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Showing 21 results for Autism
Seyyedeh Haniyeh Sajadishahri, Fereshteh Rezazadeh Khalkhali, Zeinab Adel, Sanaz Pourhedayati, Yalda Biabani,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Autism spectrum disorder is a type of pervasive developmental disorder whose sufferers have three main characteristics: impairment in socialization, impairment in verbal and non-verbal communication, and limited and repetitive patterns of behavior (2). The prevalence of this disease in America has been reported as one in 68 people (6), although in Iran, this statistic is one in every 150 people, but unfortunately, this statistic seems to be increasing (9). Also, this disorder is related to gender, so that the ratio of girls to boys in autism spectrum disorders is about one to three (11). Despite the appearance of autism symptoms in the first year of a child's life; Patients are usually not diagnosed until they are 2-3 years old, and after diagnosis, the parents' initial reaction to this problem can be very different, but most of these reactions are influenced by the different beliefs of parents and the surrounding environment, and have a wide range of general denial of the problem. And not coping with it or intense follow-up for treatment (12).
In autism spectrum disorders, like other children's diseases, the greatest tension and pressure will be on the child's caregivers. After a long process of diagnosis, in most cases, all the wishes and hopes of the parents turn into despair due to the awareness of their child's disability and anxiety about the child's future, and the parents' problems begin (14). In addition, the long treatment process and behavioral and communication problems of these children cause parents to suffer from fatigue, high stress, mental pressure and despair, depression and anxiety while raising their autistic child. Meanwhile, mothers seem to have more psychological vulnerability due to the main responsibility of taking care of the child and having more conflict with the affected child (17).
Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, and the statistical population included all the mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder covered by the welfare of Tabriz city in 1401. From among the statistical population, 30 mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly replaced in two experimental groups of 15 people, test and control. Among the criteria for entering the study are having a child with autism disorder, between the ages of 25 and 50 years, at least a cycle education degree, no parental divorce, no history of psychiatric disorders leading to hospitalization, and completing the consent form for treatment and residence in Tabriz city. Cited. Also, absence of more than two sessions during therapy sessions, failure to answer the questionnaire questions accurately and completely, losing any of the criteria for entering the study and refusing to continue cooperation at any stage were among the criteria for exiting the study. To collect data, the quality-of-life questionnaire of the World Health Organization (WHOQOL-BREF) was used. To analyze the data, univariate analysis of covariance was used.
Resluts: In this study, the average age of the mothers was 37.6, all of them were married, and none of them were heads of households. More than half of the mothers had a university education, so that 17 of the subjects (56%) had an associate's degree or higher, 8 mothers (26%) had a diploma degree, and only 5 mothers had a bachelor's or bachelor's degree. . Also, 11 mothers (36%) had only one child, while 14 mothers (46%) had two children and only 5 mothers had three or more children.
The results of univariate covariance analysis in Table (3) show that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment had a significant effect on the quality of life of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (P<0.01); So that treatment based on acceptance and commitment has led to an increase in the quality of life of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder in the experimental group; Therefore, the answer to the first question is positive.
The results of univariate covariance analysis in Table (4) show that treatment based on acceptance and commitment had a significant effect on all four dimensions of quality of life (physical health, psychological health, social relations and environmental health) of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. P < 0.01); So that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment has led to an increase in the dimensions of the quality of life of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder in the experimental group.
Conclusion: The results of the research showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of the quality-of-life dimensions after the therapeutic intervention based on acceptance and commitment. Therefore, it can be said that this treatment has been effective in improving the quality of life of mothers with children with enema disorder. These results are in line with the findings of Byrne et al. (2021), who showed that treatment based on commitment and acceptance is effective in reducing depression in mothers with children with autism (19). Also, in similar results, Marino et al. (2022) also showed that this treatment was able to significantly improve the psychological well-being of mothers with children with autism (20). Internal studies also indicate the effectiveness of treatment based on commitment and acceptance on mothers with children with autism, so the study by Tabatabai et al. (1401) showed that treatment based on acceptance and commitment improves perceived social support, cognitive flexibility and emotional exchange in mothers with children with autism has helped (21).
In the explanation of these evidences, it can be said that the scientific evidence shows that the change in acceptance and failure and not the change in the cognitive or emotional content is the mediator of therapeutic outcomes in the therapeutic approach of acceptance and commitment (22). In fact, treatment based on commitment and acceptance reduces negative emotions through factors such as being in the present moment, coping with internal experiences without avoidance, acceptance without judgment, suppression or trying to change them (23). Mothers of children with autism need strategies to be able to maintain their ability to cope and adapt. Also, treatment based on commitment and acceptance helps mothers with a child with autism not to think of themselves as failures and without hope, and their lives have value and meaning (24).
In autism spectrum disorders, like other children's diseases, the greatest tension and pressure will be on the child's caregivers. After a long process of diagnosis, in most cases, all the wishes and hopes of the parents turn into despair due to the awareness of their child's disability and anxiety about the child's future, and the parents' problems begin (14). In addition, the long treatment process and behavioral and communication problems of these children cause parents to suffer from fatigue, high stress, mental pressure and despair, depression and anxiety while raising their autistic child. Meanwhile, mothers seem to have more psychological vulnerability due to the main responsibility of taking care of the child and having more conflict with the affected child (17).
Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, and the statistical population included all the mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder covered by the welfare of Tabriz city in 1401. From among the statistical population, 30 mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly replaced in two experimental groups of 15 people, test and control. Among the criteria for entering the study are having a child with autism disorder, between the ages of 25 and 50 years, at least a cycle education degree, no parental divorce, no history of psychiatric disorders leading to hospitalization, and completing the consent form for treatment and residence in Tabriz city. Cited. Also, absence of more than two sessions during therapy sessions, failure to answer the questionnaire questions accurately and completely, losing any of the criteria for entering the study and refusing to continue cooperation at any stage were among the criteria for exiting the study. To collect data, the quality-of-life questionnaire of the World Health Organization (WHOQOL-BREF) was used. To analyze the data, univariate analysis of covariance was used.
Resluts: In this study, the average age of the mothers was 37.6, all of them were married, and none of them were heads of households. More than half of the mothers had a university education, so that 17 of the subjects (56%) had an associate's degree or higher, 8 mothers (26%) had a diploma degree, and only 5 mothers had a bachelor's or bachelor's degree. . Also, 11 mothers (36%) had only one child, while 14 mothers (46%) had two children and only 5 mothers had three or more children.
The results of univariate covariance analysis in Table (3) show that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment had a significant effect on the quality of life of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (P<0.01); So that treatment based on acceptance and commitment has led to an increase in the quality of life of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder in the experimental group; Therefore, the answer to the first question is positive.
The results of univariate covariance analysis in Table (4) show that treatment based on acceptance and commitment had a significant effect on all four dimensions of quality of life (physical health, psychological health, social relations and environmental health) of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. P < 0.01); So that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment has led to an increase in the dimensions of the quality of life of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder in the experimental group.
Conclusion: The results of the research showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of the quality-of-life dimensions after the therapeutic intervention based on acceptance and commitment. Therefore, it can be said that this treatment has been effective in improving the quality of life of mothers with children with enema disorder. These results are in line with the findings of Byrne et al. (2021), who showed that treatment based on commitment and acceptance is effective in reducing depression in mothers with children with autism (19). Also, in similar results, Marino et al. (2022) also showed that this treatment was able to significantly improve the psychological well-being of mothers with children with autism (20). Internal studies also indicate the effectiveness of treatment based on commitment and acceptance on mothers with children with autism, so the study by Tabatabai et al. (1401) showed that treatment based on acceptance and commitment improves perceived social support, cognitive flexibility and emotional exchange in mothers with children with autism has helped (21).
In the explanation of these evidences, it can be said that the scientific evidence shows that the change in acceptance and failure and not the change in the cognitive or emotional content is the mediator of therapeutic outcomes in the therapeutic approach of acceptance and commitment (22). In fact, treatment based on commitment and acceptance reduces negative emotions through factors such as being in the present moment, coping with internal experiences without avoidance, acceptance without judgment, suppression or trying to change them (23). Mothers of children with autism need strategies to be able to maintain their ability to cope and adapt. Also, treatment based on commitment and acceptance helps mothers with a child with autism not to think of themselves as failures and without hope, and their lives have value and meaning (24).
Malieh Zaferanieh, Marzieh Alivandivafa, Seyyed Davood Hosseini Nasab,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background and purpose: In addition to academic problems, children with autism also have problems such as emotional and behavioral problems, which can endanger their health, mental health, and the quality of life of those around them. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of cognitive rehabilitation based on strengthening working memory on self-control, verbal fluency and information processing speed of children with autism. Methods: The statistical population of this semi-experimental research was formed by children with autism spectrum disorder in Sabzevar city, 40 people were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 20 people. Then, all the subjects took the self-control scales of Williams et al. (1997), Wechsler's intelligence (2003), the subtest of letter signs and signs of the face test (verbal fluency) and the subtest of encoding and symbolization from the Wechsler intelligence test series for children. They completed the pre-test. Then therapeutic intervention based on strengthening working memory was performed on the experimental group during 18 one-hour sessions. At the end of the treatment period and three months later, both groups completed the questionnaires again. Finally, the data were analyzed using the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements. Results: The results showed that cognitive rehabilitation based on strengthening working memory is effective on self-control, verbal fluency and information processing speed of children with autism spectrum disorder. Conclusion: According to the results, it is recommended to use cognitive rehabilitation interventions based on strengthening working memory to improve the self-control of children with autism.
The prevalence of autism has increased over the past three decades
So that the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in America and other countries is about 1%. Autism is believed to be on the rise, so it is imperative that therapists make an all-out effort to find its causes and cures.
The International Autism Society has estimated that the number of children with autism will increase significantly in the coming decades. The global prevalence of this disorder has increased dramatically since the first epidemiological studies in the 1960s and early 1970s.
In addition to academic problems, children with autism have other problems, including emotional and behavioral problems, which can endanger their health, mental health, and the quality of life of those around them. In recent decades, deficits in working memory, accuracy, and attention have been proposed as one of the important cognitive causal hypotheses in children with autism.
Since verbal fluency and processing speed are related to the speed and accuracy of reading in children with autism, and considering that most autistic children experience many emotional-behavioral problems, examining the above variables in children with autism is very important.
One of the indicators that is noticeable in students with autism spectrum disorder is low information processing speed, which is considered as an important foundation of cognitive abilities. Processing speed is a multidimensional factor that represents a person's cognitive performance in a certain period of time.
Attention is also a concept studied in cognitive psychology that refers to the way we process certain information in our living environment. The attentional system allows us to focus on something specific in our environment, and it also influences our perception of surrounding stimuli.
Another characteristic of students with autism spectrum disorder is their lack of self-control skills. The concept of self-control in social learning theory expresses the fact that self-control as a concept can be interpreted, learned and taught, and can be effective on the self-help behaviors of students with autism spectrum disorder with the help of cognitive regulation of emotion.
Cognitive rehabilitation is based on strengthening working memory and strengthening types of attention, including therapeutic approaches that are useful in improving cognitive defects. The cognitive rehabilitation method is a special and unique type of treatment in that it focuses solely and mainly on cognitive abilities.
In explaining the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation based on strengthening working memory on the verbal fluency of children with autism spectrum disorders, it can be said that the basis of improving cognitive deficits through cognitive rehabilitation is the neural plasticity of the brain. Based on this property, cognitive rehabilitation intervention increases the synaptic connections between neurons and improves the lost cognitive function.
In cognitive rehabilitation based on strengthening working memory, efforts are made to strengthen synaptic connections through cognitive tasks that are presented to the individual through various techniques and tasks. In this cognitive rehabilitation approach, the difficulty of the tasks is automatically increased throughout the treatment sessions and the client's performance is continuously challenged. Neuroimaging studies have shown changes in brain activity patterns following cognitive rehabilitation in children with autism spectrum disorders.
In explaining the findings, it can be said that since the relationship between emotion and cognition is two-way, when emotional information cannot be perceived and evaluated in cognitive processing processes, a person will be disturbed emotionally and cognitively.
This disability disrupts the organization of one's emotions and cognitions, and one fails in stressful situations. In other words, children who can control their inappropriate behaviors and have the ability to regulate and adjust cognitive-behavioral When faced with stressful events and frustrating conditions, they mostly use problem-oriented control strategies. It can be said that enhancing working memory and attention facilitates people's use of fresh appraisals, and people who rely on fresh appraisals provide more cognitive resources to aid their sustained attention, which leads to greater control in everyday life.
Conclusion
The results confirm the effect of cognitive rehabilitation based on strengthening working memory on self-control, verbal fluency and information processing speed of children with autism, so it is recommended to use cognitive rehabilitation interventions based on strengthening working memory to improve self-control of children with autism.
Farzaneh Manzari Tavakoli, Majid Barzegar, Hossein Baghooli,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to compile a structural model of attachment safety and maternal self-concept based on maternal sensitivity after birth in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder in Shiraz city in 2023. According to its purpose, this research is of the type of applied research and in terms of the collection method. The data are cross-sectional and their analysis is descriptive and correlational based on the structural equation modeling method. The statistical population is all mothers with children on the autism spectrum who have enrolled their children in exceptional schools and also in the Shiraz Autism Association. They had a case in 2023, which is a total of 987 people. In this research, 360 mothers of affected children were selected from among all the families with autistic children in Shiraz using available sampling method who were willing to participate in the research. The research tool is the Middle Attachment Relationships Questionnaire (KCAQ) - children's attachment in the middle period by Halpern and Kappenberg (2006), the maternal care quality questionnaire by Ghanbari et al. (2013), the self-concept questionnaire by Rogers (1983) and the data using the structural equation method. and AMOS software were analyzed and the results indicated the appropriate fit of the model. There is a significant and decreasing (inverse) relationship between conflict and confusion with attachment safety and maternal self-concept. In other words, it can be said that improvement and reduction in conflict and confusion leads to a decrease in attachment safety and maternal self-concept in mothers of children with autism.
Vahab Mohammadpour, Jalil Babapour Kheyroddin, Abbas Bakhshipour Roudsari,
Volume 20, Issue 106 (4-2013)
Volume 20, Issue 106 (4-2013)
Abstract
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by difficulty in the areas of social functioning, communication , and the presence of stereotypic and repetitive behaviors. Video modeling has been found to be an effective procedure for teaching a variety of skills to persons with autism. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the efficacy of video modeling procedure on self-help skills in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.
Method: Present research is an experimental study of a single case. Four children (2 males & 2 females), ages 6–10, diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder, participated in this study. A multiple baseline design for each participant and chart analysis for data analysis was used.
Results: Data analysis showed that the video modeling method on self-help skills in subjects effective.
Conclusion: Results showed that likely the video modeling procedure increased self-help skills in children with autism spectrum disorders.
, ,
Volume 23, Issue 153 (3-2017)
Volume 23, Issue 153 (3-2017)
Abstract
Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a devastating, developmental disease and has several significant impacts on the patient’s life: impairment in social interactions as in both verbal and nonverbal behaviors, failing to develop relationships and respond to normal teaching methods, intellectual disabilities, and repetitive behaviors, being unable to instinctively express natural empathy, pragmatic language impairment and severely limited activities.
The prevalence of ASD has increased in children globally including our country. Latest studies conclude that ASD affects boys four to five times more than girls and the average age of initial diagnosis is often before the age of 3 years.
ASD is a multifactorial disorder and studies so far indicate a strong genetic basis for its development, showing the cause for more than 90% of brain function disorders and autistic behavior to be of genetic roots. However, genetics only do not consider for all cases of autism. Environmental factors are crucial issues in the development of autistic behaviors for example, prenatal exposure to the chemicals, low levels of vitamins especially vitamin D, stress, maternal depression or antidepressant use, advanced paternal age, exposure to air pollutants and pesticides, parental obesity and diabetes in the mother during pregnancy, live in crowded infected in the brains, has been linked to increased risk of autism.
In this review, we discussed the definition and prevalence of ASD immune dysfunctions and genetic factors in autism.
According to the previously studies, environmental factors alone cannot cause autistic behavior in children, but genetics and environmental factor can converge to causes disease with neurological problems and may cause abnormal autistic behaviors in children. However environmental factor can affect genetic and epigenetic in the parents that this event created a prominent role of environmental factors in autism spectrum disorders.
Behnaz Mokhtari, Fariba Karimzadeh,
Volume 24, Issue 165 (3-2018)
Volume 24, Issue 165 (3-2018)
Abstract
In recent years, more attention has been given to some childhood neurological disorders like include autism. Autism is a disorder that causes difficulties to language skills, the performance of social skills, and represents repetitive, stereotypic movements and non-functional behaviour patterns.
During the 1970s, the prevalence of autism in the United States ranged from 1 to 3 in 10,000. In the early 21st century the prevalence of autism has reached 1 in 150. As the high prevalence and increasing tendency of the prevalent, there is an urgent need to identify the pathophysiological mechanisms that could explain the social behavioral impairments in autism in a unify way. Identifying of biomarkers that have important role in the diagnosis of autism can provide fast and accurate diagnosis and more effective treatments for autistic patients.
As autism contains a wide spectrum disorders and the main involved mechanisms are not clear, this study was aimed to review pathophysiological mechanisms, treatments, diagnostic assessments and biomarkers of autism. Because treatment of peoples who suffer also from autism is a contemporary challenge, it is hoped that by identifying of biomarkers for autism, new and effective therapeutic targets will be achieved.
Ms Louisa Aqdassi, Prof. Hamid Reza Pouretemad, Dr Jalil Fathabadi, Mr Saeid Sadeghi,
Volume 25, Issue 11 (2-2019)
Volume 25, Issue 11 (2-2019)
Abstract
Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate any possible effects of family-based tele-intervention of the SPARK program for improving the motor proficiency and reducing the severity of autism symptoms in children with high-functioning ASD.
Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-post test design without a control group. Nine families of children with high-functioning ASD were recruited from rehabilitation centers for children with ASD in Tehran, Isfahan, Ghods and Kermanshah cities. The tele-rehabilitation procedure was administered by the parent to their children during 24 sessions each 45 minutes for 8 weeks. The Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) (Gilliam, 1995) and short form of Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) (Bruininks, 1978) were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using pair t test.
Results: The results demonstrated that (p< 0.5) family-based tele-intervention of SPARK program has significant effect in motor proficiency, but this effect was not significant in reducing the severity of autism symptoms in children with high-functioning.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that family-based tele-rehabilitation has appeared to be an effective intervention to reduce motor problems in children with autism spectrum disorders.
Marzieh Hasanpour, Vahid Moradi, Sajed Yaghoubnezhad, Shima Haghani,
Volume 26, Issue 6 (9-2019)
Volume 26, Issue 6 (9-2019)
Abstract
Background: Disability to recognize emotions in children with Autism will cause aggressive behaviors of them against themselves and others, which leads to weakening of social interaction and psychological problems for them. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of face emotion recognition training to children with high-functioning Autism on their mother-child relationship.
Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental and single subject research design (SSRD), which was performed on 5 school-age boys with high-functioning autism. The LFI training software was used to recognize face emotions and was taught in 8 sessions over a month. The Mother-Child Relationship Questionnaire (MCRE) was completed by mothers before and after education, also in baseline and follow-up stages of study Descriptive and inferential statistics (Wilcoxon and Friedman) were used for data analysis by SPSS software version 16 and p<0.05 was considered as significant level.
Results: The results showed that the average score in the first session was the lowest and in the next sessions it was progressively increased up to the 8th session and the samples improved in each session (p<0.05). There was also a significant difference between the scores of acceptance domain of mother-child relationship before and after training (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, LFI training software has a positive effect on improving the mother-child relationship in children with high-functioning autism. Therefore, in addition to recommending the use of this software to improve the mother-child relationship, the research team proposes to examine its impact on other aspects of children with autism.
Shahram Barfi, Seyed Mohamad Jazayeri,
Volume 26, Issue 9 (12-2019)
Volume 26, Issue 9 (12-2019)
Abstract
Background: Regarding the reported abnormalities in the immune system of people with autism, it is likely that these people do not respond appropriately to the hepatitis B vaccine or do not become immune to the hepatitis B virus following the injection of hepatitis B vaccine. There is no information available on the quality and response of the hepatitis B vaccine in children with autism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of primary hepatitis B vaccine in children with autism in preventing of hepatitis B 3-15 years after primary vaccination and investigate the of HBs-Ab waning along with age and the existence of an immune memory against hepatitis B vaccine in these children compared with the healthy control child as contrl.
Methods: Total 254 HBsAg-negative objective with ages between 3-15years. from ASD and normal population were recruited, HBV seromarkers (HBc-Ab & HBs-Ag & HBs-Ab) were assessed and subsequently, molecular tests were employed on all subjects for detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in the serum samples and positive cases were investigated for mutations in the HBs-Ag coding region. A booster dose of vaccine was injected for those who showed low levels (<10 mIU/mL) of anti-HBs and their antibody levels was measured 4 weeks afterwards.
Results: The mean ages for ASD and control groups were 7.14±2.42 and 8.68±1.96 respectively. In ASD group 7 (6.5%) of children were positive for anti-HBc and one child was positive for occult hepatitis B infection (HBsAg negative, HBV DNA positive). From the normal control group, nobody was found to be positive for this parameter. There was no mutation in the HBS-Ag coding region. In ASD and Control groups 49.6% had low anti-HBs levels (HBs-Ab < 10 mIU/mL), One month After injection of a booster dose for all children with low antibody, 100% of ASD and 92% (59 of 64) of control pupils contained >10 mIU/mL of antibody, respectively. In both groups, the HBs-Ab titer increased similarly in response to the booster injection (P<0.05).
Conclusion: According results, vaccine-induced immunity should be checked until puberty and thereafter. Despite previous investigations regarding immune impairment in individuals with autism, the immune system of these individuals was able to manage the hepatitis B vaccine challenge.
Methods: Total 254 HBsAg-negative objective with ages between 3-15years. from ASD and normal population were recruited, HBV seromarkers (HBc-Ab & HBs-Ag & HBs-Ab) were assessed and subsequently, molecular tests were employed on all subjects for detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in the serum samples and positive cases were investigated for mutations in the HBs-Ag coding region. A booster dose of vaccine was injected for those who showed low levels (<10 mIU/mL) of anti-HBs and their antibody levels was measured 4 weeks afterwards.
Results: The mean ages for ASD and control groups were 7.14±2.42 and 8.68±1.96 respectively. In ASD group 7 (6.5%) of children were positive for anti-HBc and one child was positive for occult hepatitis B infection (HBsAg negative, HBV DNA positive). From the normal control group, nobody was found to be positive for this parameter. There was no mutation in the HBS-Ag coding region. In ASD and Control groups 49.6% had low anti-HBs levels (HBs-Ab < 10 mIU/mL), One month After injection of a booster dose for all children with low antibody, 100% of ASD and 92% (59 of 64) of control pupils contained >10 mIU/mL of antibody, respectively. In both groups, the HBs-Ab titer increased similarly in response to the booster injection (P<0.05).
Conclusion: According results, vaccine-induced immunity should be checked until puberty and thereafter. Despite previous investigations regarding immune impairment in individuals with autism, the immune system of these individuals was able to manage the hepatitis B vaccine challenge.
Mehdi Zayer, Hakimeh Aghaee, Parviz Sharafi Daramadi,
Volume 27, Issue 3 (5-2020)
Volume 27, Issue 3 (5-2020)
Abstract
Background: Disadvantages in social skills and, consequently, inability to create, the preservation and development of social relationships and interactions has been reported as a clear indication of Autistic children and are highly emphasized in diagnostic evaluations of these characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Teach Body Language Skills Program on Social Skills of Autistic Children with High Performance.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 autistic children with high performance 7-12 years old in Semnan city, Iran were selected through convenience sampling method. Then, randomly, 15 of them were placed in the experimental group and the other 15 were placed in the control group.Experimental group participated in body language training in 8 sessions (week a meeting and each session is 45 min). The control group was given no training. The subjects completed Elliott & Gersham Social Skills Questionnaire (1990) prior and after the training and 3 month later in follow-up. ANOVA with repeated measure was used to analyze the data.
Results: According to the results, the mean of social skills and its components (assertiveness, self-control, collaboration) in the experimental group in the post-test stage were increased compared to the control group (p<0.05) which remained stable three month after the end of training.
Conclusion: The results showed that body language training program is effective in increasing the performance and acquiring changes in the social skills of Autistic Children with High Performance. Therefore, parents and coaches of children with autism are advised, given their evolutionary level, they will benefit from body language training that improves autism students' social adjustment and social skills.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 autistic children with high performance 7-12 years old in Semnan city, Iran were selected through convenience sampling method. Then, randomly, 15 of them were placed in the experimental group and the other 15 were placed in the control group.Experimental group participated in body language training in 8 sessions (week a meeting and each session is 45 min). The control group was given no training. The subjects completed Elliott & Gersham Social Skills Questionnaire (1990) prior and after the training and 3 month later in follow-up. ANOVA with repeated measure was used to analyze the data.
Results: According to the results, the mean of social skills and its components (assertiveness, self-control, collaboration) in the experimental group in the post-test stage were increased compared to the control group (p<0.05) which remained stable three month after the end of training.
Conclusion: The results showed that body language training program is effective in increasing the performance and acquiring changes in the social skills of Autistic Children with High Performance. Therefore, parents and coaches of children with autism are advised, given their evolutionary level, they will benefit from body language training that improves autism students' social adjustment and social skills.
Saba Ghafarian M.n, Mahmoud Sheykh, Elaheh Arab Ameri,
Volume 27, Issue 8 (10-2020)
Volume 27, Issue 8 (10-2020)
Abstract
Background: One of the serious diseases in the group of developmental diseases is autism spectrum disorders that appear in early childhood (usually before the age of 3). Autism spectrum disorder is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders. According to research results, children with autism have lower levels of basic motor skills, fine and gross motor skills, motor coordination, balance issues, performing daily skills, social and communicational skills, as well as anxiety. It is one of the most common disorders among these children. The results of research on laughter yoga indicate the positive effect of this exercise program on various diseases, but considering that the effect of laughter yoga on children with autism disorder have not been studied yet, same as the effect of sensory motors activities that is not been measured by the MABC_2 test. In this study, we measured the effect of laughter yoga on anxiety and the effect of sensorimotor activity on gross skills in children with high-functioning autism spectrum.
Methods: The statistical population of this study is all 7 to 10 years old boys with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (referring to autism centers) in Mashhad. For statistical sampling, non-random sampling method available from 9 autism centers, 45 children with autism aged 7 to 10 years with high performance (with expert opinion and Garz test) were selected and divided into three groups of 15: first group Laughter Yoga, Group 2: Sensory-Motor Exercises, Group 3: Combination (Laughter Yoga and Sensory-Motor Exercises) were randomly divided and tested. The research is semi-experimental in terms of method and applied in terms of purpose with pre-test-post-test design.
The exercises are held in 24 sessions of 45 minutes. At the beginning and end of the 24 training sessions, parents of children with autism were asked to complete the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale - the parents' prescription and the MABC2 test to determine the effect of sensory-motor exercises on gross skills. Pre-test and post-test were taken.
Group 1: Laughter yoga exercises: Laughter yoga exercises were performed in 24 sessions by a researcher who was an international laugh yoga instructor, and each session lasted about 45 minutes. Each session includes exercises in 5 stages: the first part: warming up, the second part: breaking the ice, the third part: beginning techniques, the fourth part: laughter meditation, the fifth part: relaxation exercises. Stretching and jumping movements are performed at the beginning and between the performances of laughter yoga technique and yoga (pranayama) breathing. In all exercises, people were trained to make eye contact with other groups during the exercises and to have a fresh face.
Group 2: Sensory-motor integration exercises: The general objectives of sensory-motor exercises in this study were to strengthen motor planning, balance, bilateral motor coordination, tactile sense and deep sense. The list of activities generally includes the following: rope playing, walking on footprints, painting with pencil and magic whiteboard, dropping small balls or balloons into hollow containers and moving them hand in hand, various exercises with beads Coloring, making collages and crafts with glue, separating mixed beans, hitting a stationary object with your hand, throwing a bag of beans or a ball at each other and trying to get it successfully.
Group 3: as a combination of exercises, for 45 minutes, the people in the group performed both types of exercises (5 minutes of general warm-up, 20 minutes of laughter yoga exercises, then 20 minutes of sensory-motor exercises).
Results: Based on the level of significance in the analysis of variance test with repeated measures, it can be concluded that within-group changes in the anxiety variable are significant (p=0.001); Therefore, it can be concluded that laughter yoga exercises, sensory-motor activity, combined group have a positive effect on anxiety in children with high performance autism (p=0.001). Also, intra-group changes in gross motor skills are significant (p=0.001); Therefore, it can be concluded that laughter yoga exercises, sensory-motor activity, combined group have a positive effect on motor skills (large) in children with high performance autism (p= 0.001). The results of analysis of variance with repeated measures and Beferroni post hoc test showed that there was no significant difference in anxiety between the three groups (p<0.05). Also, the results of this test showed that there was a significant difference in gross motor skills between the three groups (p˂0.05), in gross motor skills, only a significant difference was observed between the two groups of laughter yoga and the combined group (p=0.034). At the same time, the percentage of improvement in post-test anxiety compared to the pre-test in the laughing yoga group (25.5%), the sensorimotor activity group (12.6%) and the combination group (27.7%) indicate this. The combined group experienced a greater improvement in anxiety. Also, the percentage of improvement of motor skills in the post-test compared to the pre-test in the group of laughing yoga (13.1), sensory-motor activity group (38.5) and combination group (33.6) showed that the group of sensory activity - The motor and hybrid groups experienced further improvements in motor skills.
Conclusion: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of laughter yoga and sensory-motor activities on anxiety and gross motor skills in children with high performance autism. According to the results, the combined group on anxiety factor and sensory-motor activity had a higher effect on gross motor skills, which indicates that to improve gross skills, it is better to focus more on sensory-motor activities and Use laughter yoga to improve your anxiety factor. According to the results of our study on the positive effect of laughter yoga and sensory-motor activity on anxiety and gross motor skills in high-functioning autistic children, Health care providers and the educators can use the power of laughter to improve health, teaching and learning. This is important because teaching is not just about content but also about building relationships and strengthening human relationships. This can have a huge impact on the relationships of children with autism. Laughter improves the performance of children with autism by attracting and maintaining attention, reducing anxiety, increasing participation, and increasing motivation. Also, sensory-motor integration exercises should have a positive effect on children with high performance autism, considering that it has been able to play in a calm and friendly environment, along with playing and discharging emotions.
Fateme Zahedi Abghari, Behrouz Robat-Jazi,
Volume 28, Issue 1 (3-2021)
Volume 28, Issue 1 (3-2021)
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) refers to a group of neurodevelopmental abnormalities characterized by impairment in communication, social skills and eye contacts with restrictive interests and repetitive behaviors. Individuals with autism show variable reactions in sensitive situations. Some children have normal intelligence and some have intellectual disability, macrocephaly, microcephaly, developmental delay and/or epilepsy. The symptoms appear in infancy and early childhood and affect daily functioning. Recent studies suggest that approximately 1 in 54 children are affected by an autism spectrum disorder. Autism spectrum disorder is notably four times more common in boys than in girls. Many types of research have revealed that genetic and environmental factors are linked to ASD. Major susceptibility factors can play a critical role in the development of autistic behaviors. It is well accepted that ASD have a strong genetic predisposition; however, genes that cause neuropsychiatric disorders are unknown and more than 100 genes are involved in ASD patients. Several genetic factors, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations, have been linked to autistic behaviors. We searched the PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier, SID, HGMD, SFARI and AUTDB databases for mitochondrial dysfunction associated with the development of autistic behaviors published between 2010 and 2020. The purpose of the search strategy was to obtain relevant studies that provided appropriate information.
In 1985, Coleman and Blass made the first hypothesis associating ASD with high levels of lactate in the plasma of individuals with autistic behaviors. Studies showed that various biomarkers of mitochondrial disruption (alanine-to-lysine ratio, acylcarnitine) are altered in some cases with ASD. So far, a great deal of research has been carried out in the field of genetics, perinatal factors, immune and environmental factors affecting autistic behaviors, so that in the latest update of genes involved in human and animal models of autism (on AutDB and SFARI.GENE databases), about 2000 genes involved in the etiology of autism and autistic behaviors have been classified. This list contains many genes including mTOR, MECP2 and genes involved in mitochondrial function or responsible for mtDNA maintenance. Several pathogenic variations that cause defects in mitochondrial metabolic pathways can lead to alterations in neuronal circuits and neurotransmitter systems. Protein coding genes of the mitochondria are components of the respiratory oxidative phosphorylation chain. Oxidative phosphorylation is vital to the growing nerve cells. Studies show that the capacity of oxidative phosphorylation in granulocytes is significantly lower in autistic children, in comparison with normal children. There is evidence of modified immune function in neural systems. The antigen-antibody complexes can induce immune cell migration and stimulate neuro-inflammation. Several investigations revealed that an immune abnormality during pregnancy or postnatal environment results in psychiatric disorders.
Immune system irregularities, including defects in T cell responses or Th1/Th2 cytokines, have been reported in individuals with psychiatric disorders, proposing that unusual immune functions in the brain may play an important role in a significant subset of children with autism. Furthermore, Interferons can also induce the expression of more than 300 genes, some of which are mitochondrial genes and some are nuclear genes involved in regulating mitochondrial function. Glucocorticoids can inhibit the production of certain cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL1β and IL-8, and also can alter the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, IL-4, and growth factor-β. Besides, nuclear- or mitochondrial-encoded oxidative phosphorylation subunits (OXPHOS) are regulated by glucocorticoids that their receptors have been identified in the mitochondria. In summary, immune system disorders can impair prenatal brain development or postnatal brain function, so that they can create causality with the ASD phenotype. Also, some maternal allergies during pregnancy, such as exposure to infections, can cause persistent and long-term changes in mitochondrial functions that can lead to autism-like behaviors.
This study focused on some clinical aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD. Most children with autistic behaviors indicate mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced oxidative stress. Published findings have revealed broad alterations in the immune and nervous systems of children with autistic behaviors. Detection of dependent factors related to ASD can help in the early intervention of these children to address psychological requirements. This article tries to give a useful summary of critical pathways involved in mitochondrial dysfunction in autistic behaviors. Data of this review will give a wide perspective to genetic factors in autism.
Nasim Amir, Maryam Akbari, Yahya Yarahmadi, Mahmod Godarzi,
Volume 28, Issue 12 (3-2022)
Volume 28, Issue 12 (3-2022)
Abstract
| Background & Aims: Autism spectrum disorder is a pervasive neurological disorder that affects many aspects of childhood development. This disorder is known as the most unknown and severe childhood disorder. According to the fifth edition of the Guidance and Diagnosis and Statistics of Mental Disorders (2013), the criteria for diagnosing typhoid disorder include two main areas: first, the field of interaction and social communication, and second: limited and repetitive interests and activities (2). The occurrence of this disorder not only affects the psychological and social processes of children but also the occurrence of this problem causes psychological damage to the family and parents, especially mothers. Studies show that parents of children with pervasive autism disorders are more exposed to stress due to having disabled children than parents of children with other psychological disorders. However, screening results show that the prevalence of autism in Iran is about 77 per 10,000 children. Differences in the conditions of children with autism spectrum disorder compared to normal children who grow normally, also affect the parenting process. The results of a study conducted by Weiss et al. (2013) showed: high levels of anxiety, depression, decreased physical and mental health Behavioral problems of children with disorders, chronic and complex nature of the disease are among the factors that affect maternal parenting adequacy and this feeling of inadequacy and inadequacy in controlling the situation eventually leads to a decrease in parenting self-efficacy (8). Parenting self-efficacy refers to a parent's assessment of his or her abilities in the role of caregiver and refers to a parent's beliefs and judgments about his or her ability to organize and perform a range of child-related tasks. Parenting is very complex and parents try to do it in the best possible way.In other words, whenever there is a problem in the parent-child relationship, the parents blame themselves and question their competencies as a parent. The research literature on Autism Spectrum Disorder indicates that the main focus of research so far has been on people with the disorder and that less attention has been paid to the need for supportive and psychological interventions for parents, especially mothers; Also, with the advent of the second and third waves of psychology, the importance of addressing issues related to positive psychology has increased. Does psychological superiority fit with the experimental model? Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlation with the modeling approach of structural equations and the statistical population included all mothers with children with autism spectrum disorder in Tehran in 1399, which was estimated to be 900 people. In the present study, 380 eligible mothers were selected from the mentioned statistical population by available sampling method, considering the probability of falling. After executing and deleting the distorted questionnaires and hypert data, information about 362 people entered the final analysis. Criteria for inclusion of mothers in the study include having literacy education, willingness to cooperate in research, having at least one child with autism spectrum disorder in the age group of 7 to 18 years, no acute physical and mental problems and exclusion criteria include: specific physical problem in The length of the research was the unwillingness to continue to participate in the research, the completion of incomplete and distorted questionnaires and the lack of cooperation from participating in the research. In this study, in order to measure mental vitality, the state mental vitality scale (Ryan and Frederick, 1997) was used, which measures a person's current energy and vitality. This scale has 7 items, it is scored on a 5 point Likert scale from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). The scores on this scale range from 7 to 35, and the second question is scored in reverse. The Parenting Self-Efficacy Questionnaire was introduced by Dumka et al. (1996). The answer to this questionnaire is graded according to the weekly Likert scale from 1 to 7. Questions 1 - 3 - 5 - 6-8 in the questionnaire are scored in reverse. The low score of the questionnaire is 10, the average score is 4 and the high score is 7. Scores between 10 and 20 indicate low self-efficacy. Scores between 20 and 40 indicate moderate parenting and scores above 40 indicate high parenting self-efficacy. The 12-item multidimensional questionnaire was developed by Zimmet, Dahlem, and Farley (1988), and included perceptions of social support adequacy in three sources: family with Articles 3, 4, 8, and 11, friends with Articles 6, 7, 9, and 12. And measures others with Articles 1, 2, 5, and 10 on a weekly scale ranging from strongly disagree = 1 to strongly agree = 7. The results of the study by Zimet et al. (1988) showed that this tool has a validity and reliability for measuring perceived social support. The Kubasa Hardness Test (1982) was developed by Kubasa et al to measure cognitive stiffness. This test consists of 20 four-choice questions (never, rarely, sometimes and often) Results: After analyzing the results, the obtained results showed that the structural model of the research fits well are related with the collected data and parenting self-efficacy both directly and positively (β = 0.306, p = 0.001) and indirectly due to psychological hardiness (0.07).β, p = 0.001), as well as perceived social support directly and positively (β = 0.094, p = 0.100) and indirectly due to psychological hardiness (β = 0.306, p = 0.001) with subjective vitality of mothers with children with autism spectrum disorder . Conclusion: Stubbornness is a fundamental sense of control that allows the stubborn person to draw and access a list of strategies. Ultimately, stubbornness develops an optimistic view of stressors; In other words, the trait of fighting enables the stubborn person to consider even unpleasant events as a potential threat to safety, and all these aspects prevent or shorten the duration of negative stressful consequences, and in fact Stubbornness is a shield against intense physiological arousal due to stressful events, which is considered by other researchers as a factor of vulnerability to diseases. Psychological stubbornness acts as a moderator of the relationship between stress and psychological and physical illness. People with strong psychological toughness are less likely to suffer physical or psychological harm than people with poor psychological resilience in response to stress. Experimental findings also confirm the moderating role of psychological toughness in comparison with stress lateral pressures. Other findings indicate that there is no significant difference between the two sexes in terms of psychological toughness. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that in order to increase the vitality and mental vitality of Iranian mothers with children with autism spectrum disorders, they should be identified and mothers' correct perception of supportive resources should be increased. Self-efficacy and parenting competence. Therefore, mental health professionals should put support programs for mothers at the top of mental health programs in the community to increase vitality and mental well-being. One of the limitations of this research is available sampling. Another limitation is that the statistical population of the research is limited to Tehran, which limits the decision to generalize the research results. According to the results obtained from research, it is suggested that research be conducted with the aim of psychological empowerment of parents, especially mothers, with an emphasis on promoting their mental vitality and well-being; Future research should also examine other predictive factors that may play a role in promoting mental vitality; Considering that the living conditions of other family members with children are the same as those of mothers affected by the disorders of the child, it is also recommended to study the indicators related to well-being and mental vitality in fathers and sisters. |
Mehrvash Hoseinpour, Mohammad Sahebalzamani,
Volume 29, Issue 3 (5-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 3 (5-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: About one-third of human life is in sleep (2). Adequate sleep plays a vital role in mental and cognitive motor development in children and adults (3). Lack of sleep can have adverse effects on endocrine function, cognitive function, metabolism and inflammatory responses (4). With sleep problems, cognitive and emotional issues such as depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment, learning disability and intellectual development disability (2). Sleep complaints are very common in the normal population and about 37% of people suffer from sleep problems, sleep problems are one of the associated problems in autistic patients (7). Autism spectrum disorders ASD (1) is a type of autism spectrum disorder It is a pervasive developmental disorder that starts before 36 months of age and begins before the age of 3 and its prevalence is estimated to be 5 to 10 cases per 10,000 births. Children with autism are also susceptible to sleep disturbances (8). Due to the high prevalence of sleep problems in children with autism, effective treatment is necessary in these children. Many of the behaviors that fertilizer has with autism such as hypersensitivity to environmental disturbances, repetitive behaviors, difficulty in social understanding, etc. are likely to contribute to sleep disturbances in children. Behavioral approaches improve sleep onset. These approaches include behaviors that make it easier to fall asleep and stay asleep (10). In the process of story therapy, children are trying to become more aware of their feelings and thoughts, face their painful emotions and feelings, and express them throughout the story (11). Recent studies have shown that behavioral interventions that are present in early life. Autistic children are considered as a valuable and effective treatment for behavioral symptoms of autism. Blossom fard and Mazaheri in 2015, a study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of attachment-based storytelling on reducing sleep time problems and improving the child-mother relationship, the results of this study showed that attachment-based storytelling, in addition to being a solution for female routines, showed that attachment-based storytelling, in addition to being a solution for female-born routines, showed that the results of this study were based on attachment-based storytelling. Beth was able to reduce the disturbances of the child's sleep time, leading to a significant improvement in the parent-child relationship as one of the correlatives of sleep problems, so the clinical work of attachment-based storytelling is not only about improving sleep problems, but also for improving the emotional and mental health of the child and their families (18). It is controlling diseases and considering the educational and therapeutic aspects of storytelling that can be used as a valuable and efficient tool for improving life and social skills as well as treatment of sleep disorders, therefore, the researcher has decided to study the effect of storytelling education on sleep disorders of children with autism in order to prove the hypothesis that "teaching storytelling" It is effective for parents to "perform sleep disorders in children with autism" that ultimately provide a successful way of treating with minimal cost and time so that children with autism benefit from reduced sleep problems.
Methods: This study is a clinical trial study, in which the research population consists of children with autism and their parents who have a medical record with a definite diagnosis of autism. The sample in this study is parents of children with autism who have records in Tehran autism center in 2018 and meet the inclusion criteria. Researcher after reviewing the records of children with autism, a certain number of them are used. The available method and the sample size were randomly assigned to the intervention group using a pre-test-post-test experimental design with 45 parents in the Autism Society and 45 as the control group. In this stage, sleep disorders were measured using the CSHQ children's sleep habits questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 45 questions, some of which have only diagnostic and therapeutic value and not research, so in scoring it only 33 questions are identified, most of which are scored on likert scale from 1 to 3 and its options are usually (7-5 nights per week), sometimes (2-4 nights per week) and rarely (0-1 nights per week). The score is between 33-99 and the total score is more than 41 indicating sleep disturbances in the child. In Iran, the validity of the instrument in the research of Shoghi, Khanjari, Farmani, and Hosseini (2005) was evaluated by content validity method and its validity was determined by two-week interval testing for 10 children between 11-6 years old, 97.97. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained from two studies, 0.77 and 0.79 (23). The researcher used the treatment method only for the intervention group in five sessions each for 60 minutes and finally obtained the scores of the questionnaire from both intervention and control groups.
Results: In describing the characteristics of the research units, the demographic and contextual characteristics of the sample were compared and tested in two groups and the homogeneity of each of these variables was evaluated in the intervention and control groups. Nominal variables were compared and tested using Chi-Square test, precision chi-square (for tables larger than two and expected low frequency) and Fisher's accurate test (for tables two in two and expected low frequency) in both groups.
In the inferential statistics section, the main variable, i.e. sleep disorder score in the sample, was compared in the intervention and control groups and in the previous stage with after the intervention, it was compared and tested. Classical tests were used due to the high sample size and according to the central limit theorem in the statistics, which with the increase of the sample size, the average distribution of the sample is close to the normal distribution.
For comparing the two groups before the intervention, independent T-test was used for intra-group tests and comparison of two stages before and after the intervention for each group, and finally, using covariance analysis (ANCOVA) by eliminating the effect of pre-test, the effect of storytelling education to parents on sleep disorders of children with autism was investigated.
Comparison of sleep disorders in children with autism was done in the intervention and control groups after teaching storytelling to parents and in the control group after the second test using independent T-test. There was a significant difference between the mean score of sleep disorder in the control group and the intervention after teaching storytelling to parents and in the control group after the second test.
Conclusion: Table information regarding the research hypothesis about determining the effect of storytelling education to parents on sleep disorders in children with autism indicates that the score of sleep disorder in the intervention group decreased by 5.7 ± 7.3 and in the control group increased by 0.1 ± 2.1 the independent T-test showed this significant difference (P<0.001). Therefore, based on the data and findings, it can be claimed that the research hypothesis has been confirmed. Comparative diagram of sleep disorder score in children with autism before and after the intervention in the intervention and control groups shows that the difference before and after the intervention in the intervention group is higher than the control group. Comparative diagram of sleep disorder score in children with autism studied Before and after the intervention in the intervention and control groups.
Ali Barzegari, Hassan Amouzad Mahdirejei, Masoumeh Hanani, Mohadese Sadat Yaghoubi, Seyedeh Neda Delfani Hosseiny, Anahita Salehi, Fatemeh Kia,
Volume 29, Issue 8 (11-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 8 (11-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Autism is one of the neurological diseases that lead to changes in hormone levels. Therefore, the aim of this study was to the effect of a swimming exercise course on glucose and insulin in mice with autism. Scientific research has shown that people with autism have behavioral disorders including anxiety and depression. These patients are mostly isolated from social activities. The causes of this disease are not fully known, however, research by scientists in the last two decades has shown that accidents or the use of certain chemical drugs during fetal and early life can increase the risk of developing this disease in children. Clinical and animal evidence has shown the relationship between increased inflammation in the brain and autism. However, which brain area is involved in this disease is not completely clear. Although extensive research has been conducted on pharmacological and behavioral treatments, the response to these treatments has been largely unsuccessful. One method that has attracted researchers' attention in recent years is the use of sports protocols from adolescence to adulthood to reduce neurobehavioral disorders in adulthood. In addition, exercise has been confirmed as a factor in lowering inflammatory levels in the body and brain. Also, recent studies have shown that sports activities can reduce behavioral disorders including anxiety and depression, and increase social behaviors. Therefore, in this study, we decided to investigate the therapeutic effects of swimming in an animal model of autism on behavioral disorders, including anxiety, depression, and social behaviors, as well as the level of inflammation in the hippocampus and prefrontal brain regions, which are involved in these neurological disorders.
Methods: The present study was approved by the code of ethics IR.PNU.REC.1400.269 in the Code of Ethics Commission of Payam Noor University. C57BL6 female and male mice with an approximate age of 80-90 days and a weight of 20-22 grams were maintained under light conditions of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness and a temperature of 23 ± 1 degrees Celsius, with sufficient water and food at their disposal. was placed After two weeks of adaptation to the environment, each male and female animal was placed in a cage for mating, then the next morning the vaginal plaque was checked as an indicator of pregnancy. In order to cause autism disease in mice, the animals were divided into control and autism groups on the 12th day of pregnancy (each group of pregnant mice included 10 heads). In the autism group, pregnant rats received a dose of 600 mg/kg intraperitoneally with sodium valproate. After that, children were allowed to be born. At the age of 21 days, the children were separated from the mother by gender and kept in groups of 5 in each separate cage. On the 28th day after birth (one week after separation from the mother), the juvenile animals were divided into 4 groups of 10 as follows: the control group that does not exercise, the control group that exercises, the autism group that They don't exercise, the autism group who exercise. The animals were subjected to swimming exercise for 8 weeks (56 days) from the age of 28 days to the age of 56 days. The training was done 5 days a week, and in this protocol, the animals rested 2 days a week. The results were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance using SPSS-26 software, and the significance level was considered less than 0.05.
Results: The results of the one-way analysis of variance test showed that there is no significant difference in the weight of mice of different research groups. Also, the results of the one-way analysis of variance showed that there is a statistically significant difference in the level of glucose in the mice of the research groups. The results of Tukey's post hoc test showed that the glucose level in the autism group with exercise has a significant decrease compared to the control group without exercise and also compared to the autism group without exercise (P value is equal to P ≥ 0.000 and P ≥ 0.016 respectively), also the glucose level in the autism group without exercise was significantly lower than in the control group without exercise (P ≥ 0.001). Also, the results of the one-way analysis of variance test showed that there is a statistically significant difference in insulin levels in the mice of the research groups (P<0.001). The results of Tukey's post hoc test showed that the insulin level in the autism group with exercise has a significant increase compared to the control group without exercise and also compared to the autism group without exercise (P value is equal to P ≥ 0.001 and P ≥ 0.000 respectively).
Conclusion: Exercise decreased glucose and insulin in autistic mice, so it is suggested to use the swimming training protocol to improve the physical and hormonal condition of autistic patients. Scientific research has shown that people with autism have behavioral disorders including anxiety and depression. These patients are mostly isolated from social activities. The causes of this disease are not fully known, however, research by scientists in the last two decades has shown that accidents or the use of certain chemical drugs during fetal and early life can increase the risk of developing this disease in children Clinical and animal evidence has shown the relationship between increased inflammation in the brain and autism. However, which brain area is involved in this disease is not completely clear. Although extensive research has been conducted on pharmacological and behavioral treatments, the response to these treatments has been largely unsuccessful. One method that has attracted researchers' attention in recent years is the use of sports protocols from adolescence to adulthood to reduce neurobehavioral disorders in adulthood. In addition, exercise has been confirmed as a factor in lowering inflammatory levels in the body and brain. Also, recent studies have shown that sports activities can reduce behavioral disorders including anxiety and depression, and increase social behaviors. Therefore, in this study, we decided to investigate the therapeutic effects of swimming in an animal model of autism on behavioral disorders, including anxiety, depression, and social behaviors, as well as the level of inflammation in the hippocampus and prefrontal brain regions, which are involved in these neurological disorders.
Hossein Rasoulof, Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini, Amir Houshang Mehryar, Hojatalah Javidi,
Volume 29, Issue 9 (12-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 9 (12-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Autism disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose symptoms are mainly in the early months of life, especially between 12 and 24 months and in general, up to 3years of age, and due to severe and persistent deficiencies in communication and interactions. Social, communication skills, limited, inflexible, and repetitive patterns appear in behavior, activities, and interests, as well as cognitive and functional disorders.
However, what has been studied so far has shown that mitochondria play an essential role in degenerative diseases, and its various effects are mainly through the cellular redox mode by mitochondria and through oxidation and reduction of NADH. H+ and NAD + are maintained; Are interconnected. Abnormal accumulation of oxygen/nitrogen reaction species and superoxide formation can lead to oxidative stress and their accumulation may damage cellular structures. Superoxide is also immediately converted to hydrogen peroxide by superoxide dismutase enzymes. The presence of hydrogen peroxide may be toxic to cells.
The brain, on the other hand, is one of the main consumers of oxygen, and mitochondria are the largest source of energy for the normal functioning of brain cells, and as a result, large amounts of reactive oxygen species accumulate in several areas of the brain. However, at least in some cases, there are relatively weak protection mechanisms. Because of this, the brain may be very sensitive to attacks related to the accumulation of radicals. In addition, mitochondria play an important role in calcium homeostasis, signaling, and regulation of apoptosis.
Also, growing nerve cells have a vital need for oxidative phosphorylation for important growth processes, and the immature brain is uniquely vulnerable to defects in bioenergy capacity; Thus, mitochondrial disorders may lead to a variety of developmental neurological disorders .
In general, conducting such research is of particular importance, especially given the growing number of patients with autism spectrum disorders and the various challenges in the timely and accurate differential diagnosis of these disorders. In this regard, after reviewing the literature and the existing research background, it was found that so far in our country, no research has been conducted to evaluate the biomarkers of mitochondrial function in people with autism spectrum disorder.
Methods: To conduct the present applied research, among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder in Tehran, among patients with nausea (51people), 10affected children and 10healthy children were randomly selected and divided into two experimental and control groups. Were divided. The required data were then used through demographic information questionnaires, history and medical records, Gilliam-2 Autism Rating Scale and laboratory kits. Finally, the data were analyzed using the rock curve.
Results: The results presented in Table2 and the value of AUC= 0.890, it can be said that the ability to test or test creatine phosphokinase (CPKMB) in the diagnosis of ASD disorder is in the category or "good and close to excellent level." Also since the probability value is equal to 0.0032; It can be said that this result is significant and can be cited at the level of significance of five percent (and even one percent). Based on the findings, the number of cutting points is also equal to>24.0, which shows; Based on the diagnostic test (CPKMB), people with creatine phosphokinase levels greater than 24.0 units can be identified; He was considered a person with symptoms of autism. Individuals whose test scores are less than 24.0 are also identified as asymptomatic or healthy.
Based on the information in Table3 and the value obtained for the curve surface (AUC= 1.000), it can be said that the ability of the Lactate test to diagnose this disorder is complete and "excellent" and shows that this test has a very good performance in the field. It is the correct identification and determination of healthy people with disorders. The numerical value of the cutting point is also equal to>21.5, which shows; Based on the Lactate diagnostic test, those whose lactate level is more than 21.5 units can be identified; Considered people with autism spectrum disorder. Those whose test results are less than 21.5 units are also considered healthy.
Based on the data in Table4 and the value obtained for the subsurface (AUC= 0.790), it can be said that the ability of the Pyruvate test to diagnose ASD is "relatively good". Accordingly, since the probability value of Pvalue is equal to 0.0284, it can be said that this result is significant and can be cited at the level of significance of five percent and even one percent. The numerical value of the cut-off point for this experiment is equal to <0.865, which indicates; Based on the Pyruvate diagnostic test, people with a pyruvate score of less than 0.865 can be considered a person with ASD. Those for whom the number obtained is more than 0.865 units are also recognized as healthy. Based on the information in Table5 and the value obtained for the cut-off point (AUC= 0.970), it can be said that the ability of the L:P test to diagnose this disorder is "excellent" and efficient. Accordingly, at the significance level of five percent and one percent, since the probability value or Pvalue is equal to 0.0004; It can be said that this result is meaningful and worthy of citation. The numerical value of the cut-off point in this test is equal to>31.05, which shows; Based on the L:P diagnostic test, those with a lactate to pyruvate or L:P ratio greater than 31.05 can be considered as having symptoms of ASD. Those with an L: P score of less than 31.05 are also considered healthy. Based on the results of Table 6 and AUC = 0.765, it can be said that the ability of Creatinine test to diagnose autism spectrum disorder is in the category of "relatively good". Since the probability value P for this test (creatinine biomarker test) is 0.0452; It can be said that this result, at the level of significance of five percent, is significant and worthy of citation. Obviously, this result, at a significance level of one percent, is not worthy of citation and significance.
Conclusion: The studied biomarkers have high and very good diagnostic power and efficiency in the field of accurate and early assessment and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (especially in severity levels 2 and 3), and they can be used along with other diagnostic biomarkers, along with other measurement methods. Evaluated and diagnosed this disorder, and in the first three years of the child's development, as a golden and very sensitive and important period of diagnosis and treatment of autism, achieved a more accurate differential diagnosis and education, rehabilitation and treatment or improvement of symptoms at the most appropriate time. Possibly, he started and achieved better results in this regard.
Also, according to the results of evaluation and measurement of biomarkers of mitochondrial function in each diagnosed individual, based on the new and valuable approach of "Molecular Psychology and Molecular Psychiatry", one of the new and appropriate methods for each individual (including individual or personal molecular medicine) to modify And used to improve mitochondrial dysfunction (for example, drug therapy to regulate serum levels of the aforementioned molecules in the patient to a normal level and reduce related symptoms), and finally, to reduce the symptoms and relative treatment of the person with autism.
Batool Tayefi, Abbas Sheikhtaheri, Leila Ghalichi, Omid Pornik, Hadi Zarafshan, Mitra Hakim Shooshtari, Roya Esmailzade,
Volume 30, Issue 2 (4-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 2 (4-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurological developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interactions, stereotypic movements and repetitive and limited behaviors and interests. Given the increasing statistics of autism in children in the world and in Iran, the extent of problems and burdens that this disorder creates for the child, family and society, it is a necessity to identify the causes and factors related to ASD. Moreover, data on this disorder are limited nationally and geographical differences are rarely assessed. To conduct great research on autism spectrum disorders requires a large number of samples to identify the epidemiological trend of the disorder. Registrations are one of the efficient methods that can provide this data in a long time and on a large scale. The purpose of this study is to describe the steps of designing and launching an autism registration system in Tehran, which can be a prelude to creating a system at the national level.
Methods: In this study, the aim was to present a protocol to design and launch a registry for patients with autism spectrum disorders in Tehran for clinical and research purposes. The entered population in this system includes individuals (including children over 6 months and adults) with previous diagnosis or new diagnosis referred to the certain centers (Child Psychiatric Clinic of Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Ali Asghar Children's Hospital, Razi Hospital and Roozbeh Hospital) and also, physicians' offices who are members of the program's strategic committee. Patients are admitted to the program if the diagnosis of ASD is confirmed by a pediatrician, child neurologist, psychiatrist, neurologist, psychiatrist, neurologist, child psychologist according to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria.
Then personal and demographics information and clinical and laboratory findings will be recorded by data entry experts in the system. Patients will be followed up by telephone or through coming back of the patients to the certain centers. Data analysis is done in accordance with the objectives of the registration program and is performed based on conventional statistical methods. Also, an annual report of the profiles of registered patients is sent to the beneficiaries of the program at the end of each year, including the Vice Chancellor for Research of the participating universities, the Ministry of Health, and related associations and groups. Initially, stakeholders in the field of autism spectrum disorders from different and related specialties were identified from partner universities of medical sciences in Tehran (Iran, Tehran, Welfare Sciences) and various centers accepting autism spectrum patients and the Strategic Committee for Autism Registration as a subset of the Vice Chancellor for Research was established in 1398 in Iran University of Medical Sciences. The Strategic Committee is responsible for developing guidelines and executive protocols consisting of experts in the fields of general psychology, child psychology, social medicine, epidemiology, information technology, health informatics and health information management, as well as the executive committee and executive groups for follow-up and conducting decisions of Strategic Committee was considered. Data Management and Information Technology (IT) Department was Responsible for Software Design; Data collection and quality control group was responsible for data collection, quality control, feedback and data correction; The epidemiology and data analysis team was also responsible for designing and conducting the data analysis program.
The population entered in this system includes people (including children over 6 months and adults) with previous diagnosis or new diagnosis of the referral centers. A child is considered to have diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorders according to the DSM 5 Diagnostic Guide if he or she has serious impairments in communication and social interactions as well as a limited and repetitive pattern of behavior, interests, and activities. Patients enrolled in the program have been diagnosed with ASD by a pediatrician, child psychiatrist, pediatric neurologist, psychiatrist, or neurologist.
Child Psychiatric Clinic of Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Ali Asghar Children's Hospital, Razi Hospital and Roozbeh Hospital and also physicians' offices who are members of the program's strategic committee are covered now. Based on the objectives of the Strategic Committee and literature review for the design of registration systems, the following data collection was considered:
Methods: In this study, the aim was to present a protocol to design and launch a registry for patients with autism spectrum disorders in Tehran for clinical and research purposes. The entered population in this system includes individuals (including children over 6 months and adults) with previous diagnosis or new diagnosis referred to the certain centers (Child Psychiatric Clinic of Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Ali Asghar Children's Hospital, Razi Hospital and Roozbeh Hospital) and also, physicians' offices who are members of the program's strategic committee. Patients are admitted to the program if the diagnosis of ASD is confirmed by a pediatrician, child neurologist, psychiatrist, neurologist, psychiatrist, neurologist, child psychologist according to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria.
Then personal and demographics information and clinical and laboratory findings will be recorded by data entry experts in the system. Patients will be followed up by telephone or through coming back of the patients to the certain centers. Data analysis is done in accordance with the objectives of the registration program and is performed based on conventional statistical methods. Also, an annual report of the profiles of registered patients is sent to the beneficiaries of the program at the end of each year, including the Vice Chancellor for Research of the participating universities, the Ministry of Health, and related associations and groups. Initially, stakeholders in the field of autism spectrum disorders from different and related specialties were identified from partner universities of medical sciences in Tehran (Iran, Tehran, Welfare Sciences) and various centers accepting autism spectrum patients and the Strategic Committee for Autism Registration as a subset of the Vice Chancellor for Research was established in 1398 in Iran University of Medical Sciences. The Strategic Committee is responsible for developing guidelines and executive protocols consisting of experts in the fields of general psychology, child psychology, social medicine, epidemiology, information technology, health informatics and health information management, as well as the executive committee and executive groups for follow-up and conducting decisions of Strategic Committee was considered. Data Management and Information Technology (IT) Department was Responsible for Software Design; Data collection and quality control group was responsible for data collection, quality control, feedback and data correction; The epidemiology and data analysis team was also responsible for designing and conducting the data analysis program.
The population entered in this system includes people (including children over 6 months and adults) with previous diagnosis or new diagnosis of the referral centers. A child is considered to have diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorders according to the DSM 5 Diagnostic Guide if he or she has serious impairments in communication and social interactions as well as a limited and repetitive pattern of behavior, interests, and activities. Patients enrolled in the program have been diagnosed with ASD by a pediatrician, child psychiatrist, pediatric neurologist, psychiatrist, or neurologist.
Child Psychiatric Clinic of Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Ali Asghar Children's Hospital, Razi Hospital and Roozbeh Hospital and also physicians' offices who are members of the program's strategic committee are covered now. Based on the objectives of the Strategic Committee and literature review for the design of registration systems, the following data collection was considered:
- Personal and socio-demographic characteristics (such as name, age, gender, ethnicity, parents' relatives, place of birth and residence, birth rank, education)
- Clinical information (such as history of developmental delay, name of the disorder, presence of seizures, presence of mental retardation and other psychiatric diagnoses, personal and family history of the disorder)
- Laboratory and imaging finding
Then personal and demographics information and clinical and laboratory findings will be recorded by data entry experts in the system. Patients will be followed up by telephone or through coming back of the patients to the certain centers. Data analysis is done in accordance with the objectives of the registration program and is performed based on conventional statistical methods. Also, an annual report of the profiles of registered patients is sent to the beneficiaries of the program at the end of each year, including the Vice Chancellor for Research of the participating universities, the Ministry of Health, and related associations and groups.
In order to validate and evaluate the feasibility and ease of implementation of the data collection form, this form was piloted in several centers and then based on the results of experimental implementation, the questions were reviewed and finalized. After compiling the final version of the data collection form, the software registry system was designed for the web. In order to maintain data security, a separate access and a specific access level for each user is determined and hosted on the servers of Iran University of Medical Sciences. Data analysis is done in accordance with the objectives of the registry and is performed based on the required statistical methods. Also, an annual report on the profile of registered patients of the registry is sent to the beneficiaries of the program at the end of each year, including the Vice Chancellor for Research of the participating universities, the Ministry of Health and related associations and groups.
In 2014, the Deputy Minister of Research at the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) of Iran decided to establish registration systems for various diseases and health consequences (4). In this regard, the launch of a clinical-research registry in autism in Tehran was considered. Setting up an autism spectrum disorder information registry in Tehran as a preliminary study for its establishment at the national level can help to integrate research activities and create a research network and prevent incoherence, rework and waste of time and energy in related research activities in the country. In addition to the direct use of data for research activities, such systems can also be used to identify patients eligible for clinical trials. In addition, it is possible to study the natural course of this disorder, track individuals and help increase the country's indigenous knowledge based on local and regional information. In addition, launching a program to record the autism spectrum disorders will help policymakers and health planners in the country to decide and plan for it.
In addition, is not possible for policy makers to plan in an integrated, comprehensive, accurate and up-to-date way without having access to such online information systems. In the long run, this study aims to record all ASD information across the country in this system to eliminate the huge challenges of patients, physicians and health decision makers and also Smoothing the way for research further.
Conclusion: Establishing registry systems, especially chronic diseases seems to be a need for work so that health policy makers can make the right policies and plans to improve the level of health. One of the most important features of registries is the enrolling of patients in the time period and the possibility of increasing the collection of patients in the country. Due to the relatively high prevalence large number of causes and increasing high financial burden of autism spectrum disorders that it imposes on society, it is a suitable c case to evaluate prevalence, environmental and genetic factors through recording all clinical and epidemiological information
In order to validate and evaluate the feasibility and ease of implementation of the data collection form, this form was piloted in several centers and then based on the results of experimental implementation, the questions were reviewed and finalized. After compiling the final version of the data collection form, the software registry system was designed for the web. In order to maintain data security, a separate access and a specific access level for each user is determined and hosted on the servers of Iran University of Medical Sciences. Data analysis is done in accordance with the objectives of the registry and is performed based on the required statistical methods. Also, an annual report on the profile of registered patients of the registry is sent to the beneficiaries of the program at the end of each year, including the Vice Chancellor for Research of the participating universities, the Ministry of Health and related associations and groups.
In 2014, the Deputy Minister of Research at the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) of Iran decided to establish registration systems for various diseases and health consequences (4). In this regard, the launch of a clinical-research registry in autism in Tehran was considered. Setting up an autism spectrum disorder information registry in Tehran as a preliminary study for its establishment at the national level can help to integrate research activities and create a research network and prevent incoherence, rework and waste of time and energy in related research activities in the country. In addition to the direct use of data for research activities, such systems can also be used to identify patients eligible for clinical trials. In addition, it is possible to study the natural course of this disorder, track individuals and help increase the country's indigenous knowledge based on local and regional information. In addition, launching a program to record the autism spectrum disorders will help policymakers and health planners in the country to decide and plan for it.
In addition, is not possible for policy makers to plan in an integrated, comprehensive, accurate and up-to-date way without having access to such online information systems. In the long run, this study aims to record all ASD information across the country in this system to eliminate the huge challenges of patients, physicians and health decision makers and also Smoothing the way for research further.
Conclusion: Establishing registry systems, especially chronic diseases seems to be a need for work so that health policy makers can make the right policies and plans to improve the level of health. One of the most important features of registries is the enrolling of patients in the time period and the possibility of increasing the collection of patients in the country. Due to the relatively high prevalence large number of causes and increasing high financial burden of autism spectrum disorders that it imposes on society, it is a suitable c case to evaluate prevalence, environmental and genetic factors through recording all clinical and epidemiological information
Faezeh Shabanali Fami, Sogand Ghasemzadeh, Somayeh Nejati,
Volume 30, Issue 4 (7-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 4 (7-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental deficit that affects social interaction, communication, and the appearance of stereotyped and limited behaviors. The American Psychological Association recommends that autism is a feature of autism spectrum disorder(1). It is a type of brain disorder that makes it difficult for a child to properly process inform
ation, weakens or disables it in three language acquisition domains, hinders verbal and nonverbal communication, and makes it difficult for them to comprehend social settings (2). According to recent data, 68 of every 100 children born in the United States have ASD (3). It is anticipated that more than 30,000 Iranians under the age of 19 suffer from autism spectrum disorders (4). Early diagnosis and interventions are crucial for children with an autism spectrum disorder. Therefore, it is important to prioritize creating and developing effective instruments for both screening (diagnostic) and rehabilitation (5). Assistive technology is an educational strategy and learning process in the field of special educational needs (6). In recent years, significant advances have been made in new technological research (7). Despite the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders among children and international efforts to create and introduce new auxiliary tools in detecting and rehabilitating these people, research in Iran has introduced, reviewed, and compared these tools in aggregate form. The current article is a systematic review of new technologies in the rehabilitation of children with ASD in Iran.
Methods: The present systematic review was designed and conducted in the year 2022 to investigate research related to the variables of applying assistive technologies in an autism spectrum disorder. The present study was an analytical systematic review, and the research method adopted the model of Prisma systematic review studies (13, 14). The statistical population of the present study included scientific research articles published in domestic (scientific research) magazines in Persian from 2011 to 2022 in the field of assistive, educational, and learning technologies, which were also carried out in Iran. It should be noted that based on the survey, no research was conducted in Iran before 2011. More precisely, these keywords include the words autism or ASD along with one of the words technology, digital, computer, media, virtual reality, video, software, animation, robot, neurofeedback, application, mobile, social networks, system, virtual, and online. All articles related to the purpose of the research were chosen from the Persian databases of scientific research journals in the field of psychology and educational sciences, such as Ensani, Noormags, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar.
Results: The effectiveness of new technologies for children with autism spectrum disorders can be used for diagnosis, screening, empowerment, and rehabilitation according to the findings of many studies. The use of technology-based approaches generally has a positive impact and aids in the treatment, education, and improvement of social interactions, education, and other areas in people with autism. However, evaluating these methods and estimating the magnitude of their impact are crucial issues that can yield significant and informative results and provide the opportunity to plan and implement improvements. Only internal studies were considered to determine the work done and the gaps that still need to be filled. The preliminary results indicate that using these technologies has great potential to assist teachers and parents in intervening more effectively in the early stages. However, given the subjects discussed, there are still issues that professionals should consider when designing and utilizing these technologies. In this research, only domestic studies have been considered to determine the measures taken and the existing gaps for future research, and the initial findings show that the use of these technologies has great potential to help teachers and parents intervene more effectively in the early stages. According to the reviewed studies, only 56% of the studies used domestically manufactured technologies, and the rest of the technologies were related to non-domestic programs. Then future studies can focus on the design and construction of native programs in the Persian language. Another important point to consider in future research is the issue of which time protocol these technologies were used in the interventions and whether this issue can be related to the desired effect of these technologies according to the reviewed research on this technology. were used for an average of 16 to 16 sessions and 48-minute sessions for the audience. Also, in future review research, it is possible to include a larger number of influential components, including different age groups of subjects (the focus of this study is on the age group of 1 to 16 years with an average of 8.5 years), more different types of assistive technology, wider types of target skills, considering different research designs, and by examining a larger and more diverse community, especially by including the results of articles from abroad to clarify the generalizability of the findings, he achieved more accurate and comprehensive results.
Conclusion: The effectiveness of new technologies for children with autism spectrum disorders can be used for diagnosis, screening, empowerment, and rehabilitation according to the findings of many studies. The use of technology-based approaches generally has a positive impact and aids in the treatment, education, and improvement of social interactions, education, and other areas in people with autism. However, evaluating these methods and estimating the magnitude of their impact are crucial issues that can yield significant and informative results and provide the opportunity to plan and implement improvements. Only internal studies were considered to determine the work done and the gaps that still need to be filled. The preliminary results indicate that using these technologies has great potential to assist teachers and parents in intervening more effectively in the early stages. However, given the subjects discussed, there are still issues that professionals should consider when designing and utilizing these technologies. In this research, only domestic studies have been considered to determine the measures taken and the existing gaps for future research, and the initial findings show that the use of these technologies has great potential to help teachers and parents intervene more effectively in the early stages. According to the reviewed studies, only 56% of the studies used domestically manufactured technologies, and the rest of the technologies were related to non-domestic programs. Then future studies can focus on the design and construction of native programs in the Persian language. Another important point to consider in future research is the issue of which time protocol these technologies were used in the interventions and whether this issue can be related to the desired effect of these technologies according to the reviewed research on this technology. were used for an average of 16 to 16 sessions and 48-minute sessions for the audience. Also, in future review research, it is possible to include a larger number of influential components, including different age groups of subjects (the focus of this study is on the age group of 1 to 16 years with an average of 8.5 years), more different types of assistive technology, wider types of target skills, considering different research designs, and by examining a larger and more diverse community, especially by including the results of articles from abroad to clarify the generalizability of the findings, he achieved more accurate and comprehensive results.
ation, weakens or disables it in three language acquisition domains, hinders verbal and nonverbal communication, and makes it difficult for them to comprehend social settings (2). According to recent data, 68 of every 100 children born in the United States have ASD (3). It is anticipated that more than 30,000 Iranians under the age of 19 suffer from autism spectrum disorders (4). Early diagnosis and interventions are crucial for children with an autism spectrum disorder. Therefore, it is important to prioritize creating and developing effective instruments for both screening (diagnostic) and rehabilitation (5). Assistive technology is an educational strategy and learning process in the field of special educational needs (6). In recent years, significant advances have been made in new technological research (7). Despite the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders among children and international efforts to create and introduce new auxiliary tools in detecting and rehabilitating these people, research in Iran has introduced, reviewed, and compared these tools in aggregate form. The current article is a systematic review of new technologies in the rehabilitation of children with ASD in Iran.
Methods: The present systematic review was designed and conducted in the year 2022 to investigate research related to the variables of applying assistive technologies in an autism spectrum disorder. The present study was an analytical systematic review, and the research method adopted the model of Prisma systematic review studies (13, 14). The statistical population of the present study included scientific research articles published in domestic (scientific research) magazines in Persian from 2011 to 2022 in the field of assistive, educational, and learning technologies, which were also carried out in Iran. It should be noted that based on the survey, no research was conducted in Iran before 2011. More precisely, these keywords include the words autism or ASD along with one of the words technology, digital, computer, media, virtual reality, video, software, animation, robot, neurofeedback, application, mobile, social networks, system, virtual, and online. All articles related to the purpose of the research were chosen from the Persian databases of scientific research journals in the field of psychology and educational sciences, such as Ensani, Noormags, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar.
Results: The effectiveness of new technologies for children with autism spectrum disorders can be used for diagnosis, screening, empowerment, and rehabilitation according to the findings of many studies. The use of technology-based approaches generally has a positive impact and aids in the treatment, education, and improvement of social interactions, education, and other areas in people with autism. However, evaluating these methods and estimating the magnitude of their impact are crucial issues that can yield significant and informative results and provide the opportunity to plan and implement improvements. Only internal studies were considered to determine the work done and the gaps that still need to be filled. The preliminary results indicate that using these technologies has great potential to assist teachers and parents in intervening more effectively in the early stages. However, given the subjects discussed, there are still issues that professionals should consider when designing and utilizing these technologies. In this research, only domestic studies have been considered to determine the measures taken and the existing gaps for future research, and the initial findings show that the use of these technologies has great potential to help teachers and parents intervene more effectively in the early stages. According to the reviewed studies, only 56% of the studies used domestically manufactured technologies, and the rest of the technologies were related to non-domestic programs. Then future studies can focus on the design and construction of native programs in the Persian language. Another important point to consider in future research is the issue of which time protocol these technologies were used in the interventions and whether this issue can be related to the desired effect of these technologies according to the reviewed research on this technology. were used for an average of 16 to 16 sessions and 48-minute sessions for the audience. Also, in future review research, it is possible to include a larger number of influential components, including different age groups of subjects (the focus of this study is on the age group of 1 to 16 years with an average of 8.5 years), more different types of assistive technology, wider types of target skills, considering different research designs, and by examining a larger and more diverse community, especially by including the results of articles from abroad to clarify the generalizability of the findings, he achieved more accurate and comprehensive results.
Conclusion: The effectiveness of new technologies for children with autism spectrum disorders can be used for diagnosis, screening, empowerment, and rehabilitation according to the findings of many studies. The use of technology-based approaches generally has a positive impact and aids in the treatment, education, and improvement of social interactions, education, and other areas in people with autism. However, evaluating these methods and estimating the magnitude of their impact are crucial issues that can yield significant and informative results and provide the opportunity to plan and implement improvements. Only internal studies were considered to determine the work done and the gaps that still need to be filled. The preliminary results indicate that using these technologies has great potential to assist teachers and parents in intervening more effectively in the early stages. However, given the subjects discussed, there are still issues that professionals should consider when designing and utilizing these technologies. In this research, only domestic studies have been considered to determine the measures taken and the existing gaps for future research, and the initial findings show that the use of these technologies has great potential to help teachers and parents intervene more effectively in the early stages. According to the reviewed studies, only 56% of the studies used domestically manufactured technologies, and the rest of the technologies were related to non-domestic programs. Then future studies can focus on the design and construction of native programs in the Persian language. Another important point to consider in future research is the issue of which time protocol these technologies were used in the interventions and whether this issue can be related to the desired effect of these technologies according to the reviewed research on this technology. were used for an average of 16 to 16 sessions and 48-minute sessions for the audience. Also, in future review research, it is possible to include a larger number of influential components, including different age groups of subjects (the focus of this study is on the age group of 1 to 16 years with an average of 8.5 years), more different types of assistive technology, wider types of target skills, considering different research designs, and by examining a larger and more diverse community, especially by including the results of articles from abroad to clarify the generalizability of the findings, he achieved more accurate and comprehensive results.
Zahra Tohidi Manesh, Noorali Farrokhi, Hasan Asadzadeh, Parviz Sharifi Daramadii,
Volume 30, Issue 7 (10-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 7 (10-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Autism spectrum disorder is one of the neuro-developmental disorders that, according to the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), has two major symptoms: deficits in social communication and social interaction, as well as behaviors, interests and limited and repetitive activities are identified (1). This disorder is one of the childhood disorders that attracts many studies in the field of psychology every year (2). The average rate of autism disorder in epidemiological studies is 5 cases per 10,000 people. The range of reports varies from 2 to 20 cases per 10,000 people. But more recent studies about the prevalence of autism disorder is 1 in every 100 births. The prevalence rate in boys is 3 to 4 times that of girls. These children show undesirable behaviors, such as stereotypic movements, aggression and self-harming behaviors. They also have problems in understanding and using social rules and behaviors, conversational gestures, non-verbal behaviors and movement coordination (3).
Methods: This research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, which is one of the practical studies. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all children with autism disorder with high functioning under education in schools of Shahryar city in 2018-2019. Among the mentioned children, 24 people were randomly selected in two experimental and control groups using available sampling method. Gilliam's Autism Rating Questionnaire (1995) was used to collect the required data, and Lovas's (1987) applied behavior analysis program was used for intervention. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
Results: The applied behavior analysis program has improved the linguistic indices of children with autism spectrum, so that after the intervention, a significant difference was observed between the experimental and control groups. In general, it can be concluded that the intervention of applied behavior analysis is effective in reducing autism symptoms and increasing skills. After organizing the training sessions, the credibility of the program was evaluated based on the agreement of the supervisors, which included 10 teachers and specialists in the education of exceptional children with a history of teaching and training autistic children and other exceptional children at least 7 years old and at most 18 years old, in such a way that The agreement coefficient of the observers of the program was calculated based on the Content Validity Indexcoefficient of 0.82, which is why it is necessary to mention that the applied behavior analysis program had good validity. In order to clarify the findings of the present study and other similar existing studies, it is necessary to mention that the applied behavior analysis approach is performed using Skinner's behavior change methods. The basis of this method is to increase the probability of repeating and increasing behaviors that are encouraged, and on the other hand, the probability of removing behaviors that are not paid attention to increases (20). Another factor that causes the applied behavior analysis method to reduce destructive behaviors and communication defects and increase the language skills of children with autism is the division of each skill into smaller components, so that whenever these components If they are done correctly and carefully, the child is encouraged and therefore the child's motivation and desire to learn linguistic indicators and its other components increases (21). It can also be pointed out that by practicing and repeating skills at home and by family members and in fact with the support of parents and other close people, it can lead to the permanence of the linguistic indicators of the affected child; Because maintaining and generalizing the learned skills requires exercises and guidelines outside the school environment and requires continuous parental intervention in the language skills of the child with autism. In fact, linguistic indicators, like social skills, should be generalized from one educational environment to other suitable environments and from the form of mutual relations with one group to mutual relations with other groups and maintained over time. On the other hand, the results of the present study indicated the favorable validity of the program developed based on the principles of applied behavior analysis. In such a way that the implementation of an intervention program on a group of high-functioning autistic children led to a significant improvement in language indicators compared to the control group. In this regard, it should be noted that teaching communication and language skills with a child with autism spectrum disorder will lead to the improvement of these skills and the reduction of the symptoms of this disorder. Also, since the improvement of verbal skills forms the basis of every person's life and leads to social growth, which in turn accelerates intellectual, linguistic and other developmental aspects of a person; Therefore, teaching these skills to high-functioning autistic children is of particular importance. On the other hand, in applied behavior analysis, it has been tried to reveal the relationship between the environment and the child's behavior through careful observation of the child's behavior, its detailed evaluation and analysis, as well as those characteristics of the environment that can lead to the creation of new behavior. or reduce behavior in the child, be discovered. Therefore, the interventions made by applied behavior analysis can be done by child therapists, parents, teachers and other relatives of the person and it is hoped that with this method the child's language indicators can be improved. Since the improvement of linguistic and verbal indicators of children on the autism spectrum causes the improvement of other symptoms of the autism spectrum and the hope of academic progress in this group is seen with the development of verbal and non-verbal language; Therefore, it is recommended that in order to use the compiled program based on the principles of applied behavior analysis, other audio-visual devices and music should be used in order to develop vocabulary and use words correctly. By holding educational workshops for teachers of exceptional schools and parents of children on the autism spectrum and highlighting the importance of improving the communication and language skills of these children, parents and teachers should try to familiarize themselves with the implementation methods of the applied behavior analysis program and how to proceed with the sessions. The program should be given to families and coaches in the form of instructions for implementing the program.
Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that the applied behavior analysis intervention is effective in reducing autism symptoms and improving language indicators. The results of this study indicate that due to the increase in the prevalence of autism in the last decade, it is necessary to pay more attention to the use of behavioral interventions and preventive programs.
Methods: This research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, which is one of the practical studies. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all children with autism disorder with high functioning under education in schools of Shahryar city in 2018-2019. Among the mentioned children, 24 people were randomly selected in two experimental and control groups using available sampling method. Gilliam's Autism Rating Questionnaire (1995) was used to collect the required data, and Lovas's (1987) applied behavior analysis program was used for intervention. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
Results: The applied behavior analysis program has improved the linguistic indices of children with autism spectrum, so that after the intervention, a significant difference was observed between the experimental and control groups. In general, it can be concluded that the intervention of applied behavior analysis is effective in reducing autism symptoms and increasing skills. After organizing the training sessions, the credibility of the program was evaluated based on the agreement of the supervisors, which included 10 teachers and specialists in the education of exceptional children with a history of teaching and training autistic children and other exceptional children at least 7 years old and at most 18 years old, in such a way that The agreement coefficient of the observers of the program was calculated based on the Content Validity Indexcoefficient of 0.82, which is why it is necessary to mention that the applied behavior analysis program had good validity. In order to clarify the findings of the present study and other similar existing studies, it is necessary to mention that the applied behavior analysis approach is performed using Skinner's behavior change methods. The basis of this method is to increase the probability of repeating and increasing behaviors that are encouraged, and on the other hand, the probability of removing behaviors that are not paid attention to increases (20). Another factor that causes the applied behavior analysis method to reduce destructive behaviors and communication defects and increase the language skills of children with autism is the division of each skill into smaller components, so that whenever these components If they are done correctly and carefully, the child is encouraged and therefore the child's motivation and desire to learn linguistic indicators and its other components increases (21). It can also be pointed out that by practicing and repeating skills at home and by family members and in fact with the support of parents and other close people, it can lead to the permanence of the linguistic indicators of the affected child; Because maintaining and generalizing the learned skills requires exercises and guidelines outside the school environment and requires continuous parental intervention in the language skills of the child with autism. In fact, linguistic indicators, like social skills, should be generalized from one educational environment to other suitable environments and from the form of mutual relations with one group to mutual relations with other groups and maintained over time. On the other hand, the results of the present study indicated the favorable validity of the program developed based on the principles of applied behavior analysis. In such a way that the implementation of an intervention program on a group of high-functioning autistic children led to a significant improvement in language indicators compared to the control group. In this regard, it should be noted that teaching communication and language skills with a child with autism spectrum disorder will lead to the improvement of these skills and the reduction of the symptoms of this disorder. Also, since the improvement of verbal skills forms the basis of every person's life and leads to social growth, which in turn accelerates intellectual, linguistic and other developmental aspects of a person; Therefore, teaching these skills to high-functioning autistic children is of particular importance. On the other hand, in applied behavior analysis, it has been tried to reveal the relationship between the environment and the child's behavior through careful observation of the child's behavior, its detailed evaluation and analysis, as well as those characteristics of the environment that can lead to the creation of new behavior. or reduce behavior in the child, be discovered. Therefore, the interventions made by applied behavior analysis can be done by child therapists, parents, teachers and other relatives of the person and it is hoped that with this method the child's language indicators can be improved. Since the improvement of linguistic and verbal indicators of children on the autism spectrum causes the improvement of other symptoms of the autism spectrum and the hope of academic progress in this group is seen with the development of verbal and non-verbal language; Therefore, it is recommended that in order to use the compiled program based on the principles of applied behavior analysis, other audio-visual devices and music should be used in order to develop vocabulary and use words correctly. By holding educational workshops for teachers of exceptional schools and parents of children on the autism spectrum and highlighting the importance of improving the communication and language skills of these children, parents and teachers should try to familiarize themselves with the implementation methods of the applied behavior analysis program and how to proceed with the sessions. The program should be given to families and coaches in the form of instructions for implementing the program.
Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that the applied behavior analysis intervention is effective in reducing autism symptoms and improving language indicators. The results of this study indicate that due to the increase in the prevalence of autism in the last decade, it is necessary to pay more attention to the use of behavioral interventions and preventive programs.
Mahin Norouzi, Parinaz Benisi, Ghanbar Ali Delfan Azari,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Bakcground & Aims: : Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by persistent impairment in reciprocal social interaction, delayed or distorted communication, and a limited stereotyped communication pattern. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of short-term dynamic psychotherapy on cognitive distortions in working mothers with autistic children.
Methods: The present study was applied in terms of purpose and semi-experimental research method with a pre-test and post-test design. The research ethics code is IR.IAU.TON.REC.1401.076, which has been approved by the Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch. Among the working mothers with children with autism who referred to the rehabilitation center in Tehran, who underwent the necessary examinations for neurological and psychiatric diseases and psychotic disorders and no abnormalities or mental disorders were seen in them, 20 people were selected through convenience sampling and randomly divided into two groups of10 people, experimental and control. Both groups completed the 20-question cognitive distortion questionnaire of Abdollahzadeh and Maryam Salar (2010) before and after the intervention. Each of the questionnaire questions is rated on a 1-5 scale (strongly agree, agree, no opinion, disagree, and strongly disagree) and measures the cognitive distortions proposed based on Albert Ellis's theory, and each irrational thought is assigned 2 statements. Thus, distortion number one (all-or-nothing thinking) statements 1 and 2, distortion number two (overgeneralization) statements 3 and 4, distortion number three (mental filter) statements 5 and 6, distortion number four (ignoring the positive) statements 7 and 8, distortion number five (judging and predicting, including mind reading and wrong thinking) statements 9 and 10, distortion number six (macro and micro) statements 11 and 14, distortion number seven (emotional reasoning) statements 12 and 13, distortion number eight (the phrase should be better) statements 15 and 16, distortion number nine (labeling) statements 17 and 18, distortion number ten (personalization) statements 19 and 20 have been measured.
The experimental group then attended 9 sessions, two 60-minute sessions per week, according to the short-term intensive psychodynamic approach, and received the necessary treatments. Finally, the data were analyzed using analysis of variance and SPSS version 23 software.
Results: The results showed that intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy had a positive and significant effect on reducing cognitive distortions (p ≤0.05) in working mothers of autistic children with cognitive distortions. Conclusion: Short-term dynamic psychotherapy can be used to reduce cognitive distortions and, consequently, to improve the mental health of mothers of autistic children with cognitive distortions.
Conclusion: The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy on cognitive distortions in working mothers with autistic children, and the results are as follows. According to the research hypothesis, the short-term intensive psychodynamic approach is effective on cognitive distortions in working mothers in the post-test.
The result of the present study showed that at a significance level of 0.05, cognitive distortions in the subjects of the experimental group had a significant decrease after short-term intensive psychodynamic therapy. In other words, short-term intensive psychodynamic therapy had a significant effect on reducing cognitive distortions in working mothers in the experimental group. This result was consistent with the results of previous studies (1). In explaining the results, it can be said that in this method, thoughts and feelings are accepted as they are. On the other hand, by creating insight in patients, it provides the basis for obtaining better treatment results. By increasing psychological and mental acceptance of internal experiences, in fact, active and effective confrontation with thoughts and feelings, avoiding avoidance, changing the view of oneself and the story in which the individual has imposed the role of victim on himself, reviewing values and goals in life, and ultimately positive beliefs about oneself and self-efficacy can be considered as the main effective factors in this treatment method. In the short-term intensive psychodynamic approach, the therapist helps the client experience real repressed feelings without suppressing them, making value judgments about them, and experiencing secondary emotions such as shame and guilt after experiencing this behavior, thought, and feeling (2). The results of the present study are consistent with the results of previous studies (3) and confirm the effectiveness of short-term intensive psychodynamic therapy on rumination. Therefore, it can be concluded that intensive short-term dynamic therapy has improved the mental health of mothers with autistic children compared to the control group. The results of the hypothesis show that intensive short-term psychodynamic therapy has been effective on mental health. The results of the present study showed that it was in line with the results of other colleagues' research (5) in this field. Cognitive distortions are the strongest predictors of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anxiety disorders. People with cognitive distortions experience distortions in their thoughts such as overgeneralization, hasty conclusions, and personalization of things, and these negative thoughts can be traced to persistent and uncontrollable internal attributions. Cognitive researchers have called the moment-to-moment stream of consciousness of ideas, beliefs, or images automatic thoughts (6). The results confirm the effect of short-term intensive psychodynamic intervention on cognitive distortions in working mothers of children with autism; therefore, it is recommended that this type of intervention be used under the supervision of a specialist to reduce cognitive distortions and, consequently, improve the mental health of mothers and children.
Methods: The present study was applied in terms of purpose and semi-experimental research method with a pre-test and post-test design. The research ethics code is IR.IAU.TON.REC.1401.076, which has been approved by the Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch. Among the working mothers with children with autism who referred to the rehabilitation center in Tehran, who underwent the necessary examinations for neurological and psychiatric diseases and psychotic disorders and no abnormalities or mental disorders were seen in them, 20 people were selected through convenience sampling and randomly divided into two groups of10 people, experimental and control. Both groups completed the 20-question cognitive distortion questionnaire of Abdollahzadeh and Maryam Salar (2010) before and after the intervention. Each of the questionnaire questions is rated on a 1-5 scale (strongly agree, agree, no opinion, disagree, and strongly disagree) and measures the cognitive distortions proposed based on Albert Ellis's theory, and each irrational thought is assigned 2 statements. Thus, distortion number one (all-or-nothing thinking) statements 1 and 2, distortion number two (overgeneralization) statements 3 and 4, distortion number three (mental filter) statements 5 and 6, distortion number four (ignoring the positive) statements 7 and 8, distortion number five (judging and predicting, including mind reading and wrong thinking) statements 9 and 10, distortion number six (macro and micro) statements 11 and 14, distortion number seven (emotional reasoning) statements 12 and 13, distortion number eight (the phrase should be better) statements 15 and 16, distortion number nine (labeling) statements 17 and 18, distortion number ten (personalization) statements 19 and 20 have been measured.
The experimental group then attended 9 sessions, two 60-minute sessions per week, according to the short-term intensive psychodynamic approach, and received the necessary treatments. Finally, the data were analyzed using analysis of variance and SPSS version 23 software.
Results: The results showed that intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy had a positive and significant effect on reducing cognitive distortions (p ≤0.05) in working mothers of autistic children with cognitive distortions. Conclusion: Short-term dynamic psychotherapy can be used to reduce cognitive distortions and, consequently, to improve the mental health of mothers of autistic children with cognitive distortions.
Conclusion: The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy on cognitive distortions in working mothers with autistic children, and the results are as follows. According to the research hypothesis, the short-term intensive psychodynamic approach is effective on cognitive distortions in working mothers in the post-test.
The result of the present study showed that at a significance level of 0.05, cognitive distortions in the subjects of the experimental group had a significant decrease after short-term intensive psychodynamic therapy. In other words, short-term intensive psychodynamic therapy had a significant effect on reducing cognitive distortions in working mothers in the experimental group. This result was consistent with the results of previous studies (1). In explaining the results, it can be said that in this method, thoughts and feelings are accepted as they are. On the other hand, by creating insight in patients, it provides the basis for obtaining better treatment results. By increasing psychological and mental acceptance of internal experiences, in fact, active and effective confrontation with thoughts and feelings, avoiding avoidance, changing the view of oneself and the story in which the individual has imposed the role of victim on himself, reviewing values and goals in life, and ultimately positive beliefs about oneself and self-efficacy can be considered as the main effective factors in this treatment method. In the short-term intensive psychodynamic approach, the therapist helps the client experience real repressed feelings without suppressing them, making value judgments about them, and experiencing secondary emotions such as shame and guilt after experiencing this behavior, thought, and feeling (2). The results of the present study are consistent with the results of previous studies (3) and confirm the effectiveness of short-term intensive psychodynamic therapy on rumination. Therefore, it can be concluded that intensive short-term dynamic therapy has improved the mental health of mothers with autistic children compared to the control group. The results of the hypothesis show that intensive short-term psychodynamic therapy has been effective on mental health. The results of the present study showed that it was in line with the results of other colleagues' research (5) in this field. Cognitive distortions are the strongest predictors of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anxiety disorders. People with cognitive distortions experience distortions in their thoughts such as overgeneralization, hasty conclusions, and personalization of things, and these negative thoughts can be traced to persistent and uncontrollable internal attributions. Cognitive researchers have called the moment-to-moment stream of consciousness of ideas, beliefs, or images automatic thoughts (6). The results confirm the effect of short-term intensive psychodynamic intervention on cognitive distortions in working mothers of children with autism; therefore, it is recommended that this type of intervention be used under the supervision of a specialist to reduce cognitive distortions and, consequently, improve the mental health of mothers and children.
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