Razi Journal of Medical Sciences

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This research was carried out with the aim of the effect of individual characteristics on the resilience of entrepreneurial behavior with the mediating role of development factors, environmental inhibitors and the moderating role of labor market dynamics in Alborz Technical and Vocational University. The research method of the current study is descriptive and survey type. Questionnaire and Likert scale tools have been used to measure the research indicators. This tool was examined and confirmed using face and convergent validity and Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. The statistical population of this research is the students who graduated from Technical and Vocational University of Alborz province, who are currently entrepreneurs, and based on the inquiry and investigation of the researcher, their number is about 30 people. The measurement tool has been adapted and used by experts and their views. SPSS22 and Smart PLS3 software were used for data analysis. To check the normality of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used, the confirmatory factor analysis test was used to verify the validity of the questions and to specify the key factors of each component, and structural equation modeling was used to check the fit of the research model with the collected data. Is. The findings show that individual characteristics directly and indirectly through dynamic marketing capabilities play an important role in developing the resilience of entrepreneurial behavior. To contextualize this role, this research shows that market dynamism moderates the mediating relationship between individual characteristics and resilience of entrepreneurial behavior through developmental factors.
 

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A random sample of 500 healthy unrelated subjects from Esfahan province were HLA typed for A, 8 and C locus antigens. The lymphocytes were separated from 5 ml of whole peripheral blood and were typed for HLA _ A, 8 and C by using the standard two stage microlymphocytotoxicity NIH technique. The findings suggest that in the study population, frequency of HLA-Al' A₂, A₃, A_g HLA-8s, 8_3S and HLA-CW₄ antigens is higher than other HLA antigens. It has been concluded that the destribution of HLA class I antigens in Esfahan is similar to their distribution in Tehran and Mashhad

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  This is a retrospective study of 83 patients with polioscoliosis, treated surgically in Shafa hospital (1970-1997), and the results are as Follow: implant failure: 15 cases (18%), pseudoar throsis: 12 cases (14.5%) deep infection: 4 cases (4.5%) superficial infection: 3 cases (3.6%) cast sore: 17 cases (20.5%) and loss of correction: 28 cases (33.7%).

  Implant failure was more common in Harrington distraction system (HD) and Harrington with Zeilke system, and was rare in Harrington with sublaminar wiring (HD+SLW). Pseudoarthrosis was common in the HD and was very rare in the HD+SLW.

  Also pseudoarthrosis was more common in the fusion with sacral involvement, posterior fusion alone, thoracolumbar and lumbar curves, than Fusion without sacral involvement, anterior with posterior fusion, and thoracic curve.

  So in polioscoliosis with thoracolumbar and lumbar curves that need fusion with sacral involvement, the most appropriate procedure is anterior and posterior fusion with HD+SLW instrumentation.

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ABSTRACT Propofol is a IV anesthetic which produces hypnosis and bispectral index (BIS), a parameter derived from the electroencephalograph (EEG), target of this study is comparing wake up time after termiation of surgery at control group which received constant dose of propofol with study group which received variable dose of propofol within BIS monitoring. This study performed on fifty patient which candidated for vertebral column surgury according to a randomed clinical trial study those receiving a propofol sufentanil anesthetic were studied in a general hospital center. Patient randomly divided to townty five persons in every group. BIS was recorded for all patients. In the BIS group, propofol were adjusted to achieve a target BIS between 40-50 in another group propofol was constant (150μg/kg). Drug use intraoperative responses and patient recovery parameter were recorded. Monitoring consist of BIS index, vital sign (HR, BP) and time of wake up was measured. Compared with the first group (BIS group), patients in the second group required propofol infusion rate (150μg/kg/min), were waked up sooner 549 vs 480 second, p<0.05, had a higher percentage of patients oriented on arrival to PACU (45%vs 19% p<0.05). total dose of propofol which consumed within surgery that last about 120±30 minutes for all patients for first group was about 980mg and for second group was 1240mg. Titrating propofol with BIS monitoring during TIVA anesthesia decreased propofol use and significantly improved recovery. Intraoperative course was not changed. These findings indicate that the use of BIS maybe valuable in guiding the administration of propofol.

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Cryptosporidiosis is one the reasons of diarrhea between children in the world. The prevalence of cryptosporidium in children is more than adult. This research is effective for studying of prevalence of this disease in students of elementary schools in the west of Tehran(aged 6 to 12 years) In this study 3 fecal samples preserved in 10% formalin, were collected from 500 children. Oocyst concentration was performed through Richie’s(modified) methods and staining of fecal smears for each sample (total of 2000 slides) was done by the Zyle Nelson methods infection rate was about (1%) that was observed. There was relation between literacy of fathers and infection rate and there was not any relation between sex and infection rate. Because of prevalence of cryptosporidiosis between elementary students consideration to health and preventive actions in the schools and the city is necessary to prevention of appearance of this disease.

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    Although cataract is very common and its detection seems apparently easy especially in the mature cataract, its quantitative description to determine the critical value of diagnosis is too difficult. Non-invasive evaluation of the mechanical properties of eye is hampered by the absence of in-vivo methods for direct assessment of the axial length of eye, lens and cornea. In the present study, firstly, rabbits’ eyes were suggested to create cataract. Then, through a non-invasive method the elastic parameters of the cataract eyes were estimated. 12 male rabbits (3 months old, New Zealand white/Dutch) were chosen in order to create and control the trend of cataract and Lux-metry. After the injection of formalin (20%) to the lens of each rabbit, the results showed that the intensity of the reflected light from the rabbits’ eye had descending trend, and after one hour a mature cataract was confirmed. To assess Δ d, a planning loading system was designed. Ultrasound images of A-mode with the mechanical probe and the frequencies of 8 and 10MHz were taken before and after applying the stress and saved into the computer by median board. With processing its imaging before and after applying the stress the axial length changes of eye ( Δ d) was estimated in in vivo and in vitro conditions. The mean axial length of the cataract eye in vivo and in vitro were 19.71 ±0.32 and 18.81±0.44mm, respectively (P>0.05), which indicated that there was no significant difference between these two conditions. Regarding the applied stress, the mean elastic modulus of the cataract eye in in vivo and in vitro conditions were 84004±17656 and 106864±33346 Pascal respectively (P>0.05), which showed that there was no significant difference between in vivo and in vitro conditions. Results of the present study showed that with applying limited stress, processing the ultrasound images, assessing the amount of strain and assuming an elastic structure for eye, it is possible to estimate its elastic parameters through a complete non-invasive method. Since, in the cataract eye, any change in the elasticity of the lens will change the acoustic properties of the tissue including the velocity, this new method may be useful in the exact determination of the acoustic parameters based on the elastic module and may increase the preciseness of the ultrasound systems. It may further be effective in making the lens after surgery.

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    Introduction: Microcystic adnexal tumor is a rare sclerosing variant of ductal carcinoma of eccrine sweat gland which is deeply invasive. This tumor which is said to have high recurrence rate is often misdiagnosed as other benign or malignant skin lesions and improper treatment is administered. Case Report: We report herein a 59-year-old man who underwent incisional biopsy for a congenital lesion on posterior neck which had grown recently. Microscopic examination exhibited an infiltrative tumor constituted by small cord-like and angulated tubules with tadpole or comma-like shapes, individually set in abundant fibrous stroma in dermis. So the diagnosis was syringoma. In the next step, the lesion underwent excisional biopsy. Histologic examination noted a tumor in dermis with extension to subcutis which contained basaloid keratinocytes with occasional horn cysts and abortive hair follicles. In other areas, ducts and gland-like structures lined by two-cell layers predominated. The tumor had extended to skeletal muscle and perineurial structures, but no significant atypia or mitosis was identified. Eventually, with respect to the above-mentioned features, the diagnosis was microcystic adnexal tumor. Conclusion: It seems useful to report this case since correct diagnosis of this rare invasive skin tumor and proper use of Mohs’ surgery lead to a significant decrease in recurrence rate. In this reported case, the noticeable point was that this tumor was set in a congenital lesion.

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    Background & Aim: Paracetamol is a non-opioid and non-NSAID(non non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) analgesic with central function. Analgesic effect of paracetamol is similar to opioids and NSAIDs but different from them in terms of side effects. Remifentanil is a short-acting opioid. In our study, we assess the effect of these two drugs on the depth of anesthesia using BIS monitoring. BIS(Bispectral) index is a complex EEG(Electroencephalograph) parameter. Bispectral index values of 0 represent an isoelectric EEG, where values of 100 represent awareness. Patients & Method: This study was done on 100 ASA-1(American Society of Anesthesiologists) patients who were candidates for endoscopic sinus surgery. Patients who were out of the age range of 15-45 years were excluded. Then the patients were randomly divided into two groups of 50. The first group included patients using paracetamol and the other group used remifentanil. Both groups received 1μg/kg of fentanil as premedication. Induction of anesthesia in the first group was started by using propofol 2.5mg/kg and then cysatracurium 0.15mg/kg. Propofol 100μg/kg/min+N2O 50%,O2 50%(equal minute volume)+paracetamol 1gr/Q4h were administered for maintenance. In the other group the induction was similar to the first group, but for maintenance propofol 100μg/kg/min+N2O 50%, O2 50%(equal minute volume)+remifentanil 1μg/kg/min were administered. For each group, depth of anesthesia was measured during laryngoscopy, intubation and incision. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded on collecting data sheets too. Results: Data was analyzed using independent sample t-test and PV<0.05 was statistically significant. The analysis of data showed no significant difference between the two groups(PV>0.05). As a result, there is no difference between the effect of paracetamol and remifentanil on the depth of anesthesia. Conclusion: These findings suggest that infusion of paracetamol replace remifentanil in order to observe hemodynamic stability during the surgery.

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    Background & Aim: Viral hepatitis is a significant and worldwide health problem. The main purose of treating and caring of patients with chronic disease is to promote life satisfaction and well being feeling. In most of the patients with chronic hepatitis, especially those treated with interferon, quality of life is less than normal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of education on quality of life of patients with chronic hepatitis treated with P-D Feron who had referred to Hepatitis Center-Tehran. Patients and Methods: The present study was done as a semi experimental research with two separate groups: case and control. The intervention included educating the method of self injection of alpha-2B interferon(P-D feron) and following the continuous treatment with interferon. Sampling method was a non-randomized method and carried out according to the subject characteristics. Sample size was 60 patients, grouped randomly in two 30 patient groups(case and control). Data gathering tool was a demographic characteristics questionnaire and the questionnaire of Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease(CLDQ). Educational program was done in four "45 minute sessions" for case group and their relatives. The follow up period was 12 weeks. Quality of life in patients with chronic hepatitis was measured in two stages, before initiating interferon therapy, and after performing educational program. Finally, the quality of life in two groups was compared by Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results: There wasn't significant difference in demographic characteristics of two groups(P>0.005). The total score of quality of life in two groups, before therapy did not show significant difference(P=0.351) while 12 weeks after performing educational program there was a significant difference between two groups(P<0.001). Wilcoxon statistical test showed that total score of quality of life in case group had a significant difference before and after performing educational program(P<0.001), and had improved after performing educational program. The total score of quality of life in control group didn't have significant difference after 12 weeks(P=0.143). Conclusion: Planning short and simple educational programs has a significant effect on the patient's control on his/her disease and its' side effects and can improve quality of life, life satisfaction feeling, and coping with treatment in patients with viral hepatitis.

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    Background & Aim: Retinoblastoma is the most frequent intra-ocular tumor in childhood. The tumor has both endophytic and exophytic patterns of growth. After enucleation, the pathologist is called on to evaluate risk of further growth for prophylactic therapy. Invasion of the choroid or optic nerve are risk factors for developing metastases, but occasionally, metastatic or locally invasive tumors occur in the absence of these risk factors. In this study, correlation of vascular density using CD31 with vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) and also both of these markers with local invasive growth of retinoblastoma were assessed. Patients and Methods: The study was analytical cross-sectional and performed on sections of paraffin-embedded blocks of 37 enucleated eyes due to retinoblastoma, at Ophthalmology Department of Hazrat Rasool Akram Hospital in years 2000-2006. Hematoxylin and Eosin stained slides were reviwed for evaluation of local invasive growth of tumor. Vascular density by CD31 and VEGF was assessed by immunohistochemical staining(IHC), using an Strept avidin-Biotin Immunoperoxidase technique. For data analysis, T test, Chi 2 test, Phi test and ROC curve were used. Results: A CD31 number equal or greater than 62/10 HPF with 78.9% sensitivity and 66.7% specificity was considered as the most efficient cutt-off point and with VEGF as a qualitative test, were assumed as predictors for local invasion. Significant correlation was noted between VEGF and CD31. There was no correlation between CD31 and VEGF with uni or bilaterality, age, size and growth type. Conclusion: Assessment of vascular density with the use of CD31 and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) can be useful method for prevention of local invasive growth of tumor and determining the need for prophylactic therapy in patients with advanced ocular retinoblastoma.

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    Background and Aim: Gabapentin is one of the anticonvulsive drugs which can be effective for the management of painful situations such as neuropathies, post herpetic neuralgias and perioperative pains. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of 600 mg oral gabapentin administered as a premedication on post thoracotomy pain and total morphine consumption.

Patients and Methods: In this randomized placebo controlled clinical trial study, eighty patients who were candidates for thoracotomy were enrolled in two groups: gabapentine and control. In gabapentin group, the patients received oral gabapentin (600 mg) as a single dose before operation. Patient sampling was by simple and random method. All of the patients had the same general anesthesia protocol (TIVA, infusion of propofol and remifentanil). For postoperative pain control, intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) with morphine was used. After the operation the pain score in recovery and 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours after surgery was assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The amount of morphine consumption and side effects during the first 24 hours after surgery were also evaluated. In this study we used Chi-square, † and repeated measurement tests for data analysis. SPSS V.13 was also used for data analysis.

Results: Average morphine consumption in gabapentin group was 21.9±9.2 mg and in control group was 24.5±4.5 mg that had statistical significant difference (p=0.003). The pain score (VAS) during the recovery time and the first hour after operation in gabapentin group was significantly lower than the patients in control group (p<0.001), but in the next hours it was not significant. Demographic data were not significantly different between the two groups. Also, significant difference was not detected in regard to other complications.

Conclusion: Our data showed that a single dose of 600 mg oral gabapentin as a premedication could reduce first hour postoperative pain and total morphine consumption in patients undergoing thoracotomy without having any significant side effects.

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  Background and Aim: Pain due to cancer is one of the major problems of patients affected by malignancies. There are many methods for management of cancer pain and opioid consumption is the most important method. Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid which is represented as a transdermal patch used for chronic cancer pain relief. In this study we evaluated the effectiveness of transdermal fentanyl patch as compared to placebo in cancer pain.

  Patients and Methods: This study was designed and performed as a double blind randomized clinical trial. Patients affected by soft tissue tumors with chronic pain who had referred to Cancer institute of Imam Khomini Hospital during 2006-07 were included and divided randomly into transdermal fentanyl patch and placebo groups. The appearance of the patches in both groups was the same. Pain severity was measured with Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) 24, 48 and 72 hours after the initiation of treatment. Data analysis was done by SPSS V. 13 software.Quantitative data were shown with mean(SD) and qualitative data were presented with frequency. Chi- square and t-tests were used for comparison of the data between the two groups.Repeated measurement analysis of variance was used for evaluating the effect of time and its relation with the medicine. p<0.05 was considerd as statistically significant.

  Results: A sum of 166 patients affected by cancer were divided in two groups –transderamal group(86 patient) and placebo group(80 patients).There was the same age and sex distribution in both the groups. According to repeated measurement analysis, the pain severity was significantly reduced in the transdermal fentanyl group as compared to the placebo group(p=0.07).

  The incidence of side effects was observed in 62 patients (72%) in fentanyl patch group and 31 patients (39%) in placebo group emphasizing the fact that the side effects were significantly more in the transdermal fentanyl patch group as compared to the placebo group (p=0.001)

  Conclusion: The data suggest that transdermal fentanyl patch is an effective and safe method in reducing pain in patients affected by soft tissue tumors.Also it can improve the quality of life in this group of patients.

 

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  Background & Aim: The stressful environment of the emergency department exposes the staff to the hazards posed by physical and verbal violence.This can affect not only the job security and satisfaction among the personnel but also the service and care offered to the patients. This study has been designed to determine the incidence rate of physical and verbal violence inflicted by patients and their companions on the emergency department personnel of Hazrate-e-Rasoul Hospital in the fourth trimester of the year 1385.

  Patients and Method: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, all the emergency department staff of Hazrat-e-Rasoul Hospital were asked to fill in a questionnaire about experiencing physical and verbal violence in the last trimester of the year 1385. 166 respondents included 17 attending physicians, 33 residents, 15 interns, 32 nurses, 15 ancillary staff, 20 laboratory technicians, 10 radiology technicians, 18 security guards and 6 orderlies. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS software version 15 , t-test and Chi-square.

  Results: The mean age of the staff was 32.20‌±7.67 years. 39% of the subjects were female and 61% were male. 77.5% had experienced verbal or physical violence at least once.The mean rate of verbal violence in the fourth trimester of the year 1385 was 31.1 times. 74% of verbal assaults were committed by men and 26% by women. 15.93% of the emergency department staff had experiences of physical violence in this trimester, and in 78% of the cases the violent person was a man and in 22% of the cases a woman. 13% of the emergency staff felt a high degree of security during their shift work, 52% felt a moderate degree of security, 27% felt a low grade of security and 8% felt no security during their shift work. 96.15% of the staff had received no education in this regard, and 87.4% reported that they think security measures provided to decrease violence in emergency department are insufficient.

  Conclusion: This study shows that the incidence of violence in emergency department is high and this is a concern for the emergency department staff. Most of the violent behaviors which were displayed by patients’ companions can be controled by considering a good waiting area for them and avoiding their crowding in the ward.

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  Background & Aim: Gabapentin is a novel antiepileptic drug that is used for the treatment of partial and secondary generalized seizures. There are few and sometimes contradictory reports concerning the teratogenic effects of this drug. This study was done to compare teratogenic effects of gabapentin on skeletal system when it is used intraperitoneally and via gavages.

  Material and Method: In an experimental research, 60 mature female Balb/c mice were chosen and randomly divided into six groups: two experimental groups which received 25mg/kg (I), and 50 mg/kg (II) of gabapentin intraperitoneally from the initiation of pregnancy for the first 15 days of pregnancy. The other two experimental groups,i.e. III and IV, received the same doses at the same periods but via gavages. Two control groups,i.e. V and VI, received normal saline at the same time intraperitoneally and via gavages. Dams were dissected under deep anesthesia by eter inhalation on the 18th gestational day and embryos were harvested. The macroscopic observation was performed by a stereomicroscope. Then the embryos' weights, resorption and the number of dead and alive fetuses were determined and registered. Finally, malformed fetuses were double strained for bone and cartilage and their skeletons were examined. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Chi-square tests using SPSS software. Differences less than 0.05 (P < 0.05) were considered significant.

  Results: Both experimental groups I and II revealed similar malformations which can be categorized as three sets: 1- Decreased fetal body weight and increased fetal resorption 2-Macroscopic external malformations 3- Skeletal malformations.The mean fetal body weight in group I (0.98 0.063 g) and group II (0.91 0/06 g) was lower in comparison to the control group (1.17 0.033 g). Also, an increase in resorbed fetuses was observed in both experimental groups as compared to the fetuses in the control group. Macroscopic malformations in both experimental groups included exencephaly, limbs defects, brachygnathia, vertebral column deformity and generally malformed fetuses. Skeletal malformations included delayed ossification, scoliosis, calvaria deformity and mandibular hypoplasia. In the experimental groups III and IV only delayed ossification was observed.No malformation was found in the control groups.

Conclusion: This study revealed that the route of gabapentin administration may induce different teratogenic effects on mice fetuses.

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    Background & Aim: Post-operative pain is a frequent complication after surgery which can increase the risk of other post-operation complications and also the duration of hospital stay. In this study, we have tried to assess the effect of rectal diclofenac as pre-emptive analgesia to reduce post-operative  pain after ophthalmic surgeries(vitrectomy).

Patients and Method: This study was designed and performed as a double-blind clinical trial. The patients who were candidates for vitrectomy in

Rasool-e-Akram

Hospital were included in the study according to some exclusion and inclusion criteria and divided into two groups of diclofenac and control. In diclofenac group,patients received a single dose of 100mg 2 hours before surgery.The pain scores were assessed in recovery room,4 and 12 hours after vitrectomy using the visual analogue scale(VAS). To compare qualitative and quantitative data of the two groups, provided that normal distribution  existed, we used Chi-square test for qualitative variables and t-test for quantitative variables. Also, in order to determine confounding factors exactly and assess the effect of time , multiple regression analysis was used.

Results: A total of 97 patients were divided into two groups:51 persons in diclofenac group and 46 persons in the control group. The mean of pain intensity at the 4th hour after surgery in diclofenac group was lower than the control group(p<0.001). Pain intensity at the12th hour after surgery in diclofenac group was 2± 0.6 and in the control group was 3.3±0.8, which was statistically lower in diclofenac group than the control group(p<0.001). Multiple regression  analysis revealed that two factors,i.e. increasing age and using diclofenac, were effective in reducing pain(p<0.05).

Conclusion: Single dose of rectal diclofenac as pre-emptive analgesia is effective in reducing post-vitrectomy pain.

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  Introduction: Cystic hygromas (lymphangioma) are benign and common developmental anomalies of vasculolymphatic origin.They can arise anywhere along the lymphatic system. However, they are usually located in the neck region and in most cases (80-90%) appear by the age of 2. Most mediastinal cystic hygromas are extensions of cervical lesions, and cystic hygroma confined solely to the mediastinum is rarely encountered. Enlargement of cystic lesions is common and may compress the adjacent organs, causing respiratory distress, feeding difficulties,or vascular compromise.

  Case Report: Herein we report a case of a male child with a cystic mass in the left side of the neck with an extension to mediastinum.This article highlights the clinical and paraclinical findings and management of these cases.

  Conclusion: It is highly recommended that in cases of cervical cystic hygromas evaluation of mediastinum be done to investigate the extension of the cyst. In addition, surgical resection of tumor via cervical incision could be considered.

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  Background: Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) is the most common cause of peripheral vertigo in adults. Reason of this type of vertigo is movement of otoliths in semicircular canals (especially posterior). Main treatments for BPPV are antivertiginous drugs and maneuvertherapy. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of Dimenhydrinate after maneuvertherapy of Epley on duration, number of vertigo attacks and duration of dizziness after each vertigo attack in patients with Posterior canal BPPV.

  Methods: one hundred forty eight patients with posterior Canal BPPV were evaluated in a randomized clinical trial in 2008 _2009.Maneuvertherapy of Epley were done for all patients. They were divided into two groups: Dimenhydrinate group (75) and Placebo group (73) and drug prescribed for 2 weeks. Patients were followed up after treatment for duration of vertigo (days), number of vertigo attacks and duration of dizziness after each vertigo attack (minute). Data were analyzed with statistical software SPSS 11/5 and comparison of means were done with T test and relationship between qualitative variables with X² square.

  Results: Mean duration of recovery from vertigo attacks were 3/2±2/9 days in Dimenhydrinate and 3/8± 3/3 in Placebo groups, mean number of vertigo attacks after treatment were 2±0/7 in Dimenhydrinate and 2/2 ±1 in placebo groups and Mean duration of dizziness after each vertigo attack was 32/75± 2/07 minutes in Dimenhydrinate and 39 ± 3/55 minutes in placebo groups with no statistically difference (P<0/05).

  Conclusion: Epley maneuvertherapy is an effective treatment for Posterior canal BPPV and adding Dimenhydrinate does not increase its effectiveness.

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  Background : Primary Hyperoxaluria is one of the causes of multiple kidney stones and renal failure in low age groups. Changes in structure of bone in these patients included two types: bone oxalosis and renal osteodystrophia.

  Case report : The patient was a child aged 10 years old under dialysis due to renal failure. He had a fracture of femoral neck and two times subtrochanteric fracture.

Conclusion: One of the most places for fracture in these patients is proximal of femur. Because of bone fragility in these patients, they should avoid heavy activities. Occurrence of fracture should be managed and followed carefully after surgery in these patients.

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Background: Hypertension is a common chronic disease with increasing prevalence worldwide. Regular close monitoring of blood pressure is key point of hypertension management. Home monitoring of blood pressure has its own problems such as lack of early access to a physician in case of emergency. In this study we have designed a device that could send the patient’s self-measured blood pressure to physician.

 

Case report: A 56 year old woman with a 6 year history of hypertension was enrolled to the study. After giving information about using the device, we gave it to her. With each use of device at home we received an SMS (Short Message Service) on patient’s blood pressure that were coordinated with self-recorded blood pressures. This device consisted of a designed electronic board and installed components (such as programmed mobile board and micro controller) placed on the board and attached to a blood pressure measuring device. After pushing a button, the blood pressure was measured spontaneously and data shown on an LED monitor and sent through GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) by a sim card to the physician.

 

Conclusion: This new device helps physicians to control patients’ blood pressure closely without any extra cost. Also using this device will decrease the rate of complicated hypertensive attacks.

 

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  Background: Blood glucose controlling is a major issue in diabetes management. Many fluctuations in blood glucose level make the close controlling of glucose by physicians as one of the most important principles in diabetic patients managing.

  Methods : The case was a 58 y/o man with a history of 14 years old diabetes under insulin therapy. After informed consult and description about using the device the instrument was given to him. The patient used the device 30 times in a week and we all received SMS of the recorded blood glucose information. For constructing the device first, printed circuit board (PCB) was designed and then electronic components (such as mobile board, micro controller and glucometer) and CNC work on the place were marked on the PCB. The installation and application were stored within the micro controller by a programmer.

  After pushing a button the needle of glucometer enters the skin. Data was sent through GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) by a SIM card to the physician and 5 relatives of patients and also was shown on a LED monitor implanted on electronic board.

  Conclusions: This new device helps physicians to control patients’ glucose closely without any admitting and extra cost. Also using this device will decrease the rate of complicated hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic attacks.