Razi Journal of Medical Sciences

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  Background : Diabetes mellitus as a chronic disease is associated with complications and stress. Empowerment as a coping index in health issues can be helpful among diabetic patients. In this study, we aimed to determine empowerment and adoption of self-management behaviors and its related factors among type 2 diabetic patients referring to hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences during 2010.

  Methods: This study was a cross-sectional research conducted during a 9 months period (2010-2011). A total of 688 samples were selected by random sampling. A questionnaire consisting of three parts including socio-demographic and health related data, diabetes empowerment scale (28 items), and diabetes self- management instrument (35 items) was used. Collected data was analyzed by SPSS software version 18 with using parametric and nonparametric tests.

  Results: Response rate was 100 %. Mean age of participants was 54.41± 8.22 (Mean ± SD). Study findings showed that empowerment had significant relation between level of education (p=0.006) and age (p=0.009). Self- management and some variables such as age (p < 0.001), level of education (p < 0.001), marital status (p=0.04) and disease duration (p=0.004) had significant relationship. Also, Pearson correlation coefficient showed that empowerment had reverse and linear relation with adoption of self-management behaviors among type 2 diabetic patients. Thus, by increasing empowerment score, adoption of self-management behaviors is increased (r = 0.28, p < 0.001).

  Conclusion: Regarding to relation between empowerment and adoption of self-management behaviors, focusing on planning empowerment based interventions has been more highlighted. It seems these strategies can be helpful in decreasing complications and mortality.

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  Background: Accurate estimation of medical costs is one of the health care policymakers' goals. Regarding to the feature of health data and the complexity of their analysis conventional models are not suitable for them. To model these data, all these characteristics should be taken into consideration. This study has estimated the average cost of gastrointestinal tract diseases and some factors influencing this cost using two part regression model.

  Methods: During 2006 to 2007 information of total 1907 gastrointestinal tract patients were collected in the research center for gastroenterology and liver disease of Shahid Beheshti University of medical science of Tehran as a retrospective cross-sectional study. For the purpose of modeling gastrointestinal tract disease cost, the two-part model was employed. In the first part, a logistic regression was fitted to the dichotomous events of having zero or positive expense and in the second part a multiple linear regression was fitted to positive expense and the effect of demographic variables, work ability, number of times visiting a doctor, the number of diagnostic tests, insurance, number of days absent from work or reduced efficiency and hospitalization on expense were assessed .

  Results: The average costs of gastrointestinal tract diseases and their standard deviations in parametric method were yielded as $75.93±122.29. Minimum and maximum of costs were respectively estimated $2.89 and $1394.32. While the actual average cost was $78.35±222.36, minimum and maximum were respectively zero and $5183.81. The results obtained from the two- part model revealed that "some demographical variables", "number of days absent from work or reduced efficiency" and "number of times visiting a doctor" have influenced having expense and the variables "number of days absent from work or reduced efficiency", "number of times visiting a doctor" and " hospitalization" " have influenced positive expenses.

  Discussion: The estimated cost made by this method is close to the true value. According to the lower standard deviation of estimations made by model, compared to the actual values, estimations from this model have high precision. In addition, this model has performed well to maximize zero costs.

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Background: Many of the old age problems result from unhealthy lifestyles in this stage of life. Focusing on successful aging and adopting Health-Promoting Behaviors (HPB) can prevent and decrease aging problems which in turn decreases the financial burden and related costs.

 

Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted on 464 elderly people over 60 years who were admitted at Health Houses for 12 months. Participants were selected through a two-stage cluster sampling and were placed in the control and intervention groups (232 participants in each group). The data collection tools included: a demographic checklist, Palmore Facts on Aging Quiz and the second version of Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile. The data were analyzed using the descriptive and analytical tests such as paired T-test and Pearson correlation coefficient.

 

Results: The mean age of the participants in this study was 65.9±3.6 years (range 60-73 yr). Results showed a statistically significant difference between the case and intervention group after the intervention in the mean scores of health promoting behaviors total and subscale and awareness of aging facts.

Conclusion: Aging is an inevitable process of life. It can be postponed or its problems can be decreased through focusing on effective educational intervention based on successful aging programs and become a desirable and enjoyable stage

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Background: Though, positive correlation and relationship between physical activity and maternal health, is proved, but, for a few reasons, physical activity declines during pregnancy. Some study suggests that self-efficacy is correlated with sustaining engagement in physical activity. The purpose of this study was to obtain physical activity level; self-efficacy and knowledge about benefits and safety during pregnancy among 205 pregnant women refer to health center of 22- region in capital Tehran.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a convenience sample of 205 pregnant women refer to health center.Tools of current study were self-reported questionnaire for assessing self-efficacy and knowledge about benefits and safety during pregnancy, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and demographics questionnaire. To assess statistical differences between groups, one-way analysis of variance & Chi-Square was conducted. Alpha level for statistical significance was set at 0.05 and data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software Version 16.0 (SPSS).

Results: physical activity self-efficacy was significantly related to maternal education (p=0.047) and physical activity level (p=0.008). There is significant relationship between maternal physical activity level and their education (p=0.011) and job (p=0.015). There is not significant relationship between self-efficacy and age (p=0.363) and gestational status (p=0.954). Only 33.1% (n=68) of participants knew that activity would increase maternal energy level, 52.2% (n=107) perceived that exercise can prevent the risk of gestational diabetes, and just 25.9% (n=53) reported that a mother who is overweight is more likely to have an overweight child.

Conclusion: Results verified that education was important role in women’s information about health benefits and safety knowledge related to physical activity during pregnancy.

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Abstract

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity, mortality and disability around the world. Education based on training models such as the health belief model is one of the most basic methods of prevention of diseases. The present study was conducted to determine the impact of teacher education based on the HBM model on promoting knowledge, attitude and performance of students in prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Method: This interventional study was conducted on 78 first grade high school teachersand 467 of their students in the city of Dehloran during 2013-2014. Teachers were divided into two groups of intervention (n=41) and control (n=37) and students were also divided into two groups of intervention (n=249) and control (n=218). Intervention group teachers participated in 6 planned educational sessions based on the HBM model using teaching aids. Teachers completed questionnaires after 3 months and students after 6 months. Data was analyzed by SPSS software through descriptive tests, paired-t test and independent t-test.

Findings: The perceived benefits structure significantly changed for teachers in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (p <0.01). The performance of intervention group students significantly changed in prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Conclusion: Educational intervention can be used as an effective factor in reducing risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in teachers and students through the HBM model from low ages.

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Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the pretreatment effects of time courses of training and different doses of medication in multiple organs (liver and heart) of rats treated with doxorubicin (DOX).

Methods: in this experimental study, Seventy-two Wistar male rats were randomly assigned to control and training groups with three subgroups: DOX 10mg/kg, DOX 20mg/kg and saline. The training protocol included treadmill running progressively between 25 to 54 min/day and 15 to 20 m/min, 5 days/week for 6 and 3 weeks. DOX and saline injection was performed 24 hr after the last exercise session, and tissue collection was done 24 hr after the injections.

Results: Acute administration of DOX 20mg/kg, caused a significant increase in Heat Shock Protein (HSP) and significant decrease in Catalase (CAT) and difference between two tissue (liver and heart) was significant. Six and three weeks training before DOX 20 mg/kg and DOX 10 mg/kg administration led to insignificant and significant increase in HSP, in the liver and heart, respectively. In addition, six weeks training before administration of different doses of DOX, led to significant increase in CAT in both tissue. Also, there was significant difference between two tissues after six and three weeks training.

Conclusion: The results of the present study represent that regular aerobic exercise, by increasing protective and antioxidant markers, can be prescribed as a pretreatment strategy against DOX-induced tissue toxicity (liver and heart).

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Background: Dysmenorrhea implies to the unusual feeling of pain in the lower abdomen during menstruation which can cause the person to stop her daily activities. This study aimed to determine the impact of nutritional style modification on reducing the severity of menstrual pain in female health personnel of Imam Khomeini hospital.

Methods: In this interventional study, after interviewing 120 employed people, 50 individuals with an average age of 31.48±5.08 (22-45 years) entered the study.

Test information was gathered through a questionnaire, multidimensional scale to determine the degree of menstrual pain, visual form and registration checklist that registered pain severity of dysmenorrheal. The nutritional education program, along with visual form was given to the participants to complete each month and the registration checklist of dysmenorrhea to complete at the end of the intervention.After 3 months, data was collected and analyzed using spss software version 19, descriptive test, paired T-test and anova repeated measure test. P<0.05 was considered as significant level.

Results: Nutritional education intervention, made a significant reduction in the average severity of menstrual pain in participants (p<0.001). Complications of dysmenorrhea after the intervention showed a significant reduction (p<0.001).

Conclusion: Nutritional education intervention makes the promotion of nutritional behaviors and reduces dysmenorrhea in women. Therefore, with regard to its cost-effectiveness and efficiency, you can use it to reduce dysmenorrhea.

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Disorders of sex development (DSDs) are a group of genetic abnormalities which develop from different conditions including chromosomal and gonadal disorders. The careful study of underlying pathways of sex development is necessary due to identification of genes that have a role in these pathways. And it can help to better understanding of the cause of disorder, genetic counseling and prevention of birth with the disorder. The informations of this article are obtained from searching through PubMed and Google scholar data banks. In this review article we will discuss the studies about genetic basis of the disorder and expression of genetic counseling process.

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Background: While marital relationship can be a source of many pleasurable experiences, it can also bring about the most painful experiences. In this regard, marital infidelity is one of the negative experiences related to married life. This is a topic that has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades and is known as the most harmful experience related to married life. Studies indicate the need to pay attention to the extent of the phenomenon of marital infidelity. In fact, marital infidelity can have far-reaching negative consequences, such as anger towards oneself and one's spouse, feelings of embarrassment, loss of trust, loss of identity and sense of specialness, decreased purposefulness, interpersonal problems, decreased self-esteem, mental health problems, guilt and depression for the betrayed person. These injuries can be more prominent in women. This issue indicates the need to examine the dimensions related to marital infidelity and provide interventions to deal with its negative consequences in women affected by infidelity. In this regard, there is evidence of a prominent relationship between cognitive and metacognitive beliefs as well as cognitive flexibility with the experience of marital infidelity. Given the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility to marital infidelity, interventions to improve these abilities in women damaged by marital infidelity are essential. In this regard, cognitive interventions, and specifically treatment based on acceptance and commitment, are very useful for women affected by marital infidelity. In fact, acceptance and commitment interventions emphasize cognitive components and aim to change dysfunctional cognitions. In this regard, acceptance and commitment therapy can be considered as an effective intervention to improve the metacognitive beliefs and psychological resilience of women affected by infidelity. A subject that has received few specific studies. Overall, given the relatively high prevalence of marital infidelity, the negative consequences of infidelity, the need for psychological interventions, the ineffectiveness of many intervention programs, and limited interventional studies, providing an effective intervention for victims of infidelity, especially women as the more vulnerable group is very much needed. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment on metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility of women damaged by marital infidelity.
Methods: The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population included all women damaged by marital infidelity who referred to the Islamic Revolutionary Tribunal of Sangar in 2018. Among them, 30 women were selected by convenience sampling method and then randomly assigned to experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The data collection tools included demographic questionnaire, Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ-30; Wells & Cartwright-Hatton, 2004), and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II; Bond et al., 2011). Acceptance and commitment group therapy was administered to the experimental groups in 8 sessions of 2 hours weekly. Finally, the data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.
Results: The results indicated that the acceptance and commitment group therapy significantly affect metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility (p<0.01).
Conclusion: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment on metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility of women damaged by marital infidelity. According to the findings of the study, group therapy based on acceptance and commitment was able to affect the metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility of women damaged by marital infidelity and improve their metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility. In explaining this issue, it can be acknowledged that the acceptance and commitment intervention in the present study, by emphasizing cognitive processes such as connection with the present, committed actions and acceptance, could bring about positive changes in the metacognitive structure of women damaged by marital infidelity. Through learning the acceptance process, participants learned to accept events and thoughts completely and without defense, as they are. In other words, they were taught that although their situation is sensitive and distressing, they should not prevent negative thoughts from entering their minds, but should be able to show the best performance by accepting these thoughts. The other component was self-observation. Participants found that they should perceive thoughts as they are and in a pure form and look at thoughts as a phrase or an image or a form, not as a consistent concept. That is, thoughts should not be described based on analysis, judgment, evaluation, and belief, so that it is possible to separate thoughts. The intervention also improved metacognitive beliefs through its effects on uncontrollability, the risk of negative thoughts, cognitive conflict, and positive beliefs about worry. In addition, the intervention program improved psychological flexibility, that is, staying connected to the present moment despite unpleasant thoughts, feelings, and physical conditions, so that behaviors are selected based on personal situation and values. Based on the results of the present study, acceptance and commitment group therapy can reduce negative consequence of marital infidelity and increase adjustment in women damaged by marital infidelity by enhancing their metacognitive beliefs and psychological flexibility. Therefore, it is recommended to increase adjustment in women damaged by marital infidelity.
 

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  The purpose of this study was to find a combination of nanocomposite polymer with biomechanical and physical properties suitable for use in the treatment of nerve damage.In this research PCL  and PHBV  with a ratio of 25/75, 10/90 And its nanocomposites were prepared using the same MWCNT nanoparticle with different weight percentages of 1 and 3 wt% by solvent method. To evaluate morphological properties were used Samples prepared of test SEM, TEM and DMA. In the SEM test has been shown that the two polymers are compatible and, we did not see anything in the compatibility by increasing the composition .
In the TEM test, is showed we had phase separation And CNT had a tended and And relative to PHBV is Incompatible and how much nanoparticles increase, CNTs are more likely to be spun.
In DMA test is shown that PCL is softer than PHBV and  After combining PCL and PHBV, the modulus decrease that its reason is combination hard material with soft material.
In the XRD test, it has been shown that the PCL sample has a much better and more stable crystallinity and crystallinity than PHBV. By alloying and the presence of carbon nanoparticles, it was found that the sample, which had the highest percentage of PCL and 3 percent by weight of carbon nanoparticles, gave us a much larger crystalline structure.

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Background & Aims: In a society where there is the problem of sedentary lifestyle, overweight and related diseases, air pollution also exacerbates these conditions. One of the institutions that can be effective in this field along with the relevant organizations with its comprehensive and purposeful programs in improving the health of people in the community and sports enthusiasts, are the boards and the sports federation. If those in charge of sports affairs cultivate sports activities in the general public and also the culture of exercising even in a short period of time according to the available facilities and conditions of the people in the society, they will reduce diseases and increase the health of the people. Meanwhile, the main task of the Physical Education Organization and its related institutions is to invite people and attract athletes to perform physical activity, because one of the types of sports delegations in the world is the federation and public sports delegations. The difference between public and championship sports is that in public sports, the main goal is "health for all", while in championship sports, the goal is "gaining skills and competition", ie those who do public sports aim to gain health and vitality. It is for oneself and others, and in public sports, true victory occurs when all members of the group are healthy and happy. Also, if the heads of delegations and sports federations have the necessary motivation in this regard, they will play a very important role in increasing the health of athletes. Motivation is the factor that causes people to show the best quality of their work in doing things. Motivation is one of the main factors that determine the performance of employees. A person's motivation includes all the reasons why a person acts in a certain way. The main issue in the field of motivation is the diversity of motivational factors and also their impact on the organization, according to the job and environmental conditions that must be considered by managers in order to achieve organizational goals. In other words, an unsatisfied need creates tension, and this stress causes sudden impulses to be aroused within the individual. These motivations are internal things that cause a person to display searching behavior in pursuit of specific goals. Attention to motivation in employees and the organization can affect all three components of creativity, namely expertise, creative thinking skills and motivation. But the reality is that influencing the first two components is much more difficult and time consuming. Intrinsic motivation can be significantly increased even with minor changes in the organizational environment. Employees who are internally motivated feel that they are impacted by the results of their work through their abilities, skills, and efforts, thus increasing their likelihood of creativity and innovation, while the perception of external control over them increases. Feelings of lack of influence over the work and its consequences, inability to perform activities and reduce their motivation. On the other hand, the study of motivational factors in organizations such as sports delegations that deal with the health of athletes and individuals in the community, is one of the most challenging research discussions and thinking in this area requires much study. Because the importance of sports and sports organizations is not hidden from anyone. Sport is one of the most important and fundamental factors in providing vitality and happiness of society and has an impact on national productivity, and as a result, has a positive effect on the economic prosperity and health of the country. According to previous research, no research has been done on the effect of individual and organizational motivational factors on the tenure of sports teams and its relationship with the health of athletes, so the results of this study can provide a model for future scientific selection. And more precisely, the candidates for the presidency of the provincial sports boards should be used and cause people to enter the boards whose personal and organizational motivations are in line and cause the development of sports and the health of athletes and members of the community. Therefore, this research has been done in order to answer the question whether individual and organizational motivation affect the tenure of provincial sports delegations? Is there a relationship between the individual and organizational motivation of the heads of sports delegations and the health of athletes?
Methods: This research was a descriptive-correlational study that was conducted by Delphi interviews and fieldwork. Also, the present study is applied in terms of purpose and retrospective in terms of data collection time. The statistical population of the study was divided into two parts:
A) Qualitative section: including 15 managers and deputies of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of the provinces, presidents of sports federations and professors of sports management were selected to achieve theoretical saturation by theoretical and judgmental sampling. B) Quantitative section: includes all the heads of active provincial sports delegations in the country, which was estimated at more than 1400 people in 1398, and by random sampling of two-stage clusters (based on geographical areas) first randomly from among the provinces 20 provinces and in the next stage 10 provinces (Tehran, Isfahan, Gilan, Mazandaran, Ilam, Hamedan, Hormozgan, Fars, Khorasan Razavi and South Khorasan) were selected and 400 questionnaires were distributed and sent, of which 384 questionnaires were completed and completed. Was analyzed.
Data collection tools included the following questionnaires:
A) Researcher-made organizational motivation questionnaire that by studying the research background, had 27 items and 7 subscales (interpersonal interaction, general working conditions, organizational growth, sports factors, political factors, economic factors and social factors); B) The researcher-made questionnaire was individual motivation with 37 items in 8 dimensions (interpersonal interaction, task, general working conditions, personal growth, reward, individual political factors, individual economic factors and individual social factors).
The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) developed by Goldberg is one of the most well-known screening tools available in Forms 12, 28, 30 and 60. In this set, a 28-question form was prepared in four dimensions of physical symptoms and general health status, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression. Due to the researcher-made two questionnaires of individual and organizational motivation, because it can not be done by face validity and Cronbach's alpha reliability, the validity of divergent and convergent structures was reported by exploratory factor analysis and values with the help of statistical software SPSS 21 and SmartPLS.3. Were analyzed.
Results: The results showed that individual and organizational motivation factors had an effect on the tenure of the provincial sports delegations and also the results showed that the individual and organizational motivations of the heads of sports delegations had a significant relationship with the health of athletes.
Conclusion: In general, individual and organizational motivation can affect the tenure of the head of sports organizations and also there is a relationship between individual and organizational motivation of sports heads with the health of athletes and individuals in the community, and this indicates that motivations Individual and organizational candidates for the presidency of sports delegations should be examined as much as possible to increase the level of health of individuals in the community and athletes.

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Background & Aims: Organizational behavior has long been considered, but the debate over the last two decades about organizational behavior of employees is called "organizational citizenship behavior" (2). Organizational citizenship behavior provides the attitude and capacity of employees to empower and increase their flexibility in line with the goals of the organization and in different environmental conditions; And provides the necessary conditions for organizational success and effectiveness (5). Because today, achieving the goals of organizations depends to a large extent on the proper performance of employees (6). This is more important in educational organizations, especially education (7). But one of the factors that affect the occurrence of organizational citizenship behavior is moral intelligence (11). Moral intelligence not only provides a strong and defensible framework for human activity, but also has many applications in the real world. People with high moral intelligence always link their work with ethical principles, which in turn increases the commitment and responsibility of individuals and improves individual and group performance (13). Many people's behaviors and actions are influenced by moral values and are rooted in morality. Therefore, lack of attention to ethics in organizations and weakness in observing ethical principles can create many problems and question the legitimacy and actions of organizations (14). However, considering the role of education in the future of the country, identifying variables related to moral intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior is of particular importance for better planning and improving the quality of teaching staff. In this regard, one of the variables that seems to be related to organizational citizenship behavior and moral intelligence is genuine leadership. Genuine leaders are deeply committed to the well-being of others and, as one of the characteristics of genuine leadership, pay special attention to the issue of caring ethics (19).
Mental health is another component that may be related to moral intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior. Mental health is one of the most important components of a healthy life in which numerous factors are involved in its proper or unhealthy formation. Accordingly, in parallel with examining the relationship between ethics and physical and mental health, researchers sought to define new concepts related to ethics and explain their components (22). Finally, in organizations, the most important and sensitive roles are played by managers. In order for managers to be able to perform their duties and activities well, employees must feel that their managers are trustworthy. Trust between management and employees will have a great impact on the quality of management. Therefore, the decline of trust in organizations is one of the issues that cause unmotivated and indifferent employees and slow implementation of programs (26). Considering the the importance of organizational citizenship behavior and moral intelligence on the work efficiency of education staff on the one hand, being adjacent to the three provinces of Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan and behavioral and cultural similarities and structural and environmental characteristics on the other hand And considering that research conducted inside and outside the country did not find research to examine the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior with moral intelligence and the mediating role of genuine leadership, mental health and organizational trust in the Department of Education as In the present study, the researcher intends to model organizational citizenship behavior based on moral intelligence through genuine leadership, mental health and organizational trust.
Methods: The present study is based on the model of structural equations in terms of applied-developmental goal and in terms of correlation method. The statistical population of the present study included 3301 managers, deputies and employees of education departments in the three provinces of Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan. 344 people were randomly selected as the sample. Library and field resources (questionnaire) were used to collect information. To measure moral intelligence from the standard questionnaire of Lenick and Kiel (2005), to measure organizational citizenship behavior from the standard questionnaire of Podsakoff et al. (2000), to measure authentic leadership from the standard questionnaire of Walomboa et al. (2008), to measure mental health from the standard questionnaire GHQ designed by Goldberg and Hiller (1979) and the standard questionnaire of Elonen et al. (2008) was used to measure organizational trust. The face validity and content of the questionnaire were approved by academic experts. CVR All indicators were evaluated and approved more than 0.8. Cronbach's alpha was used to confirm the reliability of the instrument, which was higher than the acceptable minimum (0.7). Data analysis was performed using the path analysis approach with the help of Smart-PLS software version 3.2.
Results: According to Table 2, the research variables are in good condition. Also, the value of the square root of all variables is greater than the value of the correlation between them, which indicates a good divergent validity and good fit of the measurement model.
The coefficient of determination shows that 78.9% of changes in organizational citizenship behavior are explained by moral intelligence, genuine leadership, mental health and organizational trust. The standardized path coefficients and the significance of the coefficients in Figure (2) show that there is a direct relationship between moral intelligence and genuine leadership (β = 0.789), mental health (β = 0.805) and organizational trust (β = 0.866). And there is meaning. Also, there is a direct and significant relationship between moral intelligence (β = 0.192), genuine leadership (β = 0.219), mental health (β = 0.244) and organizational trust (β = 0.295) with organizational citizenship behavior. has it.
The indirect coefficient of moral intelligence through the variables of genuine leadership was 0.173, mental health was 0.197 and organizational trust was 0.255, so that the sum of indirect effects is 0.625 and the total is 0.816, which is significantly less than the Sobel test. 5% can be said to mediate the variables of genuine leadership, mental health and organizational trust in the relationship between moral intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior.
Conclusion: According to the results of the present study and the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and moral intelligence directly and through the mediating role of genuine leadership, mental health and organizational trust, we realize the importance of organizational citizenship behavior. On the other hand, it can be argued that genuine leadership can enhance organizational citizenship behaviors by increasing the positive context in employees and promoting ethical intelligence and interest in employees. It can also be argued that moral intelligence through mental health is based on abilities and characteristics that provide valuable outcomes and results and lead to the emergence and development of organizational citizenship behavior. Finally, organizational trust creates a sense of security for employees and improves their organizational commitment and performance, and motivates employees to act beyond their duties. In this way, employees are sensitive to the better performance of work and the improvement of the image of the organization, and voluntarily and unconsciously engage in organizational citizenship behaviors.
 

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Background & Aims: Wound dressing materials allocate a great portion of skin and draught maintenance in the global medical market.  In previous times the conventional dressing materials as natural and synthesized bondage, Cotton and gas were used for caring of skin wounds. Nowadays the production of modern wound dressing of higher restorative capabilities has attracted the attentions. These modern wound dressing can precipitate the re-epithelization, collagen synthesis and angiogenesis. These modern wound dressing materials can reduce the PH and perform as a barrier to bacterial penetration. There are several methods available for production of fibers and nanofibers. Between these methods electrospinning has attracted much interests. By this procedure it is possible to produce composite fibers and porous mats. The cells can penetrate to these pores and grow appropriately. The manufactured fibers usually have proper uniformity and the dimensions can vary from several nanometers to micrometers. These fibers can be used in different applications such as the filters, the fortifiers, the scaffolds and the wound dressing materials. The biocompatible materials are among the best choices for fabrication of the wound dressing, They can provide the necessary condition for growth of derma and epidermal layers. The multi-polymers Mat fibers have been used for tissue engineering applications, as they have the capability of the simulation of the extracellular Matrix. Drug addition to these scaffolds can enhance the function of this system and improve the restoration capabilities.  The electrospun wound dressing materials facilitate the tissue growth. The electrospun nano-fibers have similar structures to that of the skin and have higher compatibility with blood. They make the wound and tissue restoration possible.
In this research the production of two layers wound dressing materials has been conducted by the electrospinning Method. The downward layers of these wound dressing materials have been manufactured from polyvinyl alcohol. Polyvinyl alcohol is a synthetic polymer which has proper electrospinning properties, and therefore it can be used for nanofibers production. The fibers have high tensile strength and an appropriate flexibility. This material is one of the oldest and most common materials that have been utilized for drug delivery systems, wound dressing and wound maintenance, contact lens and artificial limbs. This polymer is biocompatible, and due to the hydroxyl groups, it has reasonable water absorption. Also for infection inhibition vancomycin drug has been loaded in this layer.
Methods: Many different wound dressing fabrication methods have been used for many years. Among these techniques, electrospinning has attracted a lot of attention. This simple and cost-effective method produces nano and micro fibers substrates which simulate extracellular matrixes and provide a suitable porous structure for cell adhesion and proliferation. In this study, electrospinning was used for the fabrication of two-layer wound dressing, consisted from chitosan and poly (lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) as the first layer and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and vancomycin as the second layer. For the first layer electrospinning, the solution of chitosan, poly-lactic co-glycolic acid has been provided and transmitted to 5 ml syringe and located in the place.  the syringe tip attached to the electrical current source and the electrospun fibers were collected it on a aluminum foil covered collector. The ejection action was performed by the flow rate of 2 ml per hour and the electrospun fibers were manufactured on a 50 mm diameter collector.  In this research, the distance between the nozzle and the collector was 120mm and the rotating speed of the collector was 16 RPM. The device voltage was set at 15 kilovolts. For electrospinning of the second layer the solution of polyvinyl alcohol and vancomycin was provided and transmitted into 5ml syringe, just like previous steps.  The injection process was performed by the volume rate of 1 ml per hour and electrospun fibers were gathered on the 15 mm diameter collector.  In this level, the distance between the nozzle and the Collector was 200mm, the rotating speed was 10 RPM and the device voltage was set at 15 kilovolts. For cross-linking, the samples were located on the vapor of glutaraldehyde and HCL by the molar ratio of 1:10 for 12 hours.
Results: Electrospun two layer wound dressing microstructure was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed that both layers have homogenous bead free interconnected porous structures. Image measurement software revealed that fiber diameters ranged from 0.2 to 1.2 micrometer, which can provide a proper substrate for cell proliferation. Functional groups of raw materials and chemical bonding between layers were assessed by FTIR analysis. In order to evaluate layers absorption capacity, they were soaked in PBS solution for 24 hours. They showed about 112.4±10.2 % PBS absorption after 24 hours. So they can absorb wound secretions and keep the wound environment dry. Biodegradation tests showed that 32.7 % of these two layer wound dressing was degraded after 3-weeks immersion in PBS solution. Drug release tests demonstrated a burst release of vancomycin in the first hours which followed by decreasing releasing rates. These releasing manner lowered infection appearance in the wound site. Antibacterial activity is an important factor in wound dressing and the co-existence of chitosan and vancomycin provided approximately 98.72 % bacterial reduction in the antibacterial assay. Although the antibacterial test showed a significant reduction in bacterial growth, the MTT test showed that these scaffolds are biocompatible and provide a favorable environment for cell attachment and proliferation.
Conclusion: The images of the microstructure electrospun substrates depicted that electrospun two-layer polyvinyl alcohol vancomycin and poly lactic co-glycolic acid chitosan substrate has a porous fiber structure, in a way that these pores are interconnected.  The fibers of two layers have no beads and they have relatively homogeneous distribution. The water absorption of these scaffolds showed suitable inflation strength in 24-hours of submerge in phosphate buffer saline.  Also the degradation capability of the samples demonstrated the approximately 32% degradation of the structure in 3-weeks.  It illustrated convenient degradation time of wound dressing and it is in good correspondence with previous researchers. Drug delivery assessment of vancomycin from these samples was relatively explosive in the initial hours.  But it reached an equilibrium state in some hours.  The initial explosive delivery can lead to eradication of the initial bacteria and it is a key factor in wound dressing applications. The antibacterial assessment of their structure demonstrated high antibacterial capabilities due to the existence of chitosan and vancomycin in these scaffolds. About 98% of the batteries at the dose of 10 mg/lit were perished.  Also the cellular viability investigation for these scaffolds proved non-toxicity and biocompatibility. The cultured cells on the scaffolds had normal morphology. According to acquired results in this study, it seems that these two layer electrospinning substrates can be useful for wound healing.

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Background & Aims: Salmonella Typhimurium belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, gram-negative bacilli and causes gastrointestinal diseases such as typhoid. This bacterium has a special structure and various genes, including the ompf gene (outer membrane protein). Recent studies have shown the possibility of using ompf in the development of a diagnostic tuberculosis vaccine. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clone and sequence the ompf gene of Salmonella typhimurium, the causative agent of typhoid in Escherichia coli Oragami, in order to obtain a vaccine.
Purines are the outer membrane proteins of gram-negative bacteria, which act as receptors for bacteriophages and are effective in a variety of functions such as solution transport, pathogenicity, and immunity. Salmonella typhi purines show heterologous epitopes on their loops, giving them the potential for diagnosis and vaccination. The outer membrane proteins of Salmonella typhi allow ions to pass through. Omp (outer membrane protein) is a member of the purine family, which is highly expressed in gram-negative bacteria.
OmpC, D Omp, and F Omp purines of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi are ternary proteins that create pores on both outer membrane surfaces. The presence of protein pores makes this membrane permeable to low molecular weight solutes. Large molecules of antibiotics slowly perforate the membrane, which is one of the reasons that gram-negative bacteria are resistant to many antibiotics.
Methods: Sampling of people with salmonellosis was performed during 4 months from the infectious ward of medical centers in Tehran province. After identifying and performing specific biochemical tests, Salmonella typhi was isolated and DNA was extracted. Salmonella typhi strains with ompf gene were then extracted by PCR. The ompf gene of the positive strains was transfected into the Escherichia coli bacterium by vector and cloned by TA technique. Finally, the expression of genes in Escherichia coli Oregami was measured by Real time PCR technique. ClustalX and Mega5 software were used to draw the phylogenetic tree. After visiting the following site and studying and searching in various articles, suitable primers for Ompf gene were selected. The primers were compared and blasted at the site (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) and ordered from Sinagen. The primers were diluted with distilled water to a concentration of 100 picomoles and then to a suitable concentration of 10 picomoles. According to studies, 3 suitable pairs of primers were selected and ordered from Bioneer.
In order to clone the PCR product faster and more efficiently, the TA-Cloning method is used. The TA-Cloning PCR kit was prepared by Sina Gene Company. As stated in the kit protocol, this method uses a linear vector called PTG19-T with the thymine base at the end ´3. The use of PTG19-T linear vector, which has a thymine base at the end of 3, leads to direct, fast and easy binding of the PCR product to the cloning vector. As a result, a cyclic molecule containing the gene we want is formed, which has the ability to reproduce spontaneously in a suitable host such as E. coli. In this method, no enzymatic digestion step is required and this step has been eliminated
Results: A total of 12 Salmonella typhi isolates were isolated from the screening of clinical specimens sent to the laboratory, which were identified based on morphological characteristics, microscopy and biochemical tests. Of these, only one wasolate had the ompf gene. After cloning, ompf genes, cloned selection colony strains (blue / white) were isolated. In order to confirm the results of DNA cloning, it was extracted from suspicious colonies and analyzed by Real time PCR. Sequence, m13 and proliferation curves confirmed gene expression in Escherichia coli origami.
In order to determine the molecular identity of Salmonella typhi, 16s general primers were used (PCR result in Figure 7) and finally the PCR product was sent to Bioneer for sequencing and BLAST.
Conclusion: In this study, by genomic evaluation of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from patients with tuberculosis, ompf gene with immunization potential was extracted from this bacterium in order to make a vaccine and cloning was successful. Finally, by examining the phylogenetic tree drawn in this study, the degree of similarity and kinship of Salmonella typhi with other species was shown.
Typhoid is an infectious disease caused by Salmonella typhi and is considered an important protein in immunological research due to the ability of the Ompf gene. This gene has the potential to stimulate immune responses by isolating and cloning the ompf gene separately. Salmonella typhimurium in Escherichia coli can be used to meet treatment needs and achieve an effective vaccine. Out of 12 Salmonella typhi isolates, only one strain carried the ompf gene. The gene was transferred to the host bacterium via the ptg19 plasmid and cloning was successful. This recombinant protein has the potential to be used in immunization and vaccine development. The phylogenetic tree drawn in this study showed the similarity and kinship of Salmonella typhi with other species.
In addition, S. typhi induces the expression of excitatory molecules on antigen-containing cells through conventional signaling pathways. However, the main potential of S. Typhi for use as vaccine compounds is unknown. Here, the characteristics of S. typhi against a range of related laboratory and clinically antigens were investigated. Co-immunization of S. Typhi with ovalbumin protein (OVA), in addition, immunization of S. Typhi protein, generates anti-influenza IgG elements, changes antibody class and matures. In general, OmpF proteins are versatile vaccine compounds, which can be used to enhance cellular immune responses and improve antibody responses.

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Background & Aims: Aging is a result of physiological changes, such as a higher level of stress, functional impairment, decreased hormone production, and decreased metabolic rate, which can lead to catabolism and degeneration of organs (1). These processes lead to progressive loss of nerve extensions, bone mass, skeletal muscle mass, and strength. These are phenomena that disrupt the ability to perform daily life activities, reduce the quality of life and increase the risk of falling (2). Decreased ability to maintain balance may be associated with an increased risk of falling. In the elderly, falls usually lead to injury, loss of independence, associated illness, and premature death (22). Mobility, being strong and steadfast can help the elderly to remain independent, increase self-confidence and well-being with age (23). Cognition, the ability to think clearly, learn, and remember, often changes with age. Although some people develop cognitive impairment or other types of cognitive decline, many older people experience fewer changes in memory and thinking (12,13). The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association determined that cognitive function can be divided into six key areas (13). These areas include executive function, attention, learning and memory, language, motor-perceptual function and social cognition. The areas that are especially shocking for this research are memory, executive function, complex attention and social cognition, memory is the ability to encode, store and retrieve information (14). Anxiety, depression and cognitive decline are common problems in the elderly population. which contribute to significant mental complications and illness (19). Group movement and mindfulness exercises are specifically designed to strengthen the body and improve neural flexibility and multitasking ability. Group exercise and mindfulness include lots of fun cardio, strength and balance movements that increase heart rate, and can improve flexibility and reduce the risk of some diseases in the elderly (23).
Methods: The present research was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design, with two experimental groups and one control group and a one-month follow-up test. The statistical population of the research was made up of all the elderly in District 5 of Tehran. The participants were selected by the Federation of Public Sports in Tehran. It was done by purposeful sampling. 60 people with an average age of 60-75 years, in the movement group (20 people), the mindfulness group (20 people), and control group (20 people) were included in the research. Fullerton-Rose & Loches (2006) Advanced Balance Clinical Instrument: This scale is a performance-based measure that broadly refers to various dimensions of balance. The brief cognitive status test was used to screen and evaluate the cognitive status of the elderly. This test was created by Folstein (1997) (7). The short form of the depression scale of the elderly was used to screen and examine the depression status of the elderly. This questionnaire, was created by Sheikh and Yasavij (1986), consists of 15 questions. The method of conducting the present study was that after receiving the code of ethics (Ir.iau.srb.rec.1399.147) from the National Biomedical Research Ethics Committee, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Science and Research Branch, a pre-test was taken from the participants. Then group movement intervention and mindfulness intervention were conducted for 12 weeks and after the end of the interventions, all the participants were tested in two rounds.
Research data analysis: Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used for data analysis. In the inferential statistics section, the method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements and its presuppositions and Benferoni's post hoc test were used. All statistical tests were analyzed at a significance level of 500, and SPSS version 24 software was also used for data analysis.
Results: In this research, the assumptions of analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni's post hoc test including normality test, homogeneity of variance matrix, homogeneity of variance of groups, homogeneity of variances and homogeneity of regression coefficients were implemented and investigated. The results of the Shapiro-Wilk test indicated the normality of the data distribution of the variables used for variance analysis. The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measurement show the difference between the experimental and control groups in the scores of emotional state (moderate depression, anxiety), cognitive state, overall balance score. The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measurement in depression showed that the difference between the depression post-test scores in the groups of group movement intervention, mindfulness exercises and the control group was significant for the source of group changes (F=7.88, P<0.05). Using Bonferroni's post hoc test, it was shown that there is a significant difference between the group movement intervention group and the control group (MD=0.691, P=0.001) and also between the mindfulness exercises group and the control group. The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measurement of anxiety showed that the difference between the post-test anxiety scores in the groups of group movement intervention, mindfulness exercises and control was significant for the source of group changes (F = 7.88, P<0.05). Using Bonferroni's post hoc test, it was shown that there is a significant difference between the group movement intervention and the control group (MD=0.747, P=0.001) and also between the mindfulness exercises group and the control group.
Conclusion: The present study, which was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness and comparison of group movement intervention and mindfulness on balance, emotional state and cognitive performance of the elderly with and without mild cognitive impairment, shows the positive effect of group movement intervention and mindfulness on improving balance, emotional state and cognitive function. The results of the research showed that group movement exercises and mindfulness exercises have a positive and significant effect in the post-exam. No significant difference was observed between the balance scores of the two groups of group exercise and mindfulness in the post-test. These very interesting findings show that not only exercise training can improve metabolic parameters, but if it is a group exercise, it improves motor, emotional and cognitive performance. Increasing motor, emotional and cognitive functions is important to reduce the risk of cognitive impairment. Therefore, the results of the present study show that group movement intervention and mindfulness in healthy elderly people can be implemented well. Adaptation and training causes continuous changes in the physiological parameters of motor, emotional and cognitive functions, and if it is group motor training, it changes to a greater extent. The present findings may contribute to recommendations for people of retirement age to cope with long-term declines in physical function, metabolism, and health. This research recommends that it is never too late to participate in exercise training to improve motor performance and that group exercise intervention is superior to mindfulness training. In addition, continued group exercise and mindfulness seem to help improve the maintenance of several parameters related to overall body function and health.

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