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Fatemeh Ghalambor, Hossein Abednatanzi, Mandana Gholami, Farshad Ghazaliyan,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background :The concept of survival has changed since the twentieth century to guarantee quality of life in the twenty-first century (1). Aging is associated with a certain degree of interstitial fibrosis, which progresses to heart failure. Therefore, finding new and practical methods is an important and necessary help to reduce heart tissue fibrosis in the elderly (2). Providing mechanisms by which exercise can benefit the cardiovascular system may provide a picture of a healthy heart, and this process provides new ways to prevent and treat heart disease.
The most common heart disease associated with aging is diastolic dysfunction and is referred to as heart failure along with the maintenance of the injection fraction. Heart failure increases stiffness and myocardial fibrosis and is associated with poor endothelial function. Fibrosis is a complex reactive tissue that occurs due to excessive accumulation of compounds, especially collagen, and is one of the biological causes of changes in the heart. The findings show that fibrosis occurs in the hearts of older mice and humans (3). In mammals, the structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the heart is 85% collagen and 11% collagen. The ability to make ECM compounds depends on its cell type. For example, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells make type I and collagen, while myocytes and endothelial cells make type I collagen. Changes in ECM protein profiles can affect heart function and shape (4). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs of 18 to 25 nucleotides that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in physiological and pathological conditions (5).miR-21 is overexpressed during fibrosis and can regulate the fibrogenic process in different organs and tissues from different pathways. MiR-21 has been shown to directly target phosphate and tensin homologue (PTEN) and It can regulate the fibrosis process from the phosphoinositide 3-kinase / AKT pathway by targeting PTEN (6). Matrix metalloproteins (MMPs) are zinc-dependent endonucleases (Zn) that are capable of degrading various extracellular matrix (ECM) compounds and are made and stored in the form of pre-enzymes. MMP-2- Collagenase A is a 72 kDa protein whose gene is located on chromosome 16 in humans and arm 12.2 q and in mice on chromosome 8. Kwak showed 12 weeks of training significantly reduced age-induced intercellular space collagen in mice (2). Eight weeks of regular swimming in male diabetic rats significantly reduced TGF-β and normalized cardiac MMP-2. miR-21has multiple functions related to exercise and heart disease and Significantly, miR-21 is highly dependent on the target genes it regulates (7).
Materials and Methods: : The present study is an experimental and basic study with a post-test design with a control group. All stages of the research were carried out in accordance with the ethical principles of working with laboratory animals approved by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in accordance with the 2006 Helsinki Protocol.
In this experimental study, 18 Wistar rats with age (24 months) and mean weight (537±5 g) were randomly divided into control (n = 9) and aerobic exercise (n = 9) groups. After getting acquainted with the environment and training method, the training group performed their program on a treadmill with a constant slope of zero degrees and a constant speed of 12 meters per minute for eight weeks and 5 days a week. Training time increased from 10 minutes in the first week to 52 minutes in the eighth week. The control group did not perform any exercises during this period. At the end of every session warm up were performed. Research variables were measured by RT-PCR. To make the cDNA pattern, miRNA-21 MMP-2 Takara Master Mix Kit was used and the instructions were followed. Independent t-test was used to measure and analyze the data and a significance level of p <0.05 was considered (8; 9).
Results: The results of data analysis using independent t for ventricular collagen percentage showed that there was a significant difference between the control and exercise groups (P = 0.001, t = 506.5), data analysis using independent t for expression of miR-21 gene showed that there is a significant difference between the control and exercise groups (P = 0.006, t = 131.3) and data analysis using independent t for MMP-2 gene showed that there is a significant difference between the control and exercise groups (P = 0.027, t = 441.2).
Conclusion: Sub-maximal intensity aerobic exercise significantly increased miR-21 followed by downstream suppression of MMP-2 and decreased collagen deposition in the left ventricle of healthy elderly mice Collagen is known as one of the markers of fibrosis and physical activity can reduce its deposition and formation (2). Suppress collagen production is a way to reduce the expression of the MMP-2 gene by the PTEN pathway. It should be noted that the signal pathways for fibrosis are interconnected, for example, the PI3K pathway positively regulates Smad3 transcription and increases collagen production (10). These pathways affect the production of miR-21 and, in contrast to miR-21, regulate these pathways by targeting target proteins. In other words, miR-21 plays a key role in this network. Many of these proteins have an inhibitory role on metalloproteins: MMP-2 destroys the extracellular matrix and suppresses the PTEN pathway in cardiac fibroblasts (6). The results showed that aerobic exercise significantly increased miR-21 gene expression and significantly decreased intercellular collagen expression and MMP-2 gene expression. It seems that aerobic exercise with increased miR-21 decreased the expression of MMP-2 and the amount of collagen deposition in the intercellular space.
The most common heart disease associated with aging is diastolic dysfunction and is referred to as heart failure along with the maintenance of the injection fraction. Heart failure increases stiffness and myocardial fibrosis and is associated with poor endothelial function. Fibrosis is a complex reactive tissue that occurs due to excessive accumulation of compounds, especially collagen, and is one of the biological causes of changes in the heart. The findings show that fibrosis occurs in the hearts of older mice and humans (3). In mammals, the structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the heart is 85% collagen and 11% collagen. The ability to make ECM compounds depends on its cell type. For example, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells make type I and collagen, while myocytes and endothelial cells make type I collagen. Changes in ECM protein profiles can affect heart function and shape (4). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs of 18 to 25 nucleotides that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in physiological and pathological conditions (5).miR-21 is overexpressed during fibrosis and can regulate the fibrogenic process in different organs and tissues from different pathways. MiR-21 has been shown to directly target phosphate and tensin homologue (PTEN) and It can regulate the fibrosis process from the phosphoinositide 3-kinase / AKT pathway by targeting PTEN (6). Matrix metalloproteins (MMPs) are zinc-dependent endonucleases (Zn) that are capable of degrading various extracellular matrix (ECM) compounds and are made and stored in the form of pre-enzymes. MMP-2- Collagenase A is a 72 kDa protein whose gene is located on chromosome 16 in humans and arm 12.2 q and in mice on chromosome 8. Kwak showed 12 weeks of training significantly reduced age-induced intercellular space collagen in mice (2). Eight weeks of regular swimming in male diabetic rats significantly reduced TGF-β and normalized cardiac MMP-2. miR-21has multiple functions related to exercise and heart disease and Significantly, miR-21 is highly dependent on the target genes it regulates (7).
Materials and Methods: : The present study is an experimental and basic study with a post-test design with a control group. All stages of the research were carried out in accordance with the ethical principles of working with laboratory animals approved by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in accordance with the 2006 Helsinki Protocol.
In this experimental study, 18 Wistar rats with age (24 months) and mean weight (537±5 g) were randomly divided into control (n = 9) and aerobic exercise (n = 9) groups. After getting acquainted with the environment and training method, the training group performed their program on a treadmill with a constant slope of zero degrees and a constant speed of 12 meters per minute for eight weeks and 5 days a week. Training time increased from 10 minutes in the first week to 52 minutes in the eighth week. The control group did not perform any exercises during this period. At the end of every session warm up were performed. Research variables were measured by RT-PCR. To make the cDNA pattern, miRNA-21 MMP-2 Takara Master Mix Kit was used and the instructions were followed. Independent t-test was used to measure and analyze the data and a significance level of p <0.05 was considered (8; 9).
Results: The results of data analysis using independent t for ventricular collagen percentage showed that there was a significant difference between the control and exercise groups (P = 0.001, t = 506.5), data analysis using independent t for expression of miR-21 gene showed that there is a significant difference between the control and exercise groups (P = 0.006, t = 131.3) and data analysis using independent t for MMP-2 gene showed that there is a significant difference between the control and exercise groups (P = 0.027, t = 441.2).
Conclusion: Sub-maximal intensity aerobic exercise significantly increased miR-21 followed by downstream suppression of MMP-2 and decreased collagen deposition in the left ventricle of healthy elderly mice Collagen is known as one of the markers of fibrosis and physical activity can reduce its deposition and formation (2). Suppress collagen production is a way to reduce the expression of the MMP-2 gene by the PTEN pathway. It should be noted that the signal pathways for fibrosis are interconnected, for example, the PI3K pathway positively regulates Smad3 transcription and increases collagen production (10). These pathways affect the production of miR-21 and, in contrast to miR-21, regulate these pathways by targeting target proteins. In other words, miR-21 plays a key role in this network. Many of these proteins have an inhibitory role on metalloproteins: MMP-2 destroys the extracellular matrix and suppresses the PTEN pathway in cardiac fibroblasts (6). The results showed that aerobic exercise significantly increased miR-21 gene expression and significantly decreased intercellular collagen expression and MMP-2 gene expression. It seems that aerobic exercise with increased miR-21 decreased the expression of MMP-2 and the amount of collagen deposition in the intercellular space.
Kiani Elahe, Farshad Ghazalian,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Abstract
AIM: Today, reaching the maximum of sports power is the main goal of athletes. This research has investigated the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training and vitamin C consumption with a mask on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in men of the national rowing team.
Method: The research plan includes three groups of subjects with pre-test-post-test and a control group. The statistical population included athletes in the preparatory camp of the national rowing team. The participants include 48 qualified men in the age group of 22 to 27 years. The criteria for entering the research were no history of specific diseases or use of anti-inflammatory supplements and at least 6 years of experience in national team camps. According to the new guidelines of the US Department of Communicable Disease Control (CDC) approved by the Ministry of Health of Iran, N95 or KN95 masks have been introduced as the best protection against COVID-19 and were used in this research. The dosage amount was 500 mg per day/person.
Findings: The findings show that after 8 weeks, there is a significant decrease in hs-CRP in the intermittent intensive + mask + vitamin C groups (Ma + VC group) and intermittent intensive + vitamin C (VC group), but the decrease in the intermittent intensive + vitamin C groups Mask (Ma group) and periodic high intensity (Co control) are not significant (P<0.05). In the post-test stage, in three groups exercise + mask with exercise + vitamin C, exercise + mask + vitamin C with exercise + vitamin C and exercise + mask with exercise; No significant change was observed in the amount of IL-6. Meanwhile, in the rest of the groups, including the mask group - the mask + vitamin C group, the control group - the mask + vitamin C group, and the vitamin C - control group, a significant decrease in the amount of IL-6 was observed (P<0.05).
Conclusion: It seems; Perhaps a longer period of time than exercises is needed to achieve effectiveness, and the use of supplements accelerates its improvement, which is related to the anti-inflammatory role of vitamin C and inhibits the activity of the transcription factor NF-κB and the expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as CRP and IL-6 decreases.
Mohammad Ali Nilforooshan, Nahid Ezoddin Zanjani, Soosan Saadvandian, Hossein Malek Afzali,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (Winter 1999 1999)
Volume 5, Issue 1 (Winter 1999 1999)
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of breast feeding and rooming-in (R.I.) on the incidence of neonatal infections
,
this study was performed in Firoozgar Hospital - Tehran from 1982 through 7992.
This study was designed in order to review the birth records of neonates in three periods: 1, Pre-rooming- in (1982-1985),2, Partialy rooming-in (1985-1990) and 3 rooming-in period (7990-1992). In these three groups, prevalence of neonatal infection was analyzed.
The proportion of preterm births and cesarian section devliveries were significantly greather in the thired
period.
The rate of neonatal infection was 2.3% in the first period, 2.7% in the sf!cond and 1.5% in the third period.
The incidence of fever was 0.6% in the first period, 0.57% in the second and 0.04% in the third period (only one neonate). Relative risk of fever found 12 times less in the third period.
On the whole the risk of neonatal infection in normal, fullterms, weighing 2500 gram or more was found to be 44% less in the third period, and no case of fever, skin rash and sepsis was found in this period
S.m Hashemi, M Haghazali,
Volume 10, Issue 33 (6-2003)
Volume 10, Issue 33 (6-2003)
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a protozoal disease that transfer to human by phlebotomus with leishman body. It is a chronic disease that infects skin, mucosa and viscera. Cutaneous form is common in Iran but visceral form is endemic in Kordestan, Lorestan and Khozestan. It is a case report of visceral type of leishmaniasis from Lorestan. His disease onset was fever, bloody diarrhea and cough, that sustained for a week and then relief spontaneously. In visceral Leishmaniasis, lung, lymphnodes, kidneys, liver, bone marrow (reticuloendothelial system) and GI tract will be infected but GI symptoms have been seen rarely, specially bloody diarrhea is not reported as a symptom in onset of disease.
M Hagh Azali, H Shahrad Bejestani, A Kabir, T Shooshtarizadeh,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2004)
Volume 10, Issue 38 (3-2004)
Abstract
Some studies have shown the relief of neurosensory signs in diabetic patients by vitamin B12 supplementation. Symptomatic therapy is not a goal in medicine therefore, for detecting causes of this relief, vitamin B12 level was compared in poor and well-controlled diabetic patients in this study. Diabetes mellitus, which is the most common metabolic disease, has systemic effect on immunity, neurosensory, cardiovascular, kidney, skin and other organs and it causes organic and psychological disorders in patients. It increases treatment cost and reduces the efficient personnel, directly and indirectly. Knowing the mechanism of vitamin B12 effect on neurosensory signs of diabetes mellitus can help us in preventive care. It has a significant high quality, it is more cost-benefit and is prior to treatment. This cross-sectioal study was carried out on 99 patients who referred to endocrine part of Rasool-e-Akram Hospital. Mean age of the patients was 58.5±4 and 55 patients(56.1%) were female. History taking, physical examination and blood sample was done for determining vitamin B12 and hemoglobin A1c. Vitamin B12 level was compared in poor and well-conrolled diabetic patients. SPSS software was used for analysis of the data. The most common signs and symptoms consisted of hand and foot neuropathy, polyuria, nocturia, retinopathy, polydypsia, amblyopia, weight loss, distal paresthesia, second cranial nerve neuropathy, touch and vibration sense loss and nephropathy. Vitamin B12 level had no significant difference in poor and well-controlled diabetic patients. Neuropathy, polyuria, polydypsia and retinopathy were the most common symptoms. Neuropathy in 43.4% of patients can be due to duration of diabetes in these patients(10 years). Chronic complications increase with duration of hyperglycemia. Insufficient use of vitamin B12 is not a risk facor for vitamin B12 deficiency. Cobalamine supplements are inexpensive and nontoxic. Adding these supplements in primary stages may prevent irreversible neurosensory complications. Because of low prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with type II diabetes, prophylactic administration of vitamin B12 to all of these patients is not suggested. Long-scale, multicentered and controlled study for determining the patients with higher risk for vitamin B12 deficiency is also essential.
S.m Hashemi, M Hagh-Azali, M Bagheri, A Kabir,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2004)
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2004)
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the second most common cancer and the second cause of death due to cancer worldwide. Gastric adenocarcinoma is the most common fatal cancer in Iran. Recently, some studies have reported a marked proximal shift in the distribution of gastric cancer. An analytic cross-sectional study was done on 350 patients with gastric cancer in Rasoul-e-Akram, Firoozgar and Haft-e-Tir Hospitals during 1992-2001. Mean age was 59.9±0.69 years and there were 230(66%) males and 120(34%) females. Histopathologic type of gastric cancer was correlated with its location (P<0.001, r=0.291). Adenocarcinoma was mostly found in proximal and lymphoma in the middle of stomach. Crude number of new cases with gastric cancer is increasing per year. Mean age and sex percentage among our patients are similar to the reports from high risk areas in the world. Proximal shift of gastric cancer observed in this study was similar to new studies. Comparative studies of the pattern of gastric cancer in various populations of our country may help in better understanding of environmental and genetic or racial factors contributing to the evolution of gastric cancer.
S.m Hashemi, M Hagh Azali, M Mirzaii, A.a Sohrabpour, M Mohammadnejad,
Volume 14, Issue 54 (4-2007)
Volume 14, Issue 54 (4-2007)
Abstract
Background & Aim: Metronidazole-based quadruple therapy is widely used by physicians as the first line regimen for eradication of helicobacter pylori(H.pylori) in Iran. However, high rate of metronidazole resistance in Iran casts doubt on the efficacy of such regimens in this country. In this respect, this study tries to determine the efficacy of a quadruple therapy based on metronidazole as the first line treatment of H.pylori. Patients & Method: Two hundred fifty-eight patients with peptic ulcer and proven H.pylori infection were included to take a two-week quadruple therapy consisting of metronidazole, bismuth subcitrate, amoxicillin and omeprazole followed by an additional two-week course of omeprazole. Eradication was described as negative 13C-urea breath test(UBT) one month after the completion of the treatment. Results: The patients’ mean age was 45 years and 64.1% of the subjects were female. Seven patients could not complete the treatment course because of intolerable treatment side effects. Eradication rate was 34.9% based on intention-to treat analysis and 35.9% based on protocol analysis. Conclusion: Quadruple therapy based on metronidazole and amoxicillin has limited efficacy in Iran and should not be used for eradication of H.pylori in this country.
N. Mehrvar, A. Akhavan Sepehi, , A. Mehrvar,, M. Azimi Rad,, R. Edalat,, F. Jaffari, M. Sanaee,, K. Mirsaeedi, , M.r. Zali,,
Volume 14, Issue 56 (11-2007)
Volume 14, Issue 56 (11-2007)
Abstract
Background & Aim: Salmonella is the most important pathogenic microorganism causing food borne disease and diarrhea in humans. It could present as diarrhea, fever, vomiting and sometimes bloody diarrhea. Because of its' importance as one of the pathogens, it is essential to identify and characterize its serotypes by molecular methods. The aim of this study was to characterize PCR-Ribotyping technique for identification of salmonella serotypes in stool samples. Material and Methods: In this study our samples were salmonella strains isolated from 115 stools of children with diarrhea. After serotyping, their DNA was extracted with phenol/chloroform method. We performed the PCR-Ribotyping method with P1, P2 primers for 16S-23SrRNA gene. Finally PCR-products were electrophoresed on 1.8% agarose gel. After Ethidium Bromide staining we analysed it. Data were analyzed by SPSS 11.5, Chi-Square test and NTSYS2. Results: One hundred and fifteen strains contained paratyphi A, B, C, D and serotype typhi. All of the serotypes had similar 5 bands ranging 700 to 2500bp. Conclusion: According to the results we conclude that PCR-Ribotyping method has the highest sensitivity for identification of genus salmonella but it does not have enough power to discriminate between various salmonella serotypes.
Sepideh Haghazali, Masoomeh Aslanimehr, Maliheh Charkhchian, Safarali Alizadeh-Kavashkoohi, Farhad Khabaz, Zahra Rajabkhani, Parvin Mehdinejad, Zahra Mohammadi,
Volume 18, Issue 88 (10-2011)
Volume 18, Issue 88 (10-2011)
Abstract
Background : Hbs-Ag positivity rates in dialysis patients correlate with endemicity in the general population. There is a subset of patients with occult HBV infection that defined as the presence of detectable HBV-DNA by PCR in patients who are negative for Hbs-Ag. We decided to detect the occult HBV cases in our hemodialysis patients.
Methods : With support of charity society of renal patients of Qazvin, a cross sectional study was scheduled. We tested all the 134 hemodialysis patients in Buali Hospital of Qazvin university of medical sciences for viral hepatitis B in 1 year period. All the patients were chronic hemodialysis patients. Then Hbc-Ab and Hbs-Ag were detected by ELISA tests. Duplication is considered to have true test results. After completion of this stage, the aliquoted samples were tested for qualitative HBV-DNA (PCR). The positive cases for HBV-DNA were tested again in a referral center to ensure of test results.
Results : 43% were female and 57% were male cases. We had 5 positive cases for hepatitis B by ELISA tests (3.7%) that 4 of them were Hbc-Ab and HBV-DNA positive also as expected, although 1 of them had negative test result by PCR test unusually. We detected 4 (3%) another positive PCR test results for HBV that had negative tests for Hbs-Ag, called occult HBV cases. 3 (75%) of these occult cases were Hbc-Ab negative and known as seronegative occult cases. No significant association was found with the duration of hemodialysis, age or sex and HCV positivity in these cases.Age of occult HBV cases was significantly more (P=0.02).
Conclusion : As mentioned most of our occult HBV cases were seronegative. It seems that Hbc-Ab detection is not sensitive test in these cases. Segregation of positive HBV cases in hemodialysis units is mandatory and new protocols may be considered to detect the cases for segregation in the future.
Farzaneh Sadat Mirfakhar, Seyed Reza Mohebbi, Seyed Masoud Hosseini, Pedram Azimzadeh, Shaghayegh Derakhshani, Afsaneh Sharifian, Mohamad Reza Sarbazi, Mohamad Reza Zali,
Volume 23, Issue 144 (6-2016)
Volume 23, Issue 144 (6-2016)
Abstract
Background and Aim:
Cytokines are believed to play an important role in the regulation of cellular immune response in hepatitis B virus infection. Interleukin 10 is a member of cytokine family. The overall expression of these molecules is mainly controlled by single nucleotide polymorphisms at specific sites on the promoter region of the Interleukin 10 gene.
The aim of this study was to analyze the association between Interleukin 10 gene single nucleotide polymorphism )rs1800872A/C( and chronic hepatitis B virus infection.
Methods:
A total of 130 chronic hepatitis B virus infected patients and 130 healthy controls were involved in this study.
Polymorphism detection and amplification was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and genotyping was carried out by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP).
Results:
Genotype frequencies of CC, AC and AA were 40%, 50.8% and 9.2% respectively for our patients and 56.9%, 36.2% and 6.9% in our control group. A statistically significant difference was observed in the frequency of Interleukin 10 gene polymorphism rs1800872A/C between healthy subjects and those with hepatitis B virus infection for both allele (P=0.017) and genotype (P=0.024) frequencies.
Conclusion:
Interleukin 10 gene polymorphism rs1800872A/C could be a host genetic factor associated with susceptibility to hepatitis B virus infection or disease progression in chronic hepatitis B virus infected patients.
Seyed Esmaeil Jabbari, Mandana Gholami, Hojatollah Nikbakht, Nader Shakeri, Farshad Ghazaliyan,
Volume 26, Issue 7 (10-2019)
Volume 26, Issue 7 (10-2019)
Abstract
Background: The use of non-enzymatic antioxidants and proper exercise can have a positive effect on decreasing apoptotic side effect. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and consumption of l-carnitine on some of the apoptosis factors in the liver of diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 45 male Wistar rats (200-300 gr) were randomly divided into six groups: 1) sham group, 2) healthy control group 3) diabetic control group, 4) diabetic group receiving l-carnitine, 5) diabetic group of aerobic training, 6) diabetic group of aerobic training and receiving l-carnitine. Rats were diabetic with nicotinic amide and a single dose of STZ of 55 mg / kg body weight. Rats in the L-carnitine group received daily 100 mg of l-carnitine orally. The aerobic exercise protocol done on the treadmill.
Results: Combined intervention of aerobic exercise and supplementation of l-carnitine had a significant effect on Bcl2 factor in liver tissue in diabetic rats. However, six weeks of aerobic exercise and supplementation alone do not have a significant effect, six weeks of aerobic training and combined intervention had significant effect on BAX factor in liver tissue in diabetic rats but supplementation of l-carnitine alone had no significant effect.
Conclusion: L-carnitine supplementation intake with regular exercise can have beneficial effects on apoptotic improvement in rats with type 2 diabetes
Reza Roshdi Bonab, Khosro Ebrahim, Farshad Ghazalianghazaliyan, Abbas Afrasiabi Rad,
Volume 26, Issue 8 (11-2019)
Volume 26, Issue 8 (11-2019)
Abstract
Aims: Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease that mostly associated with obesity and physical inactivity. The aim of present study was to identify the effect of eight weeks combined exercise training on the levels of adropin and VEGFR-2 in obese men with hypertension.
Methods: 24 obese men with hypertension (systolic blood pressure more than 140 or diastolic blood pressure more than 90 mmHg) assigned in two control and combined training group. Combined training program conducted for eight weeks and three sessions per week. In each combined training session, firstly circuit resistance training and immediately after endurance training performed. 48 hours after last exercise session, blood samples collected and adropin and VEGFR-2 levels were measured by ELISA method. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 24 and analysis of covariance test.
Results: The results showed that adropin (p=0.041) and VEGFR-2 (p>0.001) significantly increased in combined exercise training group compared to control group. Decrease in systolic blood pressure (p>0.001) and lipid profile improvement (p<0.05) were also significant in combined training group in comparison to control group.
Conclusion: Although, the information is limited about the effects of combined exercise training on hypertension, but the present study results indicated that positive effects of combined training in control of blood pressure in hypertensive patients partly related to up regulation of Adropin and VEGFR-2 levels.
Fatemeh Fakharirad, Farshad Ghazalian, Hojatollah Nikbakht, Sara Lotfian, Akbar Nikpajouh,
Volume 26, Issue 10 (12-2019)
Volume 26, Issue 10 (12-2019)
Abstract
Background: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery has side effects for the patient's heart. One of the most important adverse effects after CABG surgery is disorder and heart rate abnormalities and heart rate variability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term yoga and rehabilitation training on HRV parameters of Post CABG patients.
Methods: In this semi experimental study, 14 CABG patients randomly divided into two groups: rehabilitation (control; N=7) and rehabilitation and yoga (experimental, N=7). After preliminary evaluations, performing exercise test and HRV assessment, the patients underwent 8 weeks of training program, 3 times a week, in Tehran's Shahid Rajaee Heart Hospital. T-test was used to evaluate the intra-group differences and independent t-test was used to evaluate the difference between groups (p≤0.05).
Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in the SDNN of experimental group (p=0.05) and LF (p=0.032) and HF (p=0.017) in the control group. Also, there was a significant difference between the two groups in HF (p=0.030)
Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the combination of yoga and rehabilitation exercises has beneficial effects on heart rate variability. By improving the HRV index, the mortality rate associated with changes in heart rate and autonomic impairment decreases. Therefore, a combination of yoga and rehab programs for Post CABG patients are suggested.
Fatemeh Godarzi, Hojatollah Nikbakht, Hosein Abednatanzi, Khosrow Ebrahim, Farshad Ghazalian,
Volume 27, Issue 3 (5-2020)
Volume 27, Issue 3 (5-2020)
Abstract
Background: Aging is a process in which structural and functional changes occur in the heart. This study was performed to compare aerobic and resistance training on some oxidative markers and TGF-β in cardiac tissue of elderly rats. Methods: For this experimental study, 27 Wistar rats (mean age 24 months) were randomly divided into three groups of control (9 rats), resistance training (9 rats) and endurance training (9 rats). After one week of endurance training, rats in the endurance group performed their training on a zero-degree steep treadmill for 8 weeks and 2 days a week. Resistive exercise group also performed on the ladder for eight weeks and seven days a week. The research variables were measured by ELISA using Zellbio Germany kits. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Results: In the present study, it was found that the effect of eight weeks of aerobic and resistance training on GPX (p=0.005), SOD (p=0.002) and TGF-β (p=0.005) was significant in the heart tissue of elderly rats. As a result of the post hoc test, it was found that there was only a difference between the experimental and control groups. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the role of aerobic and resistance training in improving oxidative stress indices in the heart tissue of elderly rats.
Forogh Foladi, Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani, Maghsoud Peeri, Farshad Ghazaliyan,
Volume 27, Issue 10 (12-2020)
Volume 27, Issue 10 (12-2020)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Under normal conditions, the aerobic metabolism of the liver takes place with the constant production of pro-oxidants such as reactive oxygen species, which maintain the balance through their consumption at a similar rate by antioxidants. Slow imbalance in the ratio of prooxidants-antioxidants suggests the hypothesis of oxidative stress in body tissues. Oxidative stress is a condition during which the prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) is disrupted and the redox state (oxidation-regeneration) leads to the disruption of this balance. During this process, free radicals are created on the surface of the cell membrane and cause damage to the cell membrane and the membrane of the organelles inside the cell, especially mitochondria. On the other hand, the abnormal increase in lipid peroxidation leads to damage to cell membranes and organelles. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the final product of fatty acid oxidation, and measuring the level of malondialdehyde as an index of lipid peroxidation is of special clinical importance in determining the amount of free radicals. An increase in the tissue level of malondialdehyde is a sensitive and specific criterion related to lipid autooxidation. In the conditions of increasing or decreasing inhibition of free radicals, an imbalance in prooxidant expression is created, which is the basis and principle of the pathogenesis of acute and chronic diseases. Hepatic is mentioned. It has been found that regular physical exercises increase the antioxidant status in many tissues, including the liver. Some studies have shown the positive effects of physical exercise on improving the ratio of prooxidants and factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and DNA degradation. On the other hand, the evidence shows that in various physiological and pathological conditions, endogenous antioxidants cannot completely prevent oxidative damage. Purslane, with the scientific name Portulaca Oleracea, belongs to the genus Portulaca and is a widely used plant among medicinal plants, it is a strong source of omega-3 fatty acids, beta-carotene, ballotins, kaempferol, quercetin, apigenin, glutathione, noradrenaline, and dopamine. As mentioned, the imbalance between prooxidant and antioxidant factors will increase oxidative stress markers, which will ultimately affect the mitochondrial function of the cell. The beneficial effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on preventing the progression of mitochondrial disorders have been shown, but the mechanisms involved are not well understood. Studies show that the increase in the amount of reactive oxygen species in both chronic and acute forms, under pathophysiological conditions, is essential for the development of liver diseases. Antioxidants that are effective against ROS can play a major role in limiting liver diseases and their clinical disorders such as diabetes, and fatty liver disease. Therefore, despite these problems and disorders, it is necessary to investigate the ratio of prooxidants and antioxidants and the balance between them, and gaining a correct view of this situation can help people who are prone to liver diseases and follow-up treatment with Antioxidant supplements are of great help. Considering the potential role of purslane seeds and regular physical exercises to deal with oxidative damage, this research aims to investigate the effect of purslane seeds and aerobic exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis markers and liver tissue DNA damage in female rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide.
Methods: In an experimental trial, 54 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 9 groups. All groups received 100 mg/kg body weight of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) intraperitoneally for 14 days. Rats in the supplemented groups received purslane hydroalcoholic extract with doses of 50, 200, and 400 mg per day by gavage method. Aerobic exercise was performed on a treadmill at a speed of 23 meters per minute, 30 minutes per day, 5 days per week, and for eight weeks. The data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post hoc test at a significance level of P<0.05.
Purslane seeds and the combined intervention of purslane seeds with aerobic training led to a significant increase in the levels of O-6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase and oxidant-prooxidant balance (PAB), as well as a significant decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP levels ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver tissue of female rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide (P<0.05). The interactive effect of aerobic exercise and purslane seeds was higher than supplementation and exercise alone.
Conclusion: According to the findings, the combined intervention of regular aerobic exercises and consumption of different doses of purslane supplement is a modulating factor in mitochondrial biogenesis and effective in reducing liver tissue DNA damage. In summary, the results of the present research showed that purslane seeds and the combined intervention of purslane seeds with aerobic exercise are modulating factors in mitochondrial biogenesis and are effective in reducing liver tissue DNA damage. Therefore, it is recommended to use the combined intervention of aerobic exercise and purslane seeds as a preventive method for liver damage. In the future, it is suggested to conduct a study on different protocols of aerobic exercise and purslane seeds on the structure and function of liver tissue. The results of the present study showed that aerobic exercise led to the improvement of PAB, MDA, ATP, and 6-methylguanine levels in the liver tissue of female rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide. About the effect of exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis and DNA damage in liver tissue, there have been few studies that have expressed different mechanisms in the interpretation of the results. Several studies have tried to find effective mechanisms in improving mitochondrial biogenesis and DNA damage following exercise; The body has sufficient antioxidant reserves to deal with ROS production under physiological conditions, but when ROS production increases, as occurs during exercise, the imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants favors prooxidants may occur and may lead to disruption of redox control and signaling or molecular damage.
Mohammad Reza Yeylaghi Ashrafi, Hossein Abednatanzi, Farshad Ghazalian,
Volume 27, Issue 10 (12-2020)
Volume 27, Issue 10 (12-2020)
Abstract
Background & Aims: The aim of this study was the interactive effect of High Intensity Exercise Training (HIIT) and n-chromosomal royal jelly on G6Pase gene expression in liver hepatocytes and glucose levels and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats. Intense interval training is usually performed with intensities above 90% of the maximum heart rate and short rest periods and a training duration of less than 20 minutes. Royal Jelly is a yellowish white substance secreted by the submandibular glands of worker bees and by the queen bee is consumed throughout its life and the larvae during the growing period. Due to their anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory effects, various drugs are obtained from gellerial. Evidence from studies shows that the possibility of increased glucose-6-phosphatase expression plays an important role in increasing hepatic glucose production. Therefore, this article intends to report the interactive effect of HIIT and consumption of n-chromosomal royal jelly on glucose regulatory factors.
Methods: The statistical population of the present study consisted of rats. After 20 weeks of high-fat diet, rats became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg STZ per kg body weight. Mice with fasting glucose between 150 and 400 mg / dL were considered to have type 2 diabetes. Mice were treated in 4 groups: 6-head diabetic control, 8-period periodic training, 7-head Royal Jelly, 8-head Periodic Exercise, and 8-head Royal Jelly training group and training protocol and gel-royal gavage. The HIIT protocol consisted of eight weeks of aerobic exercise, five sessions per week with a gradual increase in extreme frequency from 22 to 38 meters per minute and a rest period of 16 to 22 meters per minute for 15 to 34 minutes by running on a treadmill. Running time increased from 16 minutes in the first week to 34 minutes in the eighth week. At the end of the training period and 48 hours after the last training session, the experimental training groups and after 12 hours of fasting, the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed by ether anesthetic. Blood samples were collected from the heart. Glucose was measured using an auto-analyzer. Insulin measured by a special kit of Pars Azmoun Company. The insulin resistance index was calculated using the formula and gene expression was also determined by PCR. To describe the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of one-way analysis of variance and Ben Foroni post hoc test were used to compare the differences between groups and two-factor analysis of variance and effect size index were used to compare the effect of each of the independent variables. Significance level it was considered p≤0.05.
Results: 1. Mean glucose concentration (mg / dL) in the exercise group (138.25) compared to the control (333.83) was significantly reduced (p= 0.005) and in the exercise-royal gel group (134) compared to the royal gel group (131.57) had no significant difference (p= 0.992) and had a significant decrease compared to the control in the gel exercise group (p= 0.001). 2. Mean mean insulin concentration (IUI / ml) in the exercise group (6.22) was significantly increased compared to the control (3.89) (P = 0.005) and in the exercise-royal gel group (5.12) compared to the royal gel group (7.36) p= 0.992) but the royal jelly group had a significant increase compared to the control. And in the exercise group, Royal Jelly had a non-significant increase compared to control. 3. The mean insulin resistance index in the exercise group (2.04) was significantly lower than the control group (3.18) and gelravial (2.31) (p= 0.044). 4. The mean ratio of G6pase gene expression in the exercise group (1.43) and in the exercise-gel-royal group (2.74) increased significantly compared to the control (1) and compared to gel-royal (0.45) but the expression of G6pase gene in the group Royal jelly decreased compared to control, but the difference was not significant.
Methods: The statistical population of the present study consisted of rats. After 20 weeks of high-fat diet, rats became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg STZ per kg body weight. Mice with fasting glucose between 150 and 400 mg / dL were considered to have type 2 diabetes. Mice were treated in 4 groups: 6-head diabetic control, 8-period periodic training, 7-head Royal Jelly, 8-head Periodic Exercise, and 8-head Royal Jelly training group and training protocol and gel-royal gavage. The HIIT protocol consisted of eight weeks of aerobic exercise, five sessions per week with a gradual increase in extreme frequency from 22 to 38 meters per minute and a rest period of 16 to 22 meters per minute for 15 to 34 minutes by running on a treadmill. Running time increased from 16 minutes in the first week to 34 minutes in the eighth week. At the end of the training period and 48 hours after the last training session, the experimental training groups and after 12 hours of fasting, the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed by ether anesthetic. Blood samples were collected from the heart. Glucose was measured using an auto-analyzer. Insulin measured by a special kit of Pars Azmoun Company. The insulin resistance index was calculated using the formula and gene expression was also determined by PCR. To describe the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of one-way analysis of variance and Ben Foroni post hoc test were used to compare the differences between groups and two-factor analysis of variance and effect size index were used to compare the effect of each of the independent variables. Significance level it was considered p≤0.05.
Results: 1. Mean glucose concentration (mg / dL) in the exercise group (138.25) compared to the control (333.83) was significantly reduced (p= 0.005) and in the exercise-royal gel group (134) compared to the royal gel group (131.57) had no significant difference (p= 0.992) and had a significant decrease compared to the control in the gel exercise group (p= 0.001). 2. Mean mean insulin concentration (IUI / ml) in the exercise group (6.22) was significantly increased compared to the control (3.89) (P = 0.005) and in the exercise-royal gel group (5.12) compared to the royal gel group (7.36) p= 0.992) but the royal jelly group had a significant increase compared to the control. And in the exercise group, Royal Jelly had a non-significant increase compared to control. 3. The mean insulin resistance index in the exercise group (2.04) was significantly lower than the control group (3.18) and gelravial (2.31) (p= 0.044). 4. The mean ratio of G6pase gene expression in the exercise group (1.43) and in the exercise-gel-royal group (2.74) increased significantly compared to the control (1) and compared to gel-royal (0.45) but the expression of G6pase gene in the group Royal jelly decreased compared to control, but the difference was not significant.
Conclusion: Since increasing glucose production from non-carbohydrate pathways in the process of hepatic gluconeogenesis as well as accelerating the glycolysis process ultimately leads to increased hepatic glucose release, especially in diabetic patients. The findings of the present study revealed that the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis the liver is affected by exercise combined with royal jelly. Eight weeks of HIIT alone, in interaction with n-chromosomal royal jelly, increased G6Pase expression in the hepatocytes of type 2 diabetic rats compared with controls who did not participate in the exercise program, but the gel only decreased expression. The gene was compared to the control group. The possibility of increased liver G6Pase expression during acute exercise is due to the fact that this gene is positively regulated by prolonged fasting in rodents. On the other hand, it is also noted that insulin signaling pathways it plays an important role in controlling the expression of gluconeogenic genes such as G6Pase, which regulates the rate of hepatic gluconeogenesis. It has been suggested that G6Pase encoding is strongly mediated by transcription of some key hormones, especially insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, and glucocorticoids. Insulin is the most important regulatory factor in inhibiting gluconeogenesis and hepatic glucose production in post-meal conditions. In other words, although free fatty acids, glucocorticoids, and glucagon increase G6Pase expression, insulin strongly inhibits the expression of these genes. Based on the available evidence, the decrease in G6Pase gene expression in the Royal Jelly group can be attributed to a further increase in insulin levels in response to long-term use of Royal Jelly. Compared to the control group, intermittent aerobic exercise led to a significant reduction in glucose and insulin resistance index. Improvement of glycemic profile in response to periodic exercise and royal jelly in diabetic rats can be attributed to changes in glucose levels and beta cell function as well as changes in the expression of hepatic gluconeogenic genes.
Student Hadi Atarod, Dr Farshad Ghazalian, Dr Javad Mehrabani, Dr Hossein Abed Natanzi, Dr Mandana Gholami,
Volume 28, Issue 7 (10-2021)
Volume 28, Issue 7 (10-2021)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Athletes are always looking for a way to improve their performance(1). Caffeine is one of the most common supplements which may increase mental and physical performance and acts as an ergogenic aid especially in repeated running (2-3). It has been shown that acute caffeine supplementation may affect endothelium and vascular smooth muscles which may be due to: caffeine acts as adenosine receptors antagonist, phosphodiesterase inhibition, increase in intracellular calcium concentration, nitric oxide synthase enzyme gene expression (4). At resting individuals, caffeine consumption can increasing intracellular calcium concentration, leading to nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzyme gene expression which stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production. Increase in NO level will ultimately cause vascular smooth muscles relaxation and vasodilation.(5-6)caffeine supplementation an hour before aerobic exercise, could reduce extracellular fluid and blood flow, despite it has showed beneficial effects for increased demand during exercise (7-10). Caffeine may increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure (11). Beetroot-juice is an antioxidant and nitric oxide source which may have anti-inflammatory effect against free radicals and beneficial effects for cardiovascular system and lead to better physical performance (12-18) nitrate consumption can produce nitric oxide from L-arginine amino acid and improve performance (19-20). Nitrate supplementation can increase nitric oxide level In in plasma and decrease blood pressure (21). Nitric oxide may regulate vasodilatory factors and vascular tone (22). Studies have suggested that nitrate supplementation may increase vasodilation in active tissues and increase vasoconstriction in inactive tissues via increasing endothelin-1 level (23), moreover, it has been suggested that Beetroot-juice supplement may decrease blood pressure and improve performance related factors (24). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute caffeine supplementation along with beetroot-juice on vasodilatory factors and physical performance in athletes.
Methods: In this study, ten high performance runners were divided into three experimental trials as high dosage,low dosage supplementation and placebo. Participants drink the supplementations with 250 ml water two times per day during seven days before 5000 meter endurance performance. Rest heart rate, blood pressure, endothelin-1, collagen-18 and nitric oxide level were measured. Participants for this study were 18-30 years old male runners with at least 2 years of running experience which were randomly divided into the following 3 groups after introduction session. At the first day of experiment, participants were present fasted for (8-10 hours) and inactivity status for at least 48 hours. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured with digital pulse meter and rosmax sphygmomanometer. Blood samples were collected from antecubital vein. After 5 minutes warm up, participant started 5 km running.
Participants were randomly divided in to three supplementation groups as following:
1. 9.6 mmol Beetroot-juice and 400 mg caffeine
2. 4.8 mmol Beetroot-juice and 200 mg caffeine
3. Placebo (PLB) group
physical activity was considered as 5 km running tests. At the first day, heart rate and blood pressure were assessed before the running test. Venous blood samples were collected to assess vasodilatory factors including: coll-18, ET-1, NO and nitrite. Participants start the running test after 5 minutes warmup and at the end of the test, all the measurements were repeated. At the second day, participants completed 1500 running test after 5 minutes warm up and consumed supplement. From the third day until day 6, supplementation was continued and participant were fellow up via calls. At the seventh day, heart rate and blood pressure were measured, participants consume supplements according to their group tags 60 minutes prior to their running test, and completed 5 km test after 5 minutes warm up. At day eight, participants consumed supplements and completed 1500 running test. Wash out phase was started from day 9 to 14 and participants did not consume any supplements for a week.
In this study, regression analysis with repeated measurements with generalized estimation equation approach.
Results: The results from the study showed no significant difference for endothelin-1 between the 3 groups before and after the intervention which means that Beetroot-juice combined with caffeine supplementation had no effect on serum endothelin-1 level (p=0.52).
The results from statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the groups for collagen-18 which means supplementation was not effective on collagen-18 level (p=0.87).
The results suggest that supplementation could not affect NO level significantly (p=0.97) but physical activity increased NO level by 90.58 units (p=0.001). Systolic bp was not affected by the supplementation dosage (p=0.17). supplementation did not affect systolic BP significantly (p=0.09). systolic BP was affected by physical activity and systolic BP was increased by 2.58 mmHg. Supplementation dosage did not make any significant difference in experimental groups (p=0.28). Supplementation did not have any significant change in heart rate (p=0.25), despite physical activity effect (p=0.001) there was an increase in heart rate within 1500 meter running in comparison with start moment (p=0.001).
Conclusion: This study suggests that the combination of caffeine and Beetroot-juice supplementation may not have beneficial effects of vasodilatory factors and physical performance in elite male runners which may be due to NO effect reduction when consumed in combination with caffeine while exercise may influence vasodilatory and performance parameters.
Masoud Jahantash, Hossein Abed Natanzi, Mandana Gholami, Farshad Ghazalian,
Volume 28, Issue 12 (3-2022)
Volume 28, Issue 12 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Type 2 diabetes is the most common endocrine disease that occurs due to glucose intolerance due to imbalance between reserves and insulin demand. For the treatment of hyperglycemia and its side effects in diabetic patients, despite extensive research, the causes of this metabolic disorder are still not well understood at the molecular level.
Some studies have reported that strenuous exercise leads to apoptosis in rat intestinal lymphocytes in rats, but exercising voluntarily on a treadmill reduces apoptosis. Induction or inhibition of apoptosis is still questionable. One of the ways of treatment and prevention is regular physical activity for patients. But what kind of sport and with what kind of protocol is a question that researchers are always looking for. Considering the role of exercise and sports activities in the prevention and control of obesity and diabetes, adopting different training methods to prevent and reduce the prevalence of obesity and also help reduce the process of obesity and its complications such as cardio metabolic diseases such as fatty liver and diabetes and etc. is necessary in studies.
In traditional medicine, herbal and traditional medicines are used to prevent and treat metabolic diseases such as diabetes and fatty liver. Royal Jelly is a yellowish-white substance secreted by the submandibular glands of worker bees and consumed by queen bees throughout life and larvae during the growing season. Royal gel (RJ) and its bioactive compounds have a wide range of drugs due to their antioxidant effects and antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, and immune system properties. Also plays an important role in protecting the liver and kidneys, and in diabetic patients, it showed a decreasing effect on blood sugar and a decrease in lipid peroxidation levels and an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, GSH-PX and SOD.
As p53 is a tumor-inhibiting gene that is more closely associated with cancer, however, recent research shows the vital role of p53 in the development of diabetes, how p53 signaling can serve as a potential new therapeutic target for diabetes and Operate related metabolic disorders.
The P53 gene, a tumor suppressor gene that mutates and inactivates a wide range of cancers, has been dubbed the "genome protector", but new research has shown that it has profound effects on metabolism. Its activation can lead to obesity and type 2 diabetes, which is why the gene has been dubbed the "protector against obesity". While the role of this gene has been well known for decades in cancer research, little is known about its role in metabolism. Previous studies have shown that the role of P53 in metabolism is essential in its function in suppressing tumors. This gene also has effects on heart disease, obesity and type 2 diabetes.
The aim of this study was to study changes in p53 gene expression in liver tissue and insulin resistance index after HIIT and Royal Jelly in obese type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods: The statistical subject of the present study consisted of wistar rats. After 20 weeks of high-fat diet, rats became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg STZ per kg body weight. Mice with fasting glucose between 150 and 400 mg /dL were considered to have type 2 diabetes. Mice were treated in 4 groups: 6-head diabetic control, 8-period periodic training, 7-head Royal Jelly, 8-head Periodic Exercise, and 8-head Royal Jelly training group and training protocol and gel-royal gavage.
The HIIT protocol consisted of eight weeks of aerobic exercise, five sessions per week with a gradual increase in extreme frequency from 22 to 38 meters per minute and a rest period of 16 to 22 meters per minute for 15 to 34 minutes by running on a treadmill. Running time increased from 16 minutes in the first week to 34 minutes in the eighth week. At the end of the training period and 48 hours after the last training session, the experimental training groups and after 12 hours of fasting, the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed by ether anesthetic. Blood samples were collected from the heart. Glucose was measured using an auto-analyzer. Insulin measured by a special kit of Pars Azmoun Company. The insulin resistance index was calculated using the formula and gene expression was also determined by RT-PCR. To describe the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to compare the differences between groups and two-factor analysis of variance and effect size index were used to compare the effect of each of the independent variables. Significance level it was considered p≤0.05.
Results: Data analysis using one way and two-way analysis of variance test showed that:
1. Mean glucose concentration (mg /dL) in the exercise group compared to the control was significantly reduced (P = 0.005) and in the exercise-royal gel group compared to the royal gel group had no significant difference and had a significant decrease compared to the control in the gel exercise group. (P = 0.001)
2. Mean insulin concentration (IUI / ml) in the exercise group was significantly increased compared to the control (P = 0.005) but the royal jelly group had a significant increase compared to the control. In the exercise group, Royal Jelly had a non-significant increase compared to control.
3. The mean insulin resistance index in the exercise group was significantly lower than the control group and Royal jelly (P = 0.044)
4. Mean P53 gene expression showed that, HIIT reduced P53 gene expression in hepatocytes compared with controls (P <0.001). HIIT and Royal Jelly also reduced P53 gene expression in hepatocytes compared with the control group.
Conclusion: Results shown that HIIT and Royal Jelly also reduced P53 gene expression in hepatocytes compared with the control group.
In general, according to the research results, it can be concluded that HIIT as well as interaction with Royal Jelly can reduce the expression of P53 gene and improve glucose levels due to the effect of genetic components effective in the release of hepatic glucose and in Type 2 diabetic patients are effective, although the results showed that the correlation coefficient between changes in insulin resistance index and P53 gene expression was not significant in the experimental groups. Royal jelly due to various vitamin and protein compounds and phenolic compounds and good substitutes for the role of glucose, as well as various antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles, etc., regulates carbohydrate metabolism, especially glucose, and regulates lipid metabolism and reduces hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. And reduce insulin resistance and prevent oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in people with type 2 diabetes, which is associated with exercise-related diabetes and is usually associated with overweight and obesity, but Royal Jelly alone cannot be used in these areas. And changes in the P53 gene are effective, and the use of aerobic exercise programs such as interval training can improve its effectiveness, however, further studies are needed in this area.
Shadi Jalalian, Dr Farshad Ghazalian,
Volume 29, Issue 6 (9-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 6 (9-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Aging is a process that Based on slow and progressive changes with age, it covers the whole human being. Today, 31 countries in the world have more than 2 million elderly people over the age of 60, and the number of these countries is increasing day by day (1). The need to care for the elderly living at home will increase significantly in the coming years due to population growth and lack of physical activity (2). Most older people get older at home, and most have one or more chronic disorders (3). What is certain is that with age, the risk of acute and chronic diseases increases and people's functional abilities as well as their power of senses and perception decrease. These changes in the biological, psychological and social spheres threaten the quality of life of the elderly, to the extent that they prevent them from carrying out daily activities (4). One of the factors observed due to increasing aging is cognitive dysfunction, i.e. a decrease in BDNF levels and in line with this issue, a decrease in quality of life (5). Neurotrophin is a substance that enhances the survival and regeneration of nerve cells and strengthens, stimulates and grows neurons and is essential for memory.Neurotrophic factors support and grow a variety of brain neurons (6).BDNF is a protein encoded by a gene called BDN.This factor belongs to the family of neurotrophies that causes the expansion of the neural network.Brain-derived neurogenic factor is one of the most important members of this family and by binding to specific kinase tyrosine receptors, it triggers intracellular cascades and ultimately produces and differentiates new neurons (7,8).This factor acts as a mediator for synaptic effects, neural connections and plasticity in the brain.One study found that lowering BDNF levels in the elderly could reduce learning and functional impairment (9).On the other hand, increased BDNF and neurogenesis in the body can prevent nerve and muscle coordination in the elderly.Exactly the decrease in nerve and muscle coordination is one of the reasons that occurs with a decrease in BDNF levels in the elderly and will affect the quality of life of these people.In recent years, the possibility of using exogenous BDNF as a therapeutic approach against neurological diseases has been estimated (9).However, the role of exercise and nutrition in increasing BDNF and quality of life still has many challenges.Exercise and nutrition itself are an exogenous factor in increasing BDNF.Research has shown that exercise in young rats increases the number of new cells in the hippocampus and improves brain function.Physiological studies have also shown that physical activity increases the electrical activity of the hippocampus, which can be caused by altered neuronal activity and neurotransmitters (10). The effect of aerobic exercise in young rats shows that exercise increases spatial learning and neuronal density of the hippocampus in the dentate gyrus and other parts of the hippocampus without changing the rate of apoptosisand improves short-term memory. Researchers believe that exercise may strengthen the hippocampus in humans.In the meantime, resistance training has been able to have a significant impact on changes in the hippocampus (11). Doing resistance training can also make a positive difference in BDNF levels (12). On the other hand, nutrition can also help increase BDNF levels.ginkgo biloba has been shown to be used for brain-related issues, including memory enhancement or even the treatment of Alzheimer's patients (13).ginkgo biloba is well known for its antioxidant components and has the ability to scavenge free radicals and lipid peroxidation.ginkgo biloba contains more than 60 bioactive compounds, the most important of which are terpene lactones and flavonoids (14).Recent research has also highlighted the importance of the effect of ginkgo biloba supplementation on cognitive function.In this regard, it has been found that ginkgo supplementation has neuroprotective effects and improves cognitive function capacity, and it performs these actions by reducing oxidative stress and increasing BDNF concentration (15). Therefore, due to the importance of increasing old age and lack of physical activity and the existence of conflicting studies regarding the importance of supplementation and combination with exercise in the elderly, the present study decided to fill the scientific gap of the present study as the effect of twelve weeks of exercise. Check serum BDNF levels and quality of life of inactive elderly with ginkgo biloba supplementation.
Methods: The statistical sample of the present study consisted of 40 elderly men and women (75-60 years), who were selected in a targeted and accessible manner.And were randomly divided into 4 groups of exercise (n=10), supplement (n=10), exercise + supplement (n=10) and placebo or control (n=10).Criteria for inclusion in the present study of the subjects according to the callBeing over 60 years old, having Iranian nationality, ability to speak Persian, not having a known mental illness (psychosis), having full consciousness while studying, ability to communicate, ability to answer study questions and living in Tehran.Exclusion criteria from the present study included refraining from answering the questionnaire during work and interviews, as well as refusing to perform the desired training program or supplement, as well as unwanted events.After selecting the participants during an introductory session, the steps, process and purpose of the research were fully explained to them and a informed consent form was obtained.This study was also registered in the Clinical Trial Center with the code IR.SSRC.REC.1398.116. The training sessions were supervised by trained personnel and will last for 20 minutes 5 times a week for 12 weeks. Each training session included 5 minutes of warm-up, 5 minutes of resistance training, 5 minutes of balance and walking training, and 5 minutes of cooling. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive 240 mg (once daily and in the morning) of EGb761 or placebo (cellulose). To do the chair exercise, get on your toes, get on your heels, lift your knees, open your knees, and do other movements while standing behind the chair to maintain more balance. To strengthen the ankle weight bearing exercise, to strengthen the legs, a fixed weight was placed on the ankle and strengthening exercises were performed.
Results: The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between serum levels of neurotrophic factor derived from the brain of the elderly in the study groups after twelve weeks of aerobic exercise with ginkgo biloba supplementation (P = 0.05).The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the quality of life of the elderly in the study groups after twelve weeks of exercise with ginkgo biloba supplementation (P = 0.05).
Conclusion: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of physical activity with ginkgo biloba on serum BDNF levels and quality of life in the elderly in Tehran.The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between BDNF levels in the elderly and quality of life (QoL) in the study groups after twelve weeks of aerobic exercise with ginkgo biloba supplementation (P <0.05). The intergroup results also showed that there was a significant difference in serum BDNF levels between all groups (P <0.05).Also, the results of Tukey test for comparison between QoL index showed that there was a significant difference between all groups (P <0.05) but there was no significant difference between the complementary and control groups (P> 0.05). In general, the results of the present study show thatExercising and taking ginkgo biloba supplements at the same time for 12 weeks will improve serum BDNF levels and quality of life in the elderly, thereby reducing aging mortality and improving the living conditions and independence of the elderly.
Maryam Takhty, Farshad Ghazalian, Shahram Sohili, Khosro Ebrahim,
Volume 29, Issue 7 (10-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 7 (10-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Obesity and being overweight is one of the major public health challenges all around the world. The prevalence of being overweight has been increasing over the past decade and it is estimated that more than 2 million people are overweight now. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of some chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Several different approaches like exercise training have already been introduced to combat obesity and overweight. According to previous studies, comprehensive approaches including training exercises, dietary supplements, and medications could provide the best outcome. Metabolic resistance training has been shown as a promising approach to weight loss with higher efficacy compared with other types of exercise training. Moreover, such effects have also been reported for Chlorogenic Acid (CGA). In the current study, we aimed to compare the simultaneous effects of 8 weeks of MRT and CGA on weight loss and lipid profile of overweight women.
Methods: We performed an open-label randomized clinical trial on 40 women with overweight. Study participants were women with body mass index (BMI) between 25 to 28 who were physically active over the past 6 months before the study. We used a balanced block randomization method for case assignment. The study participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or a control group. The intervention given to the study participants was a combination of MRT and CGA supplements. Each MRT training session was 45 minutes including 10 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of MRT, and 5 minutes of cool-down. They also received CGA supplements as a form of green coffee extract (400 mg per day). We collected data on age, weight, height, BMI, medical history, and volume of physical activity for each participant. Data on lipid profiles including HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were also collected for each participant at baseline using blood samples. Study participants were asked not to have vigorous exercise two in the last two days leading to blood sampling. Blood sampling was performed from the participant’s right-hand vein at 8 AM and all study participants were fasting in the last 12 hours. The same procedures were also repeated after 8 weeks of intervention.
We provided and mean and standard deviation for each continuous variable. The mean comparison between intervention and control groups was performed using an independent t-test. Withing group variability of lipid profile was investigated using paired t-test. We also used a multiple linear regression model to assess the effect of CGA+MRT intervention on the lipid profile of overweight women adjusted for possible confounders. All statistical analysis was performed using Stata 17.0 software and P-values <0.05 were considered significant.
Results: We compared baseline characteristics and observed no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups regarding age, weight, and BMI. Lipid profile at baseline was also compared between these groups and there was no statistically significant difference (P >0.05). The average BMI change in the control group was 0.4 kg/m2, while it was 0.7 kg/m2 in the intervention group. We also observed a significant decrease in HDL, TC, and TG in the intervention group over the study period (P <0.05). However, no significant change was observed in the control groups regarding the investigated outcomes (P >0.05). The linear regression model showed that after adjustment for the potential confounders the average BMI reduction in the control group was 0.6 kg/m2 higher in the intervention group than the control group and the observed association was statistically significant (P <0.05). We also observed that MRT and CGA intervention has led to more reduction in HDL level on average (Regression coefficient= -8.9, 95% CI= -10.9, -7.0). The effect of the intervention on TG and TC was also statistically significant and the intervention significantly reduced the level of TG and TC in comparison to the control group (P <0.05).
Conclusion: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of eight weeks of metabolic resistance training and CGA supplement extracted from coffee beans on the body weight and lipid profile of overweight women. We showed that MRT and CGA supplementation could lead reduce body weight and body mass index in the intervention group. The observed difference compared to the control group was also statistically significant. We also observed a significant effect of the intervention on the level of HDL, TG, and TC. According to our data level of HDL, TG, and TC in the intervention group reduced over the study period and the observed difference was statistically significant compared to the control group.
We showed that simultaneous CGA and MRT could reduce body weight and body mass index in overweight women. Such findings were supported by many previous researches. Haghighi et al. showed in a study that participating in eight weeks of aerobic exercise and consuming green tea supplements significantly reduced body weight and body mass index. These findings were similarly repeated in the study of Kanha et al. and they showed that consuming CGA for eight weeks leads to weight loss in mice with a high-fat diet and also improves lipolysis pathways. In a systematic review study by Gerji et al., it was shown that the consumption of CGA supplements and coffee extract can lead to weight loss in overweight and obese people. According to previous studies, participating in MRT courses could effectively increase energy consumption and consequently increase fat burning which leads to weight loss. We also observed that MRT and CGA modified the lipid profile of overweight women. According to our findings, women in the intervention group had a lower level of HDL, TG, and TC after 8 weeks of MRT training and CGA supplementation. Their results were consistent with previous studies. Ghasemi et al, in line with the findings of the present study, showed that participating in metabolic resistance exercises with CGA supplementation leads to positive regulation of the lipid profile of overweight people. Animal studies also showed that MRT training and CGA supplementation could significantly reduce the level of TG, TC, and HDL in rats. Several mechanisms including the effect of CGA on LDL receptors and inhibition of mass absorption were introduced to justify these findings. According to our findings, MRT and CGA supplementation could lead to weight loss and reduced BMI in overweight women with a significant positive change in their lipid profile.
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