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Nasibeh Nakhostin, Tavakol Musazadeh, Azar Kiamarsi,
Volume 29, Issue 7 (10-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 7 (10-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Following the growing changes and changes that have occurred in the structure of human societies, the family institution has not been deprived of these changes and in some cases, has accepted dramatic changes in its structure, so marital incompatibility. Nowadays, it has become a social issue that damages the institution of the family and gradually leads the society to a critical situation and the collapse of values. For this reason, social planners need to investigate this problem in practice, identify its causes and factors, and take action to address it. The increasing problems, marital dissatisfaction, incompatibility, the increase in the divorce rate in recent years, as well as its negative consequences, indicate the need and importance of paying attention to marital adjustment. Adaptation means consistent adaptation to change and creating a connection between oneself and the environment in a way that enables maximum self-improvement with social welfare. Adaptation is defined as a continuous process in which specific social learning experiences create psychological needs and enable the acquisition of abilities and skills through which those needs can be met. Therefore, we say that a person is adaptable when he has learned the necessary skills to communicate and interact and can effectively meet his needs. Social adjustment is a process in which a person acquires the ability to be absorbed in that group by learning the principles and customs accepted in the group or community and aligning his or her needs and wants with the group in which he or she lives. Marital incompatibility has many negative effects such as reduced intimacy, reduced marital relationships, and reduced self-esteem in the family. The prevalence of marital incompatibility has always been of interest to psychologists and is more prevalent today. The prevalence of marital incompatibility has been reported in various ways. All the reports, despite their differences, show that the level of marital incompatibility is increasing. Research has shown that the ratio of divorce to marriage is increasing in Iran. A report on marital status in the United States also found that the proportion of children in families with two parents rose from 88 percent to 68 percent. On the other hand, in recent years, helping couples to improve their marital relationships by using training and applying different treatment methods has been considered. It is necessary to help couples to solve marital problems by recognizing the factors and causes affecting marital adjustment and reducing marital conflicts. The effect of communication skills on marital relationships in married couples is very important because it can help professionals in implementing the correct training program to provide better marital communication skills to meet physical and mental needs and wants. It can help couples live happier and more satisfying lives, it can also help them resolve their differences better, and it can therefore create a strong bond for better family functioning and social well-being. Slowly Despite the effectiveness of the emotion-oriented approach in improving subjects' behaviors in various studies, few studies have examined the effectiveness of the emotion-oriented approach on intimacy, communication skills, and feelings of worth. Hence, the research gap in this area is quite obvious. Given that couple adjustment plays an important role in family stability to achieve this goal, the emotional approach can be used, so the research question is whether the emotional approach to intimacy, communication skills And is the feeling of worth effective in incompatible couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran?
Methods: The research method is experimental with a multi-group pretest-posttest design and follow-up period. The statistical population includes all incompatible couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran, whose number in 1400 was equal to 3500 people. Taking into account the existing files of incompatible couples referring to the Family Counseling Center of Tehran, 10 couples (10 men and 10 women) who referred to the Family Counseling Centers of Tehran due to marital incompatibility by sampling method in Availability of choice was divided into two groups of 5 couples (5 couples in the first experimental group and 5 couples in the control group). Criteria for inclusion in the sample are the existence of marital incompatibility, minimum cycle education, passing at least one year of married life, obtaining the consent of clients, and also the criteria for leaving the research are having a history of psychiatric disorders and participating in another treatment program and absence there were more than two sessions in treatment sessions. The individuals selected in these groups, after completing the Thompson and Walker Intimacy Questionnaire (1983), Matson (1983) Communication Skills, and Crocker et al. (2003) and Spanier (1976) Marital Adjustment Questionnaire in the experimental group under the emotion-centered approach treatment was performed and the control group remained to wait until the end of the course. Then post-test was performed for both groups and after two months follow-up was performed for all three groups. The results are analyzed by SPSS software.
Results: The results showed that the emotion-oriented approach affects intimacy, communication skills, and feelings of worth in the subscales (family support, overtaking and competition, physical appearance, and academic competence) in maladapted couples.
Conclusion: The aim of this study was the effectiveness of an emotion-oriented approach to intimacy, communication skills, and feelings of worth in maladapted couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran. For this purpose, from all incompatible couples referred to counseling centers in Tehran, trained individuals and a control group were selected by the available sampling method. The results showed that the emotion-oriented approach to intimacy, communication skills, and feelings of worth in the subscales (family support, overtaking and competition, physical appearance, divine love, scientific competence, and consent from others) in incompatible couples is effective. Explaining the results of this study, it can be said that the emotion-oriented approach by controlling the person's emotions and improving the level of ability to manage the person's emotions teaches him how to react correctly in different emotional times. People who take emotion-oriented training courses know their emotions better and are prepared to be in exciting environments. In these people, emotional intelligence is also strengthened and the person chooses the best behavior and reaction from all the expected behaviors. According to the obtained results, it is suggested to use the emotion-oriented approach to improve the situation of intimacy, communication skills, and sense of worth in couples with marital incompatibility.
Nasibeh Nakhostin, Tavakol Musazadeh, Azar Kiamarsi,
Volume 30, Issue 3 (5-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 3 (5-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: The social developments of the past decades at the global level have faced the family system with new and diverse changes, challenges, issues, and needs. During this period, the family has been increasingly threatened by multiple and complex causes and factors. When the functions of the family, such as biological, social, cognitive, and emotional functions are damaged one after the other, its members gradually lose their sense of satisfaction. The gradual decrease in the satisfaction of family members due to incompatibility between couples first causes psychological dissociation and then social dissociation. In fact, the functioning of the family is formed based on the relationship between the spouses, and the conflicts between them cause the family system to undergo serious problems. One of the factors that can be mentioned as an influential factor in the occurrence of marital conflicts is intimacy, which in fact, with the reduction of this factor, the process of incompatibility moves forward quickly, and as an essential factor, it can be paid. Marital compatibility can be more in couples that have a higher level of intimacy. In other words, couples with higher intimacy are more capable of facing problems and changes related to their relationship, and as a result, they experience higher marital satisfaction and compatibility. On the other hand, communication skills are considered to be complex processes that enable a person to behave in such a way that others consider him/her adequate. Skills are the necessary abilities to perform purposeful and successful behaviors. Communication skills are the ability to symbolically and efficiently convey the meanings and messages that a person has in mind. When the couple's communication is of better quality, they can be closer to each other and can share their thoughts and feelings, as a result, they feel more intimate and avoid possible misunderstandings that arise in marital conflicts. They prevent seizures. Various treatment methods have been used to solve marital problems. The existence of incompatibility and unhealthy functioning of the family leads to the emergence of various family complications and damages. Therefore, it is necessary to implement therapeutic interventions to increase the functioning of couples, and one of the most effective therapeutic approaches in this field is schema therapy. Schema therapy is effective in improving the sense of closeness and psychological state of couples, marital relations, communication documents and sexual performance of couples, communication beliefs, and marital compatibility, and reducing the desire for divorce. The schema therapy approach is a fundamental evolution in cognitive therapy. The schema therapy approach was formed and developed at the heart of the cognitive therapy approach, based on the attachment theory. Schemas, as traces of a complex set of cognitions, feelings, and tendencies to react, are placed in the neural networks of the brain based on previous experiences. As soon as these patterns are activated in the later stages of life, people will feel trapped. By presenting the role of schemas and coping responses in conceptualizing psychological problems, schema therapy has been able to play a greater role in explaining psychological problems. Despite conducting various studies in the field of the effect of the use of treatment protocols on marital psychological characteristics, there are still many gaps in this field. Each of the conducted research is limited to certain statistical societies and cannot be generalized to the whole society. Also, the way of implementing treatment protocols may be of different quality, which requires repeating these training and comparing their results to reach the final conclusion. Conducting the present research can bring significant and interesting results by examining the effectiveness of the schema therapy protocol. Despite the effectiveness of schema therapy in improving subjects' behaviors in various studies, there have been few studies that have been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on intimacy and communication skills. Therefore, the research gap in this field is quite evident. Considering that the compatibility of couples plays an important role in the stability of the family, schema therapy can be used to achieve this goal, so the research question is whether schema therapy can affect intimacy and communication skills in incompatible couples. Is it effective for counseling centers in Tehran?
Methods: It is a semi-experimental research method with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population included all incompatible couples who referred to the counseling centers of Tehran in the first half of 1400, and by taking possession of the existing files of incompatible couples who referred to the counseling centers of Tehran, the number of 10 couples (10 men and 10 women) who due to conflicts Marital have referred to counseling centers in Tehran using available sampling method and were placed in two groups of 5 couples (5 couples in the experimental group, 5 couples in the control group). The data collection tool was Thompson and Walker's Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (1983), Matson's Communication Skills Questionnaire (1983), and Spanier's Marital Compatibility Questionnaire (1976). In this research, Yang's schema therapy protocol was used for schema therapy training, which was used for three months and in 10 sessions of 120 minutes, as shown in table no. The mixed variance analysis test with repeated measurements was used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that schema therapy is effective and stable in intimacy and related skills in incompatible couples. Also, the difference between the scores of all components in the pre-test and post-test stages, as well as pre-test and follow-up is significant (P<0.01), while the difference between the post-test and the follow-up stage is not significant. (P>0.01). This finding means that schema therapy has not only improved the marital intimacy components of couples in the experimental group, but this effect has also been stable in the follow-up phase. Also, the results of Table 6 show that the difference between the scores of communication skills in the pre-test and post-test stages as well as pre-test and follow-up is significant (P<0.01), while the difference between The test and the follow-up phase are not significant (P>0.01). This finding means that schema therapy has not only improved the communication skills of couples in the experimental group, but this effect has also been stable in the follow-up phase.
Conclusion: According to the results of this research, in general, schema therapy has a significant and stable effect on intimacy and communication skills in incompatible couples. In other words, schema therapy has improved intimacy and communication skills in incompatible couples. Every study has some limitations, and this study, like other studies, is not exempt from this case, which can be mentioned as the following limitations. In this research, only questionnaires were used to collect information, and due to practical limitations, interviews were not used to collect knowledge data. Also, the limitation of the sample size and the sampling method inevitably used the available sampling method. The main limitation of this research is that the current research sample was selected from among incompatible couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran, and the generalization of the results of this research to other people should be done with caution. Also, in this research, the possible effect of some intervening variables such as family, cultural, social, and economic factors and personality traits such as mental health or underlying family problems and their role in the research variables were not investigated, which found generalizability. It reduces research.
Methods: It is a semi-experimental research method with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population included all incompatible couples who referred to the counseling centers of Tehran in the first half of 1400, and by taking possession of the existing files of incompatible couples who referred to the counseling centers of Tehran, the number of 10 couples (10 men and 10 women) who due to conflicts Marital have referred to counseling centers in Tehran using available sampling method and were placed in two groups of 5 couples (5 couples in the experimental group, 5 couples in the control group). The data collection tool was Thompson and Walker's Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (1983), Matson's Communication Skills Questionnaire (1983), and Spanier's Marital Compatibility Questionnaire (1976). In this research, Yang's schema therapy protocol was used for schema therapy training, which was used for three months and in 10 sessions of 120 minutes, as shown in table no. The mixed variance analysis test with repeated measurements was used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that schema therapy is effective and stable in intimacy and related skills in incompatible couples. Also, the difference between the scores of all components in the pre-test and post-test stages, as well as pre-test and follow-up is significant (P<0.01), while the difference between the post-test and the follow-up stage is not significant. (P>0.01). This finding means that schema therapy has not only improved the marital intimacy components of couples in the experimental group, but this effect has also been stable in the follow-up phase. Also, the results of Table 6 show that the difference between the scores of communication skills in the pre-test and post-test stages as well as pre-test and follow-up is significant (P<0.01), while the difference between The test and the follow-up phase are not significant (P>0.01). This finding means that schema therapy has not only improved the communication skills of couples in the experimental group, but this effect has also been stable in the follow-up phase.
Conclusion: According to the results of this research, in general, schema therapy has a significant and stable effect on intimacy and communication skills in incompatible couples. In other words, schema therapy has improved intimacy and communication skills in incompatible couples. Every study has some limitations, and this study, like other studies, is not exempt from this case, which can be mentioned as the following limitations. In this research, only questionnaires were used to collect information, and due to practical limitations, interviews were not used to collect knowledge data. Also, the limitation of the sample size and the sampling method inevitably used the available sampling method. The main limitation of this research is that the current research sample was selected from among incompatible couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran, and the generalization of the results of this research to other people should be done with caution. Also, in this research, the possible effect of some intervening variables such as family, cultural, social, and economic factors and personality traits such as mental health or underlying family problems and their role in the research variables were not investigated, which found generalizability. It reduces research.
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