Razi Journal of Medical Sciences

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    Background & Aim: Diabetes is one of the risk factors for coronary artery diseases. Pathologic changes in the vasculature that occur in DM(Diabetes Mellitus) lead to coronary artery diseases. There are some reports that these groups of patients have longer ICU staying than non-diabetics. This descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of diabetes on pump time and ICU staying in CABG patients. Material & Method: During 2001 and 2002, 122 diabetic and non-diabetic patients who came to Namazi Hospital for coronary artery bypass grafting entered our study and their pump time and ICU staying were determined and analyzed statistically by Mann-whitney U test. Results: There was no difference between diabetics and non-diabetics regarding pump time and ICU staying. But the association between the number of coronary grafts and pump time and also pump time and ICU staying was significant. Conclusion: The results showed no significant difference between diabetics and non-diabetics in the length of ICU staying and pump time, but there was a linear relation between the pump time and ICU staying. The extensiveness of the coronary artery disease is the major determinant of the pump time and ICU staying after CABG(Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting).

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Background: Shoes is the first point of contact between the foot and the ground in walking.Any change in that could affect the balance and postural stability. The risks associated with slipping and falling is related to the materials of footwear, surface condition, and geometric design of the shoe sole. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of different shoe sole tread groove depths on the stability during walking on dry and slippery surfaces.

 

Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 22 healthy young men with average age 24.5±3.43 years wore the oxford standard shoe and walked on two different surfaces (dry and slippery) with three different groove depths (1, 2.5 and 5 mm). In fact, there were six different test conditions. Data was collected by the VICON Motion Analysis system and Force plate set. The Paired T-test was performed to study the effects of groove depth and surface contamination on the Coefficient of Friction (COF) and Fluctuations Rate of Ankle (FRA).

 

Results: The results showed that on slippery and dry surfaces, increase in groove depths leads to increase of COF and decrease of FRA (p<0.05). Also values of COF on slippery surface were less than dry surface significantly (p<0.01).

 

Conclusion: The aim of this study was to find the groove depth which has the optimal stability. In our study, the deepest groove (5 mm) was better for reduction of FRA and increase of COF during walking on slippery and dry surfaces.

 

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Background: Vaginitis is one of the most common reasons for patients seeking a physician’s care. Cervicitis is cervical inflammation due to infectious or noninfectious pathogens and can be acute or chronic. Some of these pathogens are transmitted to sexual partner or cause morbidity in gynecological surgery. Furthermore, bacterial vaginosis is a cause of morbidity in pregnancy. This study reviews screening and management of common vaginitis (bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, trichomonas and desquamative inflammatory vaginitis).
Methods: With search in academic books in obstetrics and gynecology and infectious disorder and search engines, new results about vaginitis is presented.
Results: Vaginitis can be cured spontaneously in candidiasis but in some women bacterial vaginosis is a cause of morbidity in pregnancy and gynecological surgery.
Conclusion: By understanding the pathophysiology of these diseases and having an effective approach to their diagnosis, physicians can institute appropriate therapy to treat these conditions and reduce long-term sequelae.
 

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Background: The current study reviews fundamentals of medical obstetrics in Holly Quran. The Holy Quran have clearly explained the pregnancy and obstetrics events. As these general subjects play an important role in healthy fertility in human beings, this study is done to discuss some important fundamentals of obstetrics, including pregnancy, healthy fertility and lactation.
Methods: The method of this study is based on some documents using the verses in the field of women, obstetrics and scientific bases of embryology present in the Holy Quran.
Results: With the use of the Holy Quran verses we realize that the health of women and their hygiene in fertility has religious base and it is one of the necessities for having a healthy and growing society.
Conclusion: Important comments in Islamic education with comprehensive and strong motivation in the field of obstetrics have been noted for more than fourteen century

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Upper genital tract infection causes inflammation in multiple organs such as endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and pelvic peritoneum. This type of disease is caused due to infection with cervical pathogens, such as Neisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, bacterial vaginosis pathogens, and respiratory pathogens. The pathogens which involve the respiratory system and cervix are streptococci type A and enteric pathogens. The primary goal of this study is reviewing reasons for having cervicitis and upper genital tract infection by discussing the appropriate treatments. Pelvic Inflammatory disease is one of the major topics of this field which needs a review since it engenders multiple disorders such as chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Moreover, even by performing a treatment, there is a good chance of seeing sequela and scar in the fallopian tube in such patients. It should be noted that although recent progress in detecting/treatment of the infection during the early stages, infertility caused by PID is a major concern for health system. Additionally, subclinical PID remains poorly controlled, which needs more attention. In developing country Prevention programs, such as chlamydia screening or vaccination, should be developed to mitigate the infection problems.
 

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Background: Regular aerobic exercise training is one of the most effective methods for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the patiens with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of continuous and High intensity Interval training (HIIT) on the gene expression of TIMP-2 and MMP-2 genes in diabetic rats.
Methods: This is an experimental study. For this purpose, 21 male diabetic rats were divided into 3 groups of 7; Continuous Aerobic Exercise (CT), High intensity Interval training (HIIT) and Control (C). Diabetes was induced in a pellet with a high-fat diet (30% fat and 25% fructose) for 16 weeks. After the last exercise and recovery session, the subjects were sacrificed and their left ventricle was extracted. Glucose oxidase was used to measure glucose in plasma using ELISA method to measure insulin levels and HOMA-IR method was used to measure insulin resistance index. PCR-Real time was used to determine the expression of TIMP-2 and MMP-2 genes and comparison of the groups by one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc test to determine the difference between groups at alpha level of 5%.
Results: The results showed that gene expression of MMP-2 in both groups of CT (p=0.01) and HIIT (p=0.001) showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. The TIMP-2 gene expression in both CT (p=0.03) and HIIT (p=0.001) groups was significantly higher than the control group. Weight in the groups did not show any significant changes compared to the control group. Glucose and insulin in the training groups showed a significant difference compared to the control group, and the HIIT did not show a significant difference between the two groups in terms of continuation training group.
Conclusion: It can be concluded 8 weeks of HIIT training with a greater effect on reducing the expression of MMP-2 gene and modifying the expression of TIMP-2 gene in myocardium in a poorly regulated diabetic rats and possibly reducing the risk of diabetic cardiomyopathy.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to determine effect of the aerobic continuous versus high-intensity, interval training on IRE1 expression and its correlation with insulin resistance index of liver tissue in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods: Twenty-four heads of male Wistar rats (weight 160-180 g) after 7 months of high-fructose-containing diet were divided into three groups of control, aerobic continuous and intermittent exercise. They practiced the protocol in five days a week for two months. Blood samples were collected 24 h after the last training session, and liver tissue was immediately extracted. Pearson correlation, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze the data.
Results: Both exercise models reduced IRE1 gene expression in the liver of type 2 diabetic rats compared to the control group (P=0.005), but no significant differences were observed between the two exercise groups (P=0.877). There was a correlation between the expression of IRE1 gene and insulin resistance index such that decrease of IRE1 gene expression resulted in decrease of insulin resistance index (r=-0.667, p=0.003).
Conclusion: The results of this research show that both HIIT and continuous aerobic training can be used to improve the studied parameters in type 2 diabetic subjects.

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Background: Physical activity has various impacts on antioxidant defense, which depends on its intensity and duration. On the other hand, ALSO vitamin D has antioxidant properties. However, the simultaneous effect of these interventions on antioxidants is not well understood. So, the aim of present study was to investigate theeffects of combination of aerobic training and Vitamin Don GPx concentration and oxidant–antioxidant balance (PAB) in lung tissue of rats exposed to Hydrogen Peroxide.
Methods: In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats weighing 220 ± 20 g, aged 8 -10 weeks were randomly divided into 5 groups of oxygenated water (n = 6), oxygenated water - vitamin D (6 = n), oxygenated water - aerobic exercise (n = 6), oxygenated water - aerobic exercise and vitamin D (n = 6) and healthy control (n = 6) were divided into intervention protocol for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. (Induction of oxidative stress, aerobic exercise and vitamin D intake). Research variables were measured by specialized kits and ELISA in lung tissue. Inferential data were analyzed using Shippo-Wilk tests, one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test.
Results: The interaction of aerobic training with vitamin D caused increase in GPx and significant decrease in PAB (P>0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the combination of aerobic exercise and vitamin D under conditions of induction of oxidative stress can induce improve the antioxidant activity and reduce oxidative stress and has protective effect on lung tissue.

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Background: The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and vitamin D on the gene expression of HSP70 in the lung tissue of rats exposed to oxygenated water.
Methods: In this experimental study, 30 male male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of six each: oxygenated water, oxygenated water plus vitamin D, oxygenated water plus aerobic training, and oxygenated water plus aerobic training plus vitamin D. The groups underwent the respective interventions for 8 weeks. HSP70 gene expression were measured by real time and PCR.
Results: The aerobic training and vitamin D a lonely caused significant decrease in gene expression of HSP70 compared to oxygenated water (P<0.05) but the interaction effect of aerobic training and vitamin D interactiondid not significant.
Conclusion: It seems that aerobic training and vitamin D induce improve of oxidative stress and inflammation in lung tissue.
 

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Background & Aims: Nowadays, breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in the world. In this disease, increased oxidative stress and causes the tumor cell to proliferate. Because decreased the function of estrogen receptors inhibits the synthesis and function of insulin growth factor 1 and inhibits signaling of the protein tyrosine kinase with the inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, After that, weakens the aerobic capacity and occurs heart disorder. However Regular exercise training it diferense volume Prevents an increase in tumor volume. By setting up signal paths In gene expression Cardiomyopathy Reduces it in people with breast cancer.  The purpose of the present study Effect of 10 weeks of High intensity interval training on tumor volume, Response IGF-1, Genes AKT,m TORC-1 Myocardium was in mice with breast cancer.
Methods: This is an experimental study. For this purpose 12 Balbesian female mice were divided into 2 groups of 6; High intensity interval training (H) and Control (C) Tumor induction By injection MC4-L2Done. The exercise protocol was performed for 10 weeks of the high intensity interval training group was as follows 35 minutes: After 5 minutes of warm-up program with 30 to 40% VO₂max intensity, High intensity interval training in 6 cycles between 85 to 90% VO₂max in 3 minutes and 20 seconds, with 90 seconds of active rest between each cycle of 30 to 35% VO₂max and 5 minutes of cold Was performed with an intensity of 30 to 40% VO₂max. Tumor volume weekly It was measured and recorded by a caliper. 24 hours after the last training session The mice were sacrificed and their left ventricle ejected. SDS-PAGE and primary and secondary antibodies were used to measure IGF-1 protein synthesis levels, and Realtime-PCR and GAPDH control genes with forward and reverse primers were used to measure gene expression.
Results: The results showed that IGF-1 protein in HIIT group increased show any significant changes compared to the control group (p=0.005). gene expression of AKT in HIIT group (p=0.01) Increase compared to the control group. The m TORC-1 gene expression in H group (p=0.01) was significantly higher than the control group. tumor volume in the H group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p=0.006). According to the findings, tumor volume in the intense periodic exercise group in the tenth week compared to the first week showed a significant decrease. Also, the levels of IGF-1 and AKT and m TORC-1 genes of myocytes were significantly increased in the exercise group.
Conclusion: by Performing HIIT training inhibits the micro-molecular pathway of cancer and the risk of metastasis because the energy crisis creates mitochondrial biogenesis during intermittent performances and reduces the risk of heart disease in cancer patients. According to the results, it is possible that 10 weeks of High intensity interval training can be reduced the tumor volume and improve the function of the cardiac by increasing IGF-1 protein, AKT and m TORC1 genes in myocytes of mice with breast cancer.

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Background: Abdominal obesity has been shown to be associated with increased impairment of glucose and insulin homeostasis and changes in blood lipid and lipoprotein levels such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). On the other hand, increasing fat activates some factors involved in the lipogenic pathway, such as the enzyme acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, which is involved in fat metabolism. In this regard, one of the cases that has long been considered by researchers to reduce the negative effects of obesity is exercise and physical activity. Regular exercise can be an adjunct in the treatment of diseases caused by inactivity and obesity such as insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. But what exercise, for how long and with what intensity has the greatest impact is a question that has always attracted the attention of researchers.
On the other hand, one of the methods that has been considered in recent years along with exercise and physical activity is the use of pharmaceutical and dietary supplements such as octapamine, which has a structure similar to noradrenaline. And may modulate normal and abnormal neurophysiological processes and have stimulus-like properties that affect athletic performance.
Therefore, considering the effect of obesity and visceral fat in individual and social life, the role of lipogenic pathway and its effective factors on obesity, the possible effect of octapamine on physical activity on the one hand and on lipolysis on the other and finding a way to reduce the negative effects of obesity In the present study, the researcher sought to investigate whether aerobic activity associated with octapamine use affected the effect of aerobic exercise and octapamine supplementation on ACC and ACYL gene expression and HDL / LDL ratio in visceral adipose tissue of DFO-receiving rats. No?
Methods: In the present experimental study, 30 mice weighing 320 20 20 after one week of exposure to the new environment were randomly divided into 5 groups: healthy (6 mice), sick (DFO) (6 mice), Patient + octapamine (6 mice), patient + exercise (6 mice), patient + exercise + octapamine (6 mice) were divided and the exercise protocol was performed in such a way that the mice were first treated for one Week and 5 sessions per week at a speed of 10 meters, for 5 minutes and a zero degree slope of the introductory course, then the training groups, 5 sessions per week for 30 minutes of their training program. Out of a total of 30 minutes of training, 5 minutes were considered for warming up and 5 minutes for cooling. The research protocol was that on the first day of training, the speed started from 16 meters per second and increased every week until the last day and after 4 weeks, it reached 26 meters per second. It should be noted that the slope of the treadmill was zero degrees and moderate intensity training was performed in the range of 50 to 60% VO2max.
Also, 81 μmol / kg octapamine (Sigma Aldrich Company) dissolved in 9% normal saline was dissolved in the homogenase apparatus and per 100 g body weight of rats was injected intraperitoneally for 4 weeks and 5 times a week. At 4 weeks, an octopamine insulin line was injected subcutaneously.
On the other hand, in order to prepare oil heated several times, 8 liters of sunflower oil was heated for 190 consecutive hours at a temperature of 190 to 200 ° C for 4 consecutive days, and every 30 minutes food: chicken nuggets, potatoes, chicken and Protein products (sausages) were dipped in oil. Finally, the oil of the fourth day for use as an oral poisoning intervention (gavage) for 4 weeks every day at a rate of 10% of rat weight orally and by gavage to subjects in all groups except the group It was eaten healthy.
48 hours after the last training session and 8 hours of fasting, all rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (75 mg / kg body weight) and xylazine (5 mg / kg body weight) And visceral adipose tissue was removed by HLE method. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk tests, two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results of the present study showed that exercise, octapamine intake and the interaction between exercise and octapamine had a significant effect on HDL / LDL and ACYL in rat visceral adipose tissue. It was also found that HDL / LDL at the end of the period was significantly higher in the group fed with deep-training oil than the control group but the amount of ACYL was lower than the control group (Figures 1 and 3).
Another finding showed that exercise had a significant effect on ACC in visceral adipose tissue of rats. But octapamine intake and exercise-octapamine interaction had no significant effect on ACC gene expression in visceral adipose tissue. Also, the level of ACC at the end of the period was significantly higher in the group fed with deep heated oil-exercise than the control group (Figure 2).
Conclusion: Exercise seems to increase lipolysis and decrease fatty acids in the blood and muscles. This causes a layer of excess fat (cholesterol and phospholipids) that is transferred to HDL and causes it to increase. Increased HDL due to increased production by the liver may be due to altered LPL enzyme activity and decreased hepatic lipase following physical activity. Octapamine also activates b3-ARs and stimulates lipolysis in white fat cells, causing oxygen consumption in brown adipose tissue. It has also been reported that synephrine in octapamine is able to activate lipolysis in human adipocytes.
Regarding ACC, it can be said that the evidence shows that ACC is a key enzyme in regulating the biosynthesis of fatty acids in animal tissues. ACC acts as a lipid speed limiting enzyme. Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase with carboxylation of acetyl coenzyme A causes the production of malonyl coenzyme A and it seems that the activity of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase is affected by nutritional conditions. More and longer administration time will lead to a significant reduction in ACC. Regarding exercise-induced ACC regulation mechanisms, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been shown to phosphorylate ACC in Ser79 and reduce its activity.

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Background & Aims: Under normal conditions, the aerobic metabolism of the liver takes place with the constant production of pro-oxidants such as reactive oxygen species, which maintain the balance through their consumption at a similar rate by antioxidants. Slow imbalance in the ratio of prooxidants-antioxidants suggests the hypothesis of oxidative stress in body tissues. Oxidative stress is a condition during which the prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) is disrupted and the redox state (oxidation-regeneration) leads to the disruption of this balance. During this process, free radicals are created on the surface of the cell membrane and cause damage to the cell membrane and the membrane of the organelles inside the cell, especially mitochondria. On the other hand, the abnormal increase in lipid peroxidation leads to damage to cell membranes and organelles. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the final product of fatty acid oxidation, and measuring the level of malondialdehyde as an index of lipid peroxidation is of special clinical importance in determining the amount of free radicals. An increase in the tissue level of malondialdehyde is a sensitive and specific criterion related to lipid autooxidation. In the conditions of increasing or decreasing inhibition of free radicals, an imbalance in prooxidant expression is created, which is the basis and principle of the pathogenesis of acute and chronic diseases. Hepatic is mentioned. It has been found that regular physical exercises increase the antioxidant status in many tissues, including the liver. Some studies have shown the positive effects of physical exercise on improving the ratio of prooxidants and factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and DNA degradation. On the other hand, the evidence shows that in various physiological and pathological conditions, endogenous antioxidants cannot completely prevent oxidative damage. Purslane, with the scientific name Portulaca Oleracea, belongs to the genus Portulaca and is a widely used plant among medicinal plants, it is a strong source of omega-3 fatty acids, beta-carotene, ballotins, kaempferol, quercetin, apigenin, glutathione, noradrenaline, and dopamine. As mentioned, the imbalance between prooxidant and antioxidant factors will increase oxidative stress markers, which will ultimately affect the mitochondrial function of the cell. The beneficial effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on preventing the progression of mitochondrial disorders have been shown, but the mechanisms involved are not well understood. Studies show that the increase in the amount of reactive oxygen species in both chronic and acute forms, under pathophysiological conditions, is essential for the development of liver diseases. Antioxidants that are effective against ROS can play a major role in limiting liver diseases and their clinical disorders such as diabetes, and fatty liver disease. Therefore, despite these problems and disorders, it is necessary to investigate the ratio of prooxidants and antioxidants and the balance between them, and gaining a correct view of this situation can help people who are prone to liver diseases and follow-up treatment with Antioxidant supplements are of great help. Considering the potential role of purslane seeds and regular physical exercises to deal with oxidative damage, this research aims to investigate the effect of purslane seeds and aerobic exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis markers and liver tissue DNA damage in female rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide.
Methods: In an experimental trial, 54 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 9 groups. All groups received 100 mg/kg body weight of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) intraperitoneally for 14 days. Rats in the supplemented groups received purslane hydroalcoholic extract with doses of 50, 200, and 400 mg per day by gavage method. Aerobic exercise was performed on a treadmill at a speed of 23 meters per minute, 30 minutes per day, 5 days per week, and for eight weeks. The data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post hoc test at a significance level of P<0.05.
Purslane seeds and the combined intervention of purslane seeds with aerobic training led to a significant increase in the levels of O-6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase and oxidant-prooxidant balance (PAB), as well as a significant decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP levels ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver tissue of female rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide (P<0.05). The interactive effect of aerobic exercise and purslane seeds was higher than supplementation and exercise alone.
Conclusion: According to the findings, the combined intervention of regular aerobic exercises and consumption of different doses of purslane supplement is a modulating factor in mitochondrial biogenesis and effective in reducing liver tissue DNA damage. In summary, the results of the present research showed that purslane seeds and the combined intervention of purslane seeds with aerobic exercise are modulating factors in mitochondrial biogenesis and are effective in reducing liver tissue DNA damage. Therefore, it is recommended to use the combined intervention of aerobic exercise and purslane seeds as a preventive method for liver damage. In the future, it is suggested to conduct a study on different protocols of aerobic exercise and purslane seeds on the structure and function of liver tissue. The results of the present study showed that aerobic exercise led to the improvement of PAB, MDA, ATP, and 6-methylguanine levels in the liver tissue of female rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide. About the effect of exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis and DNA damage in liver tissue, there have been few studies that have expressed different mechanisms in the interpretation of the results. Several studies have tried to find effective mechanisms in improving mitochondrial biogenesis and DNA damage following exercise; The body has sufficient antioxidant reserves to deal with ROS production under physiological conditions, but when ROS production increases, as occurs during exercise, the imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants favors prooxidants may occur and may lead to disruption of redox control and signaling or molecular damage.

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Background & Aims: Following to advent of obesity, Type-II diabetes has been converted into a pandemic disease during the recent decades and it has been introduced as one of the main reasons for mortality throughout the world more than ever. Hyperglycemia and rising glucose caused by diabetes is led to increase apoptosis in cardiomyocytes at left ventricle. Bax-gene is one of the key genes at this process in controlling start point of apoptotic process and Bc1-2 gene also inhibits apoptosis. Accordingly, researchers have always acknowledged that exercise training including HIIT may play protective role for heart against diabetic side-effects by reducing quantities of glucose and apoptosis in cardiac cells. Thus, the present study aimed to compare two HIIT methods concerning quantities of glucose and expression of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic Bax and Bcl-2 genes in cardiomyocytes of rats with type II diabetes.
Methods: In the current experimental study, 24 rats of Vistar species (8 weeks) and average weight (321±18g) were divided randomly into four groups of Normal Control (NC), Diabetic Control (DC), High Intensity Interval Training Type I (HIIT1:1) and High Intensity Interval Training Type II (HIIT2:1) after adaption to the environment for one week and familiarity with treadmill. Diabetes was induced to all groups, except Normal Control (NC) group, using Streptozotocin (STZ) and Nicotine Amide. Then, the trained groups exercised with different doses, but in identical distance 5 days a week for 4 weeks. The speed of reaching to the maximum consumed oxygen dosage (vVO₂max) was measured at the sixth day once in both weeks. HIIT1:1 Protocol: Warm up and cool down for three minutes by intensity of (vVO₂max= 40%); high intensity (Frequency= 2min); first week: vVO₂max= 80% (Four times); second week: vVO₂max= 85% (Four times); third and fourth weeks: vVO₂max= 90% (Five times); low intensity (2min); vVO₂max= 40% (Four times at first and second weeks and five times at third and fourth weeks). HIIT2:1 Protocol: Warm up and cool down for three minutes by intensity of vVO₂max= 30%; high intensity (Frequency= 2min); First week: vVO₂max= 80% (Five times); second week: vVO₂max= 85% (Five times); third and fourth weeks: vVO₂max= 90% (Seven times), low intensity (1min); vVO₂max= 30% (5 times at first and second weeks and seven times at third and fourth weeks). Rats were anesthetized by inter-peritoneal infusion of Ketamine (90mg/kg) and Xylazine (10mg/kg) 24h after the last training session. The blood sample was collected directly from hearts of rats and plasma isolation was done by centrifuging at 15°C at 3000RPM for 15min. afterward, left ventricle was extracted immediately and frozen in nitrogen (-20°C) and stored in freezer (-80°C) to measure gene expression. QRT-PCR technique was utilized to analyze variance of Bax- and Bcl-2 genes expression. To conduct statistical data analysis, normality of data was primarily examined using Shapiro-Wilcox test. Given insignificance of this test (p>0.05), One-Way ANOVA statistical test was employed for determining difference between studied groups. Then, Tukey ad hoc test was used (Sig = 0.05) in order to determine significance position. Microsoft Excel-2007 software was utilized for drawing diagrams. All statistical tests were conducted by means of SPSS statistical software (v.21).
Results: Variance of weight quantities was not significant after 4 weeks, but variance of glucose showed significance increase in all three groups (DC, HIIT1:1 and HIIT2:1 groups) compared to Normal Control (NC) group (p<0.005). Similarly, glucose quantities were reduced significantly in both trained groups versus DC group after four weeks (p<0.001). The results of one-way ANOVA indicated significant difference in Bax-gene expression between studied groups (p<0.05). The results of intergroup analysis derived from Tukey’s test showed that significant increase was observed in Bax-gene expression at DC group compared to HIIT2:1 (p<0.001) and NC (p<0.001) groups. Likewise, significant difference was seen in terms of gene expression of this variable between two trained models (p=0.038) so that further reduction and significance was observed in HIIT2:1 group. Similarly, results of one-way ANOVA suggest existing significant difference in Bcl-2 gene expression between groups (p<0.001). The results of intergroup analysis derived from Tukey’s test indicated significant reduction in Bcl-2 gene expression at DC group versus HIIT2:1 (p=0.005) and Normal Control (p<0.001) groups. Similarly, no significant difference was seen between two trained model in terms of gene expression in his variable (p=0.079).
Conclusion: The results of current study indicated that diabetic induction might increase glucose quantities, Bax-gene expression and reduce Bcl-2 gene expression in cardiomyocytes at all groups (HIIT1:1, HIIT2:1 and DC groups) versus Normal Control (NC) group. Likewise, both training interventions (HIIT1:1 and HIIT2:1) reduced significantly glucose quantities in cardiomyocytes compared to DC group. In addition, HIIT2:1 training intervention significantly inhibited apoptosis-inducing of Bax gene expression and induced significantly anti-apoptosis of Bcl-2 gene expression in cardiomyocytes of rats with diabetes compared to DC group while this variance was not significant in cardiomyocytes of HIIT1:1 group versus DC group. Similarly, we showed that Bax-gene expressions were significantly reduced in cardiomyocytes of HIIT2:1 group compared to HIIT1:1 group. The findings of current study may indicate importance of different effect of various frequencies of exercise on apoptotic mechanisms of cardiomyocytes at rats with type-II diabetes. These findings showed that various HIIT frequencies might be followed with different impacts and even noticeable differences in glucose absorption in cardiomyocytes at left ventricle and response of apoptotic variable in cardiac muscle so that more tangible and beneficial mechanism variance was observed in cardiac muscle at rats in HIIT2:1 group toward inhibition of cardiac disorders. In other words, we identified that further high intensity and shorter time frequency at lower intensity in HIIT2:1 versus HIIT1:1 group might doubly affect variance of glucose quantities absorbed by cardiac muscular cells and apoptosis mechanism in cardiomyocytes while both trained groups had passed through the same distance. The more efficiently increase in glucose quantities and subsequently more optimal reduction in apoptosis process by Bax/Bcl-2 axis signifies better and more beneficial effect in this training model. Therefore, these findings not only suggest further studies for analysis of most efficient and profitable HIIT model in patients with type-II diabetes, but also this exercise training model with shorter time and higher intensity than other models could be proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy in the clinical centers relating to type-II diabetes for cardiomyopathy prophylaxis and improvement caused by diabetes.
 

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Background & Aims: Insecticides are a very important group of environmental pollutants and their greatest use is in agriculture to protect against diseases and pests, and to improve the quality of crops (1). The use of pesticides and their potential to enter the human diet has raised many concerns for researchers. Organophosphoruses are toxic compounds that people are constantly exposed to in varying concentrations, and its dangers include cancer. Chlorpyrifos is a type of organophosphorus that is widely used as an insecticide in the world. The results of studies have shown that chlorpyrifos has detrimental effects on various organs including the immune system, reproductive system, liver, biochemical and blood parameters. These studies also showed that this toxin increases oxidative stress in various tissues such as liver and kidneys. The role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's, diabetes, and damage to tight junction has been confirmed. Tight junction proteins, as one of the important structural components, are essential for regulating the passage of ions and molecules in the heart. Claudin and occludin are the first densely integral membrane proteins in the blood barrier and have similar topography and function interactively with each other. The permeability of the junction and the function of the epithelial barrier are primarily caused by the claudins, and the types of claudin isoforms are expressed there and determine the specific properties of the tissue. Occludin and claudin are both reduced by oxidative stress. As mentioned, the use of agricultural pesticides such as chlorpyrifos causes oxidative stress in the body. Therefore, it seems necessary to use a method that can protect against the effects of oxidative stress and the side effects of this toxin. Eugenol or 4-ally-2-methoxyphenol is an aromatic molecule found in the oils and essential oils of various plants, including clove and cinnamon. Various studies have shown that natural antioxidants with phenolic structure play an important role in protecting body tissues against free radicals. Based on the evidence presented, eugenol has been shown to have an important protective effect against free radical lipid peroxidation (12) and its anti-inflammatory effect has been confirmed. Today, the use of exercise in increasing cardiovascular fitness and physical fitness, improving oxidative stress and vascular tissue has been approved. The aim of this study was to explain the effect of the interaction of moderate-intensity aerobic training and eugenol on the gene expression of occludin and claudin of the cardiac tissue of rats poisoned with chlorpyrifos
Methods: 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 8): healthy control, poisoned control (chlorpyrifos), moderate intensity aerobic training + chlorpyrifos, eugenol + chlorpyrifos and moderate intensity aerobic training + eugenol + chlorpyrifos. Intraperitoneal injection of 3 ml / kg chlorpyrifos and gavage of 250 ml / kg eugenol supplement were performed five times a week for 6 weeks and 4 weeks, respectively. In order to adapt, rats in the aerobic training group ran for 20 minutes at 9m/min speed for two weeks before starting the main training protocol. The aerobic training protocol consisted of 4 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training, 5 sessions per week running on a treadmill. Each training session consisted of 5 minutes of warm-up, 10-26 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic training (starting at 11 m / s in the first session and reaching 20 m / s in the last session) and 5 minutes of cooling. Gene expression of claudin and occludin were measured by Real time-PCR. Independent t-test, Two-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analysis the data.
Results: The results showed that the moderate-intensity aerobic training and eugenol caused significant increase in gene expression of occludin (p=0.001) and claudin (p=0.001) compared to Poisoned control group. eugenol caused significant increase in gene expression of occludin (p=0.001) whereas its effect was not significant on occludin gene expression (p=0.391). Interaction effect of moderate-intensity aerobic training and eugenol caused the non significant increase in claudin (p=0.973) and occludin (p=0.720)  gene expression in comparison with Poisoned control group.
Conclusion: Chlorpyrifos toxin increases oxidative stress in various tissues of the body and since oxidative stress affects the expression of claudin and occludin, it significantly reduces the expression of their genes in the blood barrier. However, moderate-intensity aerobic training and eugenol supplementation alone, possibly relying on their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties by increasing the activity of antioxidants such as SOD and catalase, reducing lipid peroxidation, activating and increasing ERK1 / 2, and MAPK, decreasing TNF-α, and decreasing beta-amyloid induced the increase the expression of claudin and occludin genes. The results of the present study showed that the interaction of moderate-intensity aerobic training and eugenol did not have a significant effect on the expression of claudin and occludin genes, but what is important is the increase compared to the poisoned control group, and physiologically this change is considered a feat, although the precise mechanism of insignificance cannot be clearly explained. In general, it seems that moderate-intensity aerobic training and eugenol can affect tight junctions.
 

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Background & Aims: Osteoarthritis pain is a type of chronic pain. One of the reasons that make this pain one of the most problematic diseases of the present age is its coexistence with physical diseases and mental disorders. Studies show that anxiety and depression are commonly associated with chronic pain. Needless to say, due to its chronic, painful and debilitating nature, this disease has reduced the quality of life (1,2,3) and increase the prevalence of depression in these patients. Studies show that osteoarthritis pain, through its effect on fatigue and disability, causes a depressed mood. There is an extensive research literature today that shows that although behavioral and psychological factors may not play a significant role in the onset of pain, but these factors in the transformation of acute pain into chronic and its continuation and also in explaining the severity of pain and related problems, including Depression, disability and anxiety play a crucial role (4-7). Because depression is often undiagnosed in patients with chronic pain, this problem is often not treated, and on the other hand, depression is associated with reduced effectiveness of treatments methods (7,10). Studies have shown that osteoarthritis is a chronic inflammatory process with cellular and biochemical changes that justifies drug treatment (12). Accordingly, some studies support the efficacy and safety of ozone injection in the treatment of osteoarthritis (13,14), but there is no clear agreement on this, and ozone at high concentrations is likely to have different effects on osteoarthritis. Today, stem cells are used to treat many diseases, including osteoarthritis, and a recent study looked at their effect on depressive behaviors (15). In addition, exercise is a good way to achieve the desired mental state and improve states of depression, anxiety and self-confidence. Therefore, due to the few and sometimes contradictory studies in this regard and also due to the growing need for new therapies, we examined a new therapeutic approach for depressive disorders associated with osteoarthritis based on MSCs transplantation, ozone therapy and aerobic exercise in osteoarthritis rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 40 two-month-old male Wistar rats were purchased from Pasteur Institute of Iran-Tehran, weighing about 230-250 g and transferred to the animal room. To prevent stress and change physiological conditions, they were kept under new conditions of temperature(22±2°C), humidity(%50±5) and light-dark cycle of 12:12 h for one week. Osteoarthritis was surgically treated (1). For this purpose, the animals were first anesthetized using a mixture of ketamine (50-50 mg/kg) and xylazine (3-5 mg/kg). Then, under sterile conditions, a vertical incision was made in the inner part of the knee of the right foot with a surgical blade and other surgical instruments on the skin that had been previously shaved. After removing the skin, the medial collateral ligament of the knee was removed to observe the internal meniscus. The osteoarthritis model was then induced by making an incision that incompletely resulted in rupture and injury to the meniscus, and the area was sutured again with a sterile method. All steps were performed in the least amount of pain to the animal according to the principles of working with laboratory animals. A three-week recovery period was considered after induction of the medial meniscus tear model. After induction of osteoarthritis, subjects were divided into eight groups of five, including 1) osteoarthritis patient control, 2) MSCs, 3) exercise, 4) ozone, 5) exercise+ozone, 6) Exercise+MSCs, 7) Ozone+MSCs, 8) Exercise+Ozone+MSCs were replaced. Also, to investigate the effects of osteoarthritis induction on the research variables, 5 rats were placed in a healthy control group. In order to get acquainted with the treadmill, were trained on the rodent treadmill for a week (3 times a week; for 10 minutes, without slope and at a speed of 5-8 m/min; 60%-70% VO₂max). The main training program for 8 weeks in aerobic exercise groups, for three sessions per week and 30 minutes of running on a treadmill without slope at a speed of 16 m/min was initiated in the first week, which gradually reached 50 minutes in the eighth week (19). Also, 5 minutes at a speed of 8 m/min at the beginning and end of exercise were performed for Warm-up and cool-down the animals. In this study, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were obtained from the National Center for Genetic Resources and then transferred to an incubator under sterile conditions. After 2 days, the supernatant was removed and after washing with PBS,DMEM/F12 warm and fresh medium was gently added to it. The cells were qualitatively examined for morphology and growth process. The cell environment was changed every 2 to 3 days for about 2 weeks until the cells in each group reached the appropriate density. Then the first passage was performed, so that the cells was removed from the bottom of the cultivation dishes using Trypsin/EDTA 0.2% made by the German company Gibco and cultured in a ratio of 3:1. About 10-15 days after each passage, the next passage was done. After filling the bottom of the culture dish and reaching a density of 90%, these cells were frozen in the desired passage to be used for injection purposes in the next stage of research. Then, after complete anesthesia of the animal in the cell therapy groups and during the recovery period, 1×106 cells/kg were injected as a single injection at the model induction site (20). It also injects oxygen into the ozone generator and produced ozone there using electricity. Then a 10 ml syringe was connected to the generator output and 10 ml of the produced gas was used to obtain ozone with a concentration of 20μg/ml. In the ozone treatment groups, 20 μg/ml was injected into the knee tibia-femoral articular line in 3 weeks after surgery, in 3 repetitions, at different times and for 3 consecutive weeks before the start of the training program (21). In the ozone+MSCs group, after intra-articular injection of ozone and in the fourth week, MSCs were injected as a single injection at a dose of 1×106 cells/kg. At the end of the treatment period, open field test was performed to evaluate the level of anxiety and depression in osteoarthritis rats (22). This test was performed for one day at light time. To perform the test, we held the rats from the base of the tail and placed them in one of the four corners of the device, allowing the animal to freely explore the environment of the device for 5 minutes. In this test, the parameters of total travel distance, time spend in periphery and time spend in center were evaluated to assess the level of anxiety and depression in rats. To analyze the results, Shapiro-Wilk statistical tests, independent t-test and 3-way ANOVA were used (p≥0.05).
Results: Induction of osteoarthritis led to anxiety and like depression behaviors (p≥0.05). However, exercise+MSCs significantly reduced circulation in the environment and significantly increased circulation in the center (p≥0.05); exercise, ozone, and MSCs each alone, exercise+ozone, and exercise+MSCs significantly increased the overall distance traveled (p≥0.05). Therefore, exercise, ozone, MScs, exercise+ozone interaction and exercise+MSCs had more favorable effects than the combination of MSCs+ozone and the interaction of all 3 interventions in increasing motor index and reducing depression.
Conclusion: Due to the discrepancy in the results of the reported studies, it is not possible to say with certainty, how chronic pain such as osteoarthritis is associated with the occurrence of behaviors related to depression and anxiety and the mechanism of effect of therapeutic interventions in the present study on osteoarthritis. However, exercise may reduce inflammatory factors, increase the activity of the serotonergic system, and reduce oxidative stress, which has anti-depressant effects, by increasing the expression and production of brain-derived neuronal growth factor (28). Also, injection of MSCs and ozone due to its anti-inflammatory properties and increase the oxygen content of the tissue improves the metabolism of cartilage tissue in the knee, which can reduce joint pain and stiffness by improving inflammatory factors, leading to improved function and quality of life in patients (32). On the other hand, ozone causes a feeling of well-being and happiness after ozone therapy by releasing endorphins and possibly increasing serotonin[33]. Overall, the results of this study showed that exercise, MSCs and MSCs+ozone have a protective effect in inducing the osteoarthritis model and modulate their anti-anxiety effects by increasing the circulation time in the center. Also, exercise, ozone, MSCs alone, and exercise+ozone and exercise+MSCs have more favorable effects in reducing depression due to osteoarthritis.
 

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Background & Aims: Oxidative stress disrupts prooxidant-antioxidant (PAB) balance leading to a reduction in redox signaling and cellular and molecular damage to tissue components (4). In addition, ROS can damage mitochondrial DNA in the alveoli and disrupt the electron transfer chain as the most important site of oxidative phosphorylation regulation (5). Studies show that exercise can help to improve the ratio of prooxidant-antioxidant and the factors involved in oxidative stress and DNA damage (6,7). However, in the study of Yousefpour et al. (2017) eight weeks of intermittent aerobic training had no effect on the activity of total plasma antioxidant capacity and the concentration of malondialdehyde in the liver tissue of rats (10). Tribulus terrestris has antioxidant benefits that have been widely used in traditional medicine (13). Studies show that Tribulus terrestris contains alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids and minerals (14).
The interactive effect of exercise and valuable plant resources on factors affecting DNA degradation and prooxidants / antioxidants in lung tissue is not well understood. Therefore, the present study intends to investigate the question of whether 8 weeks of aerobic exercise and consumption of Tribulus terrestris extract have an effect on the oxidative stress markers of lung tissue in male rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide?
Methods: This is an experimental study. This research was conducted in 2019 on Wistar rats in Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 42 male wistar rats randomly were divided into 7 groups. All groups received 100 mg/kg body weight of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) for 14 days intraperitoneal. Rats in supplemented groups received Tribulus terrestris hydroalcoholic extract with doses of 5 and 10 mg per day by gavage method. Aerobic training was performed on a treadmill at a speed of 23 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week for eight weeks (19-21). after the last training session lung tissue was extracted and oxidative stress markers concentration measured by ELISA method.
Results: Tribulus terrestris extract, aerobic training and intervention of tribulus terrestris extract with aerobic training led to significant increase in levels of methyl guanine, Prooxidants-antioxidant balance (PAB) and Cytochrome C Oxidase, as well as significant decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) the lung tissue (p=0.001) (fig. 1-5).
Conclusion: The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Simioni et al. (2018), Siu et al. (2011) and Hejazi et al. (2014) (7-9). Aerobic exercise creates a defense mechanism that helps to restore cellular homeostasis and reduce ROS production (22). The mechanism of change of factors involved in oxidative damage and destruction of cellular DNA following aerobic exercise includes increased intracellular responses and response of various body tissues to oxidative stress produced during exercise and catabolism of synthetic components of proteins and cell defense structure (26). Aerobic exercise can have a protective effect against these injuries by strengthening and activating the body's antioxidant and immune systems (27). Compounds in Tribulus terrestris purify various reactive oxygen species, including superoxide anion (O₂-) and hydroxyl radical (OH) (33). It is recommended that regular aerobic exercise and Tribulus terrestris extract be considered to Reduce oxidative stress and health of lung tissue. In the present study, there were limitations in the present study, including the study of animal specimens. Other limitations of this study include lack of measurement of other oxidative stress -related factors. According to the results, aerobic exercise and tribulus terrestris can improve lung tissue health by improving Redox conditions and reducing oxidative stress.

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Background & Aims: Deep frying oil (DFO) are a method used in many fast foods. High heat has changed the structure of  oil, which can affect people's health. Fried oils can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can play an important role in many pathological conditions. ROS in cerebellar tissue can cause oxidative stress and damage nerve cells.
Regular physical activity, as a necessity for a healthy life, can affect all organs and systems of the body, and has a valuable role in the functioning of the central nervous system and they are effective in preventing or delaying the death of cerebellar cells.
Also the use of some supplements, such as herbal supplements, can increase the antioxidant effects of exercise, which can affect the cerebellum tissue and neutralize the oxidative damage caused by harmful foods . In general , along with endurance training, a variety of herbal remedies can be prescribed. Octopamine has been reported to modulate some neurophysiological processes due to its stimulant function, which increases the efficiency of physical function in endurance training, so it can be used as a supplement. Therefore, due to the increase in consumption of foods prepared with DFO ,The present study aimed to review the effects of aerobic exercise and octopamine supplement on the activity of SOD and MDA concentration in cerebellar tissue of rats fed with DFO.
Methods: This experimental study, was conducted on 30 adult male wistar  rats average aged 20 weeks  with an average weight of 300-350 gr  . The subjects were randomly divided into 5 groups: Healthy  Control, DFO Control, exercise+DFO , DFO+octopamine , DFO+exercise+octopamine . At the beginning of the first week, the subjects were exposed to DFO poisoning  0.1cc  per 100 gr of  body weight by Gavage. The rats received the intraperitoneal injection of octopamine (81 mMol / kg /day) for 4  weeks, 5 days per week.  Training was done for 4 weeks, 5 days a week and 20 minutes per day at a speed of 26 m/minute aerobic exercises. After 4 weeks, all rats were anesthetized with respiratory chloroform and histoplasty  was performed and MDA and SOD levels were measured on samples fixed cerebellum. Finally, descriptive statistics and Shapiro-Wilk tests, two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc using SPSS software were used to analyze the data.
Results: DFO intake significantly increased MDA concentration and decreased SOD activity (p<0.01).
Exercise significantly reduced cerebellar MDA concentration (F=174.87, P=0.001).
Octopamine supplementation had a significant reduction in cerebellar MDA concentration (F=211.61, P=0.001). The interaction of exercise and octopamine supplementation had a significant decrease on cerebellar MDA concentration more than the effect of each intervention alone (F=4.39, P=0.049).
Exercise significantly increased cerebellar SOD activity (F=200.65, P=0.001). Octopamine supplementation had the effect of increasing cerebellar SOD activity (F=99.79, P=0.001). The interaction of exercise and octopamine supplementation also had a significant increase in cerebellar SOD activity more than the effect of each intervention alone (F=22.87, P=0.001).
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that endurance training combined with octopamine consumption can reduce the oxidative damage caused by unhealthy diets such as deep-heated oils in brain tissue. The reception of deep frying oils by reducing the activity of SOD enzyme and increasing the concentration of MDA causes the development of oxidative pressure in cerebellum tissue.
SOD are the front line of defense against oxygen-induced damage (ROS). These proteins reduce free radicals that damage cells in excessive concentrations. MDA which is the result of peroxidation of lipids, especially membrane lipids, as one of the most important mediators of free radical damage, can easily and extensively bind or break down important biological macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, which can lead to a variety of diseases.
Regular endurance training can lead to the adaptation of the antioxidant system and improve the capacity of this system in the detoxification reaction, or in other words, the neutralization of active species of oxygen and nitrogen. Also, the use of herbal supplements such as octopamine is able to increase the antioxidant effects of exercise, which can affect the cerebellum tissue and neutralize the oxidative damage caused by harmful foods. Due to its stimulant function, octopamine modulates some neurophysiological processes that increase the efficiency of physical function in endurance training.
 Endurance training and octopamine alone reduced the oxidative pressure created and, when applied simultaneously, enhanced each other's effect. Based on this, it is found that in the conditions of induction of oxidation pressure induced by DFO, these two interventions have a neuroprotective effect and enhance each other synergistically.
 
 

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Results: The present study findings indicated that plasma levels of WISP-1 in the RT60 (p=0.004) and RT80 (p<0.001) groups compared to control group, also in RT80 group compared with the RT40 (p=0.001) group significantly decreased. There was no significant difference between groups were observed for WISP-2 level (p=0.16), although a significant decrease in WISP-2 levels was observed in RT80 group (p=0.031). In addition, between groups analysis indicated a non-significant difference for BMP-4 levels (p=0.055). However, intragroup analysis indicated that plasma levels of BMP-4 in RT60 (p=0.009) and RT80 (p=0.006) groups significantly decreased.
Conclusion: It could be concluded that in comparison with the low and moderate intensity circuit resistance training, the high intensity circuit resistance training plays significant role in modulating the inflammation and decreasing the levels of inflammatory adipokines in obese postmenopausal women.

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Background & Aims: The dimensions and characteristics of tendons and muscles are much related to each other and change according to each other. The reason for this phenomenon is probably due to the ability of the muscle to exert force. Therefore, the desired characteristics of the components of the load-bearing baffles are regulated by the amount of daily mechanical load. This concept is important not only for understanding the function of these tissues but also for understanding the mechanisms of damage and its causes. Muscle hypertrophy is also affected by the intensity and type of physical activity, especially resistance training. Nutritional and hormonal factors also play a key role in this. Testosterone is very important as one of the key anabolic hormones. Accordingly, the effect of 4 weeks of resistance training and testosterone on mTOR gene expression in male rat tendons was investigated.
Methods: In this experimental interventional study, 48 rats aged eight weeks, in the weight range of 220 ± 20 g at a temperature of (20-20) ° C, humidity (55%) and free access to water (300 ml bottle) Clear and graduated with autoclave capability and with a 1 cm cap made of stainless steel without thread) and enough food (produced by Behparvar Company, Iran) with a 12-hour dark / light cycle. After one week of adaptation, rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, resistance training, testosterone enanthate and resistance training - testosterone enanthate. At first, the rats in the training groups were introduced to climbing the ladder for a week. Rats' weights were calculated, and the training program was adjusted based on the initial weight. The rats then practiced resistance for four weeks and five days a week. In the first session, a weight equal to 50% of the weight of each rat was attached to the tail and the rats climbed the ladder. If the animal was able to climb, then 30 grams was added to the weight and the animal climbed the ladder again. Again, if the weight was able to lift 30 grams, it was added to the rat's tail. This was performed as long as the animal was able to climb. The highest weight that the animal could carry was the maximum muscle strength of the animal in the first session. In the next session, the rats performed four sets of climbing the ladder, so that in the first set they climbed the ladder with 50% of maximum muscle strength, in the second set 75%, in the third set 90% and in the fourth set with 100% muscle strength. After the fourth set, if each set was capable, 30 grams would be added to the amount of weight and the rat would climb the ladder. The program continued in one session until the inability to perform the climb. At the beginning of each week, the rats resumed training with the pattern of the first week, based on the maximum weight they had shifted at the end of the previous week. Expression levels of mTOR gene were measured by RT & PCR. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. Significance level was considered p <0.05.
Results: The results of one-way analysis showed that the expression level of mTOR gene was significant in four groups (P = 0.014). Referring to Tukey post hoc test, the results showed that the resistance training group and testosterone showed a significant difference with the training and control group only (P <0.05). The other groups did not show significant differences in pairs (P <0.05).
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that resistance training activates the pathway of activation of collagen protein production in tendon tissue by increasing mTOR expression and possibly reduces apoptotic cells and the formation of new cells in the tendon, all of which indicate It has a positive effect on this tissue. Testosterone in combination with the resistance training process is also more effective in activating muscle hypertrophy pathways in the short term. It seems that the interaction effect of testosterone with resistance training can have a more favorable effect than either alone on improving the expression of mTOR gene in rat tendon tissue.