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Tahere Sarboozi Hossain Abadi, Hamid Beyzaei, Seyed-Hadi Hashmi, Behzad Ghasemi, Amir Smaily,
Volume 26, Issue 7 (10-2019)
Volume 26, Issue 7 (10-2019)
Abstract
Background: Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) is one of the causes of hospital-acquired infections, which its standard strains quickly become resistant to the antibiotics. The discovery of new inhibitory agents against this pathogen is constantly expanding. In this study, the inhibitory effects of several synthetic chemical compounds including magnesium oxide nanoparticles and thiazole, imidazolidine and tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives and natural compounds including nisin and poly-L-lysine were evaluated against E. aerogenes.
Methods: The project is an experimental study. Solutions of all compounds with a specific initial concentration were prepared in 10% DMSO. Antibiogram tests were performed by disc diffusion and broth micro dilution methods according to CLSI guidelines.
Results: Thiazole and tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives, magnesium oxide nanoparticles, nisin and poly-L-lysine had no inhibitory effects on E. aerogenes. Only, imidazolidines 10a and 10c were effective against E. aerogenes with Inhibition Zone Diameter (IZD) = 6.12 and 11.52 mm, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) = 1024 and 256 μg/ml, and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) = 2048 and 512 μg/ml, respectively.
Conclusion: The inhibitory effects of imidazolidines10a and 10c were proved on the standard strains of E. aerogenes. Design and synthesis of new and more effective derivatives having imidazolidine skeletons can be considered in future studies.
Seyede Zolaikha Hashemi Chashmi, Valiyolla Dabidiroshan,
Volume 30, Issue 3 (5-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 3 (5-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Background and Aim: Studies have shown that participation in intense and increasing exercise causes delayed damage to the muscle fiber membrane. Because the best type of recycling is not known between training sessions, using methods such as active recycling or creatine supplementation may have beneficial effects through faster removal of fatigue-related factors or the availability of energy sources such as creatine phosphate. On the other hand, the processes of anemia - re-injection of blood, autoxidation of catecholamines, induction of the activity of inflammatory cells as well as neutrophils due to tissue damage in this active species, intensify this activity. Continuation of this process increases free radicals and consequently oxidative stress, and the body of living organisms needs an antioxidant system to limit the harmful effects of free radicals. The range of active antioxidants in the body includes endogenous enzymatic antioxidants and non-enzymatic antioxidants present in meals. Studies have shown that the production of free radicals during strenuous exercise stimulates the production of heat shock proteins (HSPs). Research shows that under physiological conditions, such as strenuous exercise, in which athletes at competitive levels experience excessive training, such as frequent repetitions of competitions throughout the day, to achieve high levels of performance, endogenous antioxidants cannot be completely eliminated. Prevent oxidative damage. For this reason, in recent years, researchers have been looking for strategies to reduce fatigue and maintain performance for athletes by reducing the factors that affect physical performance during and after intense intermittent exercise. Creatine supplementation is one of the most commonly used strategies by athletes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training with creatine supplementation and two types of active in-water and out-of-water recovery on heat shock protein in men and women swimmers.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 32 non-professional swimmers (16 men and 16 women) with at least 6 months of swimming experience and position in the city with an average anaerobic power of 497 watts per kg participated. Men and women were each randomly divided into two subgroups: in-water recovery (8 men and 8 women) and out-of-water recovery (8 men and 8 women). All groups performed 6 50-meter sprints with a 120-second rest interval (depending on the type of recovery in and out of the water) before and after 6 days of creatine supplementation (4 servings of 5 g per day for 6 days). Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures.
Results: The findings of the combined analysis of variance test showed that the main effect of measurement time was significant. The main effect of recovery was also significant. In addition, the interaction of measurement time with recovery was significant. The interactive effect (measurement time وری recovery × gender) was not significant. In addition, the results of intragroup analysis of variance test with repeated measures on the measurement factor showed that complementary intervention improves HSP72 in both sexes. Also, differences between groups using two-way analysis of variance test showed that the amount of HSP72 after rest, the third and sixth repetition without creatine was not significant. Also at rest and after the third repetition with creatine was not significant but after the sixth Recurrence with creatine supplementation was significant in both sexes.
Conclusion: The results of the present study show that despite the relative decrease in the mean HSP of the groups after the supplementation period, this difference is not significant and there is no interaction between the independent variables in relation to HSP. Regarding the better condition of the in-water group than the out-of-water group, the present study on further reduction of HSP72 also pointed to the possibility of better regulation of body temperature in water during methionine recycling, which leads to removing or reducing the excitatory effect of heat as a production stimulus. HSP70 caused a drop in the group average after recycling. The lack of significant HSP adjustment among research groups after recovery probably led to the indirect inference that HSP was not highly adjusted in athletes following exercise. The researchers explain why HSP decreases in people who train with high repetition. When a muscle trains better progressively, there is a decrease in HSP due to cellular regulatory mechanisms. Also, when people who have not exercised begin to exercise, there is a false increase in their HSP, which will decrease over time and as the exercise progresses. The researchers said that the higher the amount of exercise, the thinner the amount of HSP. Researchers believe that HSP has a negative self-regulatory mechanism that is regulated by its own synthesis. It can probably be said that HSP does not change as much in trained people as it does in the untrained ones. However, in terms of the type of recycling, the in-water group was in a better position than the out-of-water group. In the present study, supplementation had no significant effect on HSP compared to the period without supplementation, and its interaction with the type of recycling did not make a significant difference in HSP. Studies show that 95% of creatine is stored in skeletal muscle, and creatine supplementation also increases muscle creatine content. Research on the effects of creatine supplementation on muscle phosphocreatine has provided evidence of increased creatine vigor. Another issue addressed in this study was the difference in HSP72 response between men and women to exercise, and the issue of gender impact was raised. In this study, it was concluded that the level of HSP72 in male and female athletes is similar on average and there is no significant difference. Although exercise increased HSP72, it was similar in male and female athletes and was not affected by gender. Also, in this study, the positive effects of specialized recovery in the mentioned indicators following high-intensity intermittent swimming were not found.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 32 non-professional swimmers (16 men and 16 women) with at least 6 months of swimming experience and position in the city with an average anaerobic power of 497 watts per kg participated. Men and women were each randomly divided into two subgroups: in-water recovery (8 men and 8 women) and out-of-water recovery (8 men and 8 women). All groups performed 6 50-meter sprints with a 120-second rest interval (depending on the type of recovery in and out of the water) before and after 6 days of creatine supplementation (4 servings of 5 g per day for 6 days). Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures.
Results: The findings of the combined analysis of variance test showed that the main effect of measurement time was significant. The main effect of recovery was also significant. In addition, the interaction of measurement time with recovery was significant. The interactive effect (measurement time وری recovery × gender) was not significant. In addition, the results of intragroup analysis of variance test with repeated measures on the measurement factor showed that complementary intervention improves HSP72 in both sexes. Also, differences between groups using two-way analysis of variance test showed that the amount of HSP72 after rest, the third and sixth repetition without creatine was not significant. Also at rest and after the third repetition with creatine was not significant but after the sixth Recurrence with creatine supplementation was significant in both sexes.
Conclusion: The results of the present study show that despite the relative decrease in the mean HSP of the groups after the supplementation period, this difference is not significant and there is no interaction between the independent variables in relation to HSP. Regarding the better condition of the in-water group than the out-of-water group, the present study on further reduction of HSP72 also pointed to the possibility of better regulation of body temperature in water during methionine recycling, which leads to removing or reducing the excitatory effect of heat as a production stimulus. HSP70 caused a drop in the group average after recycling. The lack of significant HSP adjustment among research groups after recovery probably led to the indirect inference that HSP was not highly adjusted in athletes following exercise. The researchers explain why HSP decreases in people who train with high repetition. When a muscle trains better progressively, there is a decrease in HSP due to cellular regulatory mechanisms. Also, when people who have not exercised begin to exercise, there is a false increase in their HSP, which will decrease over time and as the exercise progresses. The researchers said that the higher the amount of exercise, the thinner the amount of HSP. Researchers believe that HSP has a negative self-regulatory mechanism that is regulated by its own synthesis. It can probably be said that HSP does not change as much in trained people as it does in the untrained ones. However, in terms of the type of recycling, the in-water group was in a better position than the out-of-water group. In the present study, supplementation had no significant effect on HSP compared to the period without supplementation, and its interaction with the type of recycling did not make a significant difference in HSP. Studies show that 95% of creatine is stored in skeletal muscle, and creatine supplementation also increases muscle creatine content. Research on the effects of creatine supplementation on muscle phosphocreatine has provided evidence of increased creatine vigor. Another issue addressed in this study was the difference in HSP72 response between men and women to exercise, and the issue of gender impact was raised. In this study, it was concluded that the level of HSP72 in male and female athletes is similar on average and there is no significant difference. Although exercise increased HSP72, it was similar in male and female athletes and was not affected by gender. Also, in this study, the positive effects of specialized recovery in the mentioned indicators following high-intensity intermittent swimming were not found.
Seyede Zolaikha Hashemi Chashmi, Soheil Azizi,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Obesity is associated with the growth of the number and size of fat cells, which leads to physiological changes and can be a threatening factor for the development of various diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, etc. Myonectin is one of the newly recognized myokines that is secreted from skeletal muscles and is related to the metabolic state of the body, as myonectin levels decrease in fasting conditions and Researchers observed that there is a relationship between myonectin and glycemic indices, especially insulin resistance. It appears to play a role in signaling between skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Studies have shown that disruption of myonectin production and function can inactivate insulin receptors and increase insulin resistance. Based on the research conducted by Seldin et al, they found that blood circulation myonectin and its gene expression decrease with obesity and muscle contractions increase myonectin gene expression. It seems that the increase in the deposition of free fatty acids in muscle tissue following a high-fat diet and adipose tissue reduces the ability of skeletal muscle to produce myokines such as myonectin. Based on the conducted research, the intervention of physical activity and nutrition can prevent the occurrence of related diseases by improving obesity. Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world, whose seeds contain high amounts of antioxidant compounds with anti-obesity properties. Green coffee contains two effective substances in the matter of metabolism, namely chlorogenic acid and caffeine. Chlorogenic acid in green coffee, in addition to reducing the absorption of fat in food by 45%, also stimulates metabolism. The main antioxidant in green coffee extract, namely chlorogenic acid, plays a role in the release of glucose 6-phosphate enzyme, a key enzyme in the glycolysis pathway and determining the process of fuel metabolism in the cell. Caffeine, another ingredient in green coffee, also affects fat metabolism. Many studies have reported maximal fat oxidation at intensities between 25 and 85% of maximal oxygen consumption, but fewer studies are available that accurately show the intensity of activity that causes maximal fat oxidation. Despite the great potential health benefits of aerobic exercise, many adults do not participate in these exercises due to lack of time as an important barrier. In addition, many researchers have suggested that high-intensity exercise compared to with moderate intensity, it burns more calories and increases fat oxidation after more activity, and also its energy cost is more than monotonous sports activity. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity aerobic exercise and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise along with the consumption of green coffee supplements on the levels of glycemic indices and myonectin in obese women.
Methods: This research was practical and semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design. First, from among 200 referrals, 72 people were selected based on the study entry criteria and randomly divided into six groups of 12 including high-intensity aerobic exercise (HIT), moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (MIT), aerobic exercise High intensity/green coffee, medium intensity aerobic exercise/green coffee, green coffee supplement and control group were divided. The criteria for subjects to be included in the study are 20 to 30 years old, body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 35 kg/m2, no cardiovascular, kidney, or hormonal diseases, no smoking and alcohol use, no drug use, no history Regular participation in sports activities in the last year, not taking supplements or weight-reducing drugs in the six months before the study. Exclusion criteria from the research were having any type of diet, missing more than three training sessions, and not taking green coffee supplements regularly. Before starting the exercise program, during a session, the conditions of conducting the research and the exercise program for the intervention were explained to the subjects, and after completing the informed consent form and the questionnaire, height and weight measurements were made by them. The training protocol consisted of warm-up, main program and cool-down phase. The warm-up consisted of gentle running, stretching and flexibility movements in the upper and lower body for 10 minutes. The main training program was implemented in two training intensities. The main exercise in the moderate intensity group (MIT) consisted of aerobic movements starting with an intensity of 60% and continuing up to an intensity of 80% of the maximum heart rate during the training period. The main training in the high-intensity group (HIT) consisted of aerobic movements with an intensity of 80-90% of the maximum heart rate during the training period. The green coffee supplement group only consumed green coffee tablets as directed and did not do any exercise during the course. Exercise intensity was calculated according to aerobic guidelines according to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) using the Karonen formula. During the exercise protocol, the subjects' heart rate was continuously recorded and their activity intensity was monitored. The maximum heart rate was also calculated using the age-220 formula of the subjects. A blood sample of 10 cc was taken from the brachial vein in the first session and 48 hours after the last training session, while fasting. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19 statistical software. In order to determine the normality of data distribution, Shapiro-Wilk test was used. T-test was used to compare the pre-test and post-test of the groups. Aanalysis of covariance and Bonferroni test were used to compare the changes of the groups. The significance level was considered p ≤ 0.05 in all cases.
Results: The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that myonectin values were significantly different between the groups, so the highest increase was in the high-intensity aerobic exercise group with supplements compared to other groups (p=0.000), but compared to the aerobic exercise group with The average intensity with this supplement was not significantly increased (p=0.149). The results of analysis of variance method regarding insulin and glucose showed that there was a significant difference between before and after training (p=0.000). In addition, all groups showed a significant increase in insulin levels compared to the control group. In a pairwise comparison, the highest increase in insulin was related to the group of high-intensity aerobic exercise with supplements (p=0.000). All groups, except the control group, showed a significant decrease in glucose levels after completing the exercise protocol compared to before exercise. Meanwhile, the high-intensity training group and the moderate-intensity training group with supplements showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p=0.05). The difference between insulin resistance groups showed that the high-intensity exercise group with supplements had a significant decrease compared to other groups, but it did not decrease significantly compared to the moderate-intensity exercise group with supplements.
Conclusion: There is no significant difference between high-intensity and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise with supplements, although HIT exercises were more effective than MIT, which indicates the effect of the type of exercise on this index, but there was a significant difference compared to the groups without supplements. It seems that to obtain more effective results, it is better to use HIT exercises and combine exercise with supplements; because in this case, by reducing insulin, we will see an increase in body metabolism and finally, more weight loss.
Methods: This research was practical and semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design. First, from among 200 referrals, 72 people were selected based on the study entry criteria and randomly divided into six groups of 12 including high-intensity aerobic exercise (HIT), moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (MIT), aerobic exercise High intensity/green coffee, medium intensity aerobic exercise/green coffee, green coffee supplement and control group were divided. The criteria for subjects to be included in the study are 20 to 30 years old, body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 35 kg/m2, no cardiovascular, kidney, or hormonal diseases, no smoking and alcohol use, no drug use, no history Regular participation in sports activities in the last year, not taking supplements or weight-reducing drugs in the six months before the study. Exclusion criteria from the research were having any type of diet, missing more than three training sessions, and not taking green coffee supplements regularly. Before starting the exercise program, during a session, the conditions of conducting the research and the exercise program for the intervention were explained to the subjects, and after completing the informed consent form and the questionnaire, height and weight measurements were made by them. The training protocol consisted of warm-up, main program and cool-down phase. The warm-up consisted of gentle running, stretching and flexibility movements in the upper and lower body for 10 minutes. The main training program was implemented in two training intensities. The main exercise in the moderate intensity group (MIT) consisted of aerobic movements starting with an intensity of 60% and continuing up to an intensity of 80% of the maximum heart rate during the training period. The main training in the high-intensity group (HIT) consisted of aerobic movements with an intensity of 80-90% of the maximum heart rate during the training period. The green coffee supplement group only consumed green coffee tablets as directed and did not do any exercise during the course. Exercise intensity was calculated according to aerobic guidelines according to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) using the Karonen formula. During the exercise protocol, the subjects' heart rate was continuously recorded and their activity intensity was monitored. The maximum heart rate was also calculated using the age-220 formula of the subjects. A blood sample of 10 cc was taken from the brachial vein in the first session and 48 hours after the last training session, while fasting. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19 statistical software. In order to determine the normality of data distribution, Shapiro-Wilk test was used. T-test was used to compare the pre-test and post-test of the groups. Aanalysis of covariance and Bonferroni test were used to compare the changes of the groups. The significance level was considered p ≤ 0.05 in all cases.
Results: The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that myonectin values were significantly different between the groups, so the highest increase was in the high-intensity aerobic exercise group with supplements compared to other groups (p=0.000), but compared to the aerobic exercise group with The average intensity with this supplement was not significantly increased (p=0.149). The results of analysis of variance method regarding insulin and glucose showed that there was a significant difference between before and after training (p=0.000). In addition, all groups showed a significant increase in insulin levels compared to the control group. In a pairwise comparison, the highest increase in insulin was related to the group of high-intensity aerobic exercise with supplements (p=0.000). All groups, except the control group, showed a significant decrease in glucose levels after completing the exercise protocol compared to before exercise. Meanwhile, the high-intensity training group and the moderate-intensity training group with supplements showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p=0.05). The difference between insulin resistance groups showed that the high-intensity exercise group with supplements had a significant decrease compared to other groups, but it did not decrease significantly compared to the moderate-intensity exercise group with supplements.
Conclusion: There is no significant difference between high-intensity and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise with supplements, although HIT exercises were more effective than MIT, which indicates the effect of the type of exercise on this index, but there was a significant difference compared to the groups without supplements. It seems that to obtain more effective results, it is better to use HIT exercises and combine exercise with supplements; because in this case, by reducing insulin, we will see an increase in body metabolism and finally, more weight loss.
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