Search published articles
Showing 13 results for High Intensity Interval Training
Aylar Birar, Roghayyeh Afroundeh, Mehdi Namaki, Alireza Shafeei, Fereshteh Taherkhani, Marjan Mansooridara,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Abstract
- Introduction
Obesity increases the risk of various diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiovascular diseases and some cancers (1). The reports of the World Health Organization show that the occurrence of 4 million deaths per year may be directly related to overweight or obesity (1). Obesity is a low-grade chronic inflammatory condition that is closely related to atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, and insulin resistance (4). Also, thermodynamically, obesity is the result of the relationship between more energy intake and less energy consumption. Therefore, finding ways to increase energy expenditure may help fight obesity. Ellagic acid (EA) is one of the types of polyphenols in which the strong hydrogen bond network acts as an electron acceptor, which enables it to participate in a number of reactions. This polyphenol is found naturally in many fruits and vegetables, including strawberries, red raspberries, pomegranates, and grapes (11). EA can reduce the symptoms of chronic diseases such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and NAFLD (12). Most of the conducted studies showed that in addition to saving time, HIIT compared to MICT leads to more weight loss, especially visceral fat mass and more improvement in metabolic profile and cardiorespiratory health in obese people (17, 18). Previous researches did not examine pro-inflammatory factors and due to the lack of clinical studies on the effects of EA supplementation on metabolic diseases and the lack of studies on the simultaneous effect of HIIT and antioxidant supplements on the immune system status of people. increasing obesity in Iranian women due to lifestyle and diets, the current research tries to answer the question of whether doing intense intermittent exercise and supplementing with ellagic acid at the same time has an effect on the inflammatory status of overweight and obese women.
- Methods
This study was a double-blind randomized clinical trial on overweight and obese women who were randomly assigned to four different groups: HIIT, EA supplement, EA+HIIT and control group. The statistical population of the present study was obese and overweight women in Tehran, and the participants was 56 people. Inactive women (those who do not do enough moderate to vigorous physical activity during the week), people with BMI≥25 kg/m2, people with no history of taking supplements or anti-inflammatory drugs, and people with minimal weight changes in one year. The latter were invited to this study. Exclusion criteria also include women with cognitive impairment, acute phase inflammatory diseases, cancer history in the last 5 years, users of immune system enhancing drugs, having fractures or joint problems of the lower body in the last six months, having a disease. Nervous people or people participating in regular sports programs.
To check the biochemical variable, before starting the 12-week program, 5 cc of brachial vein blood was taken from each subject in a 12-hour fasting state (between 07:00-08:00). After the initial blood sampling, the intervention groups implemented the selected protocols for 12 weeks. Then, two days after the last training session and taking the supplement, exactly the same as the pre-test period, blood sampling was done to measure TNF-α and IL-6 plasma levels. The training protocol and supplement intake both lasted for 12 weeks. In general, they performed the training protocol 3 times a week in 4 steps of 4-minute interval running at 85-95% HRpeak, which is accompanied by 3 minutes of walking at 50-60% HRpeak and 7 minutes of rest. In the first 3 weeks of training, 4 minutes of running at a lower range (85% HRpeak) of training intensity was performed. The speed of running until the training intensity reached 90% of HRpeak was performed in the fourth and fifth weeks, and in the sixth week it increased to above 95% of HRpeak. The final running speed and intensity did not change in the following weeks of training (30). Also, the subjects of the EA supplement group and the EA+HIIT group randomly received 50 mg of EA (once a day in the morning) or placebo (cellulose) (31).
In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used using SPSS 22 software. Mean and standard deviation were used to describe the collected data and inferential statistics were used to test the hypotheses. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of the data distribution, and the Lune test was used to determine the equality of the data distribution. In order to test the hypothesis of the effect of HIIT along with EA on the serum levels of biochemical factors (IL-6 and TNF-α), one-variable analysis of covariance and post hoc Bonferroni tests were used to compare changes between groups. The power of the test was calculated using G*power 3.0 software, which was at least 0.90 in different comparisons. A significance level of P<0.05 was considered.
To check the biochemical variable, before starting the 12-week program, 5 cc of brachial vein blood was taken from each subject in a 12-hour fasting state (between 07:00-08:00). After the initial blood sampling, the intervention groups implemented the selected protocols for 12 weeks. Then, two days after the last training session and taking the supplement, exactly the same as the pre-test period, blood sampling was done to measure TNF-α and IL-6 plasma levels. The training protocol and supplement intake both lasted for 12 weeks. In general, they performed the training protocol 3 times a week in 4 steps of 4-minute interval running at 85-95% HRpeak, which is accompanied by 3 minutes of walking at 50-60% HRpeak and 7 minutes of rest. In the first 3 weeks of training, 4 minutes of running at a lower range (85% HRpeak) of training intensity was performed. The speed of running until the training intensity reached 90% of HRpeak was performed in the fourth and fifth weeks, and in the sixth week it increased to above 95% of HRpeak. The final running speed and intensity did not change in the following weeks of training (30). Also, the subjects of the EA supplement group and the EA+HIIT group randomly received 50 mg of EA (once a day in the morning) or placebo (cellulose) (31).
In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used using SPSS 22 software. Mean and standard deviation were used to describe the collected data and inferential statistics were used to test the hypotheses. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of the data distribution, and the Lune test was used to determine the equality of the data distribution. In order to test the hypothesis of the effect of HIIT along with EA on the serum levels of biochemical factors (IL-6 and TNF-α), one-variable analysis of covariance and post hoc Bonferroni tests were used to compare changes between groups. The power of the test was calculated using G*power 3.0 software, which was at least 0.90 in different comparisons. A significance level of P<0.05 was considered.
- Result
The result of univariate analysis of covariance shows that after 12 weeks of EA+HIIT, there was a significant difference in TNF-α level with a significance of 0.0001 and an effect size of 0.66. The results of the Bonferroni test showed that between the two groups "EA+HIIT" and "EA", between the two groups "EA+HIIT" and "PLA" (P=0.0001), between the two groups "HIIT" and "EA" (045 There is a significant difference between the two groups "HIIT" and "PLA" (P=0.0001) in TNF-α variable of obese women. The results showed that after 12 weeks of EA+HIIT with a significance of 0.0001 and an effect size of 0.399, there was a significant difference in the level of IL-6. The results of the inference test showed that there was a correlation between the two groups "EA+HIIT" and "EA" (P=0.003), between the two groups "EA+HIIT" and "PLA" (P=0.019), between the two groups "HIIT" " and "EA" (P=0.006) and between the two groups "HIIT" and "PLA" (P=0.038) there is a significant difference in TNF-α variable of obese women.
- Conclusion
The results of the present study showed that a 12-week period of intense interval training with ellagic acid supplementation has a significant effect on the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in obese and overweight women. This study was conducted for the first time to investigate the synergistic effect of HIIT and ellagic acid consumption on inflammatory status in obese women. In general, the results of this study showed that 12 weeks of HIIT activity with the addition of EA (50 mg/day) decreased the activity of pro-inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α and generally improved the inflammatory condition in these people. He gets fat. These results confirm the evidence that the antioxidant group of polyphenols and exercise can play an important role in controlling weight and obesity by reducing the complications of obesity. However, more studies are needed to provide sufficient evidence.
Dr Farnaza Torabi, Mrs Romina Ebrahim, Dr Rassol Hemayattalab, Dr Azam Ramezankhani,
Volume 23, Issue 148 (10-2016)
Volume 23, Issue 148 (10-2016)
Abstract
Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder in children and adolescents that may damage the motor skills and balance of them. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks high intensity interval training on dopamine levels and improvement of perceptual motor skills in adolescent girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Methods: In this clinical trial, 30 adolescent girls with ADHD were randomly allocated to high intensity interval training and control groups. The training group, trained for 6 weeks. The training protocol included 20 meters running 3times a week, with the repetitions of 4 times at the first and second week, the repetitions of5times at the third and fourth week and the repetitions of6times in the fifth and sixth week. At the beginning and end of the sixth week, anthropometric indices, dopamine levels and scores of perceptual motor skills were assessed. Data were analyzed by paired and independent t tests. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
Results: After 6 weeks, the average of serum dopamine levels (p=0.005), weight (p=0.001), body mass index (p=0.001), body fat percent (p=0.002) and the mean scores of perceptual motor skills (p=0.001) in experimental group were significantly different with control group.
Conclusion: The present study revealed that high intensity interval training as a non-pharmacological and non-invasive method has a positive impact on serum dopamine levels and perceptual-motor skills in adolescents with ADHD.
,
Volume 23, Issue 152 (2-2017)
Volume 23, Issue 152 (2-2017)
Abstract
Background: In recent years, the prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions, and exercise is a powerful stimulus for decreasing obesity. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effects of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on visceral and subcutaneous levels of Monocyte Chemo-attractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) in Wistar male Rats.
Methods: Twenty male rats (8 week years old) were randomly divided into two training and control groups. Training program performed in 5 weeks, and 5 sessions per each week. Rats completed 6 high-intensity intervals bouts with 2 minutes duration and 37 m/m in first week, between each bouts rats resting for one minute. During second week intervals bouts increased to 7 and speed increased until 40 m/m, in third week training protocol was performed with 43 m/m speed in 9 bouts, 10 intervals bouts with 49 m/m were completed during forth week, and finally week 12 intervals bouts with 52 m/m were completed. Blood sample collection and remove of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue was performed 72 hours after the last session. Independent T-test (α≤ 0.05) was used to data analyze.
Results: The results indicated significant decrease in insulin and visceral and subcutaneous levels of MCP-1 in training group compare to control group (p<0.001). But the variation in glucose levels was not significant (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The results of present study showed that HIIT caused decrease in visceral and subcutaneous levels of MCP-1, therefore this type of exercise trainings are able to decrease adipose tissue and probably obesity related diseases.
Miss Neda Akbari, Maghsoud Peeri, Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani, Maryam Delfan,
Volume 26, Issue 10 (12-2019)
Volume 26, Issue 10 (12-2019)
Abstract
Background: Regular aerobic exercise training is one of the most effective methods for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the patiens with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of continuous and High intensity Interval training (HIIT) on the gene expression of TIMP-2 and MMP-2 genes in diabetic rats.
Methods: This is an experimental study. For this purpose, 21 male diabetic rats were divided into 3 groups of 7; Continuous Aerobic Exercise (CT), High intensity Interval training (HIIT) and Control (C). Diabetes was induced in a pellet with a high-fat diet (30% fat and 25% fructose) for 16 weeks. After the last exercise and recovery session, the subjects were sacrificed and their left ventricle was extracted. Glucose oxidase was used to measure glucose in plasma using ELISA method to measure insulin levels and HOMA-IR method was used to measure insulin resistance index. PCR-Real time was used to determine the expression of TIMP-2 and MMP-2 genes and comparison of the groups by one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc test to determine the difference between groups at alpha level of 5%.
Results: The results showed that gene expression of MMP-2 in both groups of CT (p=0.01) and HIIT (p=0.001) showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. The TIMP-2 gene expression in both CT (p=0.03) and HIIT (p=0.001) groups was significantly higher than the control group. Weight in the groups did not show any significant changes compared to the control group. Glucose and insulin in the training groups showed a significant difference compared to the control group, and the HIIT did not show a significant difference between the two groups in terms of continuation training group.
Conclusion: It can be concluded 8 weeks of HIIT training with a greater effect on reducing the expression of MMP-2 gene and modifying the expression of TIMP-2 gene in myocardium in a poorly regulated diabetic rats and possibly reducing the risk of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Ehsan Hosseynzade Nazloo, Maghsoud Peeri, Maryam Delfan,
Volume 27, Issue 0 (10-2020)
Volume 27, Issue 0 (10-2020)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Nowadays, breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in the world. In this disease, increased oxidative stress and causes the tumor cell to proliferate. Because decreased the function of estrogen receptors inhibits the synthesis and function of insulin growth factor 1 and inhibits signaling of the protein tyrosine kinase with the inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, After that, weakens the aerobic capacity and occurs heart disorder. However Regular exercise training it diferense volume Prevents an increase in tumor volume. By setting up signal paths In gene expression Cardiomyopathy Reduces it in people with breast cancer. The purpose of the present study Effect of 10 weeks of High intensity interval training on tumor volume, Response IGF-1, Genes AKT,m TORC-1 Myocardium was in mice with breast cancer.
Methods: This is an experimental study. For this purpose 12 Balbesian female mice were divided into 2 groups of 6; High intensity interval training (H) and Control (C) Tumor induction By injection MC4-L2Done. The exercise protocol was performed for 10 weeks of the high intensity interval training group was as follows 35 minutes: After 5 minutes of warm-up program with 30 to 40% VO2max intensity, High intensity interval training in 6 cycles between 85 to 90% VO2max in 3 minutes and 20 seconds, with 90 seconds of active rest between each cycle of 30 to 35% VO2max and 5 minutes of cold Was performed with an intensity of 30 to 40% VO2max. Tumor volume weekly It was measured and recorded by a caliper. 24 hours after the last training session The mice were sacrificed and their left ventricle ejected. SDS-PAGE and primary and secondary antibodies were used to measure IGF-1 protein synthesis levels, and Realtime-PCR and GAPDH control genes with forward and reverse primers were used to measure gene expression.
Results: The results showed that IGF-1 protein in HIIT group increased show any significant changes compared to the control group (p=0.005). gene expression of AKT in HIIT group (p=0.01) Increase compared to the control group. The m TORC-1 gene expression in H group (p=0.01) was significantly higher than the control group. tumor volume in the H group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p=0.006). According to the findings, tumor volume in the intense periodic exercise group in the tenth week compared to the first week showed a significant decrease. Also, the levels of IGF-1 and AKT and m TORC-1 genes of myocytes were significantly increased in the exercise group.
Conclusion: by Performing HIIT training inhibits the micro-molecular pathway of cancer and the risk of metastasis because the energy crisis creates mitochondrial biogenesis during intermittent performances and reduces the risk of heart disease in cancer patients. According to the results, it is possible that 10 weeks of High intensity interval training can be reduced the tumor volume and improve the function of the cardiac by increasing IGF-1 protein, AKT and m TORC1 genes in myocytes of mice with breast cancer.
Hamid Kia, Maghsoud Peeri, Maryam Delfan,
Volume 27, Issue 12 (3-2021)
Volume 27, Issue 12 (3-2021)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Following to advent of obesity, Type-II diabetes has been converted into a pandemic disease during the recent decades and it has been introduced as one of the main reasons for mortality throughout the world more than ever. Hyperglycemia and rising glucose caused by diabetes is led to increase apoptosis in cardiomyocytes at left ventricle. Bax-gene is one of the key genes at this process in controlling start point of apoptotic process and Bc1-2 gene also inhibits apoptosis. Accordingly, researchers have always acknowledged that exercise training including HIIT may play protective role for heart against diabetic side-effects by reducing quantities of glucose and apoptosis in cardiac cells. Thus, the present study aimed to compare two HIIT methods concerning quantities of glucose and expression of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic Bax and Bcl-2 genes in cardiomyocytes of rats with type II diabetes.
Methods: In the current experimental study, 24 rats of Vistar species (8 weeks) and average weight (321±18g) were divided randomly into four groups of Normal Control (NC), Diabetic Control (DC), High Intensity Interval Training Type I (HIIT1:1) and High Intensity Interval Training Type II (HIIT2:1) after adaption to the environment for one week and familiarity with treadmill. Diabetes was induced to all groups, except Normal Control (NC) group, using Streptozotocin (STZ) and Nicotine Amide. Then, the trained groups exercised with different doses, but in identical distance 5 days a week for 4 weeks. The speed of reaching to the maximum consumed oxygen dosage (vVO2max) was measured at the sixth day once in both weeks. HIIT1:1 Protocol: Warm up and cool down for three minutes by intensity of (vVO2max= 40%); high intensity (Frequency= 2min); first week: vVO2max= 80% (Four times); second week: vVO2max= 85% (Four times); third and fourth weeks: vVO2max= 90% (Five times); low intensity (2min); vVO2max= 40% (Four times at first and second weeks and five times at third and fourth weeks). HIIT2:1 Protocol: Warm up and cool down for three minutes by intensity of vVO2max= 30%; high intensity (Frequency= 2min); First week: vVO2max= 80% (Five times); second week: vVO2max= 85% (Five times); third and fourth weeks: vVO2max= 90% (Seven times), low intensity (1min); vVO2max= 30% (5 times at first and second weeks and seven times at third and fourth weeks). Rats were anesthetized by inter-peritoneal infusion of Ketamine (90mg/kg) and Xylazine (10mg/kg) 24h after the last training session. The blood sample was collected directly from hearts of rats and plasma isolation was done by centrifuging at 15°C at 3000RPM for 15min. afterward, left ventricle was extracted immediately and frozen in nitrogen (-20°C) and stored in freezer (-80°C) to measure gene expression. QRT-PCR technique was utilized to analyze variance of Bax- and Bcl-2 genes expression. To conduct statistical data analysis, normality of data was primarily examined using Shapiro-Wilcox test. Given insignificance of this test (p>0.05), One-Way ANOVA statistical test was employed for determining difference between studied groups. Then, Tukey ad hoc test was used (Sig = 0.05) in order to determine significance position. Microsoft Excel-2007 software was utilized for drawing diagrams. All statistical tests were conducted by means of SPSS statistical software (v.21).
Results: Variance of weight quantities was not significant after 4 weeks, but variance of glucose showed significance increase in all three groups (DC, HIIT1:1 and HIIT2:1 groups) compared to Normal Control (NC) group (p<0.005). Similarly, glucose quantities were reduced significantly in both trained groups versus DC group after four weeks (p<0.001). The results of one-way ANOVA indicated significant difference in Bax-gene expression between studied groups (p<0.05). The results of intergroup analysis derived from Tukey’s test showed that significant increase was observed in Bax-gene expression at DC group compared to HIIT2:1 (p<0.001) and NC (p<0.001) groups. Likewise, significant difference was seen in terms of gene expression of this variable between two trained models (p=0.038) so that further reduction and significance was observed in HIIT2:1 group. Similarly, results of one-way ANOVA suggest existing significant difference in Bcl-2 gene expression between groups (p<0.001). The results of intergroup analysis derived from Tukey’s test indicated significant reduction in Bcl-2 gene expression at DC group versus HIIT2:1 (p=0.005) and Normal Control (p<0.001) groups. Similarly, no significant difference was seen between two trained model in terms of gene expression in his variable (p=0.079).
Conclusion: The results of current study indicated that diabetic induction might increase glucose quantities, Bax-gene expression and reduce Bcl-2 gene expression in cardiomyocytes at all groups (HIIT1:1, HIIT2:1 and DC groups) versus Normal Control (NC) group. Likewise, both training interventions (HIIT1:1 and HIIT2:1) reduced significantly glucose quantities in cardiomyocytes compared to DC group. In addition, HIIT2:1 training intervention significantly inhibited apoptosis-inducing of Bax gene expression and induced significantly anti-apoptosis of Bcl-2 gene expression in cardiomyocytes of rats with diabetes compared to DC group while this variance was not significant in cardiomyocytes of HIIT1:1 group versus DC group. Similarly, we showed that Bax-gene expressions were significantly reduced in cardiomyocytes of HIIT2:1 group compared to HIIT1:1 group. The findings of current study may indicate importance of different effect of various frequencies of exercise on apoptotic mechanisms of cardiomyocytes at rats with type-II diabetes. These findings showed that various HIIT frequencies might be followed with different impacts and even noticeable differences in glucose absorption in cardiomyocytes at left ventricle and response of apoptotic variable in cardiac muscle so that more tangible and beneficial mechanism variance was observed in cardiac muscle at rats in HIIT2:1 group toward inhibition of cardiac disorders. In other words, we identified that further high intensity and shorter time frequency at lower intensity in HIIT2:1 versus HIIT1:1 group might doubly affect variance of glucose quantities absorbed by cardiac muscular cells and apoptosis mechanism in cardiomyocytes while both trained groups had passed through the same distance. The more efficiently increase in glucose quantities and subsequently more optimal reduction in apoptosis process by Bax/Bcl-2 axis signifies better and more beneficial effect in this training model. Therefore, these findings not only suggest further studies for analysis of most efficient and profitable HIIT model in patients with type-II diabetes, but also this exercise training model with shorter time and higher intensity than other models could be proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy in the clinical centers relating to type-II diabetes for cardiomyopathy prophylaxis and improvement caused by diabetes.
Reyhane Zoghi, Abbasali Gaeini, Reza Nuri, Mohammad Hemati Nafar,
Volume 28, Issue 2 (4-2021)
Volume 28, Issue 2 (4-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aims: Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in all countries of the world and exercise is one of the most important clinical measures for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explain the changes in IGF1 and cardiac Akt levels in mice with myocardial infarctionAims: Despite advances in healthcare practices, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in all countries of the world. Among patients who survive myocardial infarction (MI), which is a direct result of cardiovascular disease, the extent of injury prevention depends on the size of the myocardium, which is destroyed by ischemic injury (infarct size). Therefore, it is believed that a significant reduction in the size of myocardial infarction reduces morbidity and subsequent mortality. Myocardial ischemia is caused by the cessation of blood flow, followed by the cessation of blood supply and nutrients to the heart muscle. These conditions cause specific physiological changes and a series of events in myocardial cells that if this process continues for a long time, the death of the heart muscle is inevitable. Therefore, any change, however small, in improving and increasing the life expectancy of heart patients can have a significant impact on promoting community health. Studies have shown that exercise is one of the most important clinical measures for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Physical activity not only reduces cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension and thus helps prevent heart disease, but also seems to improve the condition and functional outcomes of patients with heart disease. It does better. Cardiovascular benefits Exercise involves several factors, including important general effects on skeletal muscle, peripheral arteries, and metabolism, as well as beneficial changes within the myocardium. In the study of exercise-related signaling pathways, it has been acknowledged that physiological hypertrophy is first achieved through insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) or the IGF-1-PI3K-Akt axis. IGF-1 is produced by the liver and to a lesser extent by the heart. Exercise also stimulates the hepatic secretion of IGF-1 into the bloodstream and stimulates cardiac expression of IGF-1. In heart tissue, IGF-1 binds to its tyrosine kinase receptor, IGF-1R, and activates the PI3K-Akt cascade. Protein serine threonine kinase (STK) is the main downstream stimulus of PI3k and is phosphorylated (activated) in physiological hypertrophy of the heart. The effects of Akt1 on the heart are numerous, though generally considered beneficial. These effects include: inhibiting cardiac myocyte death, improving calcium control, heart growth factor, and metabolism. In general, it can be stated, due to the various biological effects attributed to IGF-1 and also because of the wide therapeutic capacity for this factor and also due to the lack of research in which the expression of this factor to Along with the messaging pathway involved in physiological cardiac hypertrophy (Akt1) under the influence of various intensities of intermittent exercise, and finally due to the importance of health care in cardiovascular patients, the present study seeks to design an intermittent exercise protocol with intense Answers the question of whether the levels of IGF-1 and Akt in rats with myocardial infarction differ in different intensities of intermittent exercise after six weeks?
Methods: The present study with the code RHC.AC.IR.REC.1393.28 was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Rajaei Cardiovascular Training, Research, and Treatment Center. It is fundamental-developmental in terms of purpose and experimental in terms of implementation and based on the level of supervision and degree of control, it is a type of laboratory research. In this experimental study, 55, 10-week-old male Wistar rats weighing 250 to 300 g were purchased from the Pasteur Institute of Iran. During the interventions, rats were kept in three cages in each cage with free access to water and food packages, and according to the 12-hour sleep-wake cycle at the Experimental Research Center of Shahid Rajaei Heart Hospital. The room temperature was maintained in the range of 37°C, and efforts were made to maintain and work with animals in accordance with the recommendations of the Laboratory Animal Protection Act (NIH). In the present study, Direct intervention method was used to induce MI in rats in which the left-anterior descending-coronary-artery (LAD) of rats was blocked by suture. Finally, surviving rats with MI were randomly divided into four groups (6 heads): low-intensity training (LIT), moderate-intensity training (MIT), high-intensity training (HIT), and myocardial infarction and Sham. Finally, the ELISA method was used to measure the levels of Akt and IGF1 protein. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality of the data and one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test at a significance level of α = 0.05 were used to analyze the hypotheses. SPSS software version 19 was used for statistical analysis.
Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference in the levels of IGF1 and Akt proteins between the studied groups (p≥0.05).
Conclusion: It can be concluded that there was no difference between the effect of different intensities of Interval Training on IGF1 and Akt proteins, therefore, in order to clarify the mechanism of the effect of different intensities of Interval Training on IGF1 and Akt proteins, more studies are needed.
Mohammad Ayoub Shirzadi, Neda Khaledi,
Volume 28, Issue 3 (5-2021)
Volume 28, Issue 3 (5-2021)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Type 2 diabetes is one of the metabolic diseases that is associated with partial or absolute insulin deficiency, high blood glucose and disorders of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. This condition is characterized by a persistent rise in blood sugar and can be caused by a disorder in the secretion or action of insulin, or both. Metabolic pattern imbalance, insulin resistance, and increased levels of inflammatory markers have been reported in diabetic patients. The effects of diabetes threaten the lives of millions of people around the world every year. A healthy lifestyle, proper nutrition and regular exercise are the most important factors in preventing or reducing the effects of diabetes. main imperfection in the pathology of type 2 diabetes include insulin resistance in muscle and liver.
Skeletal muscle is considered to be the largest organ in the body in non-obese individuals, and as an active endocrine organ it releases myokines. Myokines have systemic effects on the liver, adipose tissue, brain and immune system. They can be effective in regulating metabolic and inflammatory processes. Fibroblast growth factor-21 is known as a member of the family of fibroblast growth factors and has recently been introduced as a factor in regulating the metabolic process.
Because diabetes medications have many limitations, including high cost, and side effects, many strategies have been proposed to control insulin and reduce insulin resistance in diabetes. Regular exercise and following a healthy diet is a good strategy to treat and reduce costs in many metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and obesity. High-Intensity Interval Training has recently been considered as a suitable training option, not only among athletes but also among those who are limited in time. Exercise reduces inflammation and reduces cell death caused by diabetes in the body's cells by activating intracellular and extracellular pathways. Increased myokines due to exercise can be effective in regulating metabolic and inflammatory processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training on FGF21 Expression in Flexor Hallucis Longus muscle tand serum TNF-α Levels of diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 48 Wistar male rats weighing 150±10g were randomly divided into 4 groups of Diabetes (n = 10), Control (n = 10), Diabetes +Training (n = 12) and Training (n = 12). All animals were kept in separate cages under the similar conditions. In this study, For induction of experimental diabetes Wistar rats received streptozotocin as a single dose of 50 mg / kg body weight by intraperitoneal injection. The training program consisted of 10 sets of 1 minute running (2 minutes rest between each set) on a treadmill with gradually increasing speed and incline, for 6 weeks and 3 training sessions per week. Running speed gradually increased from 18 to 31 m / min over 6 weeks and the treadmill slope increased from 2 to 10 ° (50 to 110% VO2max). At the end of the sixth week, after FHL muscle tissue sampling, FGF-21 gene expression was measured by Real time PCR and serum TNF-α level was measured by ELISA using Diaclone kits from France. In the inferential statistics section, Shapiro-Wilk test was used to the normality of data. equality of variances with Levene test was also measured. Findings were evaluated at a significance level of 95% (p <0.05). SPSS software version 22 was used for statistical analysis of data.
Results: The results showed that 6 weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training did not have a significant effect on FGF-21 gene expression of FHL muscle in diabetic rats (p = 0.095). However, the reduction of inflammation and inflammatory factors such as TNF-α was shown due to High-Intensity Interval Training (p = 0.000).
Conclusion: Considering all the above and also the results of statistical analysis, it was found that High-Intensity Interval Training has no significant effect on the expression of FGF-21 gene in FHL muscle tissue of diabetic rats. But regular exercise, in addition to weight control, has anti-inflammatory effects and suppresses systemic inflammation and muscle atrophy. Tnf-α is one of the major pro-inflammatory cytokines that causes inflammation. The results of the present study showed that High-Intensity Interval Training reduces the negative effects of diabetes on the cardiovascular system and health by activating various cellular and molecular pathways and mechanisms. Serum Tnf-α levels, which are a factor in pro-inflammation and apoptosis, are reduced by High-Intensity Interval Training. However, much research is needed to substantiate the above results. In addition, High-Intensity Interval Training can be used as a therapeutic approach to diabetes management for patients who are unable to perform continuous exercise for a variety of reasons.
Akram Jafari, Haleh Fazel, Akram Safarpour Dehkordi,
Volume 28, Issue 6 (9-2021)
Volume 28, Issue 6 (9-2021)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Myonectin is one of the newly known myokines that is secreted from skeletal muscle and is related to the metabolic status of the body, so that in starvation conditions, myonectin levels decrease and increase after receiving calories. Various studies have shown that there is a relationship between myonectin and metabolic variables such as insulin resistance (2). In previous studies, it has been reported that in sedentary people, myonectin levels decrease and exercise increases their myonectin levels. On the other hand, unlike obesity, exercise can increase myonectin (5). Exercise dramatically increases circulating expression and levels of myonectin to increase the uptake of fatty acids into cells (11). Given that myonectin has been discovered in recent years, there are still many ambiguities about this hormone and its function in the body and its changes in various conditions such as exercise and physical activity. Due to this issue, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of high intensity interval swimming training on serum levels of myonectin and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women.
Methods: 24 subjects (age 55.73 2 2.66 years, body mass index 26.72 ± 2.33 kg / m2) were selected as the sample size. Inclusion criteria include: having swim skills, lack of regular exercise in the last 6 months, no history of cardiovascular disease, blood, liver, respiratory, kidney, hormonal disorders, sleep disorders, smoking and no surgery Over the past year, there has been no history of taking specific medications and a ban on physical activity by the treating physician. Exclusion criteria also included absent for more than 2 sessions, illness of the subjects and dissatisfaction of the subject with continuing work and lack of cooperation. All stages of the research were informed to the subjects according to the 2013 Helsinki Declaration, and then the subjects completed the informed consent form and the necessary explanations were given regarding the confidentiality of their information. Subjects were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Then, the necessary explanations were provided to each group about nutrition and the amount of sports activities. After that, the experimental group completed a questionnaire of readiness to participate in sports activities and were examined by a cardiologist to confirm their health for participating in sports activities.
One week before the start of the training program, the subjects were introduced to how to do the research and the training program. Height and weight were measured. Metabolic indices of glucose, insulin at rest and blood sampling were measured in 12-10 hours of fasting (8 to 9 am) in two stages 48 hours before exercise and 72 hours after exercise. Subjects were asked to avoid doping exercise for 48 hours prior to sampling. Also, sampling was performed in the post-test at a specific time and similar to the pre-test.
The training program included 8 weeks of high intensity interval swimming training that were performed in three sessions per week. These exercises were performed under the supervision of a swimming instructor and in the presence of lifeguards in the pool. Each swimming exercise session consisted of the following steps: A: Warm-up phase: The warm-up session included stretching and gentle swimming in the pool, which was performed for ten minutes. B: Specific training phase: This phase consisted of 30-second repetitions of fast swimming, with 2 minutes of active rest between repetitions. These repetitions were performed in weeks 1 and 2 as 6 repetitions, in weeks 3, 4 and 5 as 8 repetitions and in weeks 6, 7 and 8 as 10 repetitions. C) Cooling stage: At the end of each training session, stretching movements and gentle swimming were performed for ten minutes to cool down and return to the original state (16). During the study period, the subjects in the control group did not have any regular exercise. Participation in the research process was completely voluntary and subjects were allowed to leave the research at any time. Finally, the results of 12 people from each group were extracted. Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-test at a significance level of P 05 0.05.
Results: 8 weeks of high intensity interval swimming training increased myonectin, decreased insulin and insulin resistance (p ≤ 0.05). But it had no significant effect on glucose content. No serious illness or injury was reported during the study period and all stages of testing and assessment were performed in full. The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of high intensity interval swimming training significantly increased fasting mayonnaise (p ≤ 0.01). It was also observed that the amount of glucose, insulin and fasting insulin resistance decreased significantly after eight weeks of high intensity interval swimming training (p ≤ 0.01).
Conclusion: Increased myonectin levels during exercise can cause AMPK phosphorylation, which leads to increased GLUT4 utilization and increased glucose uptake and stimulation of free fatty acid oxidation (22). Therefore, increasing the secretion of myonectin as a result of muscle contraction during exercise can activate the energy production pathways required during contraction. In other words, myonectin plays a similar role to insulin. However, this increase in myonectin levels is delayed by 2 hours after glucose or lipid intake, in other words, myonectin stimulates the uptake of glucose or fatty acids with a delay (22). previous research has shown that exercise is an effective tool to improve the metabolic status of the body, especially in obese people, but the mechanism of this issue has always been in a state of ambiguity. In addition to aliquot alteration and its possible role in reducing insulin resistance, exercise is recognized as a very important factor in the uptake of blood glucose by muscles without the involvement of insulin, at which stage the mediating role of GLUT 4 is crucial. During exercise insulin receptors respond more appropriately to lower levels of insulin, which lowers blood sugar and ultimately prevents diabetes (27). It is consistent because it was observed that after 8 weeks of high intensity interval swimming training, insulin and glucose levels decreased. It seems that high intensity interval swimming training can be used to increase myonectin and also improve insulin resistance in overweight postmenopausal women. The results of the present study showed that in response to high intensity interval swimming training, an increase in myonectin was associated with a decrease in insulin resistance in overweight women. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of myonectin in improving insulin resistance.
Masoud Jahantash, Hossein Abed Natanzi, Mandana Gholami, Farshad Ghazalian,
Volume 28, Issue 12 (3-2022)
Volume 28, Issue 12 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Type 2 diabetes is the most common endocrine disease that occurs due to glucose intolerance due to imbalance between reserves and insulin demand. For the treatment of hyperglycemia and its side effects in diabetic patients, despite extensive research, the causes of this metabolic disorder are still not well understood at the molecular level.
Some studies have reported that strenuous exercise leads to apoptosis in rat intestinal lymphocytes in rats, but exercising voluntarily on a treadmill reduces apoptosis. Induction or inhibition of apoptosis is still questionable. One of the ways of treatment and prevention is regular physical activity for patients. But what kind of sport and with what kind of protocol is a question that researchers are always looking for. Considering the role of exercise and sports activities in the prevention and control of obesity and diabetes, adopting different training methods to prevent and reduce the prevalence of obesity and also help reduce the process of obesity and its complications such as cardio metabolic diseases such as fatty liver and diabetes and etc. is necessary in studies.
In traditional medicine, herbal and traditional medicines are used to prevent and treat metabolic diseases such as diabetes and fatty liver. Royal Jelly is a yellowish-white substance secreted by the submandibular glands of worker bees and consumed by queen bees throughout life and larvae during the growing season. Royal gel (RJ) and its bioactive compounds have a wide range of drugs due to their antioxidant effects and antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, and immune system properties. Also plays an important role in protecting the liver and kidneys, and in diabetic patients, it showed a decreasing effect on blood sugar and a decrease in lipid peroxidation levels and an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, GSH-PX and SOD.
As p53 is a tumor-inhibiting gene that is more closely associated with cancer, however, recent research shows the vital role of p53 in the development of diabetes, how p53 signaling can serve as a potential new therapeutic target for diabetes and Operate related metabolic disorders.
The P53 gene, a tumor suppressor gene that mutates and inactivates a wide range of cancers, has been dubbed the "genome protector", but new research has shown that it has profound effects on metabolism. Its activation can lead to obesity and type 2 diabetes, which is why the gene has been dubbed the "protector against obesity". While the role of this gene has been well known for decades in cancer research, little is known about its role in metabolism. Previous studies have shown that the role of P53 in metabolism is essential in its function in suppressing tumors. This gene also has effects on heart disease, obesity and type 2 diabetes.
The aim of this study was to study changes in p53 gene expression in liver tissue and insulin resistance index after HIIT and Royal Jelly in obese type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods: The statistical subject of the present study consisted of wistar rats. After 20 weeks of high-fat diet, rats became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg STZ per kg body weight. Mice with fasting glucose between 150 and 400 mg /dL were considered to have type 2 diabetes. Mice were treated in 4 groups: 6-head diabetic control, 8-period periodic training, 7-head Royal Jelly, 8-head Periodic Exercise, and 8-head Royal Jelly training group and training protocol and gel-royal gavage.
The HIIT protocol consisted of eight weeks of aerobic exercise, five sessions per week with a gradual increase in extreme frequency from 22 to 38 meters per minute and a rest period of 16 to 22 meters per minute for 15 to 34 minutes by running on a treadmill. Running time increased from 16 minutes in the first week to 34 minutes in the eighth week. At the end of the training period and 48 hours after the last training session, the experimental training groups and after 12 hours of fasting, the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed by ether anesthetic. Blood samples were collected from the heart. Glucose was measured using an auto-analyzer. Insulin measured by a special kit of Pars Azmoun Company. The insulin resistance index was calculated using the formula and gene expression was also determined by RT-PCR. To describe the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to compare the differences between groups and two-factor analysis of variance and effect size index were used to compare the effect of each of the independent variables. Significance level it was considered p≤0.05.
Results: Data analysis using one way and two-way analysis of variance test showed that:
1. Mean glucose concentration (mg /dL) in the exercise group compared to the control was significantly reduced (P = 0.005) and in the exercise-royal gel group compared to the royal gel group had no significant difference and had a significant decrease compared to the control in the gel exercise group. (P = 0.001)
2. Mean insulin concentration (IUI / ml) in the exercise group was significantly increased compared to the control (P = 0.005) but the royal jelly group had a significant increase compared to the control. In the exercise group, Royal Jelly had a non-significant increase compared to control.
3. The mean insulin resistance index in the exercise group was significantly lower than the control group and Royal jelly (P = 0.044)
4. Mean P53 gene expression showed that, HIIT reduced P53 gene expression in hepatocytes compared with controls (P <0.001). HIIT and Royal Jelly also reduced P53 gene expression in hepatocytes compared with the control group.
Conclusion: Results shown that HIIT and Royal Jelly also reduced P53 gene expression in hepatocytes compared with the control group.
In general, according to the research results, it can be concluded that HIIT as well as interaction with Royal Jelly can reduce the expression of P53 gene and improve glucose levels due to the effect of genetic components effective in the release of hepatic glucose and in Type 2 diabetic patients are effective, although the results showed that the correlation coefficient between changes in insulin resistance index and P53 gene expression was not significant in the experimental groups. Royal jelly due to various vitamin and protein compounds and phenolic compounds and good substitutes for the role of glucose, as well as various antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles, etc., regulates carbohydrate metabolism, especially glucose, and regulates lipid metabolism and reduces hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. And reduce insulin resistance and prevent oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in people with type 2 diabetes, which is associated with exercise-related diabetes and is usually associated with overweight and obesity, but Royal Jelly alone cannot be used in these areas. And changes in the P53 gene are effective, and the use of aerobic exercise programs such as interval training can improve its effectiveness, however, further studies are needed in this area.
Marzie Sadat Azarniveh, Roya Askari, Amirhossein Haghighi,
Volume 29, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Obesity leads to increased health risks and increased economic burden. Obesity, especially in the long term and visceral type, is the cornerstone of the pathogenesis of diabetes. Depending on race and gender, 50 to 90% of type 2 diabetics are overweight and obese, a rate that has been reported to be higher in older patients. The pathophysiological pathways behind this association are complex and ultimately lead to insulin resistance and secondary cell dysfunction. Adipose tissue accumulation produces a range of metabolic and hormonal changes that gradually disrupt the insulin signal transduction pathway and manifest as increased insulin resistance in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle. On the other hand, it should be noted that the reduction of insulin sensitivity at the cellular level is a natural result of aging. One of the most important compensatory mechanisms against insulin resistance is the increase in pancreatic beta cell mass. This increase in pancreatic cells regulates the dynamic balance between neogenesis, proliferation and apoptotic processes in the islets of Langerhans, which is age-dependent. Are, reflects. But genetic predisposition and aging contribute to beta-cell dysfunction, which, along with chronic glucotoxic and lipotoxic effects, manifests itself in the development of insulin resistance in obese individuals, resulting in impaired glycemic control and diabetes. Nowadays, the basic principles of diabetes control are knowledge and awareness, control of diabetes complications, diet, medication and physical activity, which the low cost and non-pharmacological nature of physical activity increase its therapeutic importance. On the other hand, the beneficial effects of exercise on aging and the side effects associated with it are not hidden from anyone. One type of exercise that has been considered in the control and management of diabetes is high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Due to the characteristics of HIIT and its effects on glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and weight, it has been considered by researchers today, although the same results are not reported, which requires further studies in this field. Dietary supplements, on the other hand, are a form of complementary and alternative therapies that are widely used by the general public, including diabetics. One of the best supplements available is Spirulina Supplement. Spirulina may be helpful in preventing diabetes; because it is low in calories, and contains large amounts of vitamin B1, which improves the metabolism of sugars in the body, it also contains vitamin B2, which helps burn calories, prevents obesity and contains Vitamin B6, which is effective in making the hormone insulin in the body. Increased inflammation due to aging, which also leads to diabetes, and the anti-inflammatory effects of regular physical activity and spirulina supplementation have led researchers to hypothesize that the two may have synergistic effects that could have an optimal effect on Reduce obesity and diabetic complications.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training with spirulina supplementation on weight changes and glucose indices in obese elderly diabetic rats.
Methods: This research was of experimental and applied-developmental type. For this purpose, 40 old male Wistar rats (20 months) with an average weight of 280 to 325 grams were purchased and transferred to the laboratory. Then, the standard diet of field rats was calculated and based on that, a high-fat diet derived from soybean and animal oil was prepared and used. The rats were on a high-fat diet for eight weeks. Rats need 10 grams of pellets per 100 grams of body weight per day (standard diet of rats and 10-15 ml of water). The composition of rat pellets included carbohydrates: wheat flour, barley, bran and corn. Protein included: fishmeal powder and soybean meal and fat included soybean oil and a mixture of animal oils. However, in this study, rats had free access to the researcher's high-fat food and the amount of water they needed. The high-fat diet for weight gain consisted of 40% fat, 17% protein and 43% carbohydrates, which were prepared in this study according to livestock and poultry experts. After the weight of the rats reached more than 310 grams according to the Lee index; Diabetes was induced, then HIIT training began. To do this, after a 12-hour period of malnutrition, diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (Sigma Germany). For this purpose, STZ was first dissolved in sodium citrate buffer solution with pH = 4 and injected into field rats at the rate of 40 mg / kg body weight. After five days, the rats' blood glucose levels were assessed and if the level was more than 300 mg / ml, the rats were diagnosed as diabetic. Blood glucose concentration was measured using blood samples collected from the tails of animals by a glucometer (Buerer GL42 model, made in Germany) and glucose oxidase enzyme method. The criterion for being diabetic was blood glucose concentration higher than 300 mg / 100 ml. The living conditions of the animals in the control group were similar to those in the exercise group except for daily exercise at other times. Then they were randomly divided into 5 groups of 8. Groups include HIIT, HIIT+spirulina, Spirulina, Sham and Control. Then, animals for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week, HIIT (including running on a treadmill with a maximum of 90% VO2max for 30 seconds, the first week with 5 repetitions and one repetition was added every week) and throughout the training period, the control group did not do any training. Changes in weight, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance were measured by standard methods. Data analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test using SPSS software.
Results: There was a significant difference in fasting glucose, insulin and insulin resistance between the groups (p = 0.0001). The results of Tukey post hoc test showed that HIIT and supplementation caused significant improvements in glycemic index values compared to control and sham groups. The most improvements were observed in the HIIT + supplement group, which showed the interactive effect of independent variables. HIIT and supplementation caused significant changes in weight between the studied groups. After the post hoc test, it was found that the HIIT + supplement group had more weight loss than the control and sham groups (p = 0.0001).
Conclusion: In general, weight gain and body fat percentage are directly related to increased insulin resistance, and the presence of these two factors increases the risk of diabetes. On the other hand, diabetes is one of the consequences of aging and for the treatment and control of diabetes, especially in old age, in addition to drug therapy, it has been shown that exercise with insulin-independent mechanisms activates muscle glucose uptake. Although the role of HIIT in diabetic and non-diabetic populations has received considerable attention among a variety of sports activities today, its prescription for diabetics has not yet been fully studied, including improving health and reducing complications. Diabetes depends on factors such as the intensity of exercise; For example, six months of moderate-intensity exercise and high-intensity exercise improved insulin sensitivity by 40 percent and 85 percent, respectively. HIIT also showed a greater increase in insulin sensitivity, which in turn Increases muscle glucose uptake in humans and healthy and obese animals. Also, this type of exercise has been useful in improving athletic performance, increasing the physical fitness of healthy people and treating and rehabilitating some diseases, and on the other hand, the energy cost of this type of exercise is higher and improves aerobic fitness. Research has shown that a lack of time to engage in regular exercise and lower blood sugar, even up to 48 hours after regular exercise sessions in people with diabetes, is one of the main reasons these patients do not engage in exercise. That all these cases have been resolved in HIIT. Spirulina can also be effective in weight control and diabetes due to its very rich composition. According to research on the effect of spirulina on blood sugar in research, the effect of this supplement is mainly attributed to the water-soluble part of this algae, which is composed of a protein called phycocyanin and acts as a hypoglycemic agent. In addition, the fiber in spirulina supplementation, which reduces glucose uptake into the gastrointestinal tract, is also shown to be effective in lowering blood sugar. Since the most appropriate dose and timing of intervention for a better response of the body to spirulina supplementation is still inconsistent in the research background, the present study may emerge as a new idea alone in interaction with HIIT for better treatment and control of the index. Sugar and weight should be considered in these patients. According to the obtained results, this study can be used by all researchers who are looking for appropriate and low-risk treatments to treat or control diabetes and weight loss, especially in the elderly.
Masoumeh Dolatabadi, Hasan Matinhomaee, Farshad Ghazalian,
Volume 29, Issue 12 (3-2023)
Volume 29, Issue 12 (3-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world (1). Diabetes and hyperglycemia caused by diabetes lead to disorders in various organs such as lungs, heart, muscles, kidneys, etc. (9, 10). One of the main complications of diabetes is diabetic cardiomyopathy; Diabetic cardiomyopathy is the result of diabetes-induced changes in the structure and function of the heart. Diabetic cardiomyopathy occurs as a result of impaired glucose and lipid metabolism associated with diabetes, which leads to increased oxidative stress and activation of multiple inflammatory pathways that mediate cellular and extracellular damage, pathological remodeling of the heart, and diastolic and systolic dysfunction. Preclinical studies in animal models of diabetes have identified several intracellular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy and potential cardioprotective strategies for disease prevention and treatment, including anti-fibrotic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, and antioxidants (11). Cellular energy homeostasis is a fundamental process that governs the overall health of the cell and is critical for cell survival. Central to this is the control of ATP production and utilization, which is regulated by a myriad of enzymatic reactions controlling cellular metabolism (12). Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy sensor with aberrant expression in various diseases, including diabetes (12). There is considerable evidence that AMPK is reduced in cardiac tissues of animals and humans with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome compared with non-diabetic controls, and that AMPK stimulation (physiological or pharmacological) can ameliorate diabetes-related cardiovascular complications (14). Considering the role of AMPK in energy metabolism in the heart, as well as the effects of diabetes and exercise on the gene and protein expression of this energy sensor, measuring the changes of this gene can improve our knowledge about the effect of different adaptations caused by different exercises, as well as the effect of lack of exercise. With the aim of investigating the effect of maintaining these adaptations after training (22, 23). However, so far, no research has been done that specifically compares the effect of two common training methods, continuous and intermittent training, followed by no training on cardiac AMPK gene expression in diabetic rats, which shows the necessity of the current research. According to the mentioned information, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of a detraining period followed by aerobic and HIIT exercises on cardiac AMPK gene expression in alloxan-treated diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental research, 48 male Wistar rats (age: 10-weeks; weigh: 220±20 grams) were randomly divided into six groups (n=8). One group was considered as a healthy control and the rest of the rats were made diabetic using a single dose of 90 mg/kg of alloxan. One group was considered as diabetic control; and the rats were divided into two groups of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous moderate aerobic training (MICT). After 12 weeks of training, half of the rats in each group were sacrificed; and the rats were sacrificed after 2 weeks of no training. MICT program was performed for 5 sessions per week with a gradual increase in speed (18-26 m/min) and time (10-55 minutes). HIIT program also included 5 30-minute sessions per week in the form of running on a treadmill with one-minute repetitions and 2-minute active rest between each interval. For statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used and the significance level (P ≤ 0.05) was considered.
Results: The results showed that the induction of diabetes decreased the cardiac AMPK gene expression compared to the healthy control group (P < 0.001), also the results showed that after 12 weeks of training, there was a significant increase in the cardiac AMPK gene expression in the training groups compared to the control group. Diabetes control was observed (P < 0.001), but no significant difference was observed between the two exercise groups (P > 0.05). Also, the results showed that after 2 weeks of non-training, there was a slight decrease in cardiac AMPK gene expression compared to the training groups, and these changes were not significant (P > 0.05).
Conclution: The results of the present study showed that induction of diabetes with alloxan decreased cardiac AMPK gene expression, which was related to hyperglycemia caused by induction of diabetes with alloxan injection. Previous research has also shown that a single dose of alloxan injection with 90 mg/kg body weight of rats induces diabetes (24-26). According to the findings of the present study, 12 weeks of continuous aerobic exercise and HIIT both significantly increased cardiac AMPK gene expression in diabetic rats, but no significant difference was observed between the two types of exercise. Based on the research conducted in animal models, exercise increases cardiac AMPK values, which are consistent with the results of the present study (30, 31). However, comparing the effects of continuous and HIIT exercises, the results of these two studies were different from our findings; In their research comparing the effect of moderate intensity continuous training and HIIT training on AMPK of skeletal and cardiac muscle, Wen et al. reported that the effects of HIIT training on increasing oxidative capacity and AMPK are more obvious (30); The results of Su et al.'s research showed better effects of continuous training on AMPK and PGC-1α gene expression in the HIIT group than continuous aerobic training (30). As shown in various animal models and patient studies, physical exercise is known to be cardioprotective and can partially compensate for cardiac damage. At the cellular level, exercise counteracts heart disease-related changes in these cellular pathways and can improve heart function (32). AMPK activation leads to the regulation of metabolism, protein transport, transcription factors and/or activators, kinases, and other enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins. AMPK increases substrate uptake and utilization in the heart, enhances mitochondrial biogenesis, and modulates the activity of specific proteins and transcription factors to exert cardioprotective functions (33). Therefore, exercise training can moderate the effects of diabetes on the heart by increasing cardiac AMPK. AMPK also plays an important role in reducing oxidative stress, regulating autophagy and anti-apoptosis of cardiomyocytes (29, 34). Exercise activates signaling molecules and transcriptional networks to promote physiological adaptations such as mitochondrial biogenesis (35). It has been reported that after swimming exercises in rats, the levels of activated AMPK showed a decrease in cardiac fibrosis due to the inhibition of NADPH oxidase (36). This finding has been confirmed as decreased AMPK activity by beta-adrenergic activation exacerbates cardiac fibrosis (37). These changes are important because exercise activates AMPK and thus may be able to inhibit pathological hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis (38). Other findings of our research showed that 2 weeks of detraining after exercise decreased AMPK in both exercise groups, but this decrease was not statistically significant. In line with the findings of the current research, Cao et al also reported in their research that after the training period, a significant increase in AMPK level was observed, but after stopping training for 10 days, the AMPK level started to decrease, but the changes were not significant 40). Based on the results, it can be said that any two methods of continuous aerobic exercise and HIIT increase the expression of the AMPK gene; Also, after two weeks ofdetraining, cardiac AMPK gene expression is still high in diabetic rats. However, more research is needed to investigate the longer-term effects of non-exercise on AMPK gene expression and mechanisms related to non-exercise on diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Methods: In this experimental research, 48 male Wistar rats (age: 10-weeks; weigh: 220±20 grams) were randomly divided into six groups (n=8). One group was considered as a healthy control and the rest of the rats were made diabetic using a single dose of 90 mg/kg of alloxan. One group was considered as diabetic control; and the rats were divided into two groups of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous moderate aerobic training (MICT). After 12 weeks of training, half of the rats in each group were sacrificed; and the rats were sacrificed after 2 weeks of no training. MICT program was performed for 5 sessions per week with a gradual increase in speed (18-26 m/min) and time (10-55 minutes). HIIT program also included 5 30-minute sessions per week in the form of running on a treadmill with one-minute repetitions and 2-minute active rest between each interval. For statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used and the significance level (P ≤ 0.05) was considered.
Results: The results showed that the induction of diabetes decreased the cardiac AMPK gene expression compared to the healthy control group (P < 0.001), also the results showed that after 12 weeks of training, there was a significant increase in the cardiac AMPK gene expression in the training groups compared to the control group. Diabetes control was observed (P < 0.001), but no significant difference was observed between the two exercise groups (P > 0.05). Also, the results showed that after 2 weeks of non-training, there was a slight decrease in cardiac AMPK gene expression compared to the training groups, and these changes were not significant (P > 0.05).
Conclution: The results of the present study showed that induction of diabetes with alloxan decreased cardiac AMPK gene expression, which was related to hyperglycemia caused by induction of diabetes with alloxan injection. Previous research has also shown that a single dose of alloxan injection with 90 mg/kg body weight of rats induces diabetes (24-26). According to the findings of the present study, 12 weeks of continuous aerobic exercise and HIIT both significantly increased cardiac AMPK gene expression in diabetic rats, but no significant difference was observed between the two types of exercise. Based on the research conducted in animal models, exercise increases cardiac AMPK values, which are consistent with the results of the present study (30, 31). However, comparing the effects of continuous and HIIT exercises, the results of these two studies were different from our findings; In their research comparing the effect of moderate intensity continuous training and HIIT training on AMPK of skeletal and cardiac muscle, Wen et al. reported that the effects of HIIT training on increasing oxidative capacity and AMPK are more obvious (30); The results of Su et al.'s research showed better effects of continuous training on AMPK and PGC-1α gene expression in the HIIT group than continuous aerobic training (30). As shown in various animal models and patient studies, physical exercise is known to be cardioprotective and can partially compensate for cardiac damage. At the cellular level, exercise counteracts heart disease-related changes in these cellular pathways and can improve heart function (32). AMPK activation leads to the regulation of metabolism, protein transport, transcription factors and/or activators, kinases, and other enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins. AMPK increases substrate uptake and utilization in the heart, enhances mitochondrial biogenesis, and modulates the activity of specific proteins and transcription factors to exert cardioprotective functions (33). Therefore, exercise training can moderate the effects of diabetes on the heart by increasing cardiac AMPK. AMPK also plays an important role in reducing oxidative stress, regulating autophagy and anti-apoptosis of cardiomyocytes (29, 34). Exercise activates signaling molecules and transcriptional networks to promote physiological adaptations such as mitochondrial biogenesis (35). It has been reported that after swimming exercises in rats, the levels of activated AMPK showed a decrease in cardiac fibrosis due to the inhibition of NADPH oxidase (36). This finding has been confirmed as decreased AMPK activity by beta-adrenergic activation exacerbates cardiac fibrosis (37). These changes are important because exercise activates AMPK and thus may be able to inhibit pathological hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis (38). Other findings of our research showed that 2 weeks of detraining after exercise decreased AMPK in both exercise groups, but this decrease was not statistically significant. In line with the findings of the current research, Cao et al also reported in their research that after the training period, a significant increase in AMPK level was observed, but after stopping training for 10 days, the AMPK level started to decrease, but the changes were not significant 40). Based on the results, it can be said that any two methods of continuous aerobic exercise and HIIT increase the expression of the AMPK gene; Also, after two weeks ofdetraining, cardiac AMPK gene expression is still high in diabetic rats. However, more research is needed to investigate the longer-term effects of non-exercise on AMPK gene expression and mechanisms related to non-exercise on diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Fatemeh Saebi, Hossein Abednatanzy, Mohammadali Azarbayjani, Mandana Gholami,
Volume 30, Issue 6 (9-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 6 (9-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Type 2 diabetes is the most common endocrine disease that occurs due to glucose intolerance due to imbalance between reserves and insulin demand.RBP4 is one of these adipocytes whose serum concentrations increase in different models of rats with type 2 diabetes and people with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was the interactive effect of High Intensity Exercise Training (HIIT) and n-chromosomal royal jelly on RBP4 and AMPK gene expression in liver hepatocytes and glucose levels and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats. Intense interval training is usually performed with intensities above 90% of the maximum heart rate and short rest periods and a training duration of less than 20 minutes. Royal Jelly is a yellowish white substance secreted by the submandibular glands of worker bees and by the queen bee is consumed throughout its life and the larvae during the growing period. Due to their anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory effects, various drugs are obtained from Royal Jelly. Evidence from studies shows that the possibility of RBP4 and AMPK gene expression in soleus muscle plays an important role in increasing consumption glucose. Therefore, this article intends to report the interactive effect of HIIT and consumption of n-chromosomal royal jelly on glucose regulatory factors.
Methods: The statistical population of the present study consisted of rats. After 20 weeks of high-fat diet, rats became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg STZ per kg body weight. Mice with fasting glucose between 150 and 400 mg / dL were considered to have type 2 diabetes. Mice were treated in 4 groups: 6-head diabetic control, 8-period periodic training, 7-head Royal Jelly, 8-head Periodic Exercise, and 8-head Royal Jelly training group and training protocol and gel-royal gavage.
The HIIT protocol consisted of eight weeks of aerobic exercise, five sessions per week with a gradual increase in extreme frequency from 22 to 38 meters per minute and a rest period of 16 to 22 meters per minute for 15 to 34 minutes by running on a treadmill. Running time increased from 16 minutes in the first week to 34 minutes in the eighth week. At the end of the training period and 48 hours after the last training session, the experimental training groups and after 12 hours of fasting, the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed by ether anesthetic. Blood samples were collected from the heart. Glucose was measured using an auto-analyzer. Insulin measured by a special kit of Pars Azmoun Company. The insulin resistance index was calculated using the formula and gene expression was also determined by RT-PCR. To describe the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to compare the differences between groups and two-factor analysis of variance and effect size index were used to compare the effect of each of the independent variables. Significance level it was considered p≤0.05.
Results: Mean glucose concentration (mg / dL) in the exercise group compared to the control was significantly reduced (P = 0.005) and in the exercise-royal gel group compared to the royal gel group had no significant difference and had a significant decrease compared to the control in the gel exercise group (P = 0.001). Mean insulin concentration (IUI / ml) in the exercise group was significantly increased compared to the control (P = 0.005) but the royal jelly group had a significant increase compared to the control. In the exercise group, Royal Jelly had a non-significant increase compared to control. The mean insulin resistance index in the exercise group was significantly lower than the control group and Royal jelly (P = 0.044). Data analysis using one-way and two-factor analysis of variance and post hoc test showed that, HIIT and royal jelly resulted in a non-significant decrease in soleus muscle RBP4 gene expression compared to the control group. HIIT and royal jelly increased the expression of AMPK gene in soleus muscle compared to the control group, which was significant in the HIIT group (P = 0.008). Since increasing in glucose consumption muscle tissues, especially in diabetic patients is importance. The findings of the present study revealed that the expression of genes involved in glucose consumption in soleus muscle is affected by HIIT and combined with royal jelly. Eight weeks of HIIT alone, in interaction with n-chromosomal royal jelly. The findings of the present study showed that HIIT and royal jelly reduced a non-significant decrease in soleus muscle RBP4 gene expression compared to the control group of type 2 diabetic rats, so decrease in glucose concentration and increased insulin and significantly reduced the insulin resistance of type 2 diabetic rats fed a high-fat diet and decrease RBP4 gene expression in soleus muscle in the HIIT groups.Various mechanisms have been suggested for the effects of RBP4 on the induction of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Serum RBP4 has been shown to be involved in inducing insulin resistance by stimulating the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver and impaired insulin signaling in muscle. In muscle tissue, there is a negative correlation between RBP4 and access to glucose and GLUT4 levels in diabetes people. In other words, increasing the concentration of RBP4 reduces the activity of phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3-kinase) and subsequently phosphorylates the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and affects the transfer of GLUT4, which in turn It affects the insulin signaling pathway and reduces insulin-dependent glucose uptake into muscle tissue. Researchers have suggested that reducing and inhibiting RBP4 may be effective in reducing the damage caused by diabetes. For example, a recent study confirmed the beneficial effects of fentertinide (an RBP4 inhibitor) in the treatment of mice with a high-fat diet, so that the results of the above study showed that fentertinide inhibits glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in Prevents liver and muscle and improves glucose production in the liver and glucose metabolism in muscle.
The results also showed that AMPK gene expression increased in the experimental groups compared to the control, which was significantly increased in the intense periodic training group compared to the control (P = 0.008). AMPK has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity after exercise. In their study, Rimko et al. showed that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise increased the AMPK signaling pathway in the muscle tissue of diabetic rats, which was also effective in improving insulin sensitivity. Increased blood glucose intake, which is affected by exercise, especially HIIT, can counteract the negative effects of RBP4. In the study of Aghaei and et al, Induction of diabetes caused a significant increase in RBP4 expression and after 8 weeks of HIIT exercise, its expression decreased significantly compared to control and AMPK gene expression was significantly increased in HIIT exercise group.
Conclusion: HIIT and royal jelly resulted in a non-significant decrease in soleus muscle RBP4 gene expression compared to the control group. HIIT and royal jelly increased the expression of soleus muscle AMPK gene compared to the control group, which was significant in the HIIT group (P = 0.008).
Methods: The statistical population of the present study consisted of rats. After 20 weeks of high-fat diet, rats became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg STZ per kg body weight. Mice with fasting glucose between 150 and 400 mg / dL were considered to have type 2 diabetes. Mice were treated in 4 groups: 6-head diabetic control, 8-period periodic training, 7-head Royal Jelly, 8-head Periodic Exercise, and 8-head Royal Jelly training group and training protocol and gel-royal gavage.
The HIIT protocol consisted of eight weeks of aerobic exercise, five sessions per week with a gradual increase in extreme frequency from 22 to 38 meters per minute and a rest period of 16 to 22 meters per minute for 15 to 34 minutes by running on a treadmill. Running time increased from 16 minutes in the first week to 34 minutes in the eighth week. At the end of the training period and 48 hours after the last training session, the experimental training groups and after 12 hours of fasting, the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed by ether anesthetic. Blood samples were collected from the heart. Glucose was measured using an auto-analyzer. Insulin measured by a special kit of Pars Azmoun Company. The insulin resistance index was calculated using the formula and gene expression was also determined by RT-PCR. To describe the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to compare the differences between groups and two-factor analysis of variance and effect size index were used to compare the effect of each of the independent variables. Significance level it was considered p≤0.05.
Results: Mean glucose concentration (mg / dL) in the exercise group compared to the control was significantly reduced (P = 0.005) and in the exercise-royal gel group compared to the royal gel group had no significant difference and had a significant decrease compared to the control in the gel exercise group (P = 0.001). Mean insulin concentration (IUI / ml) in the exercise group was significantly increased compared to the control (P = 0.005) but the royal jelly group had a significant increase compared to the control. In the exercise group, Royal Jelly had a non-significant increase compared to control. The mean insulin resistance index in the exercise group was significantly lower than the control group and Royal jelly (P = 0.044). Data analysis using one-way and two-factor analysis of variance and post hoc test showed that, HIIT and royal jelly resulted in a non-significant decrease in soleus muscle RBP4 gene expression compared to the control group. HIIT and royal jelly increased the expression of AMPK gene in soleus muscle compared to the control group, which was significant in the HIIT group (P = 0.008). Since increasing in glucose consumption muscle tissues, especially in diabetic patients is importance. The findings of the present study revealed that the expression of genes involved in glucose consumption in soleus muscle is affected by HIIT and combined with royal jelly. Eight weeks of HIIT alone, in interaction with n-chromosomal royal jelly. The findings of the present study showed that HIIT and royal jelly reduced a non-significant decrease in soleus muscle RBP4 gene expression compared to the control group of type 2 diabetic rats, so decrease in glucose concentration and increased insulin and significantly reduced the insulin resistance of type 2 diabetic rats fed a high-fat diet and decrease RBP4 gene expression in soleus muscle in the HIIT groups.Various mechanisms have been suggested for the effects of RBP4 on the induction of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Serum RBP4 has been shown to be involved in inducing insulin resistance by stimulating the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver and impaired insulin signaling in muscle. In muscle tissue, there is a negative correlation between RBP4 and access to glucose and GLUT4 levels in diabetes people. In other words, increasing the concentration of RBP4 reduces the activity of phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3-kinase) and subsequently phosphorylates the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and affects the transfer of GLUT4, which in turn It affects the insulin signaling pathway and reduces insulin-dependent glucose uptake into muscle tissue. Researchers have suggested that reducing and inhibiting RBP4 may be effective in reducing the damage caused by diabetes. For example, a recent study confirmed the beneficial effects of fentertinide (an RBP4 inhibitor) in the treatment of mice with a high-fat diet, so that the results of the above study showed that fentertinide inhibits glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in Prevents liver and muscle and improves glucose production in the liver and glucose metabolism in muscle.
The results also showed that AMPK gene expression increased in the experimental groups compared to the control, which was significantly increased in the intense periodic training group compared to the control (P = 0.008). AMPK has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity after exercise. In their study, Rimko et al. showed that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise increased the AMPK signaling pathway in the muscle tissue of diabetic rats, which was also effective in improving insulin sensitivity. Increased blood glucose intake, which is affected by exercise, especially HIIT, can counteract the negative effects of RBP4. In the study of Aghaei and et al, Induction of diabetes caused a significant increase in RBP4 expression and after 8 weeks of HIIT exercise, its expression decreased significantly compared to control and AMPK gene expression was significantly increased in HIIT exercise group.
Conclusion: HIIT and royal jelly resulted in a non-significant decrease in soleus muscle RBP4 gene expression compared to the control group. HIIT and royal jelly increased the expression of soleus muscle AMPK gene compared to the control group, which was significant in the HIIT group (P = 0.008).
| Page 1 from 1 |
© 2025 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | Razi Journal of Medical Sciences
Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb