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Samira Masoumi Zavariani, Majid Zargham Hajebi, Hasan Mirzahoseini,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Research literature on family functioning shows that family members interact with each other in subtle ways. It provides a new approach to the human evolutionary framework. Greenspan's model, which is introduced as the transformational approach of individual differences based on communication (DIR); considers all the sensory, motor, cognitive, social, and emotional dimensions of the human being in an integrated way. In this approach, every human being is born with unique biological characteristics, and in interaction with his social and cultural environment, he climbs the evolutionary ladder and, in order, to the capabilities of self-regulation, joint attention, being absorbed in relationships and attachments, Voluntary emotional signaling and exchange achieve long loops of emotional signaling and joint social problem solving, creating and applying ideas, and bridging between two or more ideas. These basic capabilities are established during infancy and childhood and are enhanced throughout life. In the framework of the family, the focus of this model is on how the family as a whole unit supports or weakens the above vital functions and designs the ideal nurturing environment. Therefore, in this model, the family is considered from the perspective of infancy and early childhood and in the form of a transformational approach. In general, dysfunction in the family causes confusion, worry, communication disorders, and threats to the health of its members. In fact, what happens in the family and how it works plays an important role in its flexibility and adaptation to difficult conditions and situations. In a well-functioning family, the problem-solving process goes well; Plans and responsibilities are clear and flexible, communication between family members is clear and direct, members' emotions are well shared and supported, and finally, conflicts are clearly raised and resolved. The research results show that the components of the family's evolutionary function are a good predictor for the psychological health profile, and the family's evolutionary function, along with the parenting styles, can be a strong predictor for children's mental health. The structure and psychological environment of the family, which is the general combination of the set of relationships between the family members, each affects the individual's performance and behavior in a special way in order to face psychological problems and pressures, new situations, fears, and anxieties. to give One of the challenging situations for families is the role of parenting and how to interact with children. In the functional system of the family, parents have the most important role as the first coach of the child in raising and how the child behaves, and neglecting and neglecting this cause serious consequences in their lives. having parents who do not always provide emotional support to the child; It can solve many psychological and social problems of people. Also, the fundamental factor in the formation of a person's relationship with himself and others is the person's experiences during infancy and childhood in relation to the primary caregiver, which affects his subsequent relationships with himself and others. Parent-child interaction is the first representative of the child's world of communication and an important and vital relationship to create security and love. Child-parent interaction refers to mutual emotional and behavioral responses between parents and children during the transformation process, which cannot be through talking, seeing, hearing, availability, and other communication methods. Parent-child relationship plays an important role in children's mental health. This means that the parent-child relationship, especially the mother-child relationship and the quality of life of the original family, is of great importance and is essential for the children's health. Therefore, the quality of education and parent-child relationships in the early years of childhood lays the foundation for his future social and emotional cognitive development. Various studies show that about 30% of children and adolescents will experience a recognizable behavioral disorder during their lifetime. But 70 to 80 percent of them do not receive the appropriate intervention to solve the disorder. These disorders lead to failure in performance in various fields, including academic and family fields, which ultimately causes academic failure or delinquent behaviors. In general, dysfunction in the family causes confusion, worry, communication disorders, and threats to the health of its members. In fact, what happens in the family and how it works plays an important role in its flexibility and adaptation to difficult situations. In a well-functioning family, the problem-solving process goes well; Plans and responsibilities are clear and flexible, communication between family members is clear and direct, members' emotions are well shared and supported, and finally, conflicts are clearly raised and resolved. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of parent-child relationship in the relationship between children's externalizing problems based on the family's evolutionary function.
Methods: The method of this research was a descriptive correlation coefficient type. The statistical population of the present study includes all mothers of children who referred to counseling centers in Qom in 1401. The sample size was obtained by Cochran's formula of 210 people. The questionnaires used to measure the transformational functioning of the family by Aali et al. (2012), Pianta's parent-child relationship (2011) and the child's behavior list - parents' version were used. Pearson's correlation test and regression and path analysis were performed using significant coefficients and t value, and SPSS and pls software were used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that the transformational function of the family reduces the externalizing disorder, and the intervening effect of the parent-child relationship variable in the relationship between children's externalizing problems based on the transformational function of the family was also confirmed.
Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the variable has a reducing effect on externalizing disorder. This means that the parent-child relationship can cause the family's transformational function to reduce externalizing disorder in a better way. In fact, in the present study, due to the low level of the family's transformative function in the examined children, the externalizing disorder has increased, but the existence of an average level of parent-child relationship has caused the negative effect of the family's transformative function to be less severe. The results showed that the independent variable of family transformational function directly affects externalizing disorder. The negativity of these relationships shows that the direction of the effect is opposite, that is, with the increase in the transformational function of the family, the amount of disorder decreases, and in the absence of the transformational function of the family and its dimensions, the amount of externalized disorder in the examined children has increased. Also, the role of the mediator variable has been added to this model. Based on the obtained results, the variable has a reducing effect on externalizing disorder. This means that the parent-child relationship can cause the family's transformational function to reduce externalizing disorder better. In fact, in the present study, due to the low level of the family's transformative function in the examined children, the externalizing disorder has increased.
Samira Masoumi Zavariani, Majid Zargham Hajebi, Hasan Mirzahoseini,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background & Aims: One of the positive characteristics of parents influencing the child's future is their sense of self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is one of the most important human traits for feeling competent, and this trait plays a fundamental role in determining the type of interaction people have with life issues in various fields. Basically, self-efficacy is the belief in a person's ability to perform difficult tasks and deal with concerns caused by certain situations. Self-efficacy enables people to do extraordinary things in dealing with life's problems. Experts believe that self-efficacy has various dimensions. According to scholars, one of the dimensions of self-efficacy that is very valuable in the psychological life of parenting is parental self-efficacy. In fact, parents need to have a sense of self-efficacy in order to effectively deal with the psychological events of their children's upbringing. In general, parental self-efficacy refers to how confident parents are in raising and managing their children's behavior. Bandura (1997) believes that parental self-efficacy is an important potential construct that is related to family and child functioning. It also describes self-efficacy as doing the desired action that is a reflection of people's perceptions. In general, the recognition of self-efficacy is considered one of the main aspects of human rights, and the self-efficacy of parents is actually their beliefs and ability in the successful growth and upbringing of their children. Parental self-efficacy is an important cognitive structure related to the performance of parents and The assessment of parents is defined as their ability to fulfill their role as a father or mother. When parents feel competent and capable, they are more likely to use more effective parenting methods, which can ultimately lead to favorable developmental outcomes. Self-efficacy determines a person's feelings, thoughts, emotions, and behavior. According to his belief, the high level of this belief in a person improves the performance and level of well-being of a person. A high sense of self-efficacy about abilities makes a person try to overcome problems when faced with difficult issues and avoid behavior in a person decreases. If parents feel unworthy, they become weak and suffer severe stress and their self-confidence decreases and they gradually suffer from depression and other mental problems, and this severe stress affects their inability to educate effectively. Also, a weak sense of self-efficacy in parents leads to an unstable and powerless parenting style, which leads to poor outcomes for children based on numerous evidence of these factors. Research results seriously show that there is an inverse relationship between the high self-efficacy of parents and children's behavioral problems. On the contrary, strong evidence indicates a positive relationship between parents' sense of greater self-efficacy and their competence in effective education and better children's results in such a way that parental self-efficacy leads to increased sensitivity, warmth, and responsiveness to children. This is one of the protective factors against the onset of children's problems. Nowadays, one of the concerns of families and even those in charge of the development of childhood and adolescence is raising and raising a successful child. Therefore, parents, as the first agents of education, play an important role in the successful development of a child. In researches that study internalized and externalized disorders, interpersonal factors such as the role of parents are often investigated. According to the expert of structural theorists of the family, in order to identify and change this structure by observing its function over time, one should focus on the following components: First, the totality of the family system means that the members in the form of what special arrays govern their exchange with Are they related? Although these arrays are not clearly expressed or identified, they ultimately create a whole, a family structure, and of course, the nature of this structure follows an order that is different from the individual nature of each member. Second, how are the interconnected functions of subsystems in the family and how do they function in relation to each other? The family realizes its main functions to some extent through organization in the form of its subsystems, which include the subsystems of spouses, children, and parents. In recent years, the behavioral, emotional, psychological and emotional problems of children have attracted the attention of psychologists and psychiatrists, who along with the developmental process of the child, the psychological problems of childhood have been transferred to the stage of maturity and adulthood, and gradually the treatment of emotional problems and it becomes more difficult psychologically. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explain the model of children's internalized problems based on the transformative function of the family with the mediation of parental self-efficacy.
Methods: The method of this research was a descriptive correlation coefficient type. The statistical population of the present study includes all mothers of children who referred to counseling centers in Qom in 1401. The sample size was obtained by Cochran's formula of 210 people. The questionnaires used to measure the transformational functioning of the family by Aali et al. (2012), Dumka's parenting self-efficacy (1996), and the child's behavior inventory - parents' version were used. Pearson's correlation test and regression and path analysis were performed using significant coefficients and t value, and SPSS and pls software were used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that the independent variable of family transformational function has a direct effect on internalized disorder. Also, the mediating role of parental self-efficacy has a reducing effect on internalizing disorder.
Conclusion: The results showed that the independent variable of family transformational function has a direct effect on internalized disorder. The negativity of these relationships shows that the direction of the effect is opposite, that is, with the increase in the transformational function of the family, the amount of disorder decreases, and in the absence of the transformational function of the family and its dimensions, the amount of externalized disorder in the examined children has increased. Also, the role of the mediator variable has been added to this model. Based on the obtained results, the variable of parental self-efficacy has a reducing effect on internalized disorder. Parental self-efficacy can make the family's transformational function better and reduce internalizing disorder. In all the mentioned research, the variable of the family's transformational function has caused the reduction of internalized disorders in children, and of course, the degree of effect has been different in the research. Therefore, the current research results can be considered in line with other research that has been discussed in this field. Children with internalizing problems face complex challenges in their growth and development. Internal issues often include emotional problems such as anxiety and depression. Anxiety, based on social issues or public concerns, can have a significant impact on children's well-being. Depression, known for persistent feelings of unhappiness and hopelessness, adds to the burden once again. Behavioral disorders, resistance to orders, or violence towards peers may indicate these externalizing issues. These behaviors may act as a way to express or deal with internal anomalies. Both internal and external problems can greatly affect a child's development. Internal problems may hinder cognitive development, cause problems in academic performance, and create challenges in establishing positive relationships. Knowing the main factors is essential for effective intervention. Family dynamics, traumatic experiences, genetics, or problems with emotion regulation can add to these problems. Understanding these factors can contribute to a broader nature of interventions. Interventions should be tailored to help each child specifically. This may involve collaboration between parents, educators, and mental health professionals. Providing a supportive environment, strengthening healthy strategies for facing challenges, and teaching effective communication skills are among the critical components of the intervention. Based on the obtained results, parental self-efficacy variable has a reducing effect on internalized disorder. Parental self-efficacy can make the family's transformational function better and reduce internalizing disorder.
Methods: The method of this research was a descriptive correlation coefficient type. The statistical population of the present study includes all mothers of children who referred to counseling centers in Qom in 1401. The sample size was obtained by Cochran's formula of 210 people. The questionnaires used to measure the transformational functioning of the family by Aali et al. (2012), Dumka's parenting self-efficacy (1996), and the child's behavior inventory - parents' version were used. Pearson's correlation test and regression and path analysis were performed using significant coefficients and t value, and SPSS and pls software were used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that the independent variable of family transformational function has a direct effect on internalized disorder. Also, the mediating role of parental self-efficacy has a reducing effect on internalizing disorder.
Conclusion: The results showed that the independent variable of family transformational function has a direct effect on internalized disorder. The negativity of these relationships shows that the direction of the effect is opposite, that is, with the increase in the transformational function of the family, the amount of disorder decreases, and in the absence of the transformational function of the family and its dimensions, the amount of externalized disorder in the examined children has increased. Also, the role of the mediator variable has been added to this model. Based on the obtained results, the variable of parental self-efficacy has a reducing effect on internalized disorder. Parental self-efficacy can make the family's transformational function better and reduce internalizing disorder. In all the mentioned research, the variable of the family's transformational function has caused the reduction of internalized disorders in children, and of course, the degree of effect has been different in the research. Therefore, the current research results can be considered in line with other research that has been discussed in this field. Children with internalizing problems face complex challenges in their growth and development. Internal issues often include emotional problems such as anxiety and depression. Anxiety, based on social issues or public concerns, can have a significant impact on children's well-being. Depression, known for persistent feelings of unhappiness and hopelessness, adds to the burden once again. Behavioral disorders, resistance to orders, or violence towards peers may indicate these externalizing issues. These behaviors may act as a way to express or deal with internal anomalies. Both internal and external problems can greatly affect a child's development. Internal problems may hinder cognitive development, cause problems in academic performance, and create challenges in establishing positive relationships. Knowing the main factors is essential for effective intervention. Family dynamics, traumatic experiences, genetics, or problems with emotion regulation can add to these problems. Understanding these factors can contribute to a broader nature of interventions. Interventions should be tailored to help each child specifically. This may involve collaboration between parents, educators, and mental health professionals. Providing a supportive environment, strengthening healthy strategies for facing challenges, and teaching effective communication skills are among the critical components of the intervention. Based on the obtained results, parental self-efficacy variable has a reducing effect on internalized disorder. Parental self-efficacy can make the family's transformational function better and reduce internalizing disorder.
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