Razi Journal of Medical Sciences

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Although we have access to various drugs and diagnostic equipment today, tuberculosis is still regarded as the most fatal disease of single microbial factor. A large number of children across the world have been made orphans due to this disease. World Health Organization(WHO) called a global emergency for tuberculosis in 1993. Because of MDR(Multi Drug Resistance) there is a risk that tuberculosis turns to a disease difficult to treat. Among the causes of global defeat in the treatment of tuberculosis and formation of MDR, are delay in treatment and physicians’ faults. Nevertheless, the disease can still be controlled by implementation of DOTS(Directly Observed Short Course). The necessity for organizing such course is the cooperation of all private sectors. One of the plans of this course, based on which national schemes are designed, is educating the medical staff at all levels specially the physicians. This study is aimed at evaluating one of the educational methods on the knowledge and attitudes of general practitioners. This study is based on a before-after study method in which 340 GPS of private sector have been simply sampled randomly. The knowledge and attitudes of the physicians were tested by a questionnaire. A self study method was also used as an educational method, using the book entitled “National Guide for Combating Tuberculosis”. The study proved that the physicians primarily had a favorable attitude to the national plan but their knowledge was very low(1.8%). Education proved to have a positive effect on knowledge and attitudes of the physicians in a way that the mean scores given to physicians’ knowledge and attitudes before and after education showed a significant difference. The change in knowledge and attitudes of physicians of public sector did not show any significant relation with demographic and work experience variant in public sector. Based on the results of the present study it can be concluded that self-learning has a positive effect on attitudes and specially knowledge of the physicians.

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The objective of the present study was to determine Savodjbolagh high school students’ knowledge and attitude to HIV and AIDS. In this descriptive cross-sectional study 1224 student were selected from 58 urban and rural high schools in Savojbolagh with the random numbers table. A questionnaire was administered by the researchers which contained some questions about HIV transmission ways, attitudes to HIV, questions on preventive methods and information sources of HIV. The analysis of the data was achieved by SPSS software. 29.7% of students believed that AIDS is a great threat to health while 19.5% of them believed environmental pollution is the main cause of it and 11.9% of them believed addiction is an important threat. 84.3% of the students were informed via television and only 15.5% of them got the information from their books. In their opinion, the majority of patients were infected by HIV through sexual misbehaviours(34.9%) and IV drugs abusing(33.1%). They believed that one of the main ways of transmission was using a common shaving blade(43%). About 58% of students believed that the infected patients had to be isolated. 39% and 81% of the students believed that condom and vaccination are effective ways for preventing AIDS, respectively. 64% of students preferred to be informed by the medical experts. 91% of students, agreed about, the compulsory HIV screening before marriage. This study revealed that television has an important role in improving students’ knowledge towards AIDS while their courses do not have enough information to aware them. Most of the students preferred to get information from the medical experts. The students have limited knowledge about AIDS transmission ways, its preventive and contraception methods. It seems that training of reproductive health is definitely required.

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  Background: The stigma associated with mental illness adds to the public health burden of mental illness itself. In general terms stigma is the status loss and discrimination triggered by negative stereotypes. To our knowledge, this is not any large scale study of knowledge of and attitudes towards mental illness in Iran. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitude of a community sample towards mental illness in city of Tehran.

  Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in city of Tehran between April and December 2009. By a multistage random sampling of household respondents, 800 subjects were recruited in the study. A modified version of the questionnaire developed for the "World Psychiatric Association Program to Reduce Stigma and Discrimination" was used. The method of collecting data was interview by trained interviewers. We used SPSS V.13 software for describing and analyzing data. Chi-square was used for subgroup analyses.

  Results: The mean age of sample was 37.5 years (14.7 yrs) with 53.3% being males. Most of them (70%) mentioned that mental illness is treatable out of hospital and 74% of them believed patients with mental illness could have ordinary jobs. About 68% had a positive attitude towards friendly relationship with mental illness patients. About 52.5% of the subjects believed that people with mental illness are dangerous because of their violent behaviors. Only 17% of subjects were afraid of having conversation with a mentally ill person. Generally, socio-demographic variables were not associated with knowledge and attitudes of peoples towards mental illness strongly.

  Conclusion: There is not extensive stigmatization of mental illness in our sample. Compared to other similar studies, the views and attitudes of our sample towards mental illness were partially good and acceptable.

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  Background: Internet is a safe tool but its extreme use leads into internet addiction that is classified as behavior-based addictions. The use of internet and the internet addiction is increased among students and university students. This study was done with the purpose of determining the knowledge condition, attitude and addiction to internet among BSc students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

  Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was done on 100 BSc students whom were selected by cluster sampling method. Data collection was a researcher-built questionnaire and its validity and reliability was achieved. The questionnaire was consisting of background questions of knowledge, attitude and behaviors of research units. The data was analyzed by SPSS software (version16) with the help of Chi-square test and Independent t- test.

  Results: The mean knowledge and attitude score of the students was average (4 ± 1.8, 21.54 ±3.8).18% of the students had internet addiction behavior. There was a significant association between attitude scores and academic field (p= 0.013). Male student were more addicted to internet compared to female (13% to 5%). There was a significant relation between internet addiction behavior and its method and duration of use (p= 0.008, p=0.0001).

  Conclusion: The knowledge and attitude of the studied students are inadequate and the internet addiction behavior exists among them. Thus, education intervention designs by appropriate learning theories are proposed.

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  Background: Today, one of the main concepts in the health care systems is maintaining safety and security of patient and disclosing medical errors to patient and educational system is an important aspect of moral and necessary of care that reduces the error. This study aimed to design a valid and reliable instrument to determine the attitudes of residents towards self-disclosure of medical errors and factors affecting it.

  Methods : This study is a descriptive survey that 150 residents were conducted in Tehran University of Medical Sciences who were selected through stratified random sampling method. The researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. Collected data were entered into SPSS 16 statistical software using descriptive statistics, the objectives and research questions were analyzed.

  Results: 125 residents completed the questionnaires (response rate 83.3%). In overall, more residents (62.4%) agreed that medical errors are one of the most serious problems in health care systems. Almost all residents (66.4%) agreed that serious errors should be disclosed to patients, but only 36.8% of residents agreed that minor errors should be disclosed to patients and almost more than half of residents (60%) were agree that near miss errors should be disclosed to patients. Almost all residents (91.2%) was interested in to be in receiving general education or training on disclosing medical errors to patient.

  Conclusions: In according to residents̕ interest to learn about medical errors, designing a curriculum for training medical students is needed. Students also need to be trained on patient̕s bed and supervisors monitor their trainings, until the medical students at the end of training, be capable of disclose medical errors independently.

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  Background: The rate of cosmetic surgery among young people is increasing and more attention to reasons of its high prevalence is essential. This study aimed to determine the attitude toward cosmetic surgery and its relationship with body image among female college students in 2012 .

  Methods : This study was a descriptive-analytical type. Two hundred twenty female college students, who were residents in the dormitories of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, were selected by multi-stage sampling method and filled out demographic, attitude toward cosmetic surgery and body image questionnaires. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS software and the Pearson correlation and One-Way ANOVA tests .

  Results: The results showed that seventy percent of students were willing to change the appearance of different parts of their bodies. Sixty percent would compare themselves with the mannequins and models. Also seventy three percent of the subjects felt that other people are more attractive appearance and seventy seven percent tried to buy cosmetics for improving their appearance. The results showed that there is significant relationship between attitudes toward cosmetic surgery and body image of participants (p<0.0001) .

  Conclusions: Designing educational interventions with the aim of changing the positive attitude toward cosmetic surgery and decreasing the negative body image of college female students is essential.

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  Background: Knowledge, attitudes and beliefes of every ethnicity in health promotion and disease prevention is effective. Based on various studies, the fear may be effective in the change of behavior. It seems, fear of AIDS according to the knowledge and attitude is effective in preventing HIV infection. So the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between fear of AIDS, knowledge and attitudes towards AIDS in women of childbearing age.

  Methods : This cross- sectional study was conducted on 260 women of childbearing age and Subjects were selected with Convenience Sampling within 6 months to Besat Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Data were collected using a demographic information check list and two questionnaires to assess knowledge, attitudes and fear of aids through several interview and its validity and reliability was confirmed in this study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic such as mean, standard deviation, also with chi square test and pearson’s coefficient.

  Result: findings of the study indicated that most women have moderate awareness (55.2%), positive attitudes (95/8 %) and moderate intensity of fear of AIDS (57.5%). Between Knowledge, attitudes and level of education was not any statistical significance but in women’s employment status with the fear of exposure to HIV infection, a significant correlation was observed.

  Conclusions: Since the study was first conducted among the following vulnerable groups of people, the results provided useful information on Fear of AIDS in this group and also it suggests that it may necessarily need more extensive research on the subject for a closer look at the relationship between awareness, attitudes correction and subsequently the change in their behavior in order to provid AIDS prevention.

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  Background: Breast feeding rate in infants is decreasing from 70% at hospital discharge to 32.2% at 6 months. Health professionals have crucial roles in increasing nursing mothers’ self confidence, breastfeeding knowledge and subsequent better patients outcome. The aim of this study was the assessment of participants’ attitude, knowledge and practice after a breastfeeding workshop.

  Methods : The workshop was held for 3 days, regarding the most important aspects of breastfeeding consulting, problems and challenges. In training part of the workshop a breastfeeding consultant managed the practical exercises with nursing mothers and infants. This practical approach was chosen to promote the participants' role as breastfeeding consultant. A questionnaire was used to evaluate participants' knowledge, attitude and practice before and after the workshop.

  Results: Forty participants registered for workshop, 38 of them were female, and the average age was 37.8. Twenty six (57.5%) reported having one or more children from which 19 (82.6%) breastfed successfully. The workshop increased participants’ attitude, knowledge, and practice scores significantly (paired T Test p< 0.05). There was a significant association between attitude and background data including having children, personal or spousal breastfeeding experience and age. Having children was a significant factor in participants’ knowledge increase and the only significant difference was found between age and participants’ practice (Pearson correlation and One- way Anova Test were applied).

  Conclusions: Health in-service training program improved participant’s attitude, knowledge and practice scores.

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Background: Skin cancer is the third prevalent cause of mortality and morbidity and the second widespread cancer based on organ involvement in Yazd province. This study aimed to assess the effects of educational intervention on promoting skin cancer preventive behaviors of female students based on of  some PRECEDE Model constructs.

 

 

 

Methods: Semi- experimental interventional study with 75 sample size in each group performing random sampling from Yazd universities was implemented. Validity and reliability of researcher made scales were approved. Questionnaires filled by participants and data were analyzed. Based on problem and weakness of preventive skin cancer and its predisposing factors adoption analysis was distinguished and educational intervention planned and performed. Educational strategy was compromised face to face and group discussion. After three months follow up, data using descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed. Significance level was set less than 0.05.

 

Results: Before intervention, predisposing factors was in the moderate level (%56.6) [Knowledge in moderate (%51.6), attitude relatively good (%66.1)] and preventive behavior adoption was poor (%48). Knowledge with attitude and practice, also attitude with practice had direct significant correlation. Knowledge and attitude as predisposing factor accounted for 25.1% of the variation of skin cancer preventive behavior changes with the attitude as the strongest predictor.

Conclusion: Based on more attitude power in predicting skin cancer preventing behavior, more attention to attitude changes in order to prevent skin cancer epidemic is suggested. It seems that The PRECEDE model is the effective model in planning interventional programs to promote skin cancer preventive behaviors

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Background: Today, cardiovascular disease is considered as one of the most common serious illnesses in developing countries. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management training on the reduction of the dysfunctional attitudes and stress in adolescent with coronary heart disease.

Methods: This study was single-subject experimental design. The population of study included adolescents with coronary heart disease that were admitted in Shaheed Madani Cardiology Hospital of Tabriz between February-April 2013. Sampling for this study was convenient-available. Data collection were Harry stress test, dysfunctional attitudes scale and researcher made Package. In accordance with the implementation plan, graphing and graphical analysis was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions. Also to analyze the results, percent improvement formulation and effect size were used.

Results: To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, percent improvement formulation and effect size was used. The results showed that the size effect of the dysfunctional attitudes in the first subject was 8.09, second subject 6.73 and in third subject was 5.32. Effect sizes are greater than 2.70 and indicate that the effect size is a major component of dysfunctional attitudes in all three subjects. Also the size effect on the stress in the first subject was 5.63, second subject 6.50 and in the third subject was 5.95. This suggests that effect size is a major component of stress in all three subjects.

Conclusion: Analysis of the data revealed that cognitive-behavioral stress management training had a significant impact on reduction of the dysfunctional attitudes and stress in adolescent with coronary heart disease.

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Background and Aim: Clinical Grand Rounds method is a common clinical training in most of university hospitals. Its purpose is to provide an opportunity for students to link their practical realities to theoretical ones. The study purpose was to compare the views of trainees, interns, residents, and teachers about grand rounds method at Iran University Medical Sciences in Iran.

Methods: This study is descriptive analytical performed on 237 individuals including trainees, interns assistant, and professors of teaching hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences using census method. The designed questionnaire used Likert type multiple-choice questions. The data were analyzed through SPSS v.21.

Results: The results showed that 29.4% of interns and externs showed assessed Grand Rounds training as very well and good, 36.3 as moderate and 34.3% of poor and very poor. But 62% of professors and residents’ assessment was very good and good, 27.6 moderate and 10.4% of poor and very poor. The quality of Grand Round based on type of participants’ ward was: interior1.89%, surgery 1.87%, pediatrics 1.87%, gynecology 2.1%, and also for their academic levels as interns1.85%, externs 1.82%, residents 1.92%, and for professors as 2.13%

Conclusion: The results showed that undergraduates’ attitude toward medical Grand Round is more negative than residents. The dissatisfaction of medical students of Grand Rounds was mostly due to lack of participation because of large number of students. Strengths of Grand Rounds include strengthen reasoning skills, improving decision making, scientific findings, motivating students in education, ethics and professional communication, and evidence-based medicine.

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Background: The Neonatal period is a highly vulnerable time. Provision, maintenance and improvement of neonatal welfare level in health care are the most indicators of health and development. The purpose of this study was investigating the Iranian physicians’ attitudes toward factors in neonatal mortality in order to access minimum data set in neonatal death.

Methods: This study was a cross-sectional performed using convenience sampling and a researcher made questionnaire in order to access minimum data set in neonatal death. Questionnaires were completed by neonatologists working in Tehran teaching hospitals by 71% contribution rate. In order to compare the results of the questionnaire and real data from neonatal records, t-test, Mann-Whitney and K-square tests were used.

Results: The results of the comparison between questionnaire and neonatal records on four variables that had the highest mean showed that there were relationships between birth weight, gestational age, Apgar scores and mortality, but there was not a significant relationship between neonatal status at birth and mortality rate.

Conclusion: According to local condition and access level to quality care, important parameters in neonatal death were different and it is necessity to have comprehensive analysis in order to reduce neonatal mortality rate. Use of obtained parameters can be helpful in creating clinical decision support system for predicting the neonatal death, but comprehensive studies are needed for further evaluation.

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Background: Nowadays, high blood pressure is the most important risk factor for heart disease, stroke and kidney diseases and education is one of the most effective factors that reduces high blood pressure. This study aimed to determine the effect of education on knowledge, attitude and preventive behaviors of high blood pressure based on group discussion in women 20-49 years old Islamshahr City.

Methods: This research is an interventional study. Samples were selected by random cluster sampling methods, 112 mothers of elementary school girls and boys were divided in two groups (n=56 per group). Subjects completed the researcher-made questionnaire in the first stage. Then, an educational program covering 2 one-hour sessions of group discussion was held for 4 groups, each having 10 members and 2 groups of 8 members (2 sessions per week). Two months after intervention, the questionnaires were completed by the subjects. Data was analyzed by chi-square test and ANOVA with repeated measure was used with SPSS21.

Results: After intervention, knowledge scores increased in the intervention group compared to the control group (p<0.001). Also attitude and behavior after intervention were significantly increased in the intervention group compared to the other one (p<0.001).

Conclusion: The results showed that discussion method in the intervention group had a significant effect on knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of high blood pressure.

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Background: Development and psychometric properties of an instrument in general health should be methodologically strong and follow standard procedures. An important factor of mental health is praying. The purpose of this study was to develop a questionnaire for assessing students' attitude towards prayer.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 students in the Jan. 2017 at the University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWRS). The first draft of the prayer questionnaire (68 items) was based on literature review. To ensure content validity and face validity, the research panel team examined the questionnaire and the items were reduced to 33. Thereafter the questionnaire was tested by 9 students and also an expert panel team (10 persons) examined face and content validity. Then construct validity, internal consistency, and test- retest reliability of were assessed. Finally, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the predictive ability of the attitude questionnaire and to inform the choice of a cut-off point. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS 21 software.
Results: 18 items were omitted based on the content validity ratio (CVR<0.6) and 11 items were  added by the expert panel. For this questionnaire, the average content validity index of relevance, simplicity, and clarity were 0.879, 0.976 and 0.958, respectively. Scale- Level content validity index was calculated 0.937. Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.95) confirms the high internal consistency and test-retest coefficient (0.903) confirms stability of this questionnaire. Factor analysis identified four factors, based on 22 items, which explained a total of 68% of the total variance. The cut-off point score by using the ROC curve analysis was calculated 53.5.
Conclusion: Our finding showed that the students’ attitude questionnaire with 22 items provided a reliable and valid tool to detect attitude of students towards praying. This questionnaire can be used in other universities in Iran.
 
 

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Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Iranian women. Early detection of breast cancer is effective in reducing its mortality rate. The easiest and cheapest way for early detection of this disease is Breast self-examination (BSE). Therefore this study, investigates the knowledge, attitudes and practice of BSE among over 20 years female.
Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was done among over 20 years female in Tehran, years 2015-16. The method of sampling was convenience sampling. With KAP questionnaire knowledge, attitude and practice of these participants was assessed. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics methods.
Results: The mean age of participants was 32.51 years. In part related to breast cancer knowledge 40.57% and in part related to BSE knowledge 23.03% of participants had good knowledge. 47.86% of participants had positive attitudes, but only 11.6% of them performed BSE regularly every month.
Conclusion: finding of this study showed the participants have inappropriate knowledge, attitude and performance about BSE. So it seems necessary to devise and implement various educational and interventional programs in Health Centers to promote public awareness regarding preventive behaviors and particularly self examination.
 
 

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Background and Aims: Adolescence is one of the most sensitive and important periods of human development. At this stage, the growth suddenly increases. This rapid growth requires special nutritional needs. Various studies show that various factors such as misleading advertising, the availability of convenient and fast food, lifestyle, and poor nutritional knowledge, put food choices at risk among adolescents. Lack of necessary nutritional knowledge in addition to the adverse effect on body mass index (BMI) and the risk of diseases such as diabetes and obesity reduces general physical fitness and reduces their health. It seems that one of the important reasons for poor nutrition is the incorrect or lack of knowledge of athletes and coaches in this regard. Most of the nutritional functions and behaviors of individuals are performed according to the nutritional attitudes of individuals. The use of height and weight indicators to understand the health and nutritional status of children and adolescents in society is becoming increasingly important. Lack of proper nutritional knowledge in adolescence, in addition to the occurrence of diseases, also affects the body composition of individuals. By knowing the physical composition of adolescents, it is possible to provide proper nutrition and physical activity programs. Dietary habits are also one of the significant factors that affect a person's health. The results show that nutritional practices are more influenced by nutritional cultures, beliefs, and attitudes than by nutritional awareness. Considering the mentioned issues and the importance of nutrition in the growth and health of adolescents and existing nutritional problems, and considering the little research in this regard in our country and the contradictory results of previous research, so more research is needed in this The field should be used to change the quality of nutrition and improve it to increase performance by evaluating and promoting students' nutrition knowledge, attitude and performance. Therefore, the present study is designed in this direction, what is the level of knowledge, attitude, and nutritional methods of students in Hamadan?
Methods: The research method was descriptive-survey and was conducted in the field by questionnaire and interview. The statistical population included all male and female high school students in the city of Hamedan, whose number according to the information obtained through the Education Department of Hamedan province was 10,500 people (5300 boys, 5200 girls) in the academic year of 97-98. After determining the population of the statistical population, the statistical sample according to the number of the statistical population and the use of Morgan table as well as Cochran's formula, which was obtained from both similar results, 372 people (186 boys and 186 girls) athletes and non athletes were selected by random cluster sampling for research. There were 93 athletes and 93 non-athletes in the girls 'and boys' groups. Athletic participants included in the statistical sample were people who had continuous sports activity and were selected as members of school ball sports, and non-athlete samples were normal students who were not active in sports, the age range of both groups from 15 to 18 year old and studied in the secondary schools of Hamedan. Statistical samples were randomly selected. First, a request to conduct a research project in schools was submitted to the General Directorate of Education of Hamadan province, which after reviewing and approving, sent a letter to cooperate in districts 1 and 2 of Hamadan and the mentioned areas with the subject of cooperation in research to all schools Relevant sent. As a cluster selection from each district, 4 schools were selected, a total of 8 schools, of which 4 were girls 'schools and 4 were boys' schools. In the selection of schools and samples, the issue of purposefulness and randomness was considered. In schools, consent was given to selected students for research. Then the relevant questionnaire was distributed among the students. Before filling in the questionnaires by the students, a complete explanation was given about how to complete the questionnaire and the necessary accuracy, importance, and purpose of doing it for the subjects, and they were asked to answer the questions honestly and cooperate properly with the researcher. Have. Students were asked to refrain from mentioning their names and details. Students' weight and height were also measured. The research questionnaire consists of sections of knowledge, attitude, and nutrition methods, which was designed in 1999 by Parmenter and Wardell. After translating the questionnaire and adjusting some of the questions according to eating habits in Iranian culture and consulting physiologists to obtain face validity and by testing and retesting to obtain its reliability. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to examine the normal distribution of data. In inferential statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between variables, and one-way analysis of variance test was used to examine the group difference and Tukey post hoc test was used to show the location of the group difference
Results: The results showed that 186 (50%) were male students and 186 (50%) were female students. Also, 186 (50%) students are athletes and 186 (50%) are non-athlete students. The average age of students is 17.07 years and its standard deviation is 0.69 years. The average height of students is 169.4 cm and the standard deviation is 8.03 cm. The average height by sex was 174.19 cm in boys and 164.68 cm in girls. Analysis of variance was used to test the observed differences between the research variables between male and female students, athletes, and non-athletes. The results of the analysis of variance in Table 1 show that between the level of nutritional knowledge of male and female students, athletes and non-athletes, with a value of F=1.29, p=0.27 at the level (α≥0.05 There is no significant difference. Also, there is no significant difference between the nutritional attitudes of male and female students, athletes and non-athletes, with a value of F=1.25, p=0.28 at the level (α≥0.05). While there is a significant difference between the nutritional styles of male and female students, athletes, and non-athletes, with a value of F=5.90, p=0.001 at the level (α≥0.05). Comparison of the mean scores of nutritional methods in the groups with Tukey post hoc test showed that between the mean scores of athlete boy with non-athlete boy group (p = 0.009), athlete girl (p=0.040) and non-athlete girl (P=0.001), there is a significant difference. While there is no significant difference between the mean scores of other groups (non-athlete boy, athlete girl, non-athlete girl) (p <0.05). A comparison of the mean scores of body mass index in the groups with Tukey post hoc test showed that there is a significant difference between the mean scores of the athlete boy with the non-athlete boy group (p=0.008) and the non-athlete girl (p = 0.000). There is a significant difference between the mean body mass index (BMI) of non-athlete boys and non-athlete girls (p=0.035); Also, there is a significant difference between the mean body mass index (BMI) of female athlete and non-athlete girl (p=0.000) and there is no significant difference between the mean body mass index (BMI) of other groups (p <0.05).
Conclusion: Given that adolescence is an important period in terms of the development of each person. It is necessary to improve their level of knowledge, attitudes, and nutritional behaviors. Increasing nutritional awareness will ultimately improve the health of people in the community. Due to the existing unfavorable nutritional conditions and limited studies in the field of nutrition in Iran and the relatively contradictory results of previous research and the importance of the subject to promote community health, conduct more studies and measures to improve adolescents' knowledge, attitude, and nutritional practices and expression. Useful solutions in this field seem necessary.
 

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Background & Aims: Since cancer as a chronic disease starts slowly and gradually and continues for a long time, it has very amazing psychological effects. This disease can be a traumatic event that causes many negative emotions such as Anger, Depression, Depression, Anxiety, Sleep Problems, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. In fact, cancer affects a person's life in four dimensions: psychological, social, physical, and spiritual. Psychological factors play a key role in both the development of cancer and the persistence and consequences of the disease. Not only is it important to characterize the attitude of people with cancer towards death, but it is also necessary to identify and characterize the factors that affect death and attitudes toward it, such as attachment styles, emotional repression, and anxiety sensitivity. Comprehensive cancer services, which include providing support and support in all areas of physical, emotional, family, practical and spiritual care that affect the disease, seem to be essential in today's society. Because the experience of each stage of cancer profoundly affects the lives of patients. Although rehabilitation plays an important role in the course of treatment. Generally, there are no structures for regular assessment of psychological needs or sound and evaluated guidelines for individual rehabilitation interventions, as well as organizations for referring patients to benefit from advanced rehabilitation services. The effect of many non-pharmacological factors in the recovery of cancer can be measured, one of which can be the efforts of patients in the recovery process due to commitment to their families. In fact, by becoming aware of having this life-threatening disease, people's perceptions of life change and they try to adapt to this situation. The psychological effects of cancer diagnosis and the physical effects of treatment and its side effects can be affected in some way by a person's commitment to his family.The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between patients' views on family obligations and attitudes toward recovery in cancer patients in Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan.
Methods: This is a qualitative study. The statistical population of this study consists of a number of people with various types of cancer who referred to Beheshti Hospital in Kashan in 2015. A sample of this population of 16 people in the form of Available samples were selected.
Criteria for inclusion in this study were that about 20 years after the diagnosis of cancer, patients were aware of their disease and had experience of at least one of the various treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. They had the ability to communicate verbally and the ability to hear. They were selected by available sampling for a period of 3 months from June 1994 to August 1994. The age range of patients was 28 to 70 years with a mean age of 49 years. 62.5% of patients were female and different patients with different types of cancer were studied. Exclusion criteria also included all those with psychiatric disorders who had been treated or had any acute or chronic illness.
Results: According to the interviews with these patients, it is clear that with the progress made in improving cancer and despite the support of family members in the recovery process, many patients for various reasons that can be said to be due to commitment They are trying to speed up their recovery process. Among the effective factors arising from the sense of commitment of these patients are: the person's emotional relationship with family members and the person's view of his abilities.
Conclusion: Family-based commitment to health is one of the deep concepts that can be considered today along with other quantitative indicators such as life expectancy and survival, and it can be said that it has a positive and direct and significant relationship with recovery and its importance. It is especially prevalent in transformational diseases and long-term and complex treatments, including cancers. Among women, commitment to all members of the extended family, headed by children, was considered important, but among men, commitment was considered the only focus on completing the necessary activities for the normal life of the children and completing the paternal duty. شد. It should be noted that companionship and consequently family commitment is more visible around the first year of the disease and in the second year due to family fatigue during this period this feeling of commitment decreases and if the patient recovers after two years This feeling of commitment has increased since the illness, and the patient is making more efforts to recover due to the planned accompaniment of the family, who have in fact somehow come to terms with the illness over the years. Knowing that a person has cancer is a surprising and disturbing experience for every person and their family, and in fact, knowing that they have this life-threatening disease changes people's perception of life and tries to do so. The situation is adapted. The psychological effects of cancer diagnosis and the physical effects associated with treatment and the side effects associated with it can be somewhat influenced by a person's commitment to his family. Not only is it important to characterize the attitude of people with cancer towards death, but it is also necessary to identify and characterize the factors influencing death and attitudes toward it, such as attachment styles, emotional repression, and anxiety sensitivity. Given the growing prevalence of cancer, the issue of recovery of these patients, both physically and What is considered psychologically important. According to the researcher, due to the fact that the physical part of this disease is mostly focused on specialized doctors, but in the field of mental recovery of cancer patients, the main achievement of which is the person himself, many issues can be considered. After suffering from this disease, which in the optimistic state of some patients is considered incurable and even sometimes, some patients consider it incurable, the most important reason for continuing treatment and the process of improving family commitment in patients can be. In fact, patients are more concerned about what will happen to their families during this illness and in the future.
 

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Background & Aims: Mental health has been seriously considered by researchers as a public concern (1). Improving mental health indicators has been considered as one of the key indicators in the evaluations of countries (3). Improving the level of mental health causes societies to have proper development in the areas of behavior and attitude (6).
In order to improve mental health, it is necessary to examine the factors affecting it. Although various studies have examined mental health and the factors affecting it, but this issue has not been studied in all organizations and environments. In other words, in order to improve mental health, this issue should be studied scientifically in all environments. The Technical and Vocational University, as an important and key university in developing skills and improving the practical capacities of the country, has a serious task in society. Improving mental health in a technical and vocational university can provide suitable conditions for the university to achieve its goals. Lack of knowledge of the factors affecting mental health in the technical and vocational university has caused that today, practical and executive processes regarding its improvement are not formed in this university. On the other hand, the lack of comprehensive research on the factors affecting the promotion of mental health in technical and vocational university centers has caused that today the necessary concerns for promoting mental health in technical and vocational university centers are not available. Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question, what are the factors affecting the promotion of mental health in technical and vocational university centers?
Methods: The present study was a mixed research and survey that was conducted in the field. To conduct this research, among scientific and executive experts in the field of educational management, higher education and higher education management by non-probabilistic sampling method, by purposeful selection and with maximum diversity or heterogeneity, 15 people were selected as sample. The interview was semi-structured and based on the results of the interview, a researcher-made questionnaire with 26 questions and 4 factors including managerial factors, job factors, social factors and individual factors were distributed and collected among them. Finally, descriptive statistics and structural equations were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that managerial, occupational, social and personal factors are the most important factors affecting the promotion of mental health in technical and vocational university centers. Also, the results of elongation and skewness showed that the data have an abnormal distribution. On the other hand, according to the level of t-relationships, it was found that all factors had a significant presence in the research model, among which individual factors are more effective than other factors in promoting mental health in technical and vocational university centers (Table 1).
Another finding showed that considering that the optimal value of GOF index is higher than 0.36, it can be said that the value of this index is in a favorable condition in the existing factors (Table 2).
Finally, it was found that the overall research model has a good fit (Table 3).
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that in order to promote mental health in technical and vocational university centers, attention should be paid to managerial, occupational, personal and social factors. It seems that the functions of different fields in the formation of mental health and the impact of individual and non-individual aspects have caused in the present study to promote mental health in technical and vocational university centers, various factors including managerial, occupational, individual factors And be socially effective. This shows that focusing on individual aspects alone does not improve mental health. With this in mind, in order to improve mental health, serious attention should be paid to all managerial, occupational, personal and social aspects.
The results showed that among the identified factors, individual factors had the most impact. It seems that individual issues such as proper nutrition, proper sleep, quality of work life, active lifestyle of individuals and the economic status of employees by influencing the mental states of employees can form the basis for mental health in them. In other words, individual factors provide the basis for the formation of positive mental states in people, which can play an important role in promoting mental health in technical and vocational university centers.

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Background & Aims: Today, the effects of terrorist activities are so severe that they can be passed from generation to generation and involve many groups and individuals (3). Tendency to terrorism as an important and key indicator plays a key role in the presence of individuals in these groups (3). Tendency to terrorism refers to the attitudes, mentality and behaviors of individuals regarding terrorist activities and the degree of interest of individuals to be attracted to terrorist groups as well as activities in this field (5).
Various issues are involved in the formation of the tendency towards terrorism, including individual, psychological, social and cultural issues (2). Psychological aspects as a key factor can overshadow the behaviors and attitudes of individuals in the field of terrorism. Mental health has been considered as one of the key activities in international policies. In a way, advancing mental health goals as a general concern has caused governments to spend a lot of money to improve it (7). Improving indicators related to mental health has been considered as one of the key indicators in the evaluations of countries and extensive efforts have been made in this regard (8).
Understanding mental health functions in the field of tourism can help improve planning in this area. However, the lack of sufficient evidence to examine the role of mental health in the tendency to terrorism has led to a lack of appropriate policy to reduce the tendency to terrorism. This issue, while creating a research vacuum in this field, has caused fundamental ambiguities to be formed. On the other hand, the lack of research on the role of mental health on the tendency to terrorism has led to the lack of key solutions in this regard. With this in mind, the present study aimed to investigate the role of mental health on the tendency to terrorism, tried to answer the question whether mental health has a significant effect on the tendency to terrorism?
Methods: To conduct the present descriptive and applied research that was conducted in the field. Among the experts and professors aware of the research topic, 34 people were selected as a research sample. After obtaining the necessary permits, a researcher-made questionnaire with 14 questions and dimensions of mental health (8 questions) and the tendency to terrorism (6 questions) were distributed among them. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were also confirmed. Finally, 24 questionnaires were analyzed using structural equation method and SPSS software version 20 and PLS version 3.
Results: The results showed that mental health has a significant effect on the tendency to terrorism. It was also found that mental health will reduce the tendency to terrorism among individuals. Finally, the research model had a good fit.
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that mental health has a significant effect on the tendency to terrorism. It was also found that mental health will reduce the tendency to terrorism among individuals. Therefore, efforts to improve mental health can provide a basis for reducing the tendency to terrorism. Borman and Savon (2018) identified that today psychological aspects can play an important and key role in the formation of war and terrorist activities. It seems that mental health can create a sense of altruism among people by influencing people's attitudes and behaviors, and this issue provides a basis for reducing the tendency to terrorism (3).
Although war and terrorism cause psychological problems, but improving mental health can reduce the amount of terrorist activities and also overshadow the psychological effects left by it. According to the results of the present study, it is suggested that general courses to improve Mental health was created in the community and by creating public evaluation plans, sufficient knowledge of the mental health of individuals and different groups of the community was taken in order to create appropriate programs.
Perhaps the findings of the present study can be explained on the basis of Merton's theory of social pressure. Merton sees the continuing rift between patterns of cultural goals and institutionalized norms or ways as destabilizing society, which is in fact "anomie." (18).