feelings of the couple, which are carried out in the light of empathy and self-disclosure and effective division of labor, sexual desires and establishing affection and affection, and the displayed actions of the human being at the levels of emotions, thoughts, words, physical states, self-being, acceptance, an atmosphere of trust and sexual relations. Some research has stated that the components of marital intimacy include effective personality, differentiation, marital attachment, enjoyable togetherness, family and religious teachings, rational maturity, conscious marriage, socio-economic issues, children and the transition to the parenthood stage, constructive couple interactions, instrumental and emotional support for the spouse, and improving the quality of marital life. Some articles introduce marital intimacy as a factor in creating a stable marriage. However, marital intimacy in Islamic teachings pays special attention to spiritual and godly attitudes and considers godliness to be a factor in the formation of intimate relationships. Some articles consider intimacy education enriched with Islamic teachings to be effective in reducing interpersonal problems between couples. Therefore, the main question of this research is: What effect do the components of honesty from the perspective of Islamic hadiths have on marital intimacy? As proposed in the background of the above research, no research has examined the relationship and effectiveness of the components of honesty in psychology and Islamic teachings on marital intimacy. This research was able to present for the first time the theoretical foundations of honesty and practical solutions for creating honesty in couples; in the hope that the goal of promoting marital and family intimacy in various dimensions, including marital intimacy with an Iranian-Islamic style, will be achieved and some of the harm in the family area will be reduced.
Methods: The present study was a content analysis of the hadiths of honesty and truthfulness to design an honesty training package and a pre-test, post-test, and analysis of covariance (descriptive and inferential statistics) method to measure the effect of honesty on marital intimacy. The statistical population consisted of 2000 members and permanent visitors of the marriage activists network in Ashkezar city in the period 2021-2022. The sample size was randomly selected from among the volunteers participating in the study and placed in two groups of 15 couples. The Bagaroozi (2001) marital intimacy questionnaire was used to collect data. The pre-test, post-test, and analysis of covariance methods were used to obtain results and analyze the data.
Results: The results of the study showed a significant increase in the effectiveness of honesty training in some of the eight dimensions of marital intimacy. The results of the multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the significance level of the group was 0.044 (P<0.05), so honesty training significantly differed between the experimental and control groups in at least one of the emotional, psychological, rational, sexual, physical, spiritual, aesthetic, and social variables.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it can be said that honesty training for couples can increase the overall intimacy of couples and at least one of the eight variables of marital intimacy. In explaining the strong motivation for honesty of truthful and honest people, it can be said that their tendency to be honest with others and their spouses is due to receiving a sense of trust and respect from each other and the balanced and healthy personality of honest people and benefiting themselves and people, caring, fairness, and their existential virtue, and fulfilling their responsibility, love, and friendship. The lack of significance of the spiritual, aesthetic, social, emotional, and rational intimacy variables can be explained by various reasons. A major factor in the appropriate expression of emotions, including intimacy, dates back to childhood, family, society, and culture. While many couples in different cultures and societies avoid publicly expressing aspects of intimacy with each other, and this is not taught in formal education in many educational centers, this may have had an impact on the current survey. On the other hand, teaching honesty in a few short sessions cannot change the personality of individuals that has been formed over many years. Another reason is that intimacy with a spouse requires spending time with each other and being together, and any time limit can reduce intimacy.
Methods: The present study was a content analysis of the hadiths of honesty and truthfulness to design an honesty training package and a pre-test, post-test, and analysis of covariance (descriptive and inferential statistics) method to measure the effect of honesty on marital intimacy. The statistical population consisted of 2000 members and permanent visitors of the marriage activists network in Ashkezar city in the period 2021-2022. The sample size was randomly selected from among the volunteers participating in the study and placed in two groups of 15 couples. The Bagaroozi (2001) marital intimacy questionnaire was used to collect data. The pre-test, post-test, and analysis of covariance methods were used to obtain results and analyze the data.
Results: The results of the study showed a significant increase in the effectiveness of honesty training in some of the eight dimensions of marital intimacy. The results of the multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the significance level of the group was 0.044 (P<0.05), so honesty training significantly differed between the experimental and control groups in at least one of the emotional, psychological, rational, sexual, physical, spiritual, aesthetic, and social variables.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it can be said that honesty training for couples can increase the overall intimacy of couples and at least one of the eight variables of marital intimacy. In explaining the strong motivation for honesty of truthful and honest people, it can be said that their tendency to be honest with others and their spouses is due to receiving a sense of trust and respect from each other and the balanced and healthy personality of honest people and benefiting themselves and people, caring, fairness, and their existential virtue, and fulfilling their responsibility, love, and friendship. The lack of significance of the spiritual, aesthetic, social, emotional, and rational intimacy variables can be explained by various reasons. A major factor in the appropriate expression of emotions, including intimacy, dates back to childhood, family, society, and culture. While many couples in different cultures and societies avoid publicly expressing aspects of intimacy with each other, and this is not taught in formal education in many educational centers, this may have had an impact on the current survey. On the other hand, teaching honesty in a few short sessions cannot change the personality of individuals that has been formed over many years. Another reason is that intimacy with a spouse requires spending time with each other and being together, and any time limit can reduce intimacy.
| Page 1 from 1 |
© 2025 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | Razi Journal of Medical Sciences
Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb