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Rahim Ahmadi, Zahra Hodavand Mirzaee, Mahyar Mafi,
Volume 19, Issue 100 (10-2012)
Volume 19, Issue 100 (10-2012)
Abstract
Background : There are few studies indicating the association of Salvia officinalis extract with tumor markers. The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of Salvia officinalis extract on serum level of CEA (Carcinogenic embryonic antigen) in male rats.
Methods: In this laboratory experimental study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, normal saline or Salvia officinalis extract (100 or 200 mg/kg/body weight) receiving animals of 5 in each group. After 7 weeks blood samples were collected using cardiac puncture method. Following serum collection, CEA level was measured by radioimmunoassay method. Data were statistically analyzed and compared between groups using ANOVA.
Results: The results indicated that serum CEA level was significantly decreased in rats receiving Salvia officinalis extract (200mg/kg/body weight) compared with control animals (P<0.05), however, CEA serum level was not significantly changed in rats receiving 100mg/kg/body weight of extract compared to control animals
Conclusion: Our findings show that appropriate dose of Salvia officinalis extract can decrease serum level of CEA, on which medicinal application of this extract particularly in cancers accompanied by CEA increased serum level is conceivable.
Rahim Ahmadi, Maedeh Belbasi, Mahyar Mafi,
Volume 19, Issue 102 (12-2012)
Volume 19, Issue 102 (12-2012)
Abstract
Background: Studies show that there are relations between various types of stress and liver function. The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of immobilization stress and Aloe vera extract on serum level of Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) and Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) in male rats.
Methods: In this laboratory experimental study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, Aloe vera extract or normal saline receiving, under acute or chronic immobilization animals of 5 in each group. After 6 weeks blood samples were collected using cardiac puncture method. Following serum collection, SGOT or SGPT level was measured by spectrophotometry method. Data were statistically analyzed and compared between groups using ANOVA.
Results: Serum SGOT level was significantly increased in rats enduring acute or chronic immobilization animals compared with control rats (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). Serum level of SGOT level was significantly increased (p<0.01) and of SGPT was significantly decreased (P<0.01) in extract receiving animals compared with control rats (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that immobilization and Aloe vera extract is serum SGOT enhancer. In this respect, in clinical considerations, pathological effects of immobilization or Aloe vera intake is important in the field of SGOT biochemical alteration.
Moqadas Mafinezhad, Zinat Nikaeen, Ali Zarei,
Volume 29, Issue 10 (12-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 10 (12-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: According to research, exercise is effective in various fields. Reports from international activities show that sports in areas such as personal development, health promotion and disease prevention, promotion of gender equality, social integration and social capital development, peace building and conflict prevention/prevention, post-disaster / injury relief and normalcy Life-building, economic development, communication, and social mobilization have had the greatest impact, and are also linked to the Millennium Development Goals. But it does not seem to be able to achieve these eight alone. These goals include; Eliminate extreme poverty and anxiety, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and women's empowerment, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, fighting AIDS, malaria, and other diseases, ensuring environmental stability, and ultimately creating a global partnership for development. Undoubtedly, sport is an important tool in the hands of governments and governments to guide people towards the planned goals, because the most important means of public education in the current contemporary society in industrialized countries is a sport. The lack of scientific evidence and the underlying theoretical framework for how exercise can be used for social change indicates a significant gap between theory and practice. The educational system of the country is one of the most important systems in the country and its management requires difficult and effective management due to the presence of nearly 15 million students, 1100,000 administrative and educational staff, 716 educational districts with wide and diverse goals and communication with all Iranian families. Education seeks to provide the necessary conditions and create the right environment and opportunities, to put all students in healthy educational situations, and by responding to their needs, programs to strengthen the body in line with the principles and stages of growth and in harmony with the development of the spirit of supply. Slowly, In addition, educational sports, due to benefit from the large volume of society, especially children and adolescents at basic ages, can be a powerful potential for improving the situation in the country in various dimensions such as social cohesion, physical and mental health, etc. and in turn effectively help Show the development and progress of the society. But in the meantime, there is no complete research in which the impact of various sports categories on the development and progress of the country has been comprehensively examined to determine the extent to which various institutions and organizations have used this powerful tool. Based on this, the researcher intends to measure the impact of exercise on the dimensions of health to: What is the role of exercise in the development of health with the presentation of the model?
Methods: The method of the present study is applied. In this research, there are two groups of statistical population: (a) Professors and faculty members of the university (physical education and doctoral studies) whose number is about 30 people and the number of participants This study was about 12-15 experts who collected data until the information was saturated. (B) Professors and sports instructors in several universities and schools, whose number was 81 people and due to the low number of participants, all 81 people were used to distribute and collect questionnaires and the number of participants in this study was about 12-15 experts from the organization. Data collection has been done until information saturation is reached. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data.
Results: To conduct the interview, the researcher communicated with 12 experts (fear of theoretical saturation) within ten days. By appointment, he had a meeting with each of the experts for about 30 minutes. In these sessions, the researcher has asked two questions in the field of research. The researcher recorded the words of the organizational experts during the interview. The interview was open and in it, the researcher tried to control the interview by asking two questions to achieve the research goal. After obtaining the open codes, in the next step, due to the axial coding, similar and different codes were identified and similar codes were merged. In the combined stage, the identified indicators are presented through a review of the research background and a model derived from the results of interviews with each other, which finally extract the main factors. The results showed that exercise has an effective role in the field of sports and health, disability and social cohesion in the field of health, performing correct movements under the supervision of sports experts and in the field of social cohesion, social development of pupils and students and in the field of lack of standard sports facilities for individuals. The disabled person has the most weight.
Conclusion: The findings of this study show that there is interest in sports and physical education among students, a long history of sports and physical education in schools and universities, the existence of sports at the university level, and the interest of some principals and experts to develop educational sports in schools. And Azad University is the most important strength of educational sports in the country. It should be noted that the most important weaknesses of educational sports are the inadequacy of physical education specialists in schools and universities, weak policy-making and macro-planning for educational sports, lack of effective communication with educational sports centers in the world, and improper and unplanned use of training hours. Physically pointed. About specialized manpower, according to management researchers, specialized and skilled manpower is the most important pillar and factor of development. Today, countries in the process of planning and formulating, and implementing strategies benchmark themselves and using real, self-made, and standard indicators and criteria, compare their country with other countries and their strategic planning based on achieving the desired situation. They are characterized by indicators and criteria, they direct. In Iran, due to the importance of managerial components such as planning, strategy, and managerial attitudes, and by correcting and improving them in the country's sports management, many weaknesses about educational sports in the country can be corrected and can become strengths for this sector. But the fact is that in many indicators of development, especially in the field of the disabled, the use of sports as a factor for social cohesion, livelihood, and economic issues has not performed well, and this is due to the lack of attention of some decision-makers to the basic contribution of physical education in school sports. And not paying enough attention to the fundamental importance of sports and physical education of universities in the national program. Neglect and lack of a detailed program in university and school sports and neglecting it can have disappointing results for sports, because all over the world, school and university sports to find talent and eliminate gender discrimination, creating a suitable environment to help people with disabilities. , Used to spread peace between ethnicities and nationalities. Because it is the basis of championship and professional sports. The limitations of the research are due to factors such as the structure of society, people's moods, political, social norms, and some other factors, and the achievements of this research should be used considering the limitations. And effective internal imposes constraints on the researcher that are uncontrollable. Hence, it can have a significant impact on the conclusion. Among the limitations that the present study faced, the following can be mentioned: Due to the limitations caused by the research tools (interview and questionnaire), this research also has problems such as not having enough time to respond, not providing personal opinions. Due to the lack of trust in the questioners. One of the limitations of the present research is that it is cross-sectional, because the research was conducted at a specific time, its results can not be generalized to all times and can be considered definitive for all conditions. Therefore, longitudinal research is recommended.
Moqadas Mafinezhad, Zinat Nikaeen, Ali Zarei,
Volume 30, Issue 4 (7-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 4 (7-2023)
Abstract
| Background & Aims: In recent decades, the sports industry, as one of the new industries in the international economy, has played a productive role and has been more influential for macroeconomic investments for every country. Strengthening physical health in the society, economic growth due to its effects on the soul and body of the workforce and creating security are other important dimensions that have caused economic activists to pay more attention to the category of sports. Basically, history expresses human's inner tendencies towards physical activities. There were no organized physical training programs in primitive societies or in ancient culture. But physical activities are an integral part of human daily life. Sports and people's participation in sports activities as a social phenomenon is worthy of investigation and reflection. One of the most important functions of this phenomenon is its important role in creating the health of society. This issue can be clearly seen through the impact of sports on the lives of people who participate in this field. In general, sport is ultimately a reflection of today's society. Through the promotion of sports, sports activities are a tool for the development of communities and peace in different cultures. In this regard, the development of sports is related to increasing participation and promoting the opportunities and benefits of participating in sports activities. Sports development is a holistic approach to helping people start, stay and succeed in their chosen sport. Sports development is defined as the systems, structures and processes that enable people of the society at all levels or specific or regional groups to participate in sports, recreation and entertainment and improve their performance to whatever level they want. Today, the role of education in general and physical education in particular is subject to constant changes. Educational sports aims to put all learners in healthy educational situations by providing the necessary grounds and creating the right environment and opportunities, and by responding to their needs, programs to strengthen the body, in sync with the principles and stages of growth and in harmony with education provide the soul Sports activity is effective on the development of individual and social health, but it has not been determined what the effective factors in this process are prioritized, so the purpose of the study was to determine the role of educational sports in the health of society. Methods: The research method is applied. In this research, there are two groups of statistical population: a) professors and faculty members of the university (physical education field and with doctoral education) whose number is about 30 people and the number of participants in this research was about 12-15 experts. b) Sports professors and coaches at Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran branch, and school, whose number is 81, and due to the low number of participants, all 81 were used to distribute and collect the questionnaire. A researcher-made questionnaire containing 9 items was used to collect data. Results: The results showed that educational sports play a significant role in the health of society, and the sub-criterion of "developing physical literacy" has the highest weight. The sub-criterion of "increasing awareness and familiarity with physical abilities" has the lowest weight. Conclusion: The findings of this research show that educational sports are effective in the health of society and performing correct movements under the supervision of sports experts, reducing the rate of non-communicable diseases in the country, creating movement opportunities for children, teenagers, and students, finding talent in sports, identifying movement weakness and skeletal problems in students. Teaching how to perform sports movements correctly, even for beginners, increasing the mental health of students, the tendency to team building, and increasing the spirit of coordination and unity were among the components of sports on the health of the society, with the sub-criterion of "performing correct movements under the supervision of sports experts" the most weight and the sub-criterion of "practicing" "Theory concepts" had the lowest weight. Universal sport by the Council of Europe's Sports Development Committee is a term meaning providing opportunities for people interested in exercising in their free time to participate in sports activities without any restrictions due to social status. Race and disability are defined. What is inferred from this definition is that all people should benefit from exercising and exercise is the right of everyone. Public and recreational sports refers to physical training activities and sports of members of the society, which are done regularly, by individuals or formal and informal groups, to meet physical and mental needs, to ensure people's health and vitality, and improve their social relations consciously. Parts of this sport can be done irregularly, unorganized, and in various ways. Many countries have shown that increasing the budget for championship sports can lead to an increase in winning medals in the Olympic Games. Nevertheless, despite the increase in competition and the homogeneity of championship sports systems, the optimal strategy for success at the international level is still unknown. Undoubtedly, the lack of an internationally defined system in championship sports has the most profound effect on the macro-level management of sports; because management is the frontline of implementing strategies. In general, it can be concluded that sports education has an important and effective role in the development of the health of the people of the society, so the officials and those involved in the health field should pay attention to the development of educational sports in their big plans—the findings of this research help to gain a better understanding of the development and its influencing factors. Much research has been done on educational sports, but many models have not been proposed based on the country's situation. The existence of long-term and binding policies and programs for the development of physical education in schools, increasing coordination and carrying out structural changes in the education system and universities in such a way that the need for coordination between different units is considered, the need to provide a local model to explain the role of educational sports in the development of the country requires In this research, questions were raised in the form of interviews and questionnaires, and finally, some effective factors were extracted, then a combination of these factors and factors identified from past researches were ranked. According to the results, practical and managerial suggestions have been recommended to the managers as planners in the organization according to each factor. Research on each of the development indicators should be done separately, the factors should be identified and finally, the consequences of each and the factors affecting it should be prioritized and investigated. It is suggested to identify and rank the dos and don'ts and educational goals of the physical education organization and the field of education according to each province. Researchers are suggested to investigate the position and impact of strategic alliances in educational sports and their improvement. Due to the limitations of the research tools (interviews and questionnaires), this research also faced problems such as not having enough time to answer, and not providing personal opinions due to the lack of trust in the questioners. One of the limitations of the current research is that it is cross-sectional, because the research was conducted at a certain time, its results cannot be generalized to all times and known definitively for all conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct longitudinal research. |
Farzaneh Mafi, Mohammad Jafari Harandi, Seyedeh Fatemeh Hosseini Mirsfi,
Volume 30, Issue 6 (9-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 6 (9-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: In ancient times, man has always believed in the influence of invisible and superhuman forces, and to stay safe from natural and unnatural events and supernatural forces, he has resorted to amulets, beads, and words. After the emergence of Islam, based on Quranic teachings, the human tendency to seek help from unseen forces was guided in the right direction. Another very old and common method of treating diseases is the treatment of patients by reciting holy words, or prayer therapy, which basically has a psychological basis. According to Dinkord, Zoroaster acquired "medicine and natural science" "through Yazidi knowledge and Minoan insight". He gave the people "words through religion to ward off calamities and defeat demons and fairies, to neutralize witchcraft and witchcraft, and to cure diseases" and to cure all "diseases that were beyond the understanding of doctors". This research is to familiarize with the pure Islamic culture regarding the use of amulets and amulets traditions and to examine them in terms of their validity and importance and their effect in healing some physical and mental diseases.
Methods: The current article is a type of theoretical research, which is a library and document method, and the research was done by extracting the resources available in libraries, articles, and magazines, as well as by referring to the available dictionary and interpretive and narrative software. He investigated the use of charms and amulets in Shia and Sunni traditions and its effect on healing physical and mental diseases.
Results: In ancient cultures, people have resorted to spells, beads, and words to protect themselves from natural and unnatural events and supernatural forces. In ancient culture, various objects, both raw (stone, plant, soil, etc.) and manufactured (statues, statues, etc.) were used to ward off evil spirits, demons, and harmful creatures. It is not the amulet that protects, but the Almighty God has given this property to the amulet and He is the protector and protector of all. Of course, we emphasize that charms, like prayers, have their effect depending on the will of Almighty God, and in addition, the effect of prayers and charms depends on various factors. In the case of infectious and dangerous diseases such as influenza, coronavirus, etc., the basic command of Islam is to eat properly and maintain hygiene, especially washing hands and face before eating, while solutions such as prayer, charity, mercy, forgiveness, carrying amulets with your own conditions are also mentioned in order to stay healthy at any time with rational solutions. Let's not neglect the spiritual solutions, because the power of the Almighty God is beyond imagination.
Conclusion: In ancient culture, various objects, both raw (stones, plants, soil, etc.) and manufactured (statues, etc.) were used to ward off evil spirits, demons, evil and harmful creatures. One of the most important of these remedies is the use of amulets and talismans, which are more or less popular in all societies that believe in the supernatural and are seen in Islamic traditions, including the traditions of the Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them. In some hadith books, charms and amulets are collected in one chapter and one row. Comparing the texts of amulets and talismans, no difference can be found. For this reason, amulets and talismans are often used in the same context and with the same meaning in the literature of speakers and people of prayer. Perhaps it can be said that amulets are only things that can be read and written, but in addition to these, amulets also include the use of some objects and writings. Belief in amulets and talismans means belief in the existence of certain works for certain prayers, remembrances, and prayers. Islam is one of the religions that has fought against magic. For the legitimacy and use of amulets, there is both a practical tradition and a verbal tradition from the Prophet of Islam and the infallible imams. Therefore, amulets with the Qur'an, the names of God, remembrances and supplications from the infallible (peace be upon them), and correct themes are permissible, and unknown remembrances and incorrect themes are forbidden. Our belief in prayer and the influence of supernatural beings on the material world around us does not conflict with scientific research and experimental studies, nor does it restrict us. It is in this way that one can be both a scientist and have a rational and logical belief in things like charms and amulets. If this philosophical depth exists, we will not fall into the trap of superstition, nor will we be caught in the trap of arrogant intellectual gestures. Some scholars believe that magic is not true. And what the sorcerer does is illusion, conjecture, and imagination, and some say that magic is real and not just pure imagination. In the beginning, the treatment of wounds and injuries that were done by hand was different from the treatment of diseases with magical practices, because people saw the wounds with their eyes and did not consider evil spirits and demons to be the cause of them. One of the very ancient and common methods of treating diseases was treating patients by reading holy words or prayer therapy, which basically had a psychotherapeutic basis. In the Islamic society of Iran and the world, like the ancient Iranian society, diseases and pains are considered heavenly scourges and caused by abundance. They thought it was a sin, and more or less like mental illnesses, they treated it with holy words, prayers, and rituals, based on the teachings of Islam, praying, supplicating to God, asking for healing from God against calamities, troubles, illnesses, etc. They are strong and effective in warding off evil. Amulets, as stated in their text, are ordered to prevent and protect from various calamities, of course, they should not cause polytheism, because it is not the amulet that protects, but the Almighty God has given this property to the amulet and He is the protector and protector of all. There is a relationship between amulets and talismans and physical and mental diseases. Finally, this relationship is not therapeutic, but it is aimed at creating a sense of trust, self-confidence, and peace of mind.
Methods: The current article is a type of theoretical research, which is a library and document method, and the research was done by extracting the resources available in libraries, articles, and magazines, as well as by referring to the available dictionary and interpretive and narrative software. He investigated the use of charms and amulets in Shia and Sunni traditions and its effect on healing physical and mental diseases.
Results: In ancient cultures, people have resorted to spells, beads, and words to protect themselves from natural and unnatural events and supernatural forces. In ancient culture, various objects, both raw (stone, plant, soil, etc.) and manufactured (statues, statues, etc.) were used to ward off evil spirits, demons, and harmful creatures. It is not the amulet that protects, but the Almighty God has given this property to the amulet and He is the protector and protector of all. Of course, we emphasize that charms, like prayers, have their effect depending on the will of Almighty God, and in addition, the effect of prayers and charms depends on various factors. In the case of infectious and dangerous diseases such as influenza, coronavirus, etc., the basic command of Islam is to eat properly and maintain hygiene, especially washing hands and face before eating, while solutions such as prayer, charity, mercy, forgiveness, carrying amulets with your own conditions are also mentioned in order to stay healthy at any time with rational solutions. Let's not neglect the spiritual solutions, because the power of the Almighty God is beyond imagination.
Conclusion: In ancient culture, various objects, both raw (stones, plants, soil, etc.) and manufactured (statues, etc.) were used to ward off evil spirits, demons, evil and harmful creatures. One of the most important of these remedies is the use of amulets and talismans, which are more or less popular in all societies that believe in the supernatural and are seen in Islamic traditions, including the traditions of the Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them. In some hadith books, charms and amulets are collected in one chapter and one row. Comparing the texts of amulets and talismans, no difference can be found. For this reason, amulets and talismans are often used in the same context and with the same meaning in the literature of speakers and people of prayer. Perhaps it can be said that amulets are only things that can be read and written, but in addition to these, amulets also include the use of some objects and writings. Belief in amulets and talismans means belief in the existence of certain works for certain prayers, remembrances, and prayers. Islam is one of the religions that has fought against magic. For the legitimacy and use of amulets, there is both a practical tradition and a verbal tradition from the Prophet of Islam and the infallible imams. Therefore, amulets with the Qur'an, the names of God, remembrances and supplications from the infallible (peace be upon them), and correct themes are permissible, and unknown remembrances and incorrect themes are forbidden. Our belief in prayer and the influence of supernatural beings on the material world around us does not conflict with scientific research and experimental studies, nor does it restrict us. It is in this way that one can be both a scientist and have a rational and logical belief in things like charms and amulets. If this philosophical depth exists, we will not fall into the trap of superstition, nor will we be caught in the trap of arrogant intellectual gestures. Some scholars believe that magic is not true. And what the sorcerer does is illusion, conjecture, and imagination, and some say that magic is real and not just pure imagination. In the beginning, the treatment of wounds and injuries that were done by hand was different from the treatment of diseases with magical practices, because people saw the wounds with their eyes and did not consider evil spirits and demons to be the cause of them. One of the very ancient and common methods of treating diseases was treating patients by reading holy words or prayer therapy, which basically had a psychotherapeutic basis. In the Islamic society of Iran and the world, like the ancient Iranian society, diseases and pains are considered heavenly scourges and caused by abundance. They thought it was a sin, and more or less like mental illnesses, they treated it with holy words, prayers, and rituals, based on the teachings of Islam, praying, supplicating to God, asking for healing from God against calamities, troubles, illnesses, etc. They are strong and effective in warding off evil. Amulets, as stated in their text, are ordered to prevent and protect from various calamities, of course, they should not cause polytheism, because it is not the amulet that protects, but the Almighty God has given this property to the amulet and He is the protector and protector of all. There is a relationship between amulets and talismans and physical and mental diseases. Finally, this relationship is not therapeutic, but it is aimed at creating a sense of trust, self-confidence, and peace of mind.
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