Razi Journal of Medical Sciences

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    Background & Aim: Diabetes is a heterogenous disease which results from complex reactions among heredity, nutrition and lifestyle. Some studies have shown that a high intake of saturated fatty acids(SFA) increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, while polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) decrease diabetes incidence by increasing insulin affinity to the receptors. In this study, serum fatty acids and adipose tissue composition as a long-term biomarker for fatty acids intake are determined, and their correlation with type 2 diabetes is investigated. Patients & Method: This was a cross-sectional study in which the healthy and the patient groups were compared. The fatty acid composition of fasting serum and adipose tissue was studied in 98 patients with type 2 diabetes and 76 healthy control subjects using gas-liquid chromatography. The serum lipids were measured by autoanalyzer. The means of variables were compared by using Students’ t-test. Results: The percentages of palmitic acid and positional isomer of oleic acid(11c-18:1) in adipose tissue of the patients were higher than the control group(P=0.01, P=0.02 respectively). The percentages of palmitic acid, total saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in the serum of the patients were higher than the control group too(P=0.001, P=0.006, P=0.02 respectively). Linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids were lower than the control group, however(P=0.02, P=0.02 respectively). Mean concentration of triglyceride in the patients was higher than the control group(t=-6.7, P=0.001). There was a negative correlation between serum PUFAs and cholesterol to HDL ratio in serum and a positive correlation between serum PUFAs and TG in serum. Also, PUFAs in serum had a negative correlation with TG in serum. Conclusion: Large amounts of palmitic acid and 11c-18:1 in adipose tissue may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and it seems that patients with type 2 diabetes can have proper control over lipid parameters by having a higher intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids than saturated fatty acids.

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Background: Infertility can cause psychological, social and economic stress in infertile people. Annually, 60 to 80 million infertile couples are diagnosed worldwide. Infertility treatment is more difficult for men than women, especially in developing countries where few people seek treatment because of the high cost. Oligospermia and azo sperm are the most important factors affecting infertility in men with varicocele. Spermatogenesis is the process of proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonia stem cells (SSCs). These cells are located on the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules and are surrounded by Sertoli cells. This complex provides an environment that promotes sperm function and survival. Any change in this process leads to changes in the male reproductive system and can lead to male infertility. Therefore, knowing the markers that are involved in the process of spermatogenesis is important and necessary. PLZF is one of the well-known markers of spermatogonia stem cells, which is essential for the maintenance and development of spermatogonia stem cells in culture. PLZF is produced and secreted by Sertoli cells, and a subset of spermatogonia express its receptor. One possible role for PLZF may be to maintain a non-distinctive position. TekT1 is also a group of genes expressed by spermatocytes. This gene is expressed in the tubulin involved in the formation of microfilaments. TEKT1 together with PLZF play an important role in spermatogenesis by stem cells. Studies of these two proteins and their role in spermatogenesis have important implications in in vitro spermatogenesis studies. In this regard, there are modifiable factors such as physical activity and laser therapy that help prevent and treat this disease by regulating and modulating genes that are effective in fertility. Among aerobic exercises, low-intensity aerobic exercise is one of the exercises that is safe and usable in different physiological conditions and due to its intolerance of weight in water compared to non-water sports in most physiological, biochemical and reaction studies. Molecular ions are used. Laser treatment is also a non-invasive treatment. Recent research shows that alterations in key molecules or signaling pathways and gene expression in the process of spermatogenesis through non-invasive methods such as exercise and laser therapy can affect fertility in infertile individuals. Although possible mechanisms have been proposed for the effect of physical activity and laser therapy on male infertility, the results of studies on the relationship between physical activity and laser therapy, especially low-power expression of the PLZF, TekT1 gene in the animal model of spermatogenesis, are very limited. Be. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in PLZF and TekT1 gene expression in azo sperm rats following 8 weeks of low-intensity swimming training and low power laser.
Methods: The research method is experimental with post-test design. In this experimental study, 25 adult male Wistar rats aged 6 to 8 weeks with an average weight of 202.85 ± 62 15.62 g from Pasteur Institute Were purchased. The protocol of this research was performed according to the international laws on laboratory animals with the code of ethics IR.IAU.SARI.REC.1398.149 and was approved by the ethics committee of the Islamic Azad University of Sari. After creating the azo sperm model, the mice were divided into five groups: healthy control, azo sperm, training + azo sperm, azo sperm + laser, and training + azo sperm + laser. Exercise + azoospermia group, one month after an azo sperm, performed low-intensity swimming exercises for 8 weeks, five days a week for 30 minutes each day. In the laser intervention group, low-power lasers with a wavelength of 8.632 nm and a power of 10 mW and an energy of 3 joules were applied in three replications throughout the study period once a week at intervals in the testis of azo spermic mice. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that a period of swimming training program in the exercise + azoospermia group became a significant decrease in the expression of PLZF (p=0.001) and TekT1 (p=0.001) genes in relation to healthy control groups, respectively. There was also a significant decrease in the expression of PLZF and TekT1 genes in the exercise + azoospermia + laser group compared to the healthy control group (p≤ 0.001) and an increase compared to the azoospermia group, exercise + azoospermia and azoospermia + laser (p≤ 0.001).
Conclusion: In the present study, the effect of 8 weeks of low-intensity swimming training on PLZF and TekT1 gene expression in azo sperm mice was investigated. One of the important results of the present study is a significant decrease in the expression level of PLZF and TekT1 gene in azo sperm rats compared to the healthy group. Decreased levels of SSCs receptors inhibit the production and expression of spermatogonia stem cells. Therefore, it seems that reducing receptors and increasing inflammation in azo sperm patients can reduce the expression level of PLZF and TekT1 genes. Another important result of the present study is the increase in PLZF and TEKT1 gene expression levels in training + azo sperm + laser rats compared to the intervention and azo sperm groups. Exposure of laser beams to defective sprays increases the concentration of calcium in the cell and the amount of energy, which leads to increased motility and fertility. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that an executive instruction be developed to develop low-intensity swimming exercises for people with azo sperm in order to prevent the effects of this disease. Also, due to the effect of a low-intensity low-intensity laser swimming training session on PLZF and TEKT1 gene expression, it is recommended that patients with azo sperm benefit more from low-intensity swimming sports activities. In general, the results of the present study indicate that alteration of key molecules or signaling pathways and gene expression of male germ cells in the process of spermatogenesis can reduce fertility and increase infertility, but regular aerobic exercise such as swimming with intensity Low with low power laser helps in inhibit the effects of infertility diseases by increasing the maintenance and development of spermatogonia stem cells.

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Abstract
With the onset of a new wave of coronavirus in Iran, athletes and ordinary people are still looking for high-intensity exercise or the use of masks, so researchers have suggested doing exercise in accordance with health protocols. In this review study, researchers examine the effect of different training intensities on the immune system and the importance of masked exercise. Finally, it can be said that doing moderate-intensity exercise with health protocols can prevent the coronavirus from being infected

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Background & Aims: One of the areas that has undergone change in Iran is childbearing. Statistical data show a decrease in the fertility rate in the last few decades; To the extent that in recent years the number of children of a mother is less than the required index in replacing generations (1/2 children) (1). This downward change in fertility rate indicates a change in the fertility of Iranian families and their desire for one child. On the other hand, having one child is the result of any factor or factors, creating a fundamental change not only in the demographic structure and socialization of the family, but also in various aspects of school performance and all aspects of the individual's personality in the future. There are many treatments for psychological disorders today. Each of these therapies may be stronger and more specialized than the other. Third wave therapies focus more on families and proper communication, because human beings are social beings and the type of communication style they have with others has a great impact on their mental health and that of their families (3). Among the important therapies for the component of marital satisfaction in families, especially mothers, is the Boeing therapy and the new ACT therapy, which largely complements cognitive-behavioral therapy. These treatments can increase family cohesion and raise children properly. Among these therapeutic interventions is Bowen's treatment, whose approach is family therapy. Bowen's family therapy approach deals with the family as an emotional unit and a network of intertwined relationships that must be analyzed from a different context or historical perspective to better understand it. Bowen believes that the whole family system is an emotional unit that cannot be separated from each other or successfully (5). In other words, the foundation of this theory is based on the concept of separation. Bowen family therapists believe that all the problems in family functioning, including marital dissatisfaction in the couple, which has a negative effect on the children and causes emotional divorce, arise from inappropriate family systems. Accordingly, the main goal of Bowen's therapies is to reduce chronic anxiety by being aware of the family's emotional system, focusing on changing oneself rather than trying to change others (6). On the other hand, ACT therapy is rooted in a philosophical theory called functional contextualism and is based on a research program on language and cognition called the theory of the framework of mental relationships (7). Despite the many studies on the effectiveness of ACT therapy on anxiety, depression, heart disease, marital conflict, marital satisfaction and many more; However, no research has been conducted on the effectiveness of ACT therapy on cognitive emotion regulation; Research has also been conducted on other variables in the field of Boeing family therapy; But so far little research has been done on marital satisfaction. Therefore, considering the significant effects of cognitive emotion regulation on many aspects of a person's development and interpersonal relationships, the need for such research and the application of its results is clearly understood. In order to compare the effectiveness of Boeing family therapy and ACT treatment on differentiation, the following hypotheses are proposed.
Methods: This research was conducted by quasi-experimental method and using a pre-test-post-test design with two experimental groups and a control group. The independent variables of the study were Boeing family therapy and ACT treatment method and the dependent variable was marital satisfaction. The dependent variable scale was collected in two stages: pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of this study was all single mothers of preschool children in Kermanshah in the spring of 1399. The sampling method was simple by using random sampling and assignment. Forty-five mothers of preschool children were randomly selected and due to the prevalence of coronary heart disease in online sessions, intervention sessions were held for them through online sessions. The subjects' marital satisfaction scale was measured using the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire for every 45 people (pre-test). Then, by simple random sampling, individuals were assigned to three groups of 15 people (two experimental groups and one control group). The experimental group members separately participated in eight 1.5-hour weekly sessions of the Boeing Family Therapy and ACT, conducted by a trained therapist, and the control group was placed on a waiting list. Meetings were held at Setareh Preschool Center on a weekly basis for two months. Participants in the sessions expressed their willingness to cooperate to receive intervention and participate in the research. Analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the data.
Results: The Benferoni post hoc test is performed to compare between the control group, ACT and Bowen. As can be seen in Table 5, there is no significant difference in marital satisfaction scores between the ACT and Bowen groups, and therefore Bowen-based therapy and ACT-based therapy have the same effect on marital satisfaction.
Conclusion: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of Boeing family therapy and ACT treatment on cognitive emotion regulation of single mothers in preschool centers in Kermanshah.
Stable and meaningful. Also, Bonferroni post hoc test showed that due to the differences in the comparison of these two interventional methods, the effectiveness of Buenie family therapy and ACT treatment on marital satisfaction is the same. The findings of the present study on the effectiveness of Boeing family therapy interventions on marital satisfaction are not unexpected and are consistent with the results of a large number of previous studies. The results showed that there was no significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores in the Boeing family therapy method and the ACT method on marital satisfaction. Couples in Buenos Aires believe that the phenomenon of marriage requires a high degree of adaptability. None of the couples feel safe and caring if there is no normal and acceptable level of adaptation in the marriage. In addition, marital intimacy requires a strong sense of self-awareness and self-differentiation. Couples with low levels of differentiation and high fusion are not able to understand their desires in the relationship, therefore, this process has a negative effect on their life satisfaction, when these couples with factors the change of role that reduces satisfaction, they face, they feel failure. Couples who are able to accredit themselves instead of seeking approval have a better working spirit in marriage.

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Background & Aims: The global epidemic of the disease caused by the coronavirus (Covid-19), as a severe acute respiratory syndrome that appeared in December 2019, not only as a threat to the health and lives of millions of people around the world was considered The sudden outbreak of covid-19 faced many challenges in the education systems of the world and affected the field of education. In 120 countries, face-to-face learning stopped and the education of one billion students was ordered to close schools and higher education as an emergency measure to prevent the spread of infection. In the face of the Covid-19 epidemic, health protocols emphasized social distancing, and in many countries, including our country, the education of students is not interrupted during the period of social distancing and the curriculum continues according to the predetermined schedule. Different solutions were presented. In fact, with the beginning of the closure of schools to help eliminate this virus, the concern of developing and implementing educational programs to continue education at home and in the conditions of home quarantine is one of the biggest challenges of educational systems, including education. And breeding became. In such a way that international institutions and organizations, such as the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization, were forced to work hard to develop curricula, guidelines, and educational guides for these conditions. Although Covid-19 could have negative effects on educational activities, social distancing has stimulated the growth of online educational activities so that there is no disruption in education. The electronic learning system has created educational environments that are not dependent on any specific location or time and allows teachers to teach a course simultaneously or asynchronously or use a combination of these two modes. In this way, electronic education or education through virtual space was chosen as one of the important and serious programs in education. Electronic education and learning are one of the achievements that have transformed our world. So, in the field of health, virtual education can be used to increase the level of awareness and perform physical activity. Paying attention to motor and cognitive function during life and investigating effective factors for preventing the decline of body functions have always been of interest to researchers, therefore, the purpose of this research is the effect of a course of physical activity through virtual training on indicators of aggression and self-control in women in The critical situation of Corona was in 2019.
Methods: The statistical population studied in this research included all the women in the sports hall of one district of Tehran in 2019. In this survey, an available sampling method was used, in the first stage, 3 districts were randomly selected from the ten districts of one district of Tehran city, which included districts 5, 6, and 9, each district had two clubs. One from each area was randomly selected. Then, after each morning and evening shift of classes held in the hall, one group from the morning shift and one group from the evening shift were randomly selected. In the next step, research questionnaires were administered to all women as a group. Then 30 women who had a significantly low score in the self-control questionnaire and a significantly high score in the aggression questionnaire were identified. Then these 30 people were randomly divided into two groups of 15 people (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group). The aerobic exercise program was performed for 24 sessions and three sessions of 60 minutes each week with an intensity equal to 65-80 maximum heart rate. Before the beginning of the sessions and at the end of the last session, the aggression and self-control questionnaire was completed. To analyze the research data, descriptive statistical methods such as frequency, mean and standard deviation, as well as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic to check the normality of the data and at the level of inferential statistics while respecting the assumptions, at the level of the total score of the questionnaires, from the t analysis correlated to The statistical software SPSS version 22 was used at a significance level of P≤0.05.
Results: The results of the correlation t analysis show that in the physical activity group, aggression improved with a significant level of 0.011, and self-control improved with a significant level of 0.042.
Conclusion: The results showed that aggression and self-control improved in the physical activity group. The results of the present study are a confirmation of previous studies regarding the role of physical activity in improving psychological, cognitive, and mood states. It is suggested that in line with the tendency of citizens to exercise more and more and increase their physical activity, on the one hand, to improve the changeable conditions of people's living environment, such as making it easier to access recreational-sports spaces, including the development of walking paths leading to these places, providing more services public transportation from different parts of the city and increasing the personal security of people on the street, and on the other hand, to strengthen the psychological-social factors through holding sports competitions in different age groups at the level of each neighborhood, equipping and attracting sports facilities in accordance with the interests of use - Participants in the direction of establishing and increasing the level of self-control and reducing aggression of people, providing sports fields for family use such as walking festivals with the aim of increasing role modeling, social support of the family and informing about the benefits of physical activity through social media and city advertisements to increase The level of awareness and social norms of different people, their family and relatives, should be given more attention. It should be kept in mind that this research was on women referring to clubs in one area of ​​Tehran, so one should be careful in generalizing the results to other people, which was one of the limitations of the present research. The researcher couldn't control all the influencing variables (such as the motivation to participate in training sessions) on the subjects, which was one of the limitations of this research.