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The Relationship between fear of AIDS with childbearing age women knowledge and attitude toward AIDS
Farzaneh Ashrafinia, Leila Janani, Razieh Khajeh Kazemi, Maryam Dastoorpour,
Volume 20, Issue 117 (3-2014)
Volume 20, Issue 117 (3-2014)
Abstract
Background: Knowledge, attitudes and beliefes of every ethnicity in health promotion and disease prevention is effective. Based on various studies, the fear may be effective in the change of behavior. It seems, fear of AIDS according to the knowledge and attitude is effective in preventing HIV infection. So the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between fear of AIDS, knowledge and attitudes towards AIDS in women of childbearing age.
Methods : This cross- sectional study was conducted on 260 women of childbearing age and Subjects were selected with Convenience Sampling within 6 months to Besat Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Data were collected using a demographic information check list and two questionnaires to assess knowledge, attitudes and fear of aids through several interview and its validity and reliability was confirmed in this study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic such as mean, standard deviation, also with chi square test and pearson’s coefficient.
Result: findings of the study indicated that most women have moderate awareness (55.2%), positive attitudes (95/8 %) and moderate intensity of fear of AIDS (57.5%). Between Knowledge, attitudes and level of education was not any statistical significance but in women’s employment status with the fear of exposure to HIV infection, a significant correlation was observed.
Conclusions: Since the study was first conducted among the following vulnerable groups of people, the results provided useful information on Fear of AIDS in this group and also it suggests that it may necessarily need more extensive research on the subject for a closer look at the relationship between awareness, attitudes correction and subsequently the change in their behavior in order to provid AIDS prevention.
Zohre Zadeahmad, Mahbobe Abdolahi, Seyede Belin Tavakkoli Sani, Elham Charoghchian Khorasani,
Volume 27, Issue 8 (10-2020)
Volume 27, Issue 8 (10-2020)
Abstract
Background and aims: In recent decades, Iran has faced the problem of rapid fertility decline, which has changed the structure of the country's population and can eventually turn the country's young structure into an old structure. The results of population aging include include the decrease in the young and economically useful population and the labor force of the country, and will further lead to issues such as increasing the cost of caring for the elderly. One of the factors that affect fertility is the tendency to have children, which indicates a person's interest in having children. Changing the lifestyle of Iranian women such as increasing the age of marriage, working outside the home and cultural and economic norms, etc. are factors that have reduced the tendency of women to have children. Examining the factors that affect women's tendency to have children can be a way to conduct scientific interventions to increase the tendency to have children. Undoubtedly, the tendency to have children can lead to an increase in fertility. In Islam, childbearing is recommended and pregnancy and breastfeeding are considered as worship for women. Therefore, one of the factors that have been measured in relation to the tendency to childbearing in this study is spiritual health. Another factor that has been measured in relation to the tendency to childbearing in this study is health literacy. We want to examine whether health literacy and spiritual health are related to the tendency to childbearing? The purpose of this study was to investigate the tendency to childbearing and its relationship with health literacy and spiritual health in women referring to the healthcare centers of Torbat Heydarieh in 2019.
Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study of analytical type that was conducted in the comprehensive health service centers of Torbat-e Heydarieh in 2019. 269 married women aged 15 to 49 years referring to comprehensive health service centers in Torbat-e Heydarieh were selected by cluster random sampling. The instrument used in this study was a four-part questionnaire, the first part was related to the personal characteristics of the participants and the second part was the childbearing tendency questionnaire and the third questionnaire was Helia Health Literacy Questionnaire and the fourth questionnaire was SWBS Spiritual Health Questionnaire. Questionnaires were provided to the samples and they were assured about the confidentiality of information and the optionality of the company and cancellation of the study at each stage of the research. Then the data analysis was performed using descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression in SPSS software version 23.0.
Results: The mean age of women in this study was 28.9 ± 5.8 years and the mean number of children per household was 1.32±1.06. The mean age of the participants' spouses was 33.72 ± 6.44. The mean score of health literacy was 42.9±5.8, the mean score of childbearing tendency was 46.09 ± 6.9 and the mean score of spiritual health was 88.7±13.3. In 0.55 people, health literacy was at the border level and in 0.82 people, spiritual health was at the average level. The variables of age, number of children and level of education of the spouse were factors related to the tendency to childbearing. With increasing one year of age, the average score of tendency to childbearing increased by 0.33 (p = 0.02) and with the addition of one child, the mean score of tendency to childbearing decreased by 1.1 (p = 0.03). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between health literacy tendency to childbearing and spiritual health. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between health literacy and the tendency to childbearing and spiritual health. So that the correlation coefficient between health literacy and tendency to childbearing (p = 0.57, r = 0.04) and the correlation coefficient between health literacy and spiritual health were (p = 0.20, r = 0.08). There was a positive and significant relationship between the tendency to childbearing and spiritual health (p = 0.003, r = 0.18).
Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the level of women's health literacy had no effect on their tendency to childbearing and the two categories were unrelated in this study. But spiritual health had a positive and significant relationship with the tendency to childbearing. that's mean women with higher spiritual health were more interested in childbearing. Therefore, in planning educational interventions to increase women's tendency to childbearing, we must pay attention to the dimension of women's spiritual health and consider strengthening women's spiritual health.
Mojtaba Talebi, Samineh Bahadori Jahromi, Seyed Korosh Sarvarzadeh, Abdul Hamid Delshad, Reza Parizad Tasrani,
Volume 30, Issue 4 (7-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 4 (7-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Society attaches special importance to giving birth to children and raising them. For this reason, it creates incentives and punishments to regulate this matter; despite this, the importance of birth does not end only at the level of society; at the micro level, i.e. family, having children is of fundamental importance for parents. Although the desire to have children is naturally placed in the human body. One of the issues that has received attention in these years is the reduction of childbearing. The decrease in having children in cities is significant. The purpose of this research was to explain the effects of socioeconomic status on the reduction of childbearing in Iranian society and family.
Methods: The present research has been conducted with a combined method. The research has two statistical associations. The statistical population of the qualitative part is the people who visited the health centers of Fars province in 1401, and the statistical population of the quantitative part is all couples between the ages of 20 and 45 in Fars province, the statistical population of the quantitative part is based on Cochran's formula and through cluster sampling. Multi-stages have been selected and the statistical sample of the qualitative section referring to health-treatment centers was also selected using the available sample method. Data collection was done in the quantitative part through questionnaires and in the qualitative part through in-depth interviews. In this research, the thematic analysis method is used to analyze the qualitative interview data, and descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are used to analyze the quantitative data. Considering that two types of data will be used in this research, data analysis will be used at both qualitative and quantitative levels. Quantitative data analysis was done in the questionnaire section using SPSS version 23 software, and in-depth interviews were conducted in the (qualitative) section through content analysis and coding methods.
Results: According to the significant value (sig) calculated between the two domains, which is equal to 0.000, and because this number is smaller than 0.05, therefore, there is a relationship between the two variables of socio-economic status and the reduction of childbearing in the society. There is a meaning. Also, according to the intensity of our obtained correlation, which is equal to 0.128, therefore, there is a negative correlation, with a weak intensity and with the opposite direction, between the two variables of economic-social status and the reduction of childbearing in the society; In this way, the more the socio-economic status of the people in the society declines, the decrease in childbearing in the society also increases. Based on this, the second hypothesis of the research is confirmed. The value of dispersion indices of the economic-social status variable is a Mean value: of 20.9025, Standard deviation value: of 3.30003, Variance value: 10.890, and Range of changes value: 19.00.
Conclusion: The results show that among people, values and attitudes, gender equality, socio-economic status, religion, attitudes of ethnic groups, dissatisfaction with life, the ambiguity of the future situation, educational changes, and the living experience of families. They have played a role in the act of having children and have reduced the possibility of having children. In the end, even though people are facing various risks and issues, they still have children because of their love and affection for the child and the survival of the generation. However, in the two ways of the dangers of childbearing and interest in children, they adopt the third way: reducing fertility. Traditional values and norms, contrary to the values of individualism, which have been increasing, have experienced a decreasing and decreasing trend and have faded in society, and this issue has caused fertility to be in a transitional and challenging period. Although fertility is the result of the normative and intentional reproductive behavior of people, today's Iranian society has suffered a paradox, because this behavior is promoted and encouraged by the common values and norms of childbearing in the society on the one hand. On the other hand, it is surrounded by the external social system. Is. Today, the spread of modernity and the prevalence of traditionalist approaches are like a double-edged sword, on the one hand, it brings the process of development and evolution of social institutions, and on the other hand, it creates unfortunate consequences, such as a change in the attitude towards childbearing, which has led to the transformation of the family institution. The attitude towards having children in this research is the negative view of the interviewees towards children, who consider having many children not as a source of pleasure and benefit, but as a source of expense. The basis of this assessment is the opinions, beliefs, and accepted values of the person about the consequences of not having children. Of course, attitudes do not individually determine fertility behaviors, but environmental situations and conditions are also effective. In other words, the decrease in childbearing results from systematic convergence and adaptation to the current society's cultural, social, and economic conditions. Several factors can be considered effective in reducing fertility. Elements such as economic disturbances, the high cost of family formation, the increase in the marriage age of young people and as a result the delay in fertility, employment, and education of women, the weakening of family ties, cultural changes, the introduction of modernization elements, etc., according to the findings of the research. present and in line with the macro population policies of the country, which calls for intervention and policy-making to increase fertility above the replacement level, and in order not to repeat trial and error like what was done before to increase the number of births and stop the downward trend of policy fertility were implemented, on this basis, it is suggested that before any policy in this field, the set of indicators and components that determine fertility behavior should be scrutinized and closely monitored by planners.
Methods: The present research has been conducted with a combined method. The research has two statistical associations. The statistical population of the qualitative part is the people who visited the health centers of Fars province in 1401, and the statistical population of the quantitative part is all couples between the ages of 20 and 45 in Fars province, the statistical population of the quantitative part is based on Cochran's formula and through cluster sampling. Multi-stages have been selected and the statistical sample of the qualitative section referring to health-treatment centers was also selected using the available sample method. Data collection was done in the quantitative part through questionnaires and in the qualitative part through in-depth interviews. In this research, the thematic analysis method is used to analyze the qualitative interview data, and descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are used to analyze the quantitative data. Considering that two types of data will be used in this research, data analysis will be used at both qualitative and quantitative levels. Quantitative data analysis was done in the questionnaire section using SPSS version 23 software, and in-depth interviews were conducted in the (qualitative) section through content analysis and coding methods.
Results: According to the significant value (sig) calculated between the two domains, which is equal to 0.000, and because this number is smaller than 0.05, therefore, there is a relationship between the two variables of socio-economic status and the reduction of childbearing in the society. There is a meaning. Also, according to the intensity of our obtained correlation, which is equal to 0.128, therefore, there is a negative correlation, with a weak intensity and with the opposite direction, between the two variables of economic-social status and the reduction of childbearing in the society; In this way, the more the socio-economic status of the people in the society declines, the decrease in childbearing in the society also increases. Based on this, the second hypothesis of the research is confirmed. The value of dispersion indices of the economic-social status variable is a Mean value: of 20.9025, Standard deviation value: of 3.30003, Variance value: 10.890, and Range of changes value: 19.00.
Conclusion: The results show that among people, values and attitudes, gender equality, socio-economic status, religion, attitudes of ethnic groups, dissatisfaction with life, the ambiguity of the future situation, educational changes, and the living experience of families. They have played a role in the act of having children and have reduced the possibility of having children. In the end, even though people are facing various risks and issues, they still have children because of their love and affection for the child and the survival of the generation. However, in the two ways of the dangers of childbearing and interest in children, they adopt the third way: reducing fertility. Traditional values and norms, contrary to the values of individualism, which have been increasing, have experienced a decreasing and decreasing trend and have faded in society, and this issue has caused fertility to be in a transitional and challenging period. Although fertility is the result of the normative and intentional reproductive behavior of people, today's Iranian society has suffered a paradox, because this behavior is promoted and encouraged by the common values and norms of childbearing in the society on the one hand. On the other hand, it is surrounded by the external social system. Is. Today, the spread of modernity and the prevalence of traditionalist approaches are like a double-edged sword, on the one hand, it brings the process of development and evolution of social institutions, and on the other hand, it creates unfortunate consequences, such as a change in the attitude towards childbearing, which has led to the transformation of the family institution. The attitude towards having children in this research is the negative view of the interviewees towards children, who consider having many children not as a source of pleasure and benefit, but as a source of expense. The basis of this assessment is the opinions, beliefs, and accepted values of the person about the consequences of not having children. Of course, attitudes do not individually determine fertility behaviors, but environmental situations and conditions are also effective. In other words, the decrease in childbearing results from systematic convergence and adaptation to the current society's cultural, social, and economic conditions. Several factors can be considered effective in reducing fertility. Elements such as economic disturbances, the high cost of family formation, the increase in the marriage age of young people and as a result the delay in fertility, employment, and education of women, the weakening of family ties, cultural changes, the introduction of modernization elements, etc., according to the findings of the research. present and in line with the macro population policies of the country, which calls for intervention and policy-making to increase fertility above the replacement level, and in order not to repeat trial and error like what was done before to increase the number of births and stop the downward trend of policy fertility were implemented, on this basis, it is suggested that before any policy in this field, the set of indicators and components that determine fertility behavior should be scrutinized and closely monitored by planners.
Mojtaba Talebi, Samineh Bahadori Jahromi, Seyed Korosh Sarvarzadeh, Abdul Hamid Delshad, Reza Parizad Tasrani,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background & Aims: The society attaches special importance to giving birth and raising children; to regulate this, it uses incentives and punishments. However, the importance of procreation is not limited to the social level; rather, at the level of wisdom, that is, the family, having children also has a fundamental place. The desire to have a child is naturally embedded in the human body. Several factors influence parents' intention to have children. Having a child is considered a natural part of adult life and includes raising children, sharing life with them, and accepting responsibility for their happiness and well-being. Individual motives for having children are related to family, emotional, and social goals, and factors such as socio-cultural, structural, and background conditions affect decision-making in this regard. These factors are closely related to social beliefs and values about having children, the number of children, and individual acceptance of cultural norms and values. In Iranian society, children are traditionally considered divine gifts and their presence seems normal and desirable, while their absence requires an explanation. The desire to have a child is naturally embedded in the human body. Several factors influence parents' intention to have children. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explain the effects of dissatisfaction with life on the reduction of childbearing in Iranian society and family.
Methods: The current research was conducted with a combined method, the research has two statistical associations. The statistical population of the qualitative part is the people who were referred to the health-treatment centers of Fars province in 2022 and the statistical population of the quantitative part is all the couples between 20 and 45 years of age in Fars province with the Cochran formula and through multi-stage cluster sampling. The statistical sample of the qualitative section referring to health-treatment centers was also selected using the available sample method. Data collection was done in the quantitative part through questionnaires and in the qualitative part through in-depth interviews. Quantitative data analysis was done in the questionnaire section using SPSS version 23 software, and in-depth interviews were conducted in the (qualitative) section through content analysis and coding methods.
Results: According to the significance value (sig) calculated between the two domains, which is equal to 0.000 and because this number is smaller than 0.05, therefore, there is a significant difference between the two variables of dissatisfaction with life and the reduction of childbearing in the society and families of the city. There is a significant relationship with Shiraz. Also, according to the intensity of our obtained correlation, which is equal to 0.140, therefore, there is a positive correlation, with a weak intensity and with a direct direction, between the two variables of dissatisfaction with life and the reduction of childbearing in society and families of Shiraz city; In this way, the higher the dissatisfaction with life among the couples, the lower the number of children will increase. Accordingly, the fourth hypothesis of the research is confirmed. The variable of dissatisfaction with life was able to predict the reduction of childbearing in Shiraz City with a determination coefficient of 0.019%. In other words, the variable of dissatisfaction with life has been able to explain 0.019% of the changes related to the reduction of childbearing in Shiraz city.
Conclusion: The results of the survey showed that the higher the dissatisfaction with life in couples, the lower the number of children in society. In today's society, many factors such as economic, social, and psychological pressures can fuel dissatisfaction with life. When people feel that their lives are not of good quality or that they cannot meet their needs, likely, their decisions about having children will likely also be affected. Declining childbearing may be due to concerns about meeting the needs of the child, lack of adequate social support, or fear of reducing one's quality of life. Although this relationship is weak, it is worth pondering because it shows that policymakers and planners should pay special attention to improving people's quality of life and increasing their satisfaction. Supporting measures such as creating job opportunities, reducing living costs, increasing access to health and welfare services, and strengthening the sense of social security can be effective in reducing people's dissatisfaction and, as a result, increasing the desire to have children. On the other hand, these findings emphasize the importance of family planning and providing psychological counseling to couples. If couples have the necessary support and can feel more satisfied with their lives, their attitudes towards childbearing will probably change. This issue is also related to cultural and social policies that should try to strengthen positive values about family and childbearing. Finally, this research shows that dissatisfaction with life is not only an individual issue but can have broad demographic and social consequences. By understanding this relationship and addressing the factors affecting it, it is possible to prevent the declining process of having children in society and help to strengthen the foundation of families. The increase in dissatisfaction with life among couples is simultaneously associated with a decrease in the desire to have children. This issue can refer to complex conditions in which factors such as economic problems, social pressures, and psychological concerns play a prominent role. Couples who are not satisfied with their quality of life usually have more negative views about the future. These concerns may include not being able to provide for the needs of children, not having enough support from society, or feeling pressured to fulfill parental responsibilities. In such a situation, they prefer to avoid long-term decisions such as having children as much as possible.
Methods: The current research was conducted with a combined method, the research has two statistical associations. The statistical population of the qualitative part is the people who were referred to the health-treatment centers of Fars province in 2022 and the statistical population of the quantitative part is all the couples between 20 and 45 years of age in Fars province with the Cochran formula and through multi-stage cluster sampling. The statistical sample of the qualitative section referring to health-treatment centers was also selected using the available sample method. Data collection was done in the quantitative part through questionnaires and in the qualitative part through in-depth interviews. Quantitative data analysis was done in the questionnaire section using SPSS version 23 software, and in-depth interviews were conducted in the (qualitative) section through content analysis and coding methods.
Results: According to the significance value (sig) calculated between the two domains, which is equal to 0.000 and because this number is smaller than 0.05, therefore, there is a significant difference between the two variables of dissatisfaction with life and the reduction of childbearing in the society and families of the city. There is a significant relationship with Shiraz. Also, according to the intensity of our obtained correlation, which is equal to 0.140, therefore, there is a positive correlation, with a weak intensity and with a direct direction, between the two variables of dissatisfaction with life and the reduction of childbearing in society and families of Shiraz city; In this way, the higher the dissatisfaction with life among the couples, the lower the number of children will increase. Accordingly, the fourth hypothesis of the research is confirmed. The variable of dissatisfaction with life was able to predict the reduction of childbearing in Shiraz City with a determination coefficient of 0.019%. In other words, the variable of dissatisfaction with life has been able to explain 0.019% of the changes related to the reduction of childbearing in Shiraz city.
Conclusion: The results of the survey showed that the higher the dissatisfaction with life in couples, the lower the number of children in society. In today's society, many factors such as economic, social, and psychological pressures can fuel dissatisfaction with life. When people feel that their lives are not of good quality or that they cannot meet their needs, likely, their decisions about having children will likely also be affected. Declining childbearing may be due to concerns about meeting the needs of the child, lack of adequate social support, or fear of reducing one's quality of life. Although this relationship is weak, it is worth pondering because it shows that policymakers and planners should pay special attention to improving people's quality of life and increasing their satisfaction. Supporting measures such as creating job opportunities, reducing living costs, increasing access to health and welfare services, and strengthening the sense of social security can be effective in reducing people's dissatisfaction and, as a result, increasing the desire to have children. On the other hand, these findings emphasize the importance of family planning and providing psychological counseling to couples. If couples have the necessary support and can feel more satisfied with their lives, their attitudes towards childbearing will probably change. This issue is also related to cultural and social policies that should try to strengthen positive values about family and childbearing. Finally, this research shows that dissatisfaction with life is not only an individual issue but can have broad demographic and social consequences. By understanding this relationship and addressing the factors affecting it, it is possible to prevent the declining process of having children in society and help to strengthen the foundation of families. The increase in dissatisfaction with life among couples is simultaneously associated with a decrease in the desire to have children. This issue can refer to complex conditions in which factors such as economic problems, social pressures, and psychological concerns play a prominent role. Couples who are not satisfied with their quality of life usually have more negative views about the future. These concerns may include not being able to provide for the needs of children, not having enough support from society, or feeling pressured to fulfill parental responsibilities. In such a situation, they prefer to avoid long-term decisions such as having children as much as possible.
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