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Showing 15 results for Hemmat
L Haghighi, M Hemmat,
Volume 11, Issue 43 (12-2004)
Volume 11, Issue 43 (12-2004)
Abstract
Abortion techniques are divided into two groups: surgical and medical. Finding drugs with least side effect and more potency is the aim of many researches in the latter technique. In recent years, prostaglandins have been one of the methods of choice in the induction of abortion. However, with recent studies on the mechanism of uteric contraction and cervical dilatation and by recognizing Nitric Oxide as an important mediator of this process, NO donors are object of many studies. With regard to few studies in this field, this research was conducted to compare the effect of intravaginal isosorbide dinitrate(an NO donor) and vaginal suppository of prostaglandin on cervical dilatation. 148 pregnant women with indication of therapeutic abortion in the first trimester were studied in two groups. The two groups were similar in terms of gestational age, parity and cervical dilatation. Cervical dilatation changes in each group during treatment were statistically significant (from 2.26±0.68cm to 4.57±1.62cm in PG and from 2.18±0.63cm to 3.63±1.11cm in ISD group). Also, the cervical dilatation difference between the two groups after treatment was statistically significant (P<0.05)(3.63±1.11cm vs 4.57±1.6cm in ISD and PG group, respectively) Furthermore, abdominal pain was more common in PG group (P<0.05). In conclusion, these two types of treatment are found to produce cervical dilatation, but the efficacy and also incidence of abdominal pain with PG is more common than ISD.
Ahmad Yousefi, Abbas Gilvari, Tayyebe Shahmirzadi, Morteza Hemmat, Maryam Keshavarz,
Volume 19, Issue 96 (6-2012)
Volume 19, Issue 96 (6-2012)
Abstract
Background : Currently, the scientific output indexed in databases such as ISI is the major criteria for evaluation and ranking of countries, researchers, institutes and universities in the world. Each country's share in the world's scientific output in general and specifically in a specific field will be evaluated accordingly. Therefore, determination of the rate of growth of articles from Iranian authors in the ISI database in the field of immunology, its distribution and growth in different years, average citation per paper in comparison with the Iranian and world average, co-authorship, the most cited papers, the most prolific authors, the most prolific Iranian universities and institutions, are the main objectives of the study.
Methods: The study area is scientometrics and the necessity of the survey methods and citation analysis has been used.
Results: Findings show that from 1974 to the end of 2010 a total of 1775 articles of Iranian writers in the immunology field have entered into ISI Web of Science. According to the results, the number of articles has been high in the recent years. Most collaboration of the Iranian authors has been with their counterparts from USA. Immunology articles have had the most interaction with the field of transplantation. Most of the articles of Iranian scholars in the field of immunology are published in the Transplantation Proceedings journal. Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) is the most active center and Ardeshir Ghavamzadeh is the most prolific author. The costs of 10.99% articles is provided by Iranian and foreign universities and institutes.
Conclusion: Iranian papers in the field of immunology have steadily increased and in the recent years have reached its peak. Iranian immunologists have disposition to co-authorship with their counterparts from other countries which is almost the same with other subject areas in Iran. The average citation per paper in the field of immunology is higher than that of the Iranian average and lowest than the global average, much lower than global and Middle East average in the field of immunology. Tehran University of Medical Sciences is the most prolific university. Also, the most prolific authors are affiliated to the TUMS. Domestic and foreign universities and institutions in financing research have had little share.
Zahedeh Rahimluy Marjani, Homeira Hatami, Ali Reza Alihemmati,
Volume 20, Issue 117 (3-2014)
Volume 20, Issue 117 (3-2014)
Abstract
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS ( is one of the chronic autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system with unknown etiology. Nitric oxide (NO) as a free radical has contradictory effect on the central nervous system and on MS disease. Nitric oxide is one of the distractive factors of the immune system and is a factor in the destruction of myelin. On the other hand, there is an interaction between NO and memory. In this study, the effects of stimulation and suppression of the NO system have been investigated on the memory of MS .
Methods : In this experimental 35 male rats were anesthetized and a cannula was placed in the hippocampus CA1 region, later were divided into five groups, including: control, sham, Ethidium Bromide (EB) (3 μL / rat), L-Arginine (15/1 μg / rat and), EB (3 μL / rat) + L-Arginine (15/1 μg / rat and). The Morris water maze was used for studying the spatial memory. Data analysis was performed by using one way ANOVA.
Results: Administration of EB as the inducer of MS disease caused the impairment of spatial memory, L-Arginine improved spatial learning and memory in healthy rats, L-Arginine improves spatial memory in rats with MS.
Conclusions: In MS rats , L-Arginine improved the spatial memory. It seems that NO by activating intracellular secondary messenger pathways improves the declined spatial memory during MS disease.
Maryam Gholami, Marzieh Vaseie, Soheila Erfani, Masoud Najjarzadeh, Mina Hemmati,
Volume 23, Issue 147 (9-2016)
Volume 23, Issue 147 (9-2016)
Abstract
Hepatoprotective effects of plants with antioxidant properties have been demonstrated. Considering the importance of drug-induced hepatotoxicity as a major cause of liver damage, present study carried out to investigate the protective and therapeutic effects of Fumaria afficinalis extract against hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in rats. 35 adult male Wistar Albino rats randomly were divided into 7 groups: (1) healthy control, (2) positive control rats [intraperitoneally injection of acetaminophen (150 mg/kg)], (3) hepatotoxic rats treated with silybum marianum (100 mg/kg) once daily, (4) and (5) hepatotoxic rats treated with Fumaria aqueous extract once daily at doses 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively for 2 weeks at the time of acetaminophen injection, (6) and (7) protective experimental rats that treated with aqueous extract of Fumaria once daily at doses 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, before drug injection. For groups 6 and 7, after 2 weeks of oral treatment, acetaminophen was injected and treatment continued for 2 weeks. At the end of treatment period serum level of functional liver markers (ALT, AST, ALP, and LDH), lipid profile, malondialdehyde and total antioxicant capacity were measured. The data was analyzed by one way ANOVA test. Fumaria reduced the elevated liver enzymes levels and also improved lipid profile. Furthermore this plant reduced lipid peroxidation and increased total antioxidant capacity. Protective effects of Fumaria in prevention groups were notable compared with therapeutic groups. Our results demonstrated that Fumaria have protective and therapeutic effect on experimentally acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. This protective effect might be due to various flavonoids in different plants and it should be considered when designing new drugs for liver toxicity treatment.
Dr Majid Mansoori, Somayeh Janani, Delina Chavoshi, Pegah Mohaghegh, Siroos Hemmatpouقr, Asadolah Fatolahpour, Ghobad Moradi,
Volume 24, Issue 155 (5-2017)
Volume 24, Issue 155 (5-2017)
Abstract
Background: Respiratory distress syndrome is one of the main causes of infant mortality. Surfactant is the standard treatment for it. In this study, complication of surfactant therapy via mechanical ventilation and manual injection were compared in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome admitted in neonatal intensive care unit of Besat hospital in Sanandaj.
Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 160 infants with respiratory distress syndrome were studied. The patients included 75 patients (46.8%) in whom surfactant was administered by injection via manual ventilation and 85 patients (53.2%) in whom it was administered by mechanical ventilation. Data were entered into the software STATA-11 and t-test and chi-square was used.
Results: Of the 160 preterm neonates, 116 (69%) cases were female and 52 (31%) cases were male. The mean duration of mechanical ventilation (p=0.024) and the mean duration of oxygen therapy (p=0.018) in two groups were statistically significant. Pneumothorax rate, prevalence of Bronchopulmonar Dysplasia (BPD) and mortality rate were different between two groups but weren't statistically significant.
Conclusion: The results showed that the duration of mechanical ventilation is less in surfactant therapy with mechanical ventilation compared to manual ventilation. Considering the fewer complication of surfactant therapy with mechanical ventilation, it is recommended as a better method for surfactant administration than manual ventilation.
Madineh Jasemi, Soheila I Ahangarzadeh Rezae, Masoomeh Hemmati, Nasim Madadipoor, Rozita Cheraghi,
Volume 25, Issue 10 (1-2019)
Volume 25, Issue 10 (1-2019)
Abstract
Background: Nursing student's skills evaluation plays a vital role in their professional education, but unfortunately; the quality of many evaluation methods is less than optimal. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of evaluation by using Direct Observation of Clinical Skills (DOPS) and traditional methods on nursing students' clinical skills in 2016.
Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 108 senior nursing students were selected and then randomly assigned into two groups of case and control. In the case group was evaluated the skills related to dressing, intra-vein catheterization and suction by DOPS method and in the control group these skills was evaluated by traditional method. Finally, the skills in the two groups were checked by checklist and data were analyzed by using SPSS16 software, descriptive and inferential statistics, Chi-square, independent t-test, Pearson correlation and ANOVA.
Results: Independent T-test showed a significant difference in the mean score of dressing, intra-vein catheterization and suction skills between case and control groups (p<0.001). Also the results showed a significant increase in those skills in the third stage of assessment in the case group, which showed a statistically significant in ANOVA (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Regarding the improvement of clinical skills in case group's students, it is suggested that the DOPS evaluation method as a high-performance, objective, validated method is used for assessing clinical skills and evaluating the learning of nursing students as well as accepting responsibility professionals in medical sciences.
Mitra Hemmati, Mansour Rezaei, Masome Abdolhossini, Shabnam Satari, Ghazal Heidary, Nahid Madadi-Goli, Kamal Ahmadi,
Volume 26, Issue 2 (5-2019)
Volume 26, Issue 2 (5-2019)
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D plays critical role in the development and bone stability, cell proliferation and differentiation. The aim of this study was to determine the serum levels of vitamin D and its affecting factors in infants aged 2 to 6 years in Kermanshah.
Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in 32 health centers of Kermanshah on 389 children from 2 to 6 age, between 2014-2015. The questionnaires were distributed by verbal and written consent from parents of children and characteristics of them and type of their nutrition were recorded. The height and weight of infants were measured and recorded using the Sika scales with minimal coverage. The serum vitamin D levels were analyzed by ELISA method and the data were analyzed using SPSS v. 20 software.
Results: In this study, from 389 children 180 (46.3%) were female and 209 (53.17%) male. The results showed, 8.7% of infants had severe deficiency and 49.1% and 42.2% had insufficient and normal levels of vitamin D respectively. The highest mean serum vitamin D level was reported in summer, and there was a significant relationship between serum vitamin D levels with age, height, weight, and exposure to sunlight (p<0.05).
Conclusion: In this study, due to the high deficiency of vitamin D and its importance in children's growth and health, parents should be notifyed about the importance of this vitamin and also the necessity of enrichment of food in the health program.
Reza Omidi Ghanbari, Rahman Soori, Ahmad Hemmatfar,
Volume 26, Issue 12 (2-2020)
Volume 26, Issue 12 (2-2020)
Abstract
Background: Studies have shown that adropine is associated with metabolic homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high intensity running on serum adropine level and insulin resistance in obese adolescent boys.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 25 obese adolescents (mean age 13.40±0.71 years; weight 86.05±8.37 kg) were randomly selected and divided into two groups of running and control. The training group, running at 60-75% of maximal heart rate, performed four sessions per week for 10 weeks. Data were analyzed by independent and dependent t-test at the P<0.05.
Results: The results of this study showed that weight (P=0.001) and body fat percentage (P=0.020) were significantly decreased in the high intensity running post-test compared to the pre-test and the control group. Serum adropine levels were significantly increased in the high-intensity running group compared to the pre-test group and the control group (P=0.003). There was a significant correlation between changes in adropine and changes in body weight, body fat percentage and HOMA-IR (P<0.05).
Conclusion: High-intensity running is associated with the higher adropine levels and as a result, improve indices of metabolic.
Sahar Hemmati, Nakisa Hooman,
Volume 27, Issue 5 (7-2020)
Volume 27, Issue 5 (7-2020)
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis is a method of renal replacement therapy in patients with end-stage chronic renal failure. Over time, peritoneal dialysis damages the peritoneal membrane, which can adversely affect peritoneal function, leading to cessation of peritoneal dialysis and the onset of hemodialysis, and even malnutrition and death. Due to the invasive nature of peritoneal biopsy to evaluate peritoneal injury and fibrosis, the structure of the peritoneal membrane is evaluated based on biomarkers that are secreted by the peritoneal membrane and measured in the peritoneal dialysis effluent. Several biomarkers were studied for this purpose, including interleukin-6, hyaluronan, vascular endothelial growth factor and etc. One of these markers is CA125 antigen, which is considered as a measure of the health and mass of mesothelial cells lining the peritoneum, which, unlike other biomarkers named above, is not secreted by any cell other than mesothelial cells. CA125 is a glycoprotein produced by ovarian cancer cells and is widely used for ovarian cancer screening today. This antigen is also secreted by mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal membrane and can be measured in peritoneal dialysis effluent. Its amount is not affected by the type of dialysis solution. Visser et al. (1995) first proposed the theory of measuring CA125 levels of dialysis fluid at the end of a four-hour peritoneal equilibration test (PET) as a diagnostic biomarker for mesothelial cell function in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.
Therefore, finding a suitable diagnostic biomarker for rapid detection and identification of peritoneal membrane damage as well as peritoneal function at a lower cost is very valuable and will be of great help in patient management. In this review article, 25 studies with a total of 623 patients over 18 years old and 73 patients under 18 years old undergoing peritoneal dialysis were reviewed and summarized. These 25 studies included clinical trials, descriptive studies, and prospective studies to evaluate the relationship between CA125 dialysis effluent and peritoneal function and to evaluate the value of using this biomarker in evaluating mesothelial cell health and dialysis quality and its relationship with peritonitis and demographic characteristics. Patients were evaluated and summarized. Normal baseline values for CA125 dialysis concentration have not yet been determined. To date, numerous studies have been performed on peritoneal dialysis patients in both age groups of children and adults to determine the concentration of CA125 in dialysis effluent. In these studies, the level of CA125 dialysis had a wide distribution range between 0.5-65 U / ml and values CA125-AR U / min / 1.73m2 was variable 3.471-6. Due to the fact that CA125 dialysis levels in patients are significantly different, its serial measurement in each individual may be a more valuable indicator in the follow-up of specific patients, so that deviation from the process of time reduction can be a worrying sign. Significant difference between CA125 and CA125-AR peripheral concentrations (CA-125 Apearrance rate) with patients' demographic information including age, sex, BMI (Body mas index), primary biopsy results and cause of chronic renal failure leading to dialysis Not seen in various studies. Degradation of the mesothelium over time due to contact with high concentrations of peritoneal dialysis solution, toxicity of glucose metabolites, and the occurrence of peritonitis may explain the decrease in CA125 dialysis concentration. Peritoneal biopsy data show loss of mesothelial layer integrity after 5 years in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. It is a gradual process, so its changes over time can be an indication of mesothelial cell mass. This can be used in the longitudinal follow-up of rolling patients. Information on the relationship between CA125 concentration and peritoneal transport is somewhat inconsistent. Only in three papers a positive correlation between CA125 dialysis level and peritoneal transport parameters was reported (11,14,15) and no similar correlation was seen in other studies. Dialysis levels of CA125 are temporarily increased during peritonitis and return to the level of patients without peritonitis after recovery. Due to the fact that the increase in CA125 concentration in the acute peritonitis episode occurs due to both reversible damage to mesothelial cells and cell death, it can not have a prognostic effect in patients with acute peritonitis. Despite more than 30 years of initial research introducing CA125 as a biomarker of the mesothelial mass of the peritoneal membrane, many of the results are still contradictory and a full understanding of the biological significance of this biomarker has not yet been established. Changes in its level in each person are unique and valuable over time, and further studies are needed in this regard..
Mohammad Hemmatinafar, Dr. Zahra Mosallanezhad, Dr. Mohammad Hassan Abdollahei, Mr. Hossein Yazdani, Mr. Afrooz Samsami Pour, Dr. Negar Kooroshfard, Mrs. Masoumeh Hanani,
Volume 28, Issue 2 (4-2021)
Volume 28, Issue 2 (4-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aims: Beetroot juice has been shown to increase endurance and high-intensity training performance. In addition, after consuming beetroot juice supplementation, the performance of periodic exercise in recreational (non-professional) athletes also improves. Therefore, we assessed the impact of a period of BR consumption on the performance of amateur trained soccer players following high-intensity intermittent exercise. The popularity of exercise nutrition is growing exponentially among athletes to boost their athletic performance. As a result, upon the improvement of contraction / relaxation, the generation of power and strength enhances the short-term intermittent running. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that is capable of improving vascular function, mitochondrial respiration, glucose homeostasis, and skeletal muscle contractions. However, the consumption of nitrate-rich vegetables (NO3-), such as lettuce, spinach, and beetroot (BR) have been identified as an alternative source and precursor of NO. The consumption of NO3- and increase of NO production decrease oxidative stress in skeletal muscle, handle calcium, and increase contractile force and production capacity in type II muscle fibers, increase time to fatigue, and improve the exercise performance. BR is rich in foods such as sugar, phenolic compounds, and ascorbic acid. BR is a rich source of NO3- commonly consumed because it possesses high contents of betacyanin and polyphenol and it produces more NO molecules than NO salts. The ergogenic effects of NO3-rich sources were first reported in metabolic adaptations following endurance training. Athletes in team or individual sports aim to increase performance in high-intensity interval training. High-intensity exercise results in a transition from low- to high-intensity and changes in metabolic conditions. In recent years, nitrate supplementation has been shown to have a significant effect on anaerobic exercise and high-intensity interval exercise. The effect of nitrate-rich BR juice support the improvement of the performance of high-intensity intermittent exercise in team sports; however, the length of the intake period and the time interval of nitrate-rich supplementation prior to the performance of the experiment are not completely clear. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that supplementation of BR in amateur trained soccer players could improve physiological and functional parameters. Therefore, we assessed the impact of a period of BR consumption on the performance of amateur trained soccer players following high-intensity intermittent exercise.
Methods: Forty-two male soccer players competing in the 2nd Iranian amateur league with the mean age of 20.50±0.58, weight of 67.14±2.35, body fat percent of 11.63±1.44, and body mass index of 21.34±0.48 voluntarily participated in the study. First off, all participants were informed about the nature of experimental procedures, including potential risks and benefits and then, received written informed consent. The experimental protocols were approved by the Ethical Committee of Shiraz University, Iran, according to Helsinki DeclarationGuidelines. Participants were asked not to take any sport or medical supplements, or any ergogenic aids during the 4-week experiment period. The current study was randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over, and double-blind that investigated the effect of BR supplementation on high-intensity intermittent exercise performance in soccer players. High- intensity intermittent running performance was assessed by the Yo-Yo IR1 test and Wingate test in two days. All subjects ingested beetroot juice nitrate- rich (2×70 ml/day; BR) or placebo (PLA) for six-days with seven-days of wash-out between trialsParticipants arrived at the facility 2.5 h after ingesting the last bolus of the supplement (8:30 A.M.). The heart rate was continuously monitored throughout the experiment (Polar Beat, Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland). The experimental protocols were carried out at the same time in every day. Subjects were asked to arrive to the laboratory 90 min before the experiment. They were also requested to be fully hydrated, and consume their least meal at least 3 h before the initiation of the exercise test. Besides, they had to avoid strenuous exercise 36 h before the experimental trials. Before the Yo-Yo test, warm-up was performed for each participant. The Yo-Yo test was carried out on running lanes with a width of 2 m and length of 20 m. The examination consisted of repeated 2 × 20 m runs that progressively increased the speed which was controlled by the audio bleeps from an audio system. Each 20 m running was interspersed by 5 m behind the finishing line marked the running distance that is 10-s active recovery period. Immediately after the termination of the Yo-Yo test, Subjective rating of perceived exertion was carried out in accordance with the Borg's scale ranging from 6–20. Wingate test used for determine of power output and fatigue index. The heart rate and VO2max were measured continuously throughout the Yo-Yo test, and nitrate/nitrite plasma levels were collected prior and post of the six- days nitrate supplementation. Data are expressed as the means and standard deviation (mean ± SD). All statistical analyses were carried out by the SPSS software (version 19.0; IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). The Shapiro-Wilk test , Independent t-test and Pearson correlation coefficients were used. The level of statistical significance was set at p< 0.05.
Results: Compared to PLA, six- days BR supplementation increased mean power (483.91±23.60 vs. 468.77±23.39, p<0.05) and low power (373.31±22.03 vs. 340.41±22.40, p<0.05) and also reduced fatigue index (37.66±5.66 vs. 45.27±7.94; p<0.05). High-intensity intermittent running performance (p= 0.034), VO2max (p= 0.043), nitrate and nitrite plasma levels (P<0.001) were significantly improved in subjects in the BR compared with the PLA.
Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it seems that 6 days of beet juice supplementation can improve the aerobic and anaerobic performance of trained football players.The main finding of this study is that a 6-day period of BR supplementation led to a marked improvement in the performance of high-intensity intermittent exercise in soccer players. Such an improvement includes a decrease in the heart rate during high-intensity intermittent running tests, as well as an increase in VO2max. We investigated the impact of a 6-day period of BR supplementation on nitrate/nitrite concentrations and performance during the speed and Yo-Yo tests in soccer players. After 6 days BR supplementation, the plasma levels of nitrate/ nitrite, peak power, mean power, low power, and performance in the Yo-Yo test were significantly increased. Also, the heart rate and fatigue index were significantly decreased in the BR compared with the PLA.
Abolfazal Kalmishi, Hassan Amouzad Mahdirejei, Sajdeh Fadai Rihanabadi, Fateme Hemmati, Seyed Hasan Hashemi Kenti, Pooya Jafari Doudaran,
Volume 29, Issue 8 (11-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 8 (11-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Eating disorders are one of the most common mental/psycho-physical disorders that cause many problems in physical health and cognitive functioning, and also disrupt the quality of life of the affected person and cause death. Binge eating disorder is an eating disorder that is now recognized as an official diagnosis. It affects approximately 2% of the world's population and can cause other diet-related health problems, such as high cholesterol levels and diabetes. Nutrition and eating disorders are not only related to food, that's why they are known as mental disorders. People usually use them to deal with deeper issues or other psychological conditions such as anxiety or depression. People with binge eating disorder may eat a lot of food in a short period, even if they are not hungry. Stress or emotional distress often plays a role and may cause overeating. Binge eating involves consuming large amounts of food very quickly, even when you are not hungry, and is somewhat uncomfortable. Almost everyone overeats once in a while, but it can also become a disorder. In the psychopathology of eating disorders, it has been found that people with eating disorders report more Dysregulation of emotions than healthy people. These eating disorders lead to obesity in people. A meta-analytical look at the treatments used to treat eating disorders in the last decade shows that most of the research has been focused on psychological treatments. At the same time, the level of knowledge and awareness of people regarding physical activity should also be investigated because Childhood to adolescence is one of the most sensitive and important periods of human development. Physical activity is an approach that can empower a person to improve their health status, and the culture of physical activity constitutes the consumption process of performing targeted movements to ensure and develop health and sports skills. Today, combating the problem of obesity or overweight is one of the most important goals of the medical community and those involved in health, and increasing the level of physical activity of people is known as one of the beneficial solutions to reduce the amount of obesity and related diseases among the society. Various studies show that various factors such as misleading advertisements, availability of fast and convenient foods, lifestyle and low nutritional knowledge, and physical activity have put teenagers at risk. Not having the necessary physical activity, in addition to having an inappropriate effect on the body mass index and causing the risks of diseases such as diabetes and obesity, causes a decrease in general physical fitness and a decrease in their health and hygiene. Physical activity and the desire for physical activity help people to get rid of unhealthy emotional thoughts, habits, and patterns, so they can play an important role in regulating emotions. Since culture does not determine the nature and frequency of biological stimuli such as physical activity, but it influences them, sometimes it has a significant effect on the time and sometimes on how these stimuli affect. Culture affects not only our preferences but also our decision-making methods and even our perception of the surrounding environment. There is a gap in the research done in this field (14). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the desire for physical activity and stress and depression in neurotic obese students.
Methods: This descriptive-correlation study was conducted on overweight and obese male students of the first secondary school (7th grade) in the academic year of 2020-2021 Since the disorder considered in this study were people suffering from neuropathic obesity, Gormali et al.'s (1982) binge eating questionnaire was distributed among the statistical population and after checking the scores, it was determined that 80 people had a score above the cut-off point of the scale. The number of the statistical sample was considered equal to the number of the statistical population. Then Lavibond and Lavibond's mental disorders questionnaire (1995), and Shahlai's desire for physical activity (2019) were distributed among the subjects. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression.
Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the desire for physical activity and the reduction of stress and depression levels. It is also possible to predict stress and depression by using a passion for physical activity.
Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that the use of physical activity in resume activities reduces the level of stress and depression in students suffering from obesity, so the use of physical activity along with the use of material and spiritual incentives reduces the level of stress. And depression becomes nervous in obese students. The current research, like any other research, has limitations that can clarify the findings and suggestions of the research and help future researchers to adopt effective measures to deal with the threat of internal and external validity of research projects. to give The fundamental limitations of the current research are as follows: the bias of people towards answering the questions of the questionnaires, which reduces the accuracy of the results to some extent, the presence of unwanted variables that affect the results of the research, and the lack of use of other research tools such as observation and interview. It has been associated with the subjects and only using the questionnaire. This research was conducted only on the population of 7th-grade male students in Qom city, and caution should be observed in generalizing the results to other regions and cities. The level of honesty of the respondents to the questions in the questionnaires is one of the uncontrollable limitations. According to the results of this study, it is suggested that at the beginning of the academic year, by referring to the students' files, identify the people who have obesity and overeating disorders, and with the cooperation of the director and vice president of education, to introduce them to sports centers and Or sports teachers should take action. Encouraging and persuading students towards physical education and sports activities (physical and mental) should be done regularly and continuously by educational coaches and parents.
Faranak Tayari, Ali Mohammad Safania, Kambyz Kamkari, Shohreh Shokrzadeh, Jamshid Hemmati,
Volume 29, Issue 12 (3-2023)
Volume 29, Issue 12 (3-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Conflict is an inevitable fact of human existence that can arise among members of a team such as a professional basketball team. Basketball coaches, as team leaders, must identify and manage the sources of conflict between players. This is important because of the human and social nature of sports can also happen in women's basketball. The premise of this issue is that lack of conflict control in the team reduces the effectiveness of the team. Some coaches in teams perform better when there is a conflict in the team and have a different relationship with other coaches, and some coaches seem to lack strategies for resolving the conflict to increase effectiveness in be a team.No systematic review of the use of conflict management and problem-solving strategies and communication with players and the effectiveness of the basketball team, especially among Iranian women coaches, has been examined. Understanding how to select aspiring coaches may be helpful to the players and managers who work with these club coaches. Coaches can help players and stakeholders develop coping skills to compensate for the problem-solving aspects preferred by teammates. The value of the present study is that, since so far little has been reported on the value of conflict management strategies, conflict identification and the process that coaches go through at different stages of the basketball game, especially when some of these processes These include team members' conflicts. A conflict can affect a period of competition, and a loss can overshadow the performance of players and coaches and eventually be transferred to the team. Therefore, considering the importance of psychological components in problem solving management, the aim of the present study was the effect of conflict management psychology components on the effectiveness of women's basketball teams.
Methods: The present research method is descriptive and falls within the scope of field research. Initially, in order to obtain the number of coaches present in the competitions, the 2021-2022 period was prepared by interacting with the competitions section of the basketball federation, a complete list of teams, and telephone numbers, supervisors and head coaches, and questionnaires were distributed online among coaches. For the effectiveness of the teams, the results and ranking of the matches were used from the official website of the Basketball Federation, which is publicly available. The researcher was responsive at all stages of completing the questionnaire to any ambiguities and doubts that educators may have encountered. The statistical population included all the coaches of Iranian women's basketball club leagues. Statistical sample was obtained from the coaches of 41 teams, leagues (category 2, category 1 and superior) of Iranian adult women's basketball club, which included 118 coaches (37, league coaches 1, 44, coaches of league 2 and 37 coaches of Premier League). Collected. The sampling method was non-random (targeted). Three different instruments were used for measurement. The research questionnaire consisted of three parts. The first section collects demographic information from coaches, demographic questions about age, coaching degree, education, coaching experience, and work experience with the current team. The second and third sections show the main research questionnaires that mention their psychometric properties: Robbins Conflict Management Strategies Questionnaire was used as a research tool in this study. This questionnaire measures five conflict management styles in three cases. The measurement tool includes a conflict management strategies questionnaire that includes 30 questions in three dimensions of competition, cooperation and avoidance. The coach-athlete relationship questionnaire consisted of 11 items and was used in three subscales of commitment, closeness / intimacy and complement / complementarity, and the intimacy and closeness questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 statistical software with a confidence level of 0.05. Both the independent variable and the dependent variables were quantitative and continuous and were measured at the distance scale level; hence, the statistical model was multivariate regression. Predictions of the effectiveness of the results and performance of the teams that led to their wins and losses were obtained from the official website of the Basketball Federation. Finally, structural equation modeling was performed using LISREL software.
Results: According to Pearson correlation coefficients, it can be said that there is a significant positive relationship between the component of "no coping strategy" related to "conflict management strategies" and "effectiveness". Thus, with the increase of "non-confrontation strategy" component in the coaches of women's basketball teams, "effectiveness" also increases and with its decrease, "effectiveness" also decreases in the coaches of women's basketball teams. In addition, a significant positive correlation was observed between the "complementary / complementary" component related to "coach-player interaction" and "effectiveness". Thus, with the increase of "complementary" component in the coaches of women's basketball teams, "effectiveness" also increases and with its decrease, "effectiveness" also decreases in the coaches of women's basketball teams. It can also be argued that no significant relationship was observed between the components of "commitment" and "closeness / intimacy" related to "coach-player interaction" and "effectiveness".
Conclusion: The results showed that the model with emphasis on these indicators has a fit and has high efficiency in describing the relationships between variables and explaining the effectiveness variable through the variables of conflict management strategy and coach-player interaction. The experimental results of this dissertation also provide more support for the concept of the use of conflict management strategies using analysis at the team evaluation level. This means that team coaches are close to each other in their general tendencies to deal with team conflicts with effectiveness in understanding management, and the role of avoidance strategy means that coaches understand conflict management. Therefore, the results of this article can be helpful in contemporary and future trends in basketball management factors, and coaches can use conflict management to improve the results and improve the player-coach relationship by guiding effectiveness.
Hemmat Ahmadi, Fatemeh Hashemnejad Abresi, Saeed Saffarian Hamedani,
Volume 30, Issue 4 (7-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 4 (7-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: The discussion of active learning and active learning has a special place in educational discussions today. Learning is a process that ultimately leads to behavior change. Learning means strengthening the ability with the help of experience obtained from the following things. The importance of paying attention to education and learning is at the top of programs and the factor of countries' development. In such a situation, managing, identifying and creating new strategies in teaching and learning is vital. Team learning addresses the issue of collective learning transforms teams and teaches them to mobilize their energy and strength to achieve common goals. Team learning brings multiple results and these results occur at multiple levels. The study of organizational learning as a result of team learning showed that the direct relationship between individual learning and organizational learning was ambiguous, and organizations through the integration of individual learning and the integrated learning process at the team level. It will be obtained. Critical thinking guarantees the progress the social and individual life of every human being, and those who have this skill are successful people of course, if a society has more critical thinkers, that society is also more successful and developed. Critical thinking as a learning tool introduces students to the art of reasoning and logic and prepares them for situations outside the classroom better living and better understanding. All educational institutions, accreditation bodies, students, and employers agree that students need to learn critical thinking skills. Critical thinking is not just a good skill, it is an important necessity. Critical thinking in students can be the basis of strategic thinking, creative thinking, good judgment, and good decision-making. Good critical thinking leads to the right conclusions most of the time. Research also indicates that improving critical thinking ability has an important effect on improving problem-solving ability, expressiveness, creativity, organization, planning, and making appropriate choices in life. Higher education is one of the institutions that are effective in the all-round development of the country, which can provide opportunities for the continuation of learning and the active presence of students in various social, economic,c and cultural fields by creating the basis for the production and deepening of knowledge. One of the goals of higher education is to train students who use different methods of critical thinking to engage in scientific activity, which has a special place in the field of education. In today's world, the ability to process information is valuable, and information becomes valuable when it becomes knowledge and is used in innovation and production. Thus, educating learners as critical thinkers, readers,rs, and writers for the new millennium requires the foundation of educational programs on the model of critical thinking. One of the basic characteristics of a human being is awareness of his behavior and the power of thinking. Man can be self-aware of his behavior and use his thinking power in dealing with various issues. Critical thinking is an essential skill required for wise participation in a democratic society and today's modern world. From this point of view, conducting the present research seems necessary and important, which can greatly help policymakers and decision-makers in the field of education to gain a deeper understanding of the effectiveness of teaching critical thinking skills and team-based learning. grout to improve the problem-solving skills of students; Therefore this study aimed to provide a model of the effect of group-based learning during the corona virus pandemic period on psychological critical thinking in medical sciences universities of the country.
Methods: This research is a mixed-survey method. In the qualitative part, the researched population included the president of the university, the directors of the directorate, the presidents and directors of the eight vice-chancellors of the university, and the directorates of the nine affiliated faculties) of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in the number of approximately 45 people, and in the quantitative part, it included the staff of the University of Medical Sciences and The number of health care services in Mazandaran and affiliated colleges was 2016. In the qualitative part, sampling was done by snowball sampling, and 20 people were selected, in the quantitative part, it was a multi-stage relative stratified sampling with Cochran's formula and there were 323 people. In this research, the method of collecting information was a researcher-made questionnaire, which included two parts including general questions and specialized questions (including 95 items). Delphi technique was used for data analysis in the qualitative part, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and AMOS software were used in the quantitative part.
Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between servant leadership style and knowledge sharing and also between servant leadership style variables and social capital. Also, there is a significant relationship between social capital and knowledge sharing. Also, the results showed that the model presented in the research is acceptable and appropriate.
Conclusion: In general, the more servant leadership exists in an organization, the more knowledge and social capital will be shared. Also, social capital facilitates people's access to other resources inside and outside the organization increases people's willingness to engage in bilateral interaction, and improves the effectiveness of creating and sharing knowledge. Therefore, a better and smarter decision-making process in an environment with these characteristics determines the success or failure of the organization. In general, it can be concluded from the present research and the research done by other colleagues that the use of team-based learning increases the critical thinking of students in the era of Corona and post-Corona. The results of this research can help teachers make decisions regarding the choice of teaching methods or the integration of these methods with traditional methods according to the situation. Carrying out short-term planning in the university based on research findings to promote team-based learning during the coronavirus pandemic period, critical thinking of the students of Farhangian University of Medical Sciences in Babol and helping the officials and managers of the university to develop long-term strategies for promotion Bartim-based learning is one of the practical implications of this research. Developing plans for the transformation of medical science education is a new stage of the plan for the transformation of the health system. To implement these plans, the educational assistants of the universities must follow the goals of the field of education in the context of team-based learning through interaction with professors, students, and national elites.
Methods: This research is a mixed-survey method. In the qualitative part, the researched population included the president of the university, the directors of the directorate, the presidents and directors of the eight vice-chancellors of the university, and the directorates of the nine affiliated faculties) of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in the number of approximately 45 people, and in the quantitative part, it included the staff of the University of Medical Sciences and The number of health care services in Mazandaran and affiliated colleges was 2016. In the qualitative part, sampling was done by snowball sampling, and 20 people were selected, in the quantitative part, it was a multi-stage relative stratified sampling with Cochran's formula and there were 323 people. In this research, the method of collecting information was a researcher-made questionnaire, which included two parts including general questions and specialized questions (including 95 items). Delphi technique was used for data analysis in the qualitative part, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and AMOS software were used in the quantitative part.
Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between servant leadership style and knowledge sharing and also between servant leadership style variables and social capital. Also, there is a significant relationship between social capital and knowledge sharing. Also, the results showed that the model presented in the research is acceptable and appropriate.
Conclusion: In general, the more servant leadership exists in an organization, the more knowledge and social capital will be shared. Also, social capital facilitates people's access to other resources inside and outside the organization increases people's willingness to engage in bilateral interaction, and improves the effectiveness of creating and sharing knowledge. Therefore, a better and smarter decision-making process in an environment with these characteristics determines the success or failure of the organization. In general, it can be concluded from the present research and the research done by other colleagues that the use of team-based learning increases the critical thinking of students in the era of Corona and post-Corona. The results of this research can help teachers make decisions regarding the choice of teaching methods or the integration of these methods with traditional methods according to the situation. Carrying out short-term planning in the university based on research findings to promote team-based learning during the coronavirus pandemic period, critical thinking of the students of Farhangian University of Medical Sciences in Babol and helping the officials and managers of the university to develop long-term strategies for promotion Bartim-based learning is one of the practical implications of this research. Developing plans for the transformation of medical science education is a new stage of the plan for the transformation of the health system. To implement these plans, the educational assistants of the universities must follow the goals of the field of education in the context of team-based learning through interaction with professors, students, and national elites.
Hoda Mojiri_forushani, Aliasghar Hemmati, Saeid Bitaraf, Mona Ebrahimzadeh, Elham Matouri, Eilnaz Ghanavati, Alireza Eisvand Mahmudi,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background & Aims: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak was initially announced in Wuhan, China in late December 2019, which is caused by SARS-CoV-2, and rapidly spread worldwide (1). The severity of the disease varied from asymptomatic to the need for a ventilator (3, 4). Generally, there are no beneficial antiviral drugs for COVID-19. The used medications are commonly prescribed to relieve the complications of COVID-19, such as fever, inflammation, chest pain, cough, and respiratory distress (5-7). The immune system involvement and an increase in the release of inflammatory cytokines can be observed in COVID-19 patients. On the other hand, herbal drugs with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties can be preventive and even treat COVID-19 (8). The effectiveness of natural and herbal medicines for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 have been reported (9-11). Among herbal medicines, the grape seed extract (GSE) has valuable medicinal properties due to having proanthocyanidins, flavonoids and polyphenols compounds. GSE as a natural bioactive compound possesses several pharmacological benefits, including cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiaging, anti-cholesterol, anti-platelet and antimicrobial properties (14, 15). Grape seed extract also exerts antiviral effects in the management of patients with human enteric virus, hepatitis A virus (HAV) (18) hepatitis C virus (HCV) (19), human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV) (20), and human norovirus surrogates, such as murine norovirus (MNV-19) (21) and feline calicivirus (FCV) strain F9. But its effects on COVID-19 remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of GSE on the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
Methods: The current double-blind, parallel, randomized clinical trial was performed in 2021 on Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Abadan, Iran. The supplemental Figure 1 presents the study flowchart. COVID-19 cases (N=80) were randomly assigned to the GSE and placebo groups via block randomization using block randomization (block sizes of 4 and 8, respectively).
The GSE group was given one capsule of GSE (with 200 mg of GSE) every 12 hours, plus national standard treatment for COVID-19. The placebo group was treated with placebo capsules. The COVID-19 clinical symptoms, respiratory rate, O2 saturation (SaO2), and blood pressure were evaluated at baseline and on day 14. Complete blood count, hematocrit level, white blood cell count, hemoglobin level, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, international normalized ratio, serum creatinine, partial thromboplastin time, and prothrombin time were evaluated at baseline and after the treatment. Comparison of the primary outcome of this study (hospital stay difference) was done between the two groups by independent t-test and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. ANOVA test was also used to evaluate secondary outcomes. To control for the baseline measurements, ANCOVA test was performed.
Results: The patients’ baseline information in the placebo and GSE groups is shown in Table 1. Moreover, an intention-to-treat analysis was our primary analysis on all patients with random assignment. Based on t-test, the hospital stay was half a day longer in the placebo group than the GSE group; however, this difference was not significant (mean difference=0.5; 95% CI: -1.09-2.09; P=0.53). The secondary outcomes were compared using t-test (Table 2). Based on the results of this table, no significant difference was found between the secondary outcomes, except for the red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin level. After adjusting for the baseline values of RBC and hemoglobin based on the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), no significant difference was detected between the two groups in these two variables (mean difference for RBC= -0.11; 95% CI: -0.32, 0.08; P=0.26; mean difference for Hb= -1.78, 95% CI: -3.64, -0.08, P=0.06). After expanding the data to the sample size using an expansion module in STATA (version 12), a 17% difference in the mean duration of hospitalization became significant between the GSE and placebo groups (HR=0.85; 95% CI: 0.93-0.33; P=0.001). After controlling for age, sex, and blood pressure, this relationship remained significant.
Conclusion: The results indicated that GSE did not affect the clinical signs or biochemical markers of 80 patients evaluated in this study. However, the power analysis showed that the difference in hospital stay would be significant if the study was performed on a larger sample size (about 1,273 cases) in each group. Due to similarities between HCV, HIV and SARS-CoV-2, medicines that are used for the treatment of HIV and HCV have been also suggested for COVID-19. One of the similarities between HIV and COVID-19 is that both viruses can increase the generation of proinflammatory cytokines. They increase the formation of cytokines involved in secondary complications associated with the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 (29). Since no specific accepted antiviral medicine is available to treat COVID-19, antiviral agents for HIV and HCV infections have been suggested for treatment (29, 30). Evidence suggests that GSE has antiviral effects against human enteric virus, hepatitis A virus (18), HCV(19) , HIV-1 (20), and human norovirus surrogates, including the MNV-19 and FCV (21) .It is known that GSE contains a high level of proanthocyanidins, can suppress HCV replication (34). Zannella et al 2021, indicated that Vitis vinefra leaf extract showed the inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2 replication in the early stages of infection. They suggested that directly blocking the proteins enriched on the viral surface may be involved mechanism (22). According findings of Hajibeygi et al in 2022, diet Iranian traditional including Ficus carica; Vitis vinifera; Cicer arietinum; Descurainiasophia seeds, Safflower, Ziziphus jujuba, chicken soup; barley soup, rose water, and saffron and cinnamon spices decrease the inflammatory markers and CPR level in COVID-10 patients (23). So, recent studies indicated the efficacy of different parts of Vitis vinifera in decreasing symptoms of COVID-19, but more researches with a larger sample size was suggested.
GSE did not have significant effects on the biochemical markers and signs of COVID-19. However, the current study is the first randomized controlled trial, in which the GSE effects were observed in COVID-19 patients. This clinical trial had some limitations. Such as it was conducted in the main referral hospital for COVID-19 patients with low population, severity of disease was not considered and total extract of Grape seed was used. Finally, it is suggested to conduct a similar survey as a multi-center trial on a large population in the future.
Fatemeh Hemmati, Shaban Heidari, Mohammadkazem Fakhri,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Success and progress in learning are the goals of all educational systems and the degree of benefit from educational environments requires the students' sense of energy. In their daily academic life, students face various challenges, obstacles, and special pressures during their studies, which threaten their self-confidence, motivation, and, as a result, their academic performance. Some students are successful in dealing with them and others are not successful in this field. Therefore, educational researchers should pay serious attention to understanding and how to adapt to academic challenges. The study aimed to determine the difference in the effectiveness of reality therapy and compassion-focused therapy on self-concept in gifted female students of the second secondary school.
Methods: The current research was a semi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test type with a control group and follow-up. The statistical population of this research included all gifted female students of the second secondary school in Behshahr city, who were studying at Farzangan Gifted High School in Behshahr in the academic year 2023-2024. The sample of the current research was based on available and purpose-based sampling and included 45 people, who were randomly divided into three groups: reality therapy (number = 15 people), compassion (number = 15 people), and control (number = 15 people). In this research, a standard instrument and two intervention packages were used, which are explained below A Self-concept questionnaire was created in 1981 by Raj Kumar Saraswat. This questionnaire contains 48 five-choice questions and has 6 separate dimensions, each dimension includes 8 questions. These dimensions include physical, social, temperamental, educational, moral, and intellectual self-concept. The overall self-concept score is obtained from the sum of these dimensions. The respondent should choose one according to the description of his self-concept, from maximum acceptance to minimum acceptance. The answers are in such a way that the scoring system remains the same for all questions, whether it is positive or negative. If the respondent marks the first option, his score is 5, 4 for the second choice, 3 for the 3rd choice, and 2 and 1 for the fourth and fifth choices. The total score of 48 questions shows the total score of a person's self-concept. A high score in this questionnaire indicates a higher self-concept and a low score indicates a lower self-concept. Sarasut (1981) expressed the reliability of the questionnaire using the test-retest method for the overall self-concept as 0.91. He also found the reliability coefficient for physical (0.77), social (0.83), temperament (0.79), educational (0.88), moral (0.67) and intellectual (0.79) dimensions. Proposed (quoted by Foroughmand, 2016). The reliability of this scale was obtained in Foroughmand's study (2015), the reliability of the questionnaire was 0.82. In this research, to analyze the research data, statistical and inferential indicators were used as follows: at the level of descriptive statistics, mean, standard deviation, and demographic tables were used for the variables in three groups and two stages of testing and control. At the level of inferential statistics, one-way repeated measure analysis of variance was used to compare the averages of the three research groups to investigate the hypothesis.
Results: The findings showed that two therapeutic methods, reality therapy, and compassion therapy, had a significant effect on self-concept in the post-test. Also, there was a difference between the self-concept scores in the three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up regardless of the group. Box test tests the null hypothesis that the observed covariance matrices of dependent variables are equal among different groups. According to the results of the box test, the box test is not significant. (p=0.103, F=0.483 (8548.615 and 12), BoxsM=33.281) Therefore, the assumption of the equality of variance-covariance matrices is not rejected, therefore, the ANOVA test is possible. As a result, the covariance matrices observed between the three different groups of the present study are not equal. Table No. 7 shows the results of multivariate tests (four tests of Pillay's effect, Wilks's lambda, Hotelling's effect, and the largest zinc root). For the significance and non-significance of each test, you can pay attention to the Sig value, which is significant at the 0.05 level if it is less than 0.05. Among the four multivariate tests, Wilks's lambda test is more famous than the other four tests. However, the Pillay effect test has more power than other tests in practical situations. In this table, all effects are significant. The squared values of Eta related to the dependent variable (self-concept) in the three groups are 0.487, this indicates a more than-average effect. Also, the results of the Vickers lambda test are significant for the mentioned variable, and the significance of the dependent variable (self-concept) indicates that the participants in the three groups are different from each other, and the averages of the groups are significantly affected by the independent variable.
Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the self-concept of gifted students can be improved by using reality therapy and compassion therapy, especially reality therapy. In fact, the first effective factor in self-concept is parents who help the formation and development of a child's view of himself (self-concept); therefore, to change people's self-concept, teaching families can play an important role in the formation of self-concept. After the family, the school is the first center that plays a significant role in the development of the child and can complete what the parents leave unfinished. Acquaintance with the teacher and the relationship between the teacher and the student is established, it is considered an important factor in the development of the student's personality and self-concept. The teacher's belief and "idea" about the student's behavior and abilities and how to use these factors can cause the development of a positive self-concept or, on the contrary, disturb his balance and develop the student's personality in a certain way. Also, people's self-concept is formed by cultural values. The results showed that reality therapy has significantly increased the academic self-concept of the sample group, in the follow-up phase it had a better and stronger effect than self-compassion intervention. In explaining this assumption, it can be said that emphasizing the past and its failures plunges people into pessimism, and emphasizing the present is the best way for an optimistic life. Planning and having a goal in life increases optimism, and those who take responsibility for their actions and have control over their lives are more optimistic.
Methods: The current research was a semi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test type with a control group and follow-up. The statistical population of this research included all gifted female students of the second secondary school in Behshahr city, who were studying at Farzangan Gifted High School in Behshahr in the academic year 2023-2024. The sample of the current research was based on available and purpose-based sampling and included 45 people, who were randomly divided into three groups: reality therapy (number = 15 people), compassion (number = 15 people), and control (number = 15 people). In this research, a standard instrument and two intervention packages were used, which are explained below A Self-concept questionnaire was created in 1981 by Raj Kumar Saraswat. This questionnaire contains 48 five-choice questions and has 6 separate dimensions, each dimension includes 8 questions. These dimensions include physical, social, temperamental, educational, moral, and intellectual self-concept. The overall self-concept score is obtained from the sum of these dimensions. The respondent should choose one according to the description of his self-concept, from maximum acceptance to minimum acceptance. The answers are in such a way that the scoring system remains the same for all questions, whether it is positive or negative. If the respondent marks the first option, his score is 5, 4 for the second choice, 3 for the 3rd choice, and 2 and 1 for the fourth and fifth choices. The total score of 48 questions shows the total score of a person's self-concept. A high score in this questionnaire indicates a higher self-concept and a low score indicates a lower self-concept. Sarasut (1981) expressed the reliability of the questionnaire using the test-retest method for the overall self-concept as 0.91. He also found the reliability coefficient for physical (0.77), social (0.83), temperament (0.79), educational (0.88), moral (0.67) and intellectual (0.79) dimensions. Proposed (quoted by Foroughmand, 2016). The reliability of this scale was obtained in Foroughmand's study (2015), the reliability of the questionnaire was 0.82. In this research, to analyze the research data, statistical and inferential indicators were used as follows: at the level of descriptive statistics, mean, standard deviation, and demographic tables were used for the variables in three groups and two stages of testing and control. At the level of inferential statistics, one-way repeated measure analysis of variance was used to compare the averages of the three research groups to investigate the hypothesis.
Results: The findings showed that two therapeutic methods, reality therapy, and compassion therapy, had a significant effect on self-concept in the post-test. Also, there was a difference between the self-concept scores in the three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up regardless of the group. Box test tests the null hypothesis that the observed covariance matrices of dependent variables are equal among different groups. According to the results of the box test, the box test is not significant. (p=0.103, F=0.483 (8548.615 and 12), BoxsM=33.281) Therefore, the assumption of the equality of variance-covariance matrices is not rejected, therefore, the ANOVA test is possible. As a result, the covariance matrices observed between the three different groups of the present study are not equal. Table No. 7 shows the results of multivariate tests (four tests of Pillay's effect, Wilks's lambda, Hotelling's effect, and the largest zinc root). For the significance and non-significance of each test, you can pay attention to the Sig value, which is significant at the 0.05 level if it is less than 0.05. Among the four multivariate tests, Wilks's lambda test is more famous than the other four tests. However, the Pillay effect test has more power than other tests in practical situations. In this table, all effects are significant. The squared values of Eta related to the dependent variable (self-concept) in the three groups are 0.487, this indicates a more than-average effect. Also, the results of the Vickers lambda test are significant for the mentioned variable, and the significance of the dependent variable (self-concept) indicates that the participants in the three groups are different from each other, and the averages of the groups are significantly affected by the independent variable.
Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the self-concept of gifted students can be improved by using reality therapy and compassion therapy, especially reality therapy. In fact, the first effective factor in self-concept is parents who help the formation and development of a child's view of himself (self-concept); therefore, to change people's self-concept, teaching families can play an important role in the formation of self-concept. After the family, the school is the first center that plays a significant role in the development of the child and can complete what the parents leave unfinished. Acquaintance with the teacher and the relationship between the teacher and the student is established, it is considered an important factor in the development of the student's personality and self-concept. The teacher's belief and "idea" about the student's behavior and abilities and how to use these factors can cause the development of a positive self-concept or, on the contrary, disturb his balance and develop the student's personality in a certain way. Also, people's self-concept is formed by cultural values. The results showed that reality therapy has significantly increased the academic self-concept of the sample group, in the follow-up phase it had a better and stronger effect than self-compassion intervention. In explaining this assumption, it can be said that emphasizing the past and its failures plunges people into pessimism, and emphasizing the present is the best way for an optimistic life. Planning and having a goal in life increases optimism, and those who take responsibility for their actions and have control over their lives are more optimistic.
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