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Somayeh Kazemian, Nahid Karbasi Kashi, Maryam Kakavandi Chaghasfid,
Volume 28, Issue 3 (5-2021)
Volume 28, Issue 3 (5-2021)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Since cancer as a chronic disease starts slowly and gradually and continues for a long time, it has very amazing psychological effects. This disease can be a traumatic event that causes many negative emotions such as Anger, Depression, Depression, Anxiety, Sleep Problems, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. In fact, cancer affects a person's life in four dimensions: psychological, social, physical, and spiritual. Psychological factors play a key role in both the development of cancer and the persistence and consequences of the disease. Not only is it important to characterize the attitude of people with cancer towards death, but it is also necessary to identify and characterize the factors that affect death and attitudes toward it, such as attachment styles, emotional repression, and anxiety sensitivity. Comprehensive cancer services, which include providing support and support in all areas of physical, emotional, family, practical and spiritual care that affect the disease, seem to be essential in today's society. Because the experience of each stage of cancer profoundly affects the lives of patients. Although rehabilitation plays an important role in the course of treatment. Generally, there are no structures for regular assessment of psychological needs or sound and evaluated guidelines for individual rehabilitation interventions, as well as organizations for referring patients to benefit from advanced rehabilitation services. The effect of many non-pharmacological factors in the recovery of cancer can be measured, one of which can be the efforts of patients in the recovery process due to commitment to their families. In fact, by becoming aware of having this life-threatening disease, people's perceptions of life change and they try to adapt to this situation. The psychological effects of cancer diagnosis and the physical effects of treatment and its side effects can be affected in some way by a person's commitment to his family.The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between patients' views on family obligations and attitudes toward recovery in cancer patients in Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan.
Methods: This is a qualitative study. The statistical population of this study consists of a number of people with various types of cancer who referred to Beheshti Hospital in Kashan in 2015. A sample of this population of 16 people in the form of Available samples were selected.
Criteria for inclusion in this study were that about 20 years after the diagnosis of cancer, patients were aware of their disease and had experience of at least one of the various treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. They had the ability to communicate verbally and the ability to hear. They were selected by available sampling for a period of 3 months from June 1994 to August 1994. The age range of patients was 28 to 70 years with a mean age of 49 years. 62.5% of patients were female and different patients with different types of cancer were studied. Exclusion criteria also included all those with psychiatric disorders who had been treated or had any acute or chronic illness.
Results: According to the interviews with these patients, it is clear that with the progress made in improving cancer and despite the support of family members in the recovery process, many patients for various reasons that can be said to be due to commitment They are trying to speed up their recovery process. Among the effective factors arising from the sense of commitment of these patients are: the person's emotional relationship with family members and the person's view of his abilities.
Conclusion: Family-based commitment to health is one of the deep concepts that can be considered today along with other quantitative indicators such as life expectancy and survival, and it can be said that it has a positive and direct and significant relationship with recovery and its importance. It is especially prevalent in transformational diseases and long-term and complex treatments, including cancers. Among women, commitment to all members of the extended family, headed by children, was considered important, but among men, commitment was considered the only focus on completing the necessary activities for the normal life of the children and completing the paternal duty. شد. It should be noted that companionship and consequently family commitment is more visible around the first year of the disease and in the second year due to family fatigue during this period this feeling of commitment decreases and if the patient recovers after two years This feeling of commitment has increased since the illness, and the patient is making more efforts to recover due to the planned accompaniment of the family, who have in fact somehow come to terms with the illness over the years. Knowing that a person has cancer is a surprising and disturbing experience for every person and their family, and in fact, knowing that they have this life-threatening disease changes people's perception of life and tries to do so. The situation is adapted. The psychological effects of cancer diagnosis and the physical effects associated with treatment and the side effects associated with it can be somewhat influenced by a person's commitment to his family. Not only is it important to characterize the attitude of people with cancer towards death, but it is also necessary to identify and characterize the factors influencing death and attitudes toward it, such as attachment styles, emotional repression, and anxiety sensitivity. Given the growing prevalence of cancer, the issue of recovery of these patients, both physically and What is considered psychologically important. According to the researcher, due to the fact that the physical part of this disease is mostly focused on specialized doctors, but in the field of mental recovery of cancer patients, the main achievement of which is the person himself, many issues can be considered. After suffering from this disease, which in the optimistic state of some patients is considered incurable and even sometimes, some patients consider it incurable, the most important reason for continuing treatment and the process of improving family commitment in patients can be. In fact, patients are more concerned about what will happen to their families during this illness and in the future.
Niloufar Dirmanchi, Somaye Kazemian, Ali Akbar Khosravi Babadi,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Fertility has become a growing problem for many couples who are trying to conceive(1). Although infertility is not a life-threatening issue, it can still be a stressful life experience for couples. The high stress of infertility can be attributed to the fact that having children is important in general society(6). People with infertility often face pressures and ambiguous situations in society due to the type of infertility. Different groups probably deal with infertility differently. In other words, not all infertile people experience infertility in the same way(10). Following a highly ambiguous pregnancy loss, bereaved couples struggle with distress due to various forms of ambiguity(11). Ambiguity tolerance refers to how an individual (or group) perceives and processes information about ambiguous situations or stimuli when faced with familiar, complex, or incongruous and unpredictable cues. A person with ambiguity tolerance experiences less stress reacts earlier and avoids ambiguous stimuli. However, people with high ambiguity tolerance find the situations of desirable stimuli challenging and interesting and do not reject or distort their incongruity complexity. Ambiguity-tolerant people tend to perceive ambiguous situations and ambiguous stimuli as desirable, challenging, and interesting. People with low ambiguity tolerance react prematurely, experience more anxiety and stress, and try to avoid ambiguous stimuli. They also tend to reach results as quickly as possible(12). Therefore, tolerance of ambiguity is one of the important factors in dealing with problems. In infertility, these patients are looking for a definite and clear medical diagnosis. One of the problems of infertile women is tolerating ambiguity. In the meantime, every person takes psychological strategies to face their problems. Although according to the researcher's reviews, no specific studies have been conducted regarding the psychological strategies of infertile women with high ambiguity tolerance, some studies have indirectly addressed the psychological strategies of these women. It is divided into self-focused strategies and other-focused strategies(17). Also, the results of another research have pointed to coping strategies focused on the individual, coping strategies focused on the family, and strategies focused on the community(18). The present study was conducted to analyze the psychological strategies of infertile women with high ambiguity tolerance.
Methods: The study employed a qualitative approach and used the phenomenological method. The research was conducted with infertile women who were referred to the obstetrics and gynecology department of Shahid Akbar Abadi Hospital, an educational, research, and treatment center. The inclusion criteria involved being diagnosed with primary infertility by a gynecologist and obstetrician, aged between 20 and 45, having at least a high school diploma, experiencing infertility for at least 24 months after unprotected sex, undergoing at least two unsuccessful artificial insemination attempts, not having a psychological disorder or receiving counseling or psychiatric services during the study, and being willing to participate. Exclusion criteria included unwillingness to participate, withholding information during the interview, and becoming pregnant during the study.
The sample was selected based on the scores obtained from McLean's Ambiguity Tolerance Questionnaire(1993), given to 55 women who had undergone artificial insemination treatment at least twice. Those with high scores in the questionnaire were chosen for interviews. The number of participants was determined based on the study's nature and the quality of the collected information, until theoretical saturation was reached.
The study utilized the seven-stage Collaizi's analysis method. The first step involved carefully reading the participants' statements multiple times after conducting the interviews. Subsequently, in the second step, important sentences were extracted. In the third step, the researcher attempted to formulate the meanings of each important sentence. Following this, in the fourth step, the formulated meanings were classified into clusters of positions. In the fifth step, the researcher integrated all the ideas obtained into a detailed description of the field under study. Moving on to the sixth stage, the researcher condensed this detailed description of the studied phenomenon into a basic structure. Finally, in the last stage, the researcher referred back to the research participants and conducted a final interview to assess the validity of the results(19).
Results: The study aimed to explore the psychological strategies of infertile women with high ambiguity tolerance who had undergone IVF treatment at least twice. Through interviews with 12 participants, 754 primary codes or conceptual propositions were identified and categorized into 18 sub-themes, with 4 main content areas identified. The study found that infertility treatment exerts both physical and psychological pressure on women, leading to uncertainty about the outcomes and making life more challenging. Importantly, the research highlighted the lack of direct investigation into the psychological strategies of infertile women with high ambiguity tolerance, emphasizing the significance of the current study.
The research identified four stages in the psychological strategies of infertile women with high ambiguity tolerance during the treatment process:
The positive outlook on life: This stage involves making multiple efforts, maintaining optimism and hope, expecting success, and facing challenges during treatment. Becoming realistic and reducing expectations: Women in this stage experience doubts and worries, seek information, consult with experts, obtain external psychological support, avoid bias towards treatment options, and adapt to reality. Surrendering to divine providence: This stage involves acceptance and surrender, fatalism, and maintaining hope.
Transformation of the centrality of life: Women in this stage search for alternative solutions, decide on the course of treatment, obtain support from family and friends, experience psychological improvement, and take action to regain control of life.
The study concluded that infertile women with high ambiguity tolerance maintain a positive outlook on their situation without considering it as a certainty. They continue to hope for treatment success while not neglecting other aspects of their lives, actively pursuing conception alongside other life issues.
Conclusion: According to the results of the findings of this research, it can be concluded that infertile women who have a high tolerance for ambiguity, start to know positively about their respective situation and do not consider this knowledge as a certainty. As they continue to hope for treatment, they do not eliminate other aspects of their lives and pursue trying to conceive alongside other life issues.
Methods: The study employed a qualitative approach and used the phenomenological method. The research was conducted with infertile women who were referred to the obstetrics and gynecology department of Shahid Akbar Abadi Hospital, an educational, research, and treatment center. The inclusion criteria involved being diagnosed with primary infertility by a gynecologist and obstetrician, aged between 20 and 45, having at least a high school diploma, experiencing infertility for at least 24 months after unprotected sex, undergoing at least two unsuccessful artificial insemination attempts, not having a psychological disorder or receiving counseling or psychiatric services during the study, and being willing to participate. Exclusion criteria included unwillingness to participate, withholding information during the interview, and becoming pregnant during the study.
The sample was selected based on the scores obtained from McLean's Ambiguity Tolerance Questionnaire(1993), given to 55 women who had undergone artificial insemination treatment at least twice. Those with high scores in the questionnaire were chosen for interviews. The number of participants was determined based on the study's nature and the quality of the collected information, until theoretical saturation was reached.
The study utilized the seven-stage Collaizi's analysis method. The first step involved carefully reading the participants' statements multiple times after conducting the interviews. Subsequently, in the second step, important sentences were extracted. In the third step, the researcher attempted to formulate the meanings of each important sentence. Following this, in the fourth step, the formulated meanings were classified into clusters of positions. In the fifth step, the researcher integrated all the ideas obtained into a detailed description of the field under study. Moving on to the sixth stage, the researcher condensed this detailed description of the studied phenomenon into a basic structure. Finally, in the last stage, the researcher referred back to the research participants and conducted a final interview to assess the validity of the results(19).
Results: The study aimed to explore the psychological strategies of infertile women with high ambiguity tolerance who had undergone IVF treatment at least twice. Through interviews with 12 participants, 754 primary codes or conceptual propositions were identified and categorized into 18 sub-themes, with 4 main content areas identified. The study found that infertility treatment exerts both physical and psychological pressure on women, leading to uncertainty about the outcomes and making life more challenging. Importantly, the research highlighted the lack of direct investigation into the psychological strategies of infertile women with high ambiguity tolerance, emphasizing the significance of the current study.
The research identified four stages in the psychological strategies of infertile women with high ambiguity tolerance during the treatment process:
The positive outlook on life: This stage involves making multiple efforts, maintaining optimism and hope, expecting success, and facing challenges during treatment. Becoming realistic and reducing expectations: Women in this stage experience doubts and worries, seek information, consult with experts, obtain external psychological support, avoid bias towards treatment options, and adapt to reality. Surrendering to divine providence: This stage involves acceptance and surrender, fatalism, and maintaining hope.
Transformation of the centrality of life: Women in this stage search for alternative solutions, decide on the course of treatment, obtain support from family and friends, experience psychological improvement, and take action to regain control of life.
The study concluded that infertile women with high ambiguity tolerance maintain a positive outlook on their situation without considering it as a certainty. They continue to hope for treatment success while not neglecting other aspects of their lives, actively pursuing conception alongside other life issues.
Conclusion: According to the results of the findings of this research, it can be concluded that infertile women who have a high tolerance for ambiguity, start to know positively about their respective situation and do not consider this knowledge as a certainty. As they continue to hope for treatment, they do not eliminate other aspects of their lives and pursue trying to conceive alongside other life issues.
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