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Volume 15, Issue 0 (6-2008)
Background & Aim: Opiates addiction is a phenomenon with complex physiological and social causes and consequences. The exact mechanisms of development of dependency and relapse remain unclear. Among the several possible mechanisms, the role of learning and memory in opiate dependency and relapse has received considerable attention in recent years. Therefore, in the current study the effect of morphine dependency induced by repeated subcutaneous injection of morphine on the above-mentioned parameters was examined. Material and Method: In this experimental study, animals in both dependent and withdrawal groups received morphine sulfate(10 mg/kg, s.c.) and normal saline was given to the control group. The administration of morphine sulfate and normal saline was done twice per day(8:00 AM & 8:00 PM) for 15 consecutive days. Dependent and control groups were observed from the 11th to 15th day but withdrawal animals were studied from the 16th to the 20th day. The animals were tested for four consecutive days(4 trials/day) to evaluate spatial learning process. During these 4 days(training days) the position of the hidden platform was unchanged. On the fifth day(probe trial) the platform was removed from maze to evaluate spatial memory process. The recorded spatial learning and memory parameters were subjected to ANOVA. Results: The data showed that traveled times and distances to find the hidden platform, the mean of swimming speed on training days, and also the percentage of times and distances traveled in the target quarter in the probe trial stage were not statistically different among the studied groups. Conclusion: These findings clearly imply that morphine dependency induced by the current method has no significant effect on spatial learning and memory, which may result from a relative tolerance to morphine in dependent animals.
Volume 18, Issue 86 (8-2011)
Background: Substance abuse is a major public health issue in all over the world. The types and ingredients of drugs used in our country are different from other countries. The study was conducted to determine relationship between substance abuse during pregnancy, and perinatal complications in Iran.
Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out over a 6 years period on all the substance user pregnant women (519 cases) and 519 non users attending 4 major educational university hospitals labor ward. All the substance user pregnant mothers abusing heroin, opium, crack, cannabis, crystal, methadone, and polydrug were included and compared to non-exposed ones.
Results: Our study demonstrated a 0.5% prevalence of substance abuse in pregnant women. Opium (62.6%) was the most prevalent substance followed by crack (20.3%). Pre-term birth was higher in all substance user groups, the most in crack group (45.8%) with relative risk of 2.55. Neonatal abstinence syndrome developed in 38.7% of infants born of addicted mothers (40.4% crack, 38.6% opiates, 35.3% crystal and 45.5% poly drug use). Neonatal birth weight of infants of mothers using crack, opium and polydrug were significantly lower to non -users (P<0.05). Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission in substance using mothers was significantly higher than non-users (P < 0.001). Neonatal death was 10.1% in crack group (RR=3.48) and 5.8% in opium user group (RR=2.79) with significant difference with non-users (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The frequent types of substances used during pregnancy in our country are different from others (opium was the most prevalent substance). Subsequently the frequencies of the complications during pregnancy are different. Substance abuse during pregnancy has increased risk of pre-term birth, Small for Gestational Age, NICU admission and neonatal death .
Volume 18, Issue 86 (8-2011)
Background : Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disease. Its association with low level of testosterone has already been shown in many studies. Considering the role of testosterone hormone in impotency, fatigue, and bone mass deficiency this study aimed to investigate the association between serum total testosterone, free testosterone index (FTI), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) with type 2 diabetic patients and other factors.
Methods : A cross-sectional, analytic study was conducted on 38 non-diabetic and 36 diabetic men aged 40-60 years old with Body Mass Index (BMI) 18-40 (kg/m2). Fasting serum total testosterone, SHBG, FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar), HbA1C, and other hormone tests were measured at the department of endocrinology, Firouzgar Hospital. The association between serum testosterone level, SHBG, FTI with FBS, HbA1C, BMI, and other factors were separately measured. For quantitative parametric variables, independent sample T test was used. For non-parametric variables, Mann- Whitney test was used. Pearson’s correlation was performed to assess the correlation between quantitative variables.
Results : The mean age of participants was 47.7±5.7 years. Serum total testosterone, FTI, and SHBG had no difference between case and control groups. No significant association was found between good glycemic control (HbA1C<7) and serum testosterone level. However, there was a negative correlation between BMI and age with testosterone level. Mean testosterone level of smokers was significantly lower than non-smokers (p=0.008).FSH (Fasting Stimulating Hormone) in diabetic group was significantly lower (p=0.04).
Conclusion : Our study has shown that there was no relation between serum testosterone level with type 2 diabetes and glycemic control in men.
Volume 19, Issue 101 (11-2012)
Background: Accumulative evidences suggest that any change in brain neurotrophins can be involved in brain development and function. However, little is known about age related alteration of the neurotrophins. In this experimental study, we investigated the adulthood changes in the locomotor activity and the levels of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) in selected brain regions of mice.
Methods: In this experimental twelve adult mice at 4 and 6 months of age were used and open filed test was performed to determine animal's locomotor activity. Hippocampus, cerebellum and cortex of the animals were isolated under deep anesthesia, and levels of NGF, BDNF and total protein were measured from extracts of tissues at the end of 4th and 6th months of age.
Results: Animals with 6 months of age were significantly hyperactive. We found a significant reduction for NGF in hippocampus (35.7%, p= 0.002), cerebral cortex (31.8%, p= 0.012), cerebellum (51.8%, p= 0.001) and for BDNF in hippocampus (11.2%), cerebral cortex (29.6%). However, BDNF level significantly increased in cerebellum (2.25 fold, p= 0.003) with age rising from four to six months. BDNF level were the highest in the hippocampus at the age of 4 months.
Conclusion: These results suggest that the sustained decrease of NGF and BDNF proteins in brain regions may be involved in the adulthood brain development.
Volume 19, Issue 104 (2-2013)
Background: Given the increase in prevalence of Coronary
Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) surgery and the significant role of psychological
factors in prognosis and relapse of cardiac disease, the present study is
designed to determine the relationship between psychological factors or
impotency and quality of life of male patients following CABG.
Methods: In this descriptive- analytical study 160
male patients were randomly selected four weeks after heart surgery and were
administered DASS-21, IIEF-5 and SF-36 to assess anxiety, depression and stress,
impotency and quality of life, respectively. Regression analyses (One-way
ANOVA) and Chi-square were performed to analyze the data.
Results: Findings showed that the average age of
patients was 60 (±10) years. Among psychological variables the average score
for depression was significantly related to the average scores of quality of
life (p=0.02). Furthermore, 62.4% of patients had some degrees of depression
86.7% had some degrees of stress and 47.3% had anxiety to some degree. Also,
85.5% of patients displayed mild to severe levels of erectile dysfunction which
were significantly correlated with scores in anxiety (p=0.03) and depression
(p=0.001). Finally, diabetic patients had higher scores in depression and
stress compared to non diabetic patients.
Conclusion: The findings
are discussed in the context of proposing interventional strategies for
improving psychological conditions of CABG patients.
Volume 20, Issue 109 (7-2013)
Background: Oral
mucosa of cigarette and hookah users is more susceptible for malignant changes,
so the purpose of this study is to assess the impact of cigarette and hookah on
morphometry features of oral mucosa.
Methods: In this
Historical Cohort study, Cytological smears prepared from three regions of oral
mucosa (Buccal mucosa, lateral border of tongue and floor of the mouth) in 40 smokers, 40 hookah users ,
40 non-smoker and non-hooka users were stained by Papanicolaou method. A
quantitative and qualitative change in cytology smears was evaluated in each
slide. Quantitative evaluation of 50 cells per slide was performed with Motic
Plus2 software. Practitioners were matched with age and sex.
Results: Increased
nuclear size, nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, Ferret ratio, reduced size of
cytoplasm was observed in cigarette users, hookah users, non-smokers and non
hookah users respectively (p<0.001). No Significant difference in
karyorrhexis, multilobed nuclei and cytoplasmic vacuolization in buccal
mucosa,tongue and floor of the mouth of cigarrete, hookan users(p=0.8) and non
smoker-non hookan users was seen. (p3=0.9) but inflammation(p< 0/001) and
candidiasis (p=0/002)were more in smokersand hookah users than non smoker and
non hookah users respectively.
Conclusions: Cigarette and hookah
are effective in cyto-morphometric changes of oral mucosa, but in this area,
The effect of cigarette is more than hookah.
Volume 21, Issue 119 (5-2014)
Background: This study was performed to compare the mefenamic acid consumption and exercise on pain relief of primary dysmenorrhea in non-athlete girls in Varamin city. In this regard, 30 secondary school adult students with maximum of two years of from their menarche and with moderate to severe degree of dysmenorrheal were selected.
Methods: In the first phase and on the first day of menstruation, participants’ scores were recorded. With a random systematic method, they were assigned to three groups: mefenamic acid, exercise and mefenamic acid + exercise. Next, with beginning the pain, the mefenamic acid group used mefenamic acid according to physician order. The exercise group participated in aerobic exercise with intensity of 55-70 % of maximum heart rate reserve and for 12 sessions of 45 minutes. In the Mefenamic acid+exercise group both variables were implemented. Then, the participants’ pain scores were recorded. The results were analyzed by paired t-test and ANOVA.
Results: In all three groups, the applied treatment to reduce menstrual pain of participants were effective. But the difference was not significant (p≤0.05).
Conclusion: Since there was no difference between the use of mefenamic acid and exercise, thus the synthetic drug can be replaced by the exercise so that the girl teenagers be safe from side effects of non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs.
Volume 21, Issue 126 (12-2014)
Growing in health care costs lead to increasing concern about
the economic impact of health costs on the family facing the disease. The aim
of this study was to investigate factors affecting the probability of
catastrophic expenditures exposure among households in Tehran.
Methodology:
The
main goal of research was understanding the factors affecting the probability
of catastrophic expenditures
exposure among households in Tehran using Econometrics Logit model. The
study considered all the areas of the Tehran city. The data were gathered with Urban Health Equity
Assessment and Response Tool
(Urban HEART) has been used in the research.
Findings:
In the year 2011 about 11 percent of people in Tehran have
been faced to catastrophic health costs. The results of Econometrics models show that
households with the number of members under 5 years or over 65 years,
unemployed or less educated head, or households with a chronic patient and
without insurance supports are more likely to face with catastrophic health
care costs.
Conclusion:
Volume 21, Issue 127 (1-2015)
Background: Having knowledge about utilization
of health care services is necessary for resource allocation and scheduling in
health sector. The general consensus is that the inequality in the utilization
of health care is unjust and unfair and health care systems should ensure equal
access to health care based on need.
Methods: The main objective of this study was to
identify factors influencing the utilization of health services, inpatient and
outpatient both in the public and private sectors using logit econometric models.
Domain of this study is 2011 and all regions of Tehran are considered. Urban
HEART questioners’ data was used in this research. Gathered data were analyzed and interpreted
in several stages and in the form of several logit models for inpatient
services, outpatient services and private and public services.
Results: The research findings showed that in 2011,
overall 40.07% of the populations of Tehran have used outpatient health
services and 18.69% of inpatient services. The main reasons for not
utilization of outpatient services was reported existing of medicine and
self-treatment at home and after that were having no money and services expensiveness
and resolve the problem. Between reasons for not utilization of inpatient
services, having no money and services expensiveness and lack of the expertise
required for households were more important than other factors. After
estimation of logit models the income, education, employment status, insurance
and household size have been diagnosed effective on health services utilization.
Existence of patients with chronic disease in
households was the most effective factor on health care utilization in both
inpatient and outpatient service groups.
Discussion: Policy makers in health sector need to
improve financial or economical access to health services, and in this regard,
the identification of households in the bottom expenditure deciles, living in
deprived regions, households with people over 60 and less than 5 years or
patient with chronic disease will be a good help for planning for increase in health
services accessibility.
Volume 23, Issue 147 (9-2016)
Abstract
Background : Beam-hardening artifacts in CT image set of patient with a hip prosthesis cause difference between dose distributions resulted by treatment planning system (TPS) algorithms and actual dose distribution in patient body. In this study, dose distributions of TPS algorithms were compared with the results of Monte Carlo simulations of Titanium and Steal as a hip prosthesis for different photon energy.
Methods: Siemens Primus linear accelerator was modeled using the MCNPX code for 6MV and 15MV energy mode. Dose reduction due to Titanium and Steal were calculated by different algorithms of Isogray TPS and compared with the results of Monte Carlo simulations of Titanium and Steal. The accuracy of the algorithms for different depth and energy was evaluated.
Results: In 6MV energy, for Titanium, there was 12.9%, 12.6% and 10.7% and for Steal, there was 14.3%, 14.1% and 12.1% differences between simulation results and TPS algorithms included Superposition, Collapsed cone and FFT Convolution respectively. In 15MV energy, for Titanium, there was 15%, 15.6% and 13.3% and for Steal, there was 21.7%, 22.3% and 20.1% differences between simulation results and TPS algorithms included Superposition, Collapsed cone and FFT Convolution respectively.
Conclusion: There was significant dose reduction due to hip prosthesis whereas the TPS algorithms do not have ability to predict the dose reduction accurately. Thus, use of Monte Carlo based algorithms recommend for dose calculation in patient with high density prosthesis.
Volume 23, Issue 151 (1-2017)
Background and Objective: Colorectal cancer is the most common cancer of digestive system in Iran.The incidence of this cancer has increased in recent years.The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival rate and to define the prognostic factors in Iranian colorectal cancer patients using competing risk model.
Materials and Methods: Data recorded from 1060 patients with colorectal cancer who registered in Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran) from 2004 to 2015 in a retrospective study. Analysis was performed using competing risks model. Software used for data analysis was STATA, and significance level was regarded as 0.05.
Results: The result indicated that, at the end of follow-up, 380 (35.8%) death was from colorectal cancer and 49 (4.6%) death was due to other diseases and 631 patients (59.5%) survived till the end of the study. The mean survival time for a patient in 1060 was 56.96±1.46 month with median equals 45.5 months. According to competing-risks method, only age at diagnosis and body mass index has a significant effect on patient’s survival time.
Conclusion: : In order to identify the prognostic risk factors on the survival of patients with colorectal cancer, in presence of competing risks, using the competing risk regression model was found more efficient compared to cox regression model.
Volume 26, Issue 1 (4-2019)
Background: Many studies have shown the role of psychological and behavioral risk factors in the etiology and physiopathology of cardiovascular disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between depression and stress and anxiety with personality type D in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Methods: A descriptive correlational study was performed on patients with coronary artery bypass referred to a rehabilitation center in Tehran Heart Center. About 378 pateints were selected using convienience sampling. The used tools were Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS21), and de Denollet Personality Type scale 2005 (DS-14).
Results: The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between personality type D (negative affect, prevent emotional) level of emotional distress (stress, anxiety, depression).
Conclusion: Psychological factors have an effect on the severity of coronary heart disease in type D personality. Hence, it is necessary to care about psychological factors (negative affect and emotional inhibition) of coronary heart disease patients during their the process of treatment treatment.
Volume 28, Issue 4 (7-2021)
Background & Aims: The use of smoking is considered as an important and widespread health problem in various sectors, including students in other parts of the world. Smoking, as one of the greatest threats to human health, causes the worst biological and psychosocial catastrophes and is one of the deadliest factors that increase the overall disease in the world, especially in relation to possible disease. Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, cancer and seizures have been reported (1). Of the world's 1.1 smokers, 80% are in low- and middle-income communities (2). In the study, 7.28 causes smoking in the age range of 18 to 24 years, which is the majority of students in the same age range (3). Findings of this study showed that 10.9% of students are smokers, 1.9% are women and 15.45% are men(4). Numerous factors have been investigated as possible causes of students' tendency to smoke; In the study of the existence of problems and incompatibilities with family members, especially spouses and parents, and increasing relationships outside the family, including friends, or feelings of loneliness increases the tendency to smoke (5). The feeling of loneliness is a common experienceamong all human beings that almost every person has experienced and experienc) 6).
Feeling lonely is a person's mental assessment of the situation in which he or she finds himself or herself, so that he or she will not feel as intimate in his or her friendly and intimate relationships as he or she would like. In other words, the feeling of loneliness can be considered as perceived social loneliness and not necessarily objective social loneliness. Feeling lonely as a threat to mental health (7); Increases stress and anxiety, dropping out of school, depression, shyness, low self-esteem, increases the risk of suicide and high-risk behaviors such as smoking and substance abuse in adolescents (5).
Another factor that seems to be the tendency to smoke is academic burnout. Academic burnout in students means feeling tired in doing homework and studying materials, having a pessimistic attitude towards education and feeling inadequate for education (10)
Burnout also occurs when a person experiences stress for a long period of time. The results of some studies indicate that academic burnout in students leads to despair and apathy (11). It seems that academic stressors provide the ground for students' tendency to smoke by creating grounds for emotional fatigue and feelings of academic inefficiency in students (12). Little research has been done on the relationship between the variables of academic burnout and the tendency to smoke. In studies of burnout, there was a positive correlation with personality traits of neuroticism and agreement and a negative correlation with personality traits of extroversion and openness, and no significant correlation was reported between conscience and burnout (13). . Research has shown that academic failure is a predictor of drug addiction (14). In a study, they found that drug use has negative effects on students' academic achievement (15).
Another variable that can be related to smoking tendency is sleep quality. Sleep quality refers to mental indicators of how you experience sleep, such as sleep satisfaction (16). Some studies on the young population have reported a higher prevalence of sleep problems in the sleep quality of the young population (17). The student population is a group that is particularly affected by sleep disorders (18) and sleep problems in this group are estimated to be 2 to 5 times the general population. They usually go to bed later, wake up later, and experience more boredom and fewer hours of sleep (19). They experience most of the conditions such as insomnia and insomnia, extreme fatigue, irritability and sensitivity, forgetfulness and neglect, difficulty concentrating and attention, physical complaints and personality-related disorders (20); It is clear that sleep-related problems and their diagnosis are an unknown public health problem among students (21).
Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of loneliness, burnout and sleep quality in predicting smoking tendency in students.
Methods: The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study consisted of all students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in the academic year 1397-98. Among them, 181 people were selected using available sampling method and to collect data from the questionnaire on smoking attitude (this questionnaire includes a Likert scale to measure the attitude to smoking, which in a total of 32 items with The reliability coefficient is 0.871 in three cognitive dimensions of 9 items with a reliability coefficient of 0.739, the emotional dimension of 11 items with a reliability coefficient of 0.825 and the behavioral dimension of 12 items with a reliability coefficient of 0.876 (27) Ditomasu loneliness and Colleagues (this scale has 14 questions and its purpose is to assess the level of social and emotional loneliness of individuals (romantic loneliness, family loneliness, social loneliness). The scoring method is based on a 5-point Likert scale that respondents agree with. Or express their opposition to these questions on a scale of 5 options from strongly agree (5) to strongly disagree (1) In this questionnaire, except for question 14, all other questions are scored in reverse Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also used for its reliability and the value of this coefficient for the dimensions of this questionnaire is as follows: romantic loneliness 0.92, family loneliness 0.84, community loneliness 0.78 (28), Practical burnout (This is a modified questionnaire of the general burnout scale, which has been modified for use in student samples. This questionnaire has a total of 15 questions and includes three subscales. Emotional fatigue is measured by 5 questions. Doubt and pessimism through 4 questions examined, academic self-efficacy is measured by 6 questions. All questions are scored in a 7-point continuum from never (0) to always (6). Cronbach's alpha for the dimensions of this questionnaire is as follows; Emotional fatigue 0.89; Doubt and pessimism 0.84; Academic self-efficacy (0.29) and Petersburg quality of sleep (this questionnaire measures seven factors of mental quality, delay in falling asleep, duration of sleep, useful sleep, sleep disorders, use of sleeping pills and daily dysfunction, and It consists of 18 items.The subjects answer a range of answers from zero to 3. The total score of the index also ranges from 0 to 21 and high scores indicate poor sleep quality and a score above 5 indicates significant sleep disturbance. Validity of 86.5 and reliability of 89.6 were reported (30) and statistical methods of correlation coefficient and multiple regression on SPSS 22 software were used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that the tendency to smoke with a total score of feeling lonely (R= 0.35, P= 0.01), burnout (R= 0.17, P= 0.05), sleep quality. (R= 0.15, P= 0.05) There is a positive and significant relationship. The regression results also showed that the combination of sleep quality, burnout and loneliness predicts 12% of the variance of smoking tendency scores. Also, the feeling of loneliness is the only variable that alone predicts the tendency to smoke.
Conclusion: According to the results, loneliness, burnout and sleep quality have important role in students' tendency to smoke. By providing counseling, workshops, and intervention programs to reduce these factors to prevent smoking in students can be helpful.
Volume 30, Issue 6 (9-2023)
Transgender people often face various manifestations of discrimination, including violence and harassment, occupational and job discrimination and even discrimination in receiving health care services, therefore, it is not surprising that transgender people experience a high level of psychological distress. Minority stress theory, which is a social theory, states that stress that is rooted in the experience of discrimination and social stigmas can endanger mental well-being, according to this theory, inequality that sexual minority people experience has many unpleasant psychological consequences, one of which is suicide attempt. Research confirms that these people are more likely to commit suicide, have clinical conditions such as depression and anxiety, or tend to use drugs more than normal sex groups.
Suicide, suicidal thoughts, suicide planning, self-harm and attempted suicide are among the main issues in public health that can be prevented. Suicide is a complex phenomenon. A phenomenon that is influenced by various personal, social, and environmental factors at different stages of a person's life. Psychiatric disorders, history of abuse in childhood have a significant impact on suicide attempts. The findings show that the possibility of committing suicide among sexual minority people is more than other groups of society. According to the World Health Organization, belonging to a sexual minority group is itself a cause of suicide. Statistics show that people in the sexual minority group are 1.5 to 2 times more prone to suicide, self-mutilation and depression than other people.
Methods: In order to access studies related to the purpose of the study, in domestic databases (SID, ISC, Noormags, Magiran, IranMedex and Irandoc) and international databases (Google-Scholar, Medline, PubMed, Elsevier, ProQuest, Springer) using related keywords. , was searched between 2012 and 2022. Finally, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 studies were finally selected. The following keywords were used to search for articles: a term that refers to trans people (trans-sexual, transgender, gender dissatisfaction, disorder gender identity, trans), terms that examine self-injurious behavior (self-mutilation, self-mutilation, non-suicidal self-mutilation) and to examine suicide from the keywords (suicide, suicide, suicidal thoughts, attempted suicide and mortality) has been used. Transgender terms along with the prepositions "and" and "or" were searched with the words suicide and self-mutilation. The articles used included researches that investigated the prevalence of suicide and self-harming behaviors in the transgender community. In addition, researches that investigated the potential factors that could lead to suicide and self-mutilation in transgender people are included in this research. Among the inclusion criteria, it is possible to mention the selection of only original research studies that were published in English. Also, only studies were selected where the diagnosis of gender phobia was made by a mental health specialist (psychiatrist-clinical psychologist). Published studies were selected only if their journals were double-blind peer review. Also, only studies published after 2012 were selected. Also, the exclusion of other articles such as reviews, case studies, and books, exclusion of studies before 2012, and non-use of an expert in transgender diagnosis were among the most important exclusion criteria. A total of 80 articles on this topic were found and duplicates were removed. The remaining abstracts were reviewed considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria and irrelevant ones were removed. The full text of the articles was reviewed by two authors separately. Finally, 15 studies were found to be eligible for inclusion in the review.
Results: In the studies that were reviewed in this research, a high prevalence of self-harming behavior among sexually bored people is confirmed. This behavior has been more in transgender men compared to people of the same gender. This finding can be assumed that the gender they were born with at birth, i.e. the female phenotype, plays a role in the way people face their feelings and resolve them. This finding is in line with researches that have shown that the possibility of self-harming behavior is higher in same-gender women than in transgender women. Despite gender differences, the rate of engaging in self-harming behavior is higher among transgender people than people of the same gender. This issue itself indicates an inconsistent way of coping in transgender people. According to the reviewed researches, this is also the case in suicide. Studies have shown that the rate of suicide attempts, suicidal thoughts and the prevalence of suicide in transgender people even after gender reassignment surgery is higher compared to people of the same gender. Researches that have been reviewed show that the amount of self-harming behavior decreases after the process of gender adjustment. The findings of this research confirm a strong correlation between being transgender and committing suicide and self-mutilation. Most of these people, rather than committing self-harm and suicide with the intention of dying, use it as an incompatible coping method in response to problems, but it exposes them to death. The findings can indicate the vulnerability of transgender people to mental health problems. The increase in the suicide rate in the trans population with increasing age can be related to the lack of social support, feelings of loneliness, being a victim of violence and discrimination. These factors also lead to a decrease in the quality of life of transgender people.
Conclusion: From this research review, it can be concluded that transgender people are at a higher risk of committing suicide and self-harmful behavior than people of the same gender. It seems necessary that in the future researches, this issue should be addressed more on how effective treatment measures can be taken to reduce risk behaviors and improve social support in these people. Therefore, mental health professionals who are in contact with these people need the necessary training to prevent suicide. For this reason, it seems that interventions that lead to an increase in social support and teach interpersonal skills to these people can be effective in reducing self-injurious behavior. For example, among trans people, families understand their child's gender identity less and accept the gender adjustment process. For some trans people, the desire to transition can lead to a complete disconnection with the family. On the other hand, the family's non-acceptance can prevent transgender people from exploring their identity. These things can lead to the experience of depression. It seems that therapeutic actions on the family of transgender people can increase the social support that people need. This process itself can lead to the improvement of the mental health of transgender people. Some interventions can also lead transgender people to learn more adaptive ways of coping.
Volume 30, Issue 7 (10-2023)
One of the factors that are of special importance in persuading people to buy is their psychological characteristics (9-11). Four factors of hedonism, uniqueness, perfectionism and materialism have been identified as psychological characteristics of individuals (13)).
Vigneron and Johnson (2004) stated in their research that customers have special needs and customer needs such as uniqueness, desirability and attention should be met (16)). These needs may stimulate psychological characteristics and lead to consumer purchases or individuals. Lee and Hwang (2011) in their study on the relationship between demographic and psychological characteristics of consumers' attitudes toward luxury restaurants stated that customers who tend to be materialistic and hedonistic, desirable attitudes and people who tend to despise Being an individual have unfavorable attitudes toward attitudes (15)). Zhang and Kim (2013) in their research showed that psychological characteristics including awareness of needs, the need to be unique and sensitivity to the normative effect on people's attitudes toward shopping (18). Dehravieh and Ashrafi (2018) also showed in their research that psychological characteristics such as having self-confidence, ability to manage stress, responsibility of people, having psychological abilities and emotional intelligence in finding innovative solutions can affect people's decisions (19).
Due to the fact that many sports products enter the sports products market with famous brands every year, there is close competition between large domestic manufacturing companies, which examines the factors affecting the motivation of consumers, especially sports elites, to buy and increase their loyalty. Various sports provide valuable information to these companies and their agencies in the current competitive environment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the dimensions of psychological characteristics and the encouraging of elite behavior.
Methods: This research is of descriptive-correlation type. The statistical population included all sports elites that 206 people were selected as a statistical sample based on the principles of determining the sample size and available method. Lee and Huang (2011) and Edwards (1993) Purchasing Behavior Questionnaire were used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 professors and experts and the reliability of the questionnaire based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the psychological characteristic’s questionnaire was α = 0.89 and the shopping behavior persuasion questionnaire was α = 0.76. Pearson correlation test and multiple regression with SPSS software version 25 were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a significant relationship between the psychological characteristics of elites and their purchasing behavior. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that only the components of uniqueness, perfectionism and hedonism have a significant effect on encouraging buying behavior that uniqueness (β = 0.858) had a greater effect than other components.
Conclusion: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the psychological characteristics of elites and their purchasing behavior. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that only the components of uniqueness, perfectionism and hedonism have a significant effect on encouraging buying behavior that uniqueness had a greater effect than other components. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (15,16). Individuals and elites who seek to be unique consider themselves unique rather than similar to others, and avoid products that have already been accepted and purchased by others. This self-perception can have a positive effect on the attitude towards buying products and motivate him to buy products. In addition, there is a positive and significant relationship between pleasure-seeking and attitudes towards luxury restaurants. This finding is similar to the study of Tissa (2005) In studying the effect of personal orientation on the values of commercial luxury shopping, he found a positive relationship between self-centered pleasure resulting from pleasure-seeking experiences and luxury brand consumption. The findings show that consumers who enjoy emotional pleasure expect to satisfy their pleasure needs with a variety of luxury restaurant features (27). Lee and Huang (2011) also showed that customers who value emotional pleasure expect their pleasure needs to be met with a variety of location or product features. Previous studies have reported that perfectionist consumers prefer high-quality brands to unreliable, low-quality products (27,28). Therefore, due to the effect of psychological characteristics on the motivation of elites to buy products and goods, it is necessary for shop owners and business managers to pay more attention to their psychological characteristics and motivations, such as uniqueness, hedonism and perfectionism. To. However, it is necessary to pay attention to their materialistic motives. Materialists, for example, view goods and products as symbols of various aspects of social identity that include social class and social prestige. In accordance with the unique motivation of monopoly and scarcity of products, high price and priority for it increases. In fact, their desire to monopolize is when they realize that the consumption and use of certain products are given to them, in other words, certain people. These people want to adapt to new products in order to show themselves unique from others. Therefore, this encourages them to buy products. According to the characteristic of hedonism, people are looking for products that, in addition to the desired quality, create intangible benefits and positive emotional value for them. The pursuit of pleasure and happiness is a natural desire for all people. However, society and those moving towards individualism will have higher levels of hedonic motivation to consume and persuade to buy. Because by buying their products, they create a kind of pleasure in themselves. According to the results, it is necessary to pay more attention to the psychological characteristics of people, such as uniqueness, perfectionism and hedonism in order to encourage people's buying behavior.
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