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Showing 16 results for Tavakoli
Masoumeh Karimi, Mohammad Molayi Zarandi, Alireza Manzari Tavakoli,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Abstract
Abstract
Parents of children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder experience more stress compared to parents of normal children. This can lead to mental health problems for parents, such as depression, parental stress, and increased parental problems. This psychological pressure is caused by Having a child with a disorder has a significant impact on parenting styles. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of positive parenting intervention program and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on psychological fatigue in mothers of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 2014. This research is a semi-experimental project with a pre-test-post-test in the experimental group (positive parenting intervention program) and the comparison group (cognitive therapy based on mindfulness) with the control and follow-up group, the statistical population of all mothers of children with attention deficit disorder. The research sample includes 60 mothers of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the 6 months of spring and summer of 1402 and has the criteria to enter the intervention by selection and sampling. Purposeful and simple random assignment of 20 participants to each group and implementation of interventions. The experimental group underwent positive parenting intervention and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness for a period of 12 sessions of 75 minutes, and the control group did not receive the intervention. The research tool was Smets (1996) Multidimensional Fatigue Questionnaire (MFI). The results of the covariance analysis showed that the averages of the psychological fatigue scores in the positive parenting intervention program group, the cognitive therapy group based on mindfulness, and the control group showed a significant difference. Therefore, it can be said that the positive parenting intervention program had a greater effect on psychological fatigue in mothers of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder than cognitive therapy based on mindfulness.
Conclusion: The positive parenting intervention program can be used to reduce the psychological fatigue of mothers of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Farzaneh Manzari Tavakoli, Majid Barzegar, Hossein Baghooli,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to compile a structural model of attachment safety and maternal self-concept based on maternal sensitivity after birth in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder in Shiraz city in 2023. According to its purpose, this research is of the type of applied research and in terms of the collection method. The data are cross-sectional and their analysis is descriptive and correlational based on the structural equation modeling method. The statistical population is all mothers with children on the autism spectrum who have enrolled their children in exceptional schools and also in the Shiraz Autism Association. They had a case in 2023, which is a total of 987 people. In this research, 360 mothers of affected children were selected from among all the families with autistic children in Shiraz using available sampling method who were willing to participate in the research. The research tool is the Middle Attachment Relationships Questionnaire (KCAQ) - children's attachment in the middle period by Halpern and Kappenberg (2006), the maternal care quality questionnaire by Ghanbari et al. (2013), the self-concept questionnaire by Rogers (1983) and the data using the structural equation method. and AMOS software were analyzed and the results indicated the appropriate fit of the model. There is a significant and decreasing (inverse) relationship between conflict and confusion with attachment safety and maternal self-concept. In other words, it can be said that improvement and reduction in conflict and confusion leads to a decrease in attachment safety and maternal self-concept in mothers of children with autism.
J. Forghanizadeh, R. Abhari, M.r. Shakibi, F. Samadi, M. Oiroozian, S. Tavakoli,
Volume 2, Issue 0 (12-1995)
Volume 2, Issue 0 (12-1995)
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of rheumatic diseases in population aged 15 and over in Fasham-Shemiranat a mountainous rural area near Tehran, , The sampling method was house to house screening in villages of Fasham,
Using the Community Oriented Program for Control 'of Rheumatic
Diseases (COPCORD) core questionaire, 2502 persons were screened.
In phase 1 , key questions concerned the presence of pain in neck dorsum, low back, sacrum and peripheral joints within the last 2 weeks or disabilities caused by pain in these regions or presence of pain in the past, lasting more than 6 weeks in these regions as well as questions regarding history of pain in great toes along with swelling or redness, subsiding within 2 weeks. Positive respondents for any of above questions entered phase 2 of the study which consisted of clinical examination, laboratory tests and X-ray studies. 1146 (45.8%) were negative cases in phase 1, Of 1358(54.2%) positive respondents, 282 (20.7%) no longer had complaints and therefore negative examinations. There were 251 (18.4%) drop_outs because of loss of follow up or lack of cooperation.
In 825 cases (32.9%) one or more rheumatic conditions were diagnosed according to standard criteria. The prevalence of conditions was estimated as follows: Low back pain= 18.5% , Osteoarthritis (peripheral joints only) = 16.1%, Neck pain=6.4% , Periarthritis of snouider» 5%, other soft tissue conditions (tendinitis, elbow epicondylitis, carpal tunnel syndrome) =4.6%, Fibromyalgia= 1.3% , Rheumatoid arthritis = 0.32%, history of gouty attacks=0.28%, Psoriatic arthritis and Reiter's syndrome= 0.0£3010 .
In conclusion, this study shows high prevalence of rheumatic conditions in a rural area with much higher prevalence rate of low back pain, osteoarthritis and other soft tissue conditions compared to low prevalence of inflammatory arthritis such es rheumatoid arthritis.
F Alla-Eddini, R Fatemi, H Ranjbaran Jahromi, E Asghari, Sh Eskandari, A Ardalan, A.r Hosseinpour, H.r Tavakoli, A Feiz Zadeh,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2004)
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2004)
Abstract
Persuading physicians to work in underserved areas has been a major concern for health policy makers and there are many programs to fulfill this goal. This research has been done to find the inclination of Iranian physicians to work in underserved areas. This mail survey study was conducted on a random sample including 5482 physicians whose particulars had been registered at Medical Association of Islamic Republic of Iran. A questionnaire including items on employment and unemployment quality and some related factors was filled and the final analysis was done on the 2789 returned questionnaires. Based on the obtained results, there were 1965 physicians(74.1%, 95% Confidence Interval: 70.8%-77.4%) who declared that they would work in the underserved areas without any special condition or under some special conditions, mainly their income concerns(83.0%) and their employment relationship status(50.3%). Male gender(78.2% vs. 64.2% in females), lower age(36.9 vs. 41.9 mean age in non-inclined ones), and being single(79.8% vs. 72.8 in married ones), having fewer offsprings(1.4 vs. 1.7 in non-inclined ones), and matriculation in 1986 and afterwards all were correlated with this inclination. In a logistics model, gender, age, matriculation cohort, and the interaction term between age and gender were the determinants of inclination to work in underserved areas. About three-fourths of Iranian physicians would work in underserved areas if there were some special privileges for them, mainly income and employment relationship. Younger males and those who belonged to the Medical Student Boom Generations had more inclination.
Jahanshir Tavakolizadeh, Motahhare Rahmani, Somayeh Safarzade,
Volume 24, Issue 155 (5-2017)
Volume 24, Issue 155 (5-2017)
Abstract
Background: Emotional intelligence as a basic psychological constructs to the success of life and mental health of people formed in the process of life and behavior of parents plays an important role in its growth. This study aimed determines the predictive role of assertiveness and aggression in emotional intelligence of students of sixth grade of elementary school.
Methods: The present study was Cross-sectional. The study population of present study consisted of all students of the sixth grade of elementary school of Qaen city and parents in academic year of 2013-2014 that 189 students (94 boys and 95 girls) and their parents using multi-stage random sampling method were selected from among them. Data were collected using The Aggression Questionnaire- AQ, Gambryl and Ritchie assertiveness questionnaire and The Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT). The results were analyzed using SPSS-20 software and regression, independent t test and Mann-Whitney U test in the significant level of 0.05.
Results: The results showed that between assertiveness of parents and none of its components and emotional intelligence of students there is no significant correlation (p>0.05). But There was significant negative correlation between aggression of parent and emotional intelligence of students (p>0.01, r=-0.18). Regression analysis showed aggression of father is a predictor of emotional intelligence of students (p>0.05). But, aggression of mother had no role in predicting emotional intelligence of students (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The results of present study showed that aggression of parents causes that children face in the process of emotional intelligence with problems and limitations. Given that, the behavior of parents affect on the behavior and how to train of children in the family. So, it is recommended more attention in the parenting of children and parental lifestyle.
Miss Banafsheh Safizadeh, Dr Reyhane Hoshyar, Dr Masoud Mehrpour, Dr Bita Bijari, Sir Alireza Sheikhi, Dr Masoumeh Tavakoli-Yaraki,
Volume 24, Issue 162 (12-2017)
Volume 24, Issue 162 (12-2017)
Abstract
Background and aim: Multiple sclerosis is one of the most common autoimmune inflammatory diseases in young ages. Many aspects of this disease are still unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression and activity level of 15-lipoxygenase-1 (a producer of lipid peroxide and regulating inflammation and immune responses) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy individual and considering its correlation with lipid profile of individuals.
Materials and Methods: 30 patients of Firouzgar Hospital in Tehran with multiple sclerosis and 23 healthy subjects as control group have participated in this case-control study. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the subjects were used for mRNA extraction and cDNA construction, and to determine the expression level of 15-LOX-1 gene, a Real-Time PCR-based Cyber Green method was used and data were analyzed using ΔΔCT method. Also, the amount of 15-lipoxygenase-1 product (15-S-HETE) in serum was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Finally, statistical analysis was performed using Graph Pad Prism software version 5 and independent t-test.
Results: Measurement of 15-lipoxygenase-1 expression level in mononuclear blood cells extracted from the peripheral blood of patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy controls revealed that the level of this gene was significantly increased in patients comparing to controls. Also, the activity of 15-lipoxygenase-1 which was measured via its metabolite level in serum of patients and controls demonstrated that the enzyme activity was increased in serum of patients comparing to controls (p <0.05). Also, the results have shown that in patients with higher level of Cholesterol, Triglyceride and LDL, the level of 15-lipoxygensae-1 and its metabolite had higher level comparing to patients with normal lipid profile.
Conclusion: The results of the current study have shown that the 15-lipoxygenase-1 enzymatic pathway might affect Multiple Sclerosis pathogenesis and due to the significant differences of the enzyme level in patients comparing to controls, it can be noticed as a possible pathway for controlling disease. Since elevated lipid profile level is the risk factor of Multiple Sclerosis pathogenesis, in this study the correlation was observed between the higher level of LDL, Cholesterol and Triglyceride and enzyme expression level and activity which emphasize on the important role of lipid metabolic pathway in Multiple Sclerosis.
Farhad Tavakoli, Nasim Farkhani, Zeinab Nasri Nasrabadi,
Volume 25, Issue 7 (10-2018)
Volume 25, Issue 7 (10-2018)
Abstract
An 11 years old boy, with reticular, non pruritic lesions on both groins. He had not any history of allergy and rhomatologic disease, and these lesions appear by heat contact.
Fatemeh Kia, Fraydoon Rahnama Roodposhti, Farhad Ghaffari, Seyed Ahmad Hashemi, Nader Tavakoli,
Volume 28, Issue 3 (5-2021)
Volume 28, Issue 3 (5-2021)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Human capital development is one of the latest theories of development. The importance of this issue is to the extent that in the course of human life from ancient times until now, his first and most important need in relation to life and survival has always been to provide medical and health needs and provide the growth of science and technology in the medical sector that can Provide her daily medical and health needs (1).
Therefore, the efficiency of a health care system, in itself, requires the creation of a systematic model based on the understanding of various potentials, including human resources, systems and production processes in the field of health and treatment (4). In this regard, planning for the development of human resources in health enterprises and the resulting benefits for enterprises, has become increasingly attractive for them. The success rate of national health systems depends significantly on the workforce employed in them (5).
Considering the above, the need to pay attention to the health system and the performance of the treatment community and the need to perform its effective evaluation due to the complexity of activities in this area and consequently the complexity and important impact of the role of this group as a guardian of the health system. Rapid developments in this area and their interconnectedness are not covered by Brexit. Performance management allows the organization to modify its path based on changing conditions and give it dynamism. The study of conventional models in the field of evaluating the performance of organizations in the world, indicates the need to pay attention to the performance and efficiency and effectiveness of this performance and pay attention to the effects of the performance of organizations, especially in the health community. Therefore, the researcher is trying to answer the question that the model of human capital development in the health economy system of the country has a proper development?
Methods: The present study is a descriptive-analytical study that was conducted within the framework of quantitative and qualitative approach and using the strategy of the optimal model of health economy management system. The statistical population of the present study in the qualitative sector consisted of managers of the country's health sector (senior and middle managers). Based on the level of literacy, scientific knowledge and managerial background, 20 managers of the country's health sector were selected as a sample and interviewed. Finally, the standard questionnaires of the Health Economics Management System, which include 15 questions and are scored based on a 7-point Likert scale, are among 302 managers of the country's health sector (senior and middle managers) and university professors related to the research topic. Which were selected by stratified random sampling method, distributed and collected. Finally, for data analysis in the quantitative part, the researcher used confirmatory factor analysis and modeling with PLS, analysis of variance and t-test. In the qualitative part, open methodology and exploratory factor analysis were used.
Results: The results of the four stages showed that the requirements for financing human capital, health services management, internal processes and human capital participation are the final requirements based on the model of human capital development for the health economy management system (Table 1). It was also found that the research model and model indicators have a good fit (Table 2).
Conclusion: In many health care systems around the world, much attention has been paid to human resource management. Which play an important role in the health network. In this context, labor training is an important issue. It is essential that HR personnel consider the composition of the health workforce both in terms of skills and level of training. New options for in-service training are needed to ensure the awareness and readiness of the workforce to meet the current and future needs of a particular country. Therefore, to increase efficiency, various human resource initiatives have been used. Outsourcing services has been used to convert fixed labor costs into variable costs as a means of improving efficiency.
Given the challenges facing health care, hospitals and health systems can support organizational success by developing and implementing a strong human capital strategy. Doing so does not only support a high-performance workforce. It also improves the patient experience. Research has shown that health care organizations with exemplary talent management practices score 13% higher on patient satisfaction than those without it.
Khatoon Esmailpour, Mohammadbagher Tavakoli, Ali Roknianzadeh,
Volume 29, Issue 3 (5-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 3 (5-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: One of the important factors that has been paid attention to in recent years and has an effect on marital satisfaction is the person's early experiences with their parents or the type of emotional relationship a person has with his parents during childhood. Some researchers have tried to answer the question of how a person's early experiences in childhood can affect him in adulthood. One of the characteristics of a person that has an important effect on interpersonal relationships as a result of early child-parent experiences in adulthood is the level of self-differentiation. The concept of self-differentiation is the most basic concept of Boinset's theory. Families and other social groups have a great influence on how people think, feel, and behave. The environment and family determine the level of differentiation of a person in childhood. Bowen defined self-differentiation as the ability of individuals to be flexible and act wisely, especially in the face of anxiety. Self-differentiation is the ability of a person to separate his intellectual and emotional processes and his intimacy and autonomy from others. The concept of self-differentiation is the process of the emergence of an individual whose "self" boundaries are well and clearly defined. The level of differentiation of a person mutually affects the environment social life and the future of the person, including his marital relations. The four important predictors of self-differentiation are as follows: Emotional reactivity refers to excessive sensitivity in responding to environmental stimuli. My position refers to a clear feeling of standing up for one's beliefs when pressured to act in a different way. Emotional disconnection is fear of intimacy and feeling vulnerable in relationships with others. Blending in with others refers to triangulation and intense identification with others. Bowen believed that a person's level of self-differentiation is achieved in his family of origin and influences his future. According to Bowen, all mental and physical illnesses, social problems, and especially marital problems are related to self-differentiation. People who have a high level of self-differentiation are able to thoughtfully assess the situation behave independently and show less emotional reaction. They have a clear definition of themselves and their beliefs and maintain their peace in interpersonal relationships. Theoretically, low self-differentiation leads to problems such as marital dissatisfaction, triangulation, physical and mental helplessness, emotional reactivity, chronic anxiety, and choosing a spouse with a similar level of self-differentiation.In the field of couple therapy, there are various approaches to improve the marital satisfaction of couples, and much research has been conducted regarding the effectiveness of these methods. One of the approaches that focuses on both behavior control and emotion control and ultimately leads to couples' satisfaction with life is the emotion-oriented approach. This treatment, which is a combination of experiential and systemic treatment, is closely related to the reduction of psychological problems in couples applying for divorce. The emotional therapy process is determined by three stages of connection and awareness, recall and discovery, and emotional reconstruction in eight steps. These three stages overlap, and throughout the treatment, the client is viewed as an expert on his experience and the therapist as a guide and facilitator for the client's goals. In this therapy, it is believed that each couple organizes and processes emotional experiences and reinforces the interaction patterns they have created, which leads to marital helplessness. Emotion-oriented therapy, by creating constructive interactions between people and identifying safe attachment patterns, causes satisfaction reduces cognitive distortions in them, and focuses on changing attachment behaviors as a tool to improve disturbed relationships. Therefore, the goal of this therapy is to help couples access unexpressed feelings and process positive interaction, which increases the couple's communication and trust. The effectiveness of emotion-oriented couple therapy on marital variables has been confirmed in studies. The effectiveness of any intervention approach compared to other treatment approaches to provide awareness and effective help to conflicted couples is one of the concerns of therapists. The prevalence of marital incompatibility and its impact on the physical and mental health of couples and children has caused mental health professionals to pay special attention to the field of couple therapy. Therefore, this research was conducted to compare the effectiveness of emotional couple therapy on self-differentiation and marital adjustment of married athletes.
Methods: This paper is practical in terms of its purpose, and in terms of method, it is a semi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all married athletes in sports clubs in Tehran in 1401, 45 people were selected by available sampling one group waiting for treatment and two experimental groups (each group 15 people) replaced an experimental group that received 12 sessions of 90 minutes with cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and an experimental group received 10 sessions of 90 minutes with emotion-oriented couple therapy, and the waiting group did not receive educational treatment. The groups completed the Spanier marital adjustment questionnaire and the Skorn and Friedlander self-differentiation questionnaire as pre-test and post-test. Analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that the average score of self-differentiation in the experimental group of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and the experimental group of emotional-oriented couple therapy was significantly different (p<0.01). This amount was not significantly different in the control group. Also, the results indicated that emotion-oriented couple therapy has been more effective and durable than cognitive-behavioral couple therapy in improving and increasing the marital adjustment of married athletes.
Conclusion: In explaining the results of the present article regarding the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy, it can be said that the cognitive-behavioral approach emphasizes cognition, emotions, interactions, and interpersonal behaviors that cause marital problems and how the couple's cognition and behavior interact in creating these problems. Therefore, in cognitive-behavioral couple therapy, the emphasis is on how couples interpret each other's behavior, how a person's cognitive processes, such as a filter, evaluate the spouse's behavior by finding causes and giving meaning, and how it predicts the spouse's future behavior. By focusing on these issues, the treatment makes the couple more realistic about the issues, and correcting irrational and unrealistic beliefs, thoughts, and attitudes towards themselves and their spouse provides them with an opportunity to increase life satisfaction and marital compatibility. The results of this article acknowledge the importance of cognitive behavioral couple therapy and emotional couple therapy in increasing the self-differentiation and marital adjustment of married athletes. These two approaches can be used to reduce the damage in marital relationships.
Methods: This paper is practical in terms of its purpose, and in terms of method, it is a semi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all married athletes in sports clubs in Tehran in 1401, 45 people were selected by available sampling one group waiting for treatment and two experimental groups (each group 15 people) replaced an experimental group that received 12 sessions of 90 minutes with cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and an experimental group received 10 sessions of 90 minutes with emotion-oriented couple therapy, and the waiting group did not receive educational treatment. The groups completed the Spanier marital adjustment questionnaire and the Skorn and Friedlander self-differentiation questionnaire as pre-test and post-test. Analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that the average score of self-differentiation in the experimental group of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and the experimental group of emotional-oriented couple therapy was significantly different (p<0.01). This amount was not significantly different in the control group. Also, the results indicated that emotion-oriented couple therapy has been more effective and durable than cognitive-behavioral couple therapy in improving and increasing the marital adjustment of married athletes.
Conclusion: In explaining the results of the present article regarding the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy, it can be said that the cognitive-behavioral approach emphasizes cognition, emotions, interactions, and interpersonal behaviors that cause marital problems and how the couple's cognition and behavior interact in creating these problems. Therefore, in cognitive-behavioral couple therapy, the emphasis is on how couples interpret each other's behavior, how a person's cognitive processes, such as a filter, evaluate the spouse's behavior by finding causes and giving meaning, and how it predicts the spouse's future behavior. By focusing on these issues, the treatment makes the couple more realistic about the issues, and correcting irrational and unrealistic beliefs, thoughts, and attitudes towards themselves and their spouse provides them with an opportunity to increase life satisfaction and marital compatibility. The results of this article acknowledge the importance of cognitive behavioral couple therapy and emotional couple therapy in increasing the self-differentiation and marital adjustment of married athletes. These two approaches can be used to reduce the damage in marital relationships.
Masoumeh Tavakoli-Yaraki, Vahid Salimi, Zahra Shahsavari,
Volume 29, Issue 5 (8-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 5 (8-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Breast cancer imposes a great burden of cancer-related mortality and morbidity in women worldwide. Scientific efforts are in progress to improve the efficiency of current therapeutic strategies and reduce chemoresistance (1). Due to the fact that the homeostasis of cancer cell growth is dependent on the balance between cell proliferation and cell death, the emerging role of pro-apoptotic agents to promote apoptosis and attenuate cancer cell evasion from apoptosis has opened up promising cancer therapeutic approaches (2). On the other hand, the process of protein breakdown, which involves the loss of toxic, incorrectly folded, or accumulated proteins play a critical role in normal cell fate. The protein breakdown is mainly implemented by the proteasome system that breaks the proteins into short peptides and their constituent amino acids and transfer them to the cytoplasm to reuse in the synthesis of new proteins (3). If protein breakdown is disrupted, the accumulation of incorrectly folded proteins leads to errors and induction of apoptosis (4). Due to the great importance of proteosomes for cells, inhibition of their function has been proposed as a way to induce apoptosis in cancer cells (5). MG132 has been considered as a proteosome pathway inhibitor and postulated to regulate cancer cell growth and death, recently (6). It has been proposed that MG132 synergized with bevacizumab and/or cisplatin to inhibit cancer cell proliferation by triggering reactive oxygen species generation (6-8). However, the lack of sufficient evidence regarding the relevance of MG132 on breast cancer cell growth provoked us to unravel the possible effect of MG132 and its underlying mechanism in breast cancer. Thus, this study is designed to elucidate the effect of MG132 on growth regulation and induction of apoptosis by emphasizing the role of caspases, reactive oxygen species, and mitochondria in MCF-7 cancer cells.
Methods: In this study, the human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 which pathologically originated from invasive carcinoma of the ducts of the breast was obtained from Pasture Institute of Iran and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum, 100 U/ml of penicillin and 100 µg/ml of streptomycin and maintained at 37 ºC, 5% CO2 and 100% humidity in the incubator. Cells were treated with different concentrations of MG132 (0.5, 1, 5, and 10 μmol) at incubation times of 12, 24, and 48 hours. The cytotoxic effect of MG132 on MCF-7 growth was investigated using MTT assay and the results were expressed in terms of the percentage of viable cells relative to the control. Annexin-V-FITC staining and PI staining were used to diagnose early and late apoptosis using flow cytometry. The level of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) was investigated using JC-1 lipophilic dye and its accumulation in mitochondria, which is associated with fluorescence emission and change of emission from green (520
nm) to red (590 nm). The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after treatment with different concentrations of MG132 was performed using a fluorescence probe dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). To evaluate the possible involvement of caspases, the activity of caspase 3 and caspase 8 was examined by the ELISA method. To determine the specificity and accuracy, all experiments were repeated at least three times. The non-parametric one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dennet’s post hoc test and Tukey´s post hoc test were applied for analysis of differences using Graph Pad Prism version 7 (Graph Pad Software, San Diego California)
Results: Based on data, a significant reduction in the percentage of viable breast cancer cells (MCF-7) was detected following treatment by MG132 that was occurred in a dose and time-dependent manner. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with 5 μmol and 10 μmol of MG132 for 48 hours reduced cell viability by about 40% and 50%, respectively. Annexin-V and PI double staining method was applied to evaluate whether the cytotoxic effect of MG132 was related to the induction of apoptosis. According to the protocol, annexin-V positive, PI negative cells accounts as early apoptotic cells and annexin-V positive, PI-positive cells account for late apoptotic cells. Decreasing the percentage of viable cells after treatment with 5 and 10 μmol of MG132 after 48 hours has increased the percentage of early apoptotic cells. The percentage of early apoptotic cells was 15% after treatment with 5 μmol of MG132 and 30% after treatment with 10 μmol of MG132. Also, due to the considerable role of the caspase cascade as executors of apoptosis, the activity of caspase 3 and 8 was assessed. A significant increase in the caspase-3 activity was observed after treatment with 10 μmol of MG132 in MCF-7 cells. Also, the level of caspase-8 activity in the mentioned time showed a significant increase in both 5 and 10 μmol of MG132 indicating that the MG132-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells occurred in a caspase-dependent manner. Based on the results of this study, a significant increase in the intracellular ROS level of MCF-7 cells was observed while cells were treated with 5 and 10 μmol of MG132 for 48 hours. Increases in intracellular ROS levels indicate MG132-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells is associated with the induction of oxidative stress. Also, reduced mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm) reflects mitochondrial impairment and accounts as a hallmark of apoptosis (9). Our data showed that treatment of MCF-7 cells with 1, 5, and 10 μmol of MG132 for 48 hours, reduced the mitochondria membrane potential significantly, indicating the fact that MG132 influences mitochondria to induce apoptosis in breast cancer.
Conclusion: The data presented in this study revealed that MG132 inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells and induces apoptosis by activating caspases 3 and 8, increasing intracellular ROS level, and decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). Also, our results showed a significant difference in the effect of MG132 on the mentioned assays in untreated (control) breast cancer cells compared to the treated cells and the observed effects on the treated cells depending on the concentration of MG132. These results emphasize the effective role of inhibiting the proteosome system through MG132 in stopping the proliferation of MCF-7 cells and inducing apoptosis and the potential of this combination to design more effective therapies in controlling the growth of breast cancer cells.
Mahtab Tavakoli, Seyyed Mohammad Marandi, Mehdi Kargarfard, Behzad Pakrad, Arash Dehghan,
Volume 29, Issue 10 (12-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 10 (12-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Today, repeated high intensity endurance training is an integral part of the preparation of most team and individual sports, which, if not accompanied by proper recovery during or after physical activity, does not create the necessary adaptations and may Is to harm the athlete's performance under the conditions of competition or training (1, 2). Due to intense repetitive training, if the return to the original state is not done properly, it may cause over-training and injury in the athlete (3). Buffer capacity can be affected by the type of recovery (13). Therefore, in addition to the effect of the type of recovery on physiological factors and tampon capacity, exercise performed by the athlete is also effective in preparing for re-homeostasis and return to pre-workout conditions. However, it has received less attention in various studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training on the buffering system response to three types of active, passive, and stretching recovery in inactive girls.
Methods: Thirty students of Farhangian University (age: 22.49±0.33 years, weight: 68.33±7.31 kg, height: 176.76±8.32 cm and BMI 23.12) performed three types of active, passive, and stretching recovery (n=10) during repeated high-intensity endurance test for one week in a crossover method. voluntarily divided into three groups of 10 to have a repetitive endurance test in a special recovery method including active recovery (running at 50% of maximum heart rate) at 5-minute break intervals between exercise protocols. , Passive (sleeping in an open arch) and stretching movements (upper body - lower body) participate (18). Before and immediately after the test, arterial blood samples were taken from the subjects and blood acidity, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide pressure and excess alkali were measured with a gas meter (Techno medica, GASTAT 700 series, Japan). To investigate the effect of different recovery methods between groups. Then, all subjects participated in 8 weeks of aerobic exercise (three sessions per week, 80-65% of maximum heart rate / week). At the end of 8 weeks, similar to the beginning of entering the design, the subjects again underwent a severe repetitive endurance test and participated in their specific restoration methods between stages of the test. Blood samples were taken again before and after the final intense repeated endurance test. At the beginning of the study, the health status and satisfaction of the subjects through a physical fitness questionnaire (22), the necessary conditions for participation in physical activity were examined and their health and readiness to cooperate with the research project was confirmed. During the field operation period, the subjects' food and drug consumption research was controlled as much as possible by presenting a specific and individual diet plan. 8-week endurance training: The first week of the independent variable application course was conducted to familiarize and prepare the subjects psychologically. Then the aerobic exercise program presented in Table 1 was performed for 8 weeks and three sessions per week. After getting acquainted with how to perform the training protocol, all the subjects performed a Repeated high intensity endurance training program including 60 meters running in 30 seconds with 30 seconds of rest 6 times in a row. Then, for 5 minutes, each subject participates in one of the recovery methods under review for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, the intense endurance test was repeated and at the end of the exercise, the recovery program was performed again. This training program and recovery methods were performed for 4 times. After 8 weeks of endurance training, the same program of Repeated high intensity endurance test was performed in different groups.
Blood sampling was performed before and after the Repeated high intensity endurance test, at the beginning of the project and also after 8 weeks of endurance training. At each stage, 5 cc of arterial blood samples were taken by observing all necessary laboratory conditions, including impregnation of insulin syringe with heparin, and for analysis of blood gases in less than 15 minutes, it was transferred to a gasometer and then acidity. Blood, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide pressure, alkali excess and alkaline buffers were examined. It should be noted that all blood samples and tests were performed in the pre-test and post-test stages from 16:00 to 18:00.
Results: Two-way ANOVA repeated measure showed that in the pre-test phase, there was no significant difference between the three types of recovery to pre-test for the study variables (P>0.05). In reference to pre-test, the changes in PH, HCO3-, PCO2 after eight weeks' endurance training showed a significant difference for active recovery(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the effect of endurance training for the three types of recovery to O2-sat, BE and BB (P>0.05).
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that aerobic exercise improves the response of the tampon to three types of active recovery, inactive and stretching movements in inactive girls, among which the effect on active recovery is significant. During intense periodic activity in addition to H + Of lactic acid, most of the carbon dioxide produced by energy metabolism reacts with water to form carbonic acid under the influence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA). The result of this reaction is then decomposed into H + and -HCO3 and increases the extracellular H + concentration (23, 24). In summary, the present study showed that 8 weeks of intense aerobic exercise improved the tampon capacity of female students, which was more dramatic with active recovery. It seems that the type, intensity and duration of endurance training and types of recovery, as well as various methods of assessing tampon capacity are important in obtaining research results, while athletes enjoy the benefits of active recovery during intense repetitive training.. And this is while in untrained people, they give the same answers to different types of recovery. It seems that high aerobic fitness in trained people and finally strengthening the tampon device is a justification for the results of the present study. Future research by examining the effect of different types of recovery on novice and elite athletes as well as the synergy of sports and recovery exercises can provide more accurate information to coaches and athletes.
Mohammad Bagher Tavakoli,
Volume 29, Issue 11 (1-2023)
Volume 29, Issue 11 (1-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Success and progress in learning is the goal of all educational systems and the degree of benefit from educational environments requires students' sense of energy and mental health. One of the most important variables in the health of the educational context of any country's educational system is mental health, which is an internal sense to ensure mental health, and in fact, researchers have called it a useful and simple way to understand the concept of students' well-being. In their daily academic life, students face various challenges, obstacles, and special pressures during their studies, which are a threat to their self-confidence, motivation, and, as a result, their academic performance. Some students are successful in dealing with them and others are not successful in this field. Therefore, educational researchers should pay serious attention to understanding and how to adapt to academic challenges. Mental Health Mental health is an issue beyond the absence or absence of mental illness. The positive dimension of mental health, which the World Health Organization relies on, is included in the definition of health: "Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease or disability". Therefore, mental health is a state of well-being in which a person recognizes his abilities and can adapt to the normal stresses of life and be useful and productive in terms of work. Competitive anxiety and academic motivation can be mentioned among the factors affecting mental health. Anxiety, as a negative feeling, affects a person's perception and leads to a decrease in performance. Of course, many students experience anxiety. Competitive anxiety is an issue that almost every student faces from time to time. When the demands on a student exceed their perceived ability, their stress level rises. Motivation is the most important condition for learning. Interest in learning is the product of factors related to a student's personality and ability, task characteristics, incentives, and other environmental factors. What factors make students' motivation (due to its long-term effects on learning and self-fertility in students) valuable for parents and teachers? Motivated students are easily identified. They are eager to learn, interested, curious, hardworking, and serious. These students easily overcome obstacles and problems, spend more time studying and completing school assignments, learn more, and continue their education after finishing high school. Motivation can be seen as an intervening process with an internal state of an organism that forces or motivates it to act, in other words, it can be said that motivation is a force that gives force to behavior and guides it. Slow and is an effective factor in mental health. Like other topics, there has been a lot of research on the relationship between competitive anxiety, academic motivation, and mental health, but there is no integrated research among school students. Considering the review of past research and the understanding of the relationship between research variables, the lack of integrated research in this field, as well as the importance of competitive anxiety and academic motivation and mental health, the research question of the current research is whether there is a relationship between competitive anxiety and motivation. Is there a relationship between education and mental health in students?
Methods: The present research is descriptive and correlational in terms of method, and its statistical population included all male student in the second year of high school in Marivan city who were studying in the academic year 2021-2022. The statistical population was 850 people according to the inquiry from the Statistics Unit of the Sanandaj Education Department. According to the table of Karjesi and Morgan, 265 people were selected through a simple random sampling method. Research tools included three competitive anxiety of Besharat et al. (2021), Harter's academic motivation (1981), and Goldberg's mental health (1972). Pearson's statistical method was used for data analysis.
Results: The research results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between the components of competitive anxiety and mental health in students, while there is a positive and significant relationship between the components of academic motivation and mental health in gifted students.
Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between competitive anxiety and academic motivation with mental health, so there is a need for planners and education managers to increase mental health in students, competitive anxiety and academic motivation. Pay attention the current research, like any other research, has limitations that can clarify the findings and suggestions of the research and help future researchers to adopt effective measures to deal with the threat of internal and external validity of research projects. to give The basic limitations of the current research are as follows: the bias of people towards answering the questions of the questionnaires, which reduces the accuracy of the results to some extent, the presence of unwanted variables that affect the results of the research, and the lack of use of other research tools such as observation and interview. It has been associated with the subjects and only using the questionnaire. It is recommended to educational managers to take appropriate motivational measures such as innovation and creativity in creating a competitive and encouraging educational environment with appropriate and up-to-date educational facilities, suitable educational buildings, and preparing students as best as possible for their future jobs. , make regular visits and scientific trips, and use teachers with high scientific knowledge and skills. It is suggested that the scientific and academic interests and tastes of the students be identified and these interests come to the fore through centers, associations, and scientific organizations. Providing a suitable atmosphere in terms of group work, creating innovation in teaching methods, using sincere and friendly spoken literature, and using students in teaching discussions are among the things that can be done by teachers in order to increase the academic motivation of students.
Adeleh Emamjomeh, Ali Reza Manzari Tavakoli,
Volume 30, Issue 2 (4-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 2 (4-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: : Diabetes is the most common cause of limb amputation, blindness, chronic kidney failure, and one of the risk factors for heart disease, which can cause anxiety and depression, psychological and social problems of these people. Also, suffering from this disease causes tension in people and has an impact on a person's identity, psychosocial dimensions, emotional balance, self-satisfaction, sense of competence and efficiency, social interactions, and interpersonal relationships, which require adaptation. The purpose of this research is to design a marital satisfaction model based on conflict resolution styles in female diabetic patients (referring to specialized diabetes clinics in Tehran in 2011).
Methods: The current research was a type of correlation design based on the structural equation modeling method. The statistical population of all married people with type 2 diabetes (age range 30 to 55 years) refers to specialized diabetes clinics in Tehran in the winter of 2011, which is 2143 people. The sample of the present study includes 412 married female patients who were selected by simple random sampling from the studied population. The research tools are Strauss's (1979) Conflict Resolution Strategies Questionnaire and Nathan H. Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire. Azrin, Barry T. Naster, and Robert Jones (1973). The structural equation method was used to analyze the data using AMOS software.
Results: The results indicate that the investigation of the relationship between conflict resolution styles and marital satisfaction indicates that there is a statistically significant relationship between integration style and reconciliation style and marital satisfaction. Considering the positivity of the path coefficients of the mentioned relationships, it can be said that the relationships are of an incremental (direct) type; The results show that the relationship between avoidant style and dominant style with marital satisfaction is statistically significant and these relationships are decreasing (inverse). There is evidence related to the predictability of marital satisfaction based on conflict resolution styles, but the inefficiency and limitations for reliable identification for prediction and model design have made the research focus on discovering the factors and fitting the research conceptual model, which is an integrated model in the form of At the same time, four research variables should be examined and a step should be taken in the direction of a more efficient explanation and formulation of effective and efficient treatment methods. Considering the increasing prevalence of diabetes and the role of management and adaptation in controlling this disease, the feeling of marital satisfaction and marital conflict resolution strategies and the determination of psychological and social factors related to the disease that are effective in the management of diabetes and its complications will play an important role in the psychological and medical treatment of patients. Therefore, from a theoretical point of view, it is an undeniable necessity to identify and implement relevant variables in the mental and physical health of diabetic patients in our country. Determining the variables that are related to the mental and physical health of diabetics provides the basis for further experimental-interventional research.
Conclusion: According to the mentioned result, it can be said that the use of avoidant and dominant styles in conflict resolution leads to a decrease in marital satisfaction. In spouses who are not intimate in their relationship, they cannot rely on the other to satisfy their needs and do not enjoy their relationship. The need for intimacy and value between husband and wife is not satisfied, and couples do not support each other during their relationship and when problems arise, even though all marriages experience disappointment in some way, many of these marriages continue with low quality. Findings and married life constitute instability that tends to collapse and if divorce is not done, it will be accompanied by many thoughts and ideas about separation. Therefore, conflict resolution styles are very important in the satisfaction of married life or its collapse. Avoidant conflict resolution style can be considered as an attempt to manage and change the stressful problem. Also, the avoidant style is an attempt to reduce psychological and emotional pressure. It includes behaviors such as looking for others and cognitive reactions such as denying the situation. It focuses on controlling pressure symptoms. In this style, emotional responses and management of emotions are used in stressful situations. In this type of confrontation, the person tries to calm himself down and regain his balance. During mental stress, a person experiences negative emotions that are effective on his mental performance, and a person needs to regain his balance by reducing negative emotions and then make a logical decision to solve the problem. The characteristic of the avoidant style is that it does not lead to the removal of mental pressure and it is effective for a short period, but if it continues, it can complicate the effects of mental pressure. They prefer to withdraw from the conflict, being passive, staying away, fearing to face the conflict, downplaying the conflict, and delaying the resolution of the conflict can be seen in these people, and the opposite is the required conflict resolution style. These people have a preoccupation with avoiding confrontation with each other, even if this leads to the loss of their rights. They usually give the rights to others and do not value and respect themselves. Such people are very anxious in front of criticism and usually act against their will. In very natural interactions between husband and wife, there are times when differences arise or needs are not met, as a result, both partners feel angry, frustrated and dissatisfied with each other. Therefore, if a conflict arises, the husband and wife should prepare for it. This preparation should not only be effective in terms of the ability to communicate effectively, but it should be based on the implementation of problem solving strategies in a systematic way that provides structure and order for conflict resolution meetings. Conflict resolution strategies are strategies that husband and wife use during discussions they use and how they react when they discuss.
Methods: The current research was a type of correlation design based on the structural equation modeling method. The statistical population of all married people with type 2 diabetes (age range 30 to 55 years) refers to specialized diabetes clinics in Tehran in the winter of 2011, which is 2143 people. The sample of the present study includes 412 married female patients who were selected by simple random sampling from the studied population. The research tools are Strauss's (1979) Conflict Resolution Strategies Questionnaire and Nathan H. Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire. Azrin, Barry T. Naster, and Robert Jones (1973). The structural equation method was used to analyze the data using AMOS software.
Results: The results indicate that the investigation of the relationship between conflict resolution styles and marital satisfaction indicates that there is a statistically significant relationship between integration style and reconciliation style and marital satisfaction. Considering the positivity of the path coefficients of the mentioned relationships, it can be said that the relationships are of an incremental (direct) type; The results show that the relationship between avoidant style and dominant style with marital satisfaction is statistically significant and these relationships are decreasing (inverse). There is evidence related to the predictability of marital satisfaction based on conflict resolution styles, but the inefficiency and limitations for reliable identification for prediction and model design have made the research focus on discovering the factors and fitting the research conceptual model, which is an integrated model in the form of At the same time, four research variables should be examined and a step should be taken in the direction of a more efficient explanation and formulation of effective and efficient treatment methods. Considering the increasing prevalence of diabetes and the role of management and adaptation in controlling this disease, the feeling of marital satisfaction and marital conflict resolution strategies and the determination of psychological and social factors related to the disease that are effective in the management of diabetes and its complications will play an important role in the psychological and medical treatment of patients. Therefore, from a theoretical point of view, it is an undeniable necessity to identify and implement relevant variables in the mental and physical health of diabetic patients in our country. Determining the variables that are related to the mental and physical health of diabetics provides the basis for further experimental-interventional research.
Conclusion: According to the mentioned result, it can be said that the use of avoidant and dominant styles in conflict resolution leads to a decrease in marital satisfaction. In spouses who are not intimate in their relationship, they cannot rely on the other to satisfy their needs and do not enjoy their relationship. The need for intimacy and value between husband and wife is not satisfied, and couples do not support each other during their relationship and when problems arise, even though all marriages experience disappointment in some way, many of these marriages continue with low quality. Findings and married life constitute instability that tends to collapse and if divorce is not done, it will be accompanied by many thoughts and ideas about separation. Therefore, conflict resolution styles are very important in the satisfaction of married life or its collapse. Avoidant conflict resolution style can be considered as an attempt to manage and change the stressful problem. Also, the avoidant style is an attempt to reduce psychological and emotional pressure. It includes behaviors such as looking for others and cognitive reactions such as denying the situation. It focuses on controlling pressure symptoms. In this style, emotional responses and management of emotions are used in stressful situations. In this type of confrontation, the person tries to calm himself down and regain his balance. During mental stress, a person experiences negative emotions that are effective on his mental performance, and a person needs to regain his balance by reducing negative emotions and then make a logical decision to solve the problem. The characteristic of the avoidant style is that it does not lead to the removal of mental pressure and it is effective for a short period, but if it continues, it can complicate the effects of mental pressure. They prefer to withdraw from the conflict, being passive, staying away, fearing to face the conflict, downplaying the conflict, and delaying the resolution of the conflict can be seen in these people, and the opposite is the required conflict resolution style. These people have a preoccupation with avoiding confrontation with each other, even if this leads to the loss of their rights. They usually give the rights to others and do not value and respect themselves. Such people are very anxious in front of criticism and usually act against their will. In very natural interactions between husband and wife, there are times when differences arise or needs are not met, as a result, both partners feel angry, frustrated and dissatisfied with each other. Therefore, if a conflict arises, the husband and wife should prepare for it. This preparation should not only be effective in terms of the ability to communicate effectively, but it should be based on the implementation of problem solving strategies in a systematic way that provides structure and order for conflict resolution meetings. Conflict resolution strategies are strategies that husband and wife use during discussions they use and how they react when they discuss.
Ali Salehi, Fatah Ostovar, Mohammadbagher Tavakoli, Kamran Shoorangiz,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Education is an important part of every student's life and students are considered the most important pillar of the education system of any country as they have outstanding psychological needs. Meeting the psychological needs of students is one of the biggest challenges in education. In the past decades, belonging to educational fields has been of interest. Researchers emphasize the importance of a school environment that facilitates a sense of community and belonging among students. The sense of belonging to the school has several benefits for the psychosocial development of students. Belonging to the school is "the extent to which students are personally accepted, respected, included and supported by others in the social environment of the school". This feeling is related to student's well-being, and having a sense of belonging to school is positively related to student performance, achievement motivation, social-emotional functioning, classroom behavior, and academic success, and it is also negatively related to school dropout. Students who have a sense of belonging to the school have social adaptation and academic success and are more successful in achieving higher educational degrees; Therefore, having a sense of belonging to the school is understood as a prerequisite for the overall performance of the school, and the relationship between the student and the school is of great importance. The feeling of belonging to school is a factor in increasing students' academic self-efficacy. Students who have academic self-efficacy show different characteristics, the most obvious of which is the feeling of belonging to the school, which has many effects on the personal and academic aspects of students. Academic self-efficacy refers to personal beliefs about one's abilities to organize and implement academic courses to achieve set standards and academic performance. This construct is known as a key predictor of student's academic performance and is one of the main areas of learning. Improving academic self-efficacy beliefs in students can improve their academic motivation. One of the new methods that can be effective in improving academic self-efficacy is motivation for progress.This study compared the effectiveness of brainstorming and problem-solving teaching methods on academic self-efficacy, motivation to progress, and sense of belonging to a school in tenth-grade students of public schools in Arak city. This research was applied in terms of purpose and semi-experimental in terms of methodology with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group.
Methods: This research was conducted in three stages: pre-test, intervention, and post-test. In the pre-test stage, all the samples answered the standard research questionnaires. After selecting experiment groups 1 and 2, the brainstorming teaching method was used in group one and the problem-solving teaching method in group 2. The control group remained without intervention. In the post-test stage, the sample answered the research questionnaires again.
Results: The statistical population of this research was all tenth-grade students of public schools in Arak city, of which 45 students were selected using the available method and were randomly divided into 2 training groups and 1 control group. Sample people in the pre-test stage to Mouton et al.'s school belonging questionnaires (1996); Jinks and Morgan's academic self-efficacy (1999); Achievement motivation Hermans (1980) answered. The brainstorming method test was performed on the first group, and on the second group, the problem-solving method protocol test was performed in 8 sessions. In the post-test stage, the sample answered the research questionnaires. The resulting data were analyzed using the covariance analysis method in SPSS24 software.
Conclusion: The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of brainstorming and problem-solving teaching methods on academic self-efficacy, progress motivation, and sense of belonging to the school in the tenth-grade students of public schools in Arak city. This research sought to answer the question that which of the teaching methods of brainstorming and problem-solving are more effective on academic self-efficacy, motivation to progress, and sense of belonging to the school of the student. The obtained results showed that the brainstorming method is the implementation of a group method to solve a problem, especially by presenting all the ideas of the students, because they freely express all the materials that come to their minds about the subject, and unconsciously and quickly from the findings and knowledge. They use their previous ones and present them to the class, so it can be effective in increasing the feeling of belonging to the school. Teaching students, with this method, increases the possibility of solving problems creatively, in this teaching method, they learn to facilitate the communication between solutions and ideas, new solutions that are proposed by their friends, and New ideas become familiar and they can use these ideas and solutions when necessary, for this reason, a sense of empathy is created between students, which is an example of a sense of belonging to the school. In this method, the class comes out of the state of stagnation and laziness, and in general, the classroom comes out of the state of being repetitive and brings diversity and relief from fatigue and happiness, this point can make the school and learning environment pleasant for students, and students are able Extra energy to be present in the classroom. It indicated the effect of both brainstorming and problem-solving teaching methods on academic self-efficacy, progress motivation, and sense of belonging to the school, and the comparison of effectiveness indicates the greater effect of brainstorming on the research variables. Therefore, teachers and educational planners can be advised to use this method in teaching students.
Methods: This research was conducted in three stages: pre-test, intervention, and post-test. In the pre-test stage, all the samples answered the standard research questionnaires. After selecting experiment groups 1 and 2, the brainstorming teaching method was used in group one and the problem-solving teaching method in group 2. The control group remained without intervention. In the post-test stage, the sample answered the research questionnaires again.
Results: The statistical population of this research was all tenth-grade students of public schools in Arak city, of which 45 students were selected using the available method and were randomly divided into 2 training groups and 1 control group. Sample people in the pre-test stage to Mouton et al.'s school belonging questionnaires (1996); Jinks and Morgan's academic self-efficacy (1999); Achievement motivation Hermans (1980) answered. The brainstorming method test was performed on the first group, and on the second group, the problem-solving method protocol test was performed in 8 sessions. In the post-test stage, the sample answered the research questionnaires. The resulting data were analyzed using the covariance analysis method in SPSS24 software.
Conclusion: The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of brainstorming and problem-solving teaching methods on academic self-efficacy, progress motivation, and sense of belonging to the school in the tenth-grade students of public schools in Arak city. This research sought to answer the question that which of the teaching methods of brainstorming and problem-solving are more effective on academic self-efficacy, motivation to progress, and sense of belonging to the school of the student. The obtained results showed that the brainstorming method is the implementation of a group method to solve a problem, especially by presenting all the ideas of the students, because they freely express all the materials that come to their minds about the subject, and unconsciously and quickly from the findings and knowledge. They use their previous ones and present them to the class, so it can be effective in increasing the feeling of belonging to the school. Teaching students, with this method, increases the possibility of solving problems creatively, in this teaching method, they learn to facilitate the communication between solutions and ideas, new solutions that are proposed by their friends, and New ideas become familiar and they can use these ideas and solutions when necessary, for this reason, a sense of empathy is created between students, which is an example of a sense of belonging to the school. In this method, the class comes out of the state of stagnation and laziness, and in general, the classroom comes out of the state of being repetitive and brings diversity and relief from fatigue and happiness, this point can make the school and learning environment pleasant for students, and students are able Extra energy to be present in the classroom. It indicated the effect of both brainstorming and problem-solving teaching methods on academic self-efficacy, progress motivation, and sense of belonging to the school, and the comparison of effectiveness indicates the greater effect of brainstorming on the research variables. Therefore, teachers and educational planners can be advised to use this method in teaching students.
Farzaneh Manzari Tavakoli, Majid Barzegar, Hossein Baghooli,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Parents of children with autism suffer more problems than parents of normal children and even than parents of children with other developmental disorders. Perhaps the most important problem for mothers with autism is the disruption of maternal imaginations and dreams or maternal representations during pregnancy. Maternal representations refer to a process in which the mother has emotional, emotional experiences and a mutual relationship with her fetus and expands the maternal identity for herself. Attachment between mother and fetus is the first and most important relationship that is related to the way and quality of mother-child communication. There is evidence of the development of attachment between mother and fetus during pregnancy, which is reflected in mothers' behaviors. A mother who becomes attached to her fetus during pregnancy is ready to establish a pleasant relationship with the baby after delivery and allow him to develop a safe and healthy attachment. Some evidence shows that the emergence of the mother's attachment to the fetus is a predictor of the mother's attitude and performance after childbirth, the mother's interaction with the infant, and attachment patterns after the birth of the child. Considering the effect of the child's characteristics and the context of care in each stage of development of children with autism disorder, to achieve a specific path, it is necessary to explain the changes in the representation of mothers with autism disorder. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to develop a structural model of attachment safety and maternal self-concept based on maternal representations before birth in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder in Shiraz city in 2022.
Methods: The descriptive study method was based on the structural equation modeling method, and its statistical population included all mothers with children on the autism spectrum who enrolled their children in exceptional schools and also had a case in the Autism Association of Shiraz. Their number was 987 in 1401. Using available sampling method, 360 mothers of affected children were selected who were willing to participate in the research. The research tools included the Middle Attachment Relationships Questionnaire (KCAQ) - Children's Attachment in the Middle Period by Halpern and Kapenberg (2006), Self-Concept Questionnaire (1983), and Carnelly's Mother-Fetus Attachment Behavior Questionnaire (1981). Data were analyzed using structural equation method and AMOS software.
Results: The results showed that there is a significant and increasing (direct) relationship between acceptance of the mother's role, accessibility, differentiation between self and fetus, and self-sacrifice with attachment safety. In other words, it can be said that the improvement and increase in the mentioned variables lead to an increase in attachment safety in mothers of children with autism disorder. There is a meaningful and increasing (direct) relationship between accepting the role of the mother, attributing characteristics to the fetus, distinguishing between self and fetus, and self-sacrifice with maternal self-concept. The results of the structural model in Table 6 indicate that acceptance of the maternal, accessibility, differentiation between self and fetus and selflessness have a significant and incremental (direct) relationship with attachment security. In other words, it can be said that the improvement and increase in the mentioned variables lead to an increase in attachment safety in mothers of children with autism. According to the path coefficients and based on the coefficient of determination index (R2), 3, 7, 2, and 9 percent of the changes in attachment safety are explained by acceptance of the maternal role, interaction with the fetus, differentiation between self and fetus, and self-sacrifice. Also, the intensity of the relationship between self-sacrifice and the safety of attachment was higher than in other relationships investigated. The results of the model in Figure 4 showed that there was no statistically significant relationship between attributing characteristics to the fetus and safety of attachment in the studied population (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The structural model of attachment safety and maternal self-concept based on maternal representations before birth in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder had a favorable level of adaptation. This breakthrough may be very challenging. The formation and consolidation of new skills such as expressing emotions, mutual interactions, regulating behaviors, and internalizing the mental representation of the caregiver's availability requires a new level of flexibility in the mother; Especially the mother of autistic children. A noteworthy point in the mothers investigated in this research, who had an autistic child, this caused a change in the mother's feedback about the relationship with the child, increased anxiety in coping with his needs, and created challenges in the daily interaction between the child and the caregiver; A problem that may lead to a change in the behavior based on the mother's sensitivity and consequently to the transformation of the child's internal working model. In fact, in this example, it is not the unsafe working models of the mother herself that is the main factor affecting the representation and sensitivity of the child, but rather the inconsistency and stability in the care system and, as a result, the desire for insecurity in children due to the inability of the caregiver. Accompanying the developmental characteristics of the child, accepting them, and aligning the current representations and caring behavior with these characteristics.
Methods: The descriptive study method was based on the structural equation modeling method, and its statistical population included all mothers with children on the autism spectrum who enrolled their children in exceptional schools and also had a case in the Autism Association of Shiraz. Their number was 987 in 1401. Using available sampling method, 360 mothers of affected children were selected who were willing to participate in the research. The research tools included the Middle Attachment Relationships Questionnaire (KCAQ) - Children's Attachment in the Middle Period by Halpern and Kapenberg (2006), Self-Concept Questionnaire (1983), and Carnelly's Mother-Fetus Attachment Behavior Questionnaire (1981). Data were analyzed using structural equation method and AMOS software.
Results: The results showed that there is a significant and increasing (direct) relationship between acceptance of the mother's role, accessibility, differentiation between self and fetus, and self-sacrifice with attachment safety. In other words, it can be said that the improvement and increase in the mentioned variables lead to an increase in attachment safety in mothers of children with autism disorder. There is a meaningful and increasing (direct) relationship between accepting the role of the mother, attributing characteristics to the fetus, distinguishing between self and fetus, and self-sacrifice with maternal self-concept. The results of the structural model in Table 6 indicate that acceptance of the maternal, accessibility, differentiation between self and fetus and selflessness have a significant and incremental (direct) relationship with attachment security. In other words, it can be said that the improvement and increase in the mentioned variables lead to an increase in attachment safety in mothers of children with autism. According to the path coefficients and based on the coefficient of determination index (R2), 3, 7, 2, and 9 percent of the changes in attachment safety are explained by acceptance of the maternal role, interaction with the fetus, differentiation between self and fetus, and self-sacrifice. Also, the intensity of the relationship between self-sacrifice and the safety of attachment was higher than in other relationships investigated. The results of the model in Figure 4 showed that there was no statistically significant relationship between attributing characteristics to the fetus and safety of attachment in the studied population (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The structural model of attachment safety and maternal self-concept based on maternal representations before birth in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder had a favorable level of adaptation. This breakthrough may be very challenging. The formation and consolidation of new skills such as expressing emotions, mutual interactions, regulating behaviors, and internalizing the mental representation of the caregiver's availability requires a new level of flexibility in the mother; Especially the mother of autistic children. A noteworthy point in the mothers investigated in this research, who had an autistic child, this caused a change in the mother's feedback about the relationship with the child, increased anxiety in coping with his needs, and created challenges in the daily interaction between the child and the caregiver; A problem that may lead to a change in the behavior based on the mother's sensitivity and consequently to the transformation of the child's internal working model. In fact, in this example, it is not the unsafe working models of the mother herself that is the main factor affecting the representation and sensitivity of the child, but rather the inconsistency and stability in the care system and, as a result, the desire for insecurity in children due to the inability of the caregiver. Accompanying the developmental characteristics of the child, accepting them, and aligning the current representations and caring behavior with these characteristics.
Neda Tahmasebi, Maryam Esmaeili, Mahgol Tavakoli,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Eating disorders are a group of common psychosomatic disorders that are mainly observed in early adolescence and young adulthood and are accompanied by abnormal feedback to eating and significant abnormalities in thoughts and perceptions about food, self, and body weight. These disorders can lead to problems such as damage to mental, physical, psychosocial functioning, and changes in food consumption or absorption. Binge eating disorder is one of the most common types of eating disorders and is identified as a separate eating disorder in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, with an estimated prevalence of about 3% in the general population. People with binge eating disorder eat a large amount of food in a given period of time (for example, within two hours), which is very different and more than the amount of food that most people eat in the same period of time and under similar circumstances. Also, people with this disorder have different psychological characteristics than other people and may feel deeply ashamed and embarrassed about overeating or binge eating and make a promise to themselves to give up this habit, but they feel so compelled that they cannot cope with it and continue to do so, causing them to feel stressed and restless. Therefore, it is understandable that people with binge eating use food as a strategy to control emotions and improve their emotions. In fact, behaviors related to binge eating are frequently associated with negative emotional states, including depression, anxiety, and anger, and it is assumed that a deficit in the general ability to regulate emotions, such as perceiving, understanding, moderating, and accepting negative emotions, increases negative emotions, reduces positive emotions, lowers self-efficacy related to emotions, and therefore provokes dysfunctional behavior as a means of avoiding negative emotions. Therefore, the present study was conducted by developing a treatment based on emotional factors of binge eating disorder in adolescent girls with this disorder.
Methods: The research is an exploratory research of qualitative nature that includes two parts: identifying emotional factors affecting binge eating disorder and developing an emotion-based treatment protocol based on the data-based method. In the first part, the sampling method was purposeful, and finally, based on theoretical saturation, 12 adolescents with binge eating disorder participated as a sample in the first part of the qualitative part of the present study. In the second part of the qualitative analysis, the statistical population included experts and psychology specialists who had executive backgrounds in the field of emotion-based psychological treatments and were active in the period 1401-1402. The measurement tools included the binge eating questionnaires of Gormali et al. (1982), an in-depth interview to investigate the causes of binge eating disorder, and a researcher-made questionnaire to investigate the opinions of experts about the sessions.
Results: After developing and validating the emotional components of binge eating in adolescent girls with this disorder, tasks at different levels were considered for the identified components to develop a treatment package, and finally, a 10-session emotion regulation-based treatment protocol was designed. First, the concepts of causal conditions, underlying conditions, intervening conditions, consequences, and strategies for reducing binge eating in adolescent girls with this disorder were obtained from the statements of the interviews. The findings showed that the causal conditions of binge eating in adolescent girls with this disorder included individual causes, cognitive-emotional causes, and interpersonal causes; the underlying conditions of binge eating in adolescent girls with this disorder included socio-cultural infrastructure and educational infrastructure; The conditions that interfere with binge eating in adolescent girls with this disorder include social causes, future-related causes, and cultural causes; the consequences of reducing binge eating in adolescent girls with this disorder include individual and interpersonal consequences; and the strategies that affect binge eating in adolescent girls with this disorder include educational strategies, empowerment, relationship improvement strategies, and sociocultural strategies. Finally, according to the results of the Fuzzy Delphi, the experts reached a consensus on all concepts of the pattern of causes of binge eating in adolescent girls, and the identified components were confirmed for the paradigm model of the pattern of causes of binge eating in adolescent girls. After developing and validating the emotional components of binge eating in adolescent girls with this disorder, tasks at different levels were considered for the identified components to develop a treatment package. Therefore, an emotion regulation-based treatment protocol was designed in 10 sessions. This protocol, which is presented in Table 1, is a combination of different techniques for training mental and physical awareness and emotion regulation skills for binge eating disorder.
Conclusion: Therefore, binge eating disorder occurs through emotional arousal in order to reduce the level of arousal and shows the importance of paying attention to the emotional dimension of this disorder and using emotion-based therapies to treat the symptoms of people with binge eating disorder. Emotion-based therapy is designed to help adolescents reveal and change their emotional experiences and engage with a set of perceptions, emotions, cognitions, physical experiences, and behavioral forms of personal reactions. In fact, one of the goals of emotion-based therapy was to work on the underlying processes and thoughts associated with unpleasant emotions by becoming aware of and correctly expressing the internal experiences of emotions, in order to regulate emotions and activate healthy emotions. This treatment method also strengthens positive emotion regulation so that adolescents can respond to environmental situations in adaptive and healthy ways.
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