Razi Journal of Medical Sciences

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 Superficial mycoses is an endemic diease in Iran specially rural area and area of poor hygiene, where the children are dealing with domestic animals. Scalp mycoses is almost always seen in school age children and younger.

  So study of fungal investigation in Iran is important from point of view of public health and preventive medicine. Varamin, an agricultural city near Tehran was selected for study. Five boy and five girl primary schools have been chosen randomly in that area. The office of education and statistics authorities of the area have cooperated in this study. 1099 boys (53.51%) and 956 girls (46.5%), a total of 2050 students aging 7-14 year were investigated.

  Sampling was taken from suspicious as well as normal appearing children for mycological study. Special questioner was made for all children containing required informations in relation to special items except the skin diseases.

  Two cases of periungal candidiasis, 2 cases of tinea versicolor (2 girls, 0.1%) and 1 case of tinea capitis (a seven year old girl, 0.05%) affected by trichophyton violaceum were found. No significant difference was noted with similar studies in other areas of the country. 

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Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease. Because of defect in immunity system of diabetic patients, these patients often experienece frequent infections just related to increase in blood suger level. This study was conducted to study the candiduria level in diabetic patients of Zanjan, their colony count along with determining candida species as compared to healthy individuals. In this study, samples were taken from urine of 227 diabetic patients with strict sterile and standard techniques during an 8 month period. Then, direct microscopy and culture as well as colony count and complementary tests for identification of yeasts species was conducted on them and they were compared to those of healthy individuals. The data were analyzed by chi-squared test and t-test. Of 227 urine samples in target group, candiduria was observed in 31 cases(13.65%), and of 226 sampels in control group, it was observed in 11 cases(4/9%). In target patients, candida glabrata(62.5%), candida albicans(28.12%), candida krusei(6.25%) and cryptococcus albidus(3.12%) were the most common organisms extracted from the urine. In contrast, the isolated yeast organisms in control group included: candida albicans(54.54%), candida glabrata(27.3%), candida krusei(9.09%) and candida kefyr(9.09%). Frequency of candida glabrata was observered especially in urine including 150-500mg/dl levels of glucose(32.25%). Through this study it was found that candiduria in diabetic patients was closely related to the level of glucosuria(P=0.02). In addition, the yeast colony count in this study was not significantly different from normal controls(P=.11). It is concluded that in diabetic patients with good glucose control, the percentage of candiduria will be low and similar to healthy individuals.

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    Malassezia is a lipophilic fungus which has different species. Some of them can be found as a natural flora on skin and in an opportunistic condition may cause pityriasis versicolor. The present study was undertaken to identify, diagnose and determine the prevalence of different species of malassezia in patients referred to laboratory of medical mycology at the University of Shiraz during 12-month period. Out of 185 patients suspected to have pityriasis versicolor, only 98 patients were diagnosed to have it. Among these patients, 56 were female (51.4%) and 42 were male (55.3%). Patients’ age ranged between 13 to 55 with average of 25.78 years. Dixon Agar media was used for sample culture and in addition to morphological study, other tests such as Tween absorbance, catalase and esculin hydrolysis were performed to separate different species of malassezia including malassezia furfur (34%), malassezia slooffiae (18.7%), malassezia sympodialis (18.6%), malassezia globosa (17.59%), malassezia pakidermatis (5.4%) and malassezia restrikta (4.3%) from different parts of the body. Factors such as: age, sex, job, education, the use of pool, season of the year and geographic region were also evaluated by using different statistical methods such as: chi-squared test, Fisher & T-test. Results revealed that the use of pool and season of the year were the effective causes of the disease.

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    Trichomoniasis with the cause of trichomonas vaginalis(T.V) and bacterial vaginosis(B.V) are well recognized as sexual transmitted diseases(STD) affecting prematuration and low weight birth. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of T.V and B.V, their coincidences, their effects on women sterilities, prematuration and low weight birth in pregnant women referred to Shahid Akbarabadi Maternity Hospital. During one year study(started from June 2002), 368 pregnant women voluntarily enrolled for regular checking and parturition in the above-mentioned maternity hospital. After private interviewing, filling the questionnaires, doing clinical observations and recording the results, vaginal and posterior fornix samples were collected and labled. In hospital’s laboratory, the vaginal samples were checked macroscopically, pH was determined, Whiff Test was carried out for odour concentration, and finally gram staining was used for detecting clue cells and consequently finding B.V infection. In order to find T.V, direct smears and culture methods on Dorse Media were utilized. In this study, of 20(5.5%) infected women, 11(2.9%), 8(2.2%) and one(0.3%) were infected with T.V, B.V and fungi respectively. In none of the patients, conincidence of T.V and B.V was observed. Although the highest age of pregnancy was 25 or below, there was not any statistically significant relationship between infection and pregnant women’s age, number of parturitions, age of pregnancy abortions and clinical symptoms. Only one case(0.3%) of T.V infected woman was observed for prematuration with a low weight birth. The present study indicated that the poor level of T.V and B.V infection in pregnant women, as compared with those of free sexual relationship countries is essentially due to their culture, family etics and constitutional beliefs. This study also showed that since the vaginal cavity is an eco-type and natural biological living orifice therefore, the only physical presence of T.V and B.V can not cause sterility in women unless under non optimum or non physiologic condition. According to this survey, the precise clinical and laboratory examination of the pregnant women and their vaginal discharges are important since they may be wrongly identified as vaginal secretion or semen liquid with pathogenic materials, particulary by an inexperienced gynecologist.

 

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    Propofol’s unique pharmacokinetic profile offers advantages for rapid emergence in patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. However, concern for negative inotropic properties potentially limits its usage in these patients. The present study was undertaken to compare the hemodynamic effects of anesthesia, with propofol base versus morphine base, on usage of inotrope during weaning off cardiopulmonary bypass. This study was conducted on 60 patients with A.S.A II, III, EF>35% without history of recent myocardial infarction. We randomized 60 patients undergoing CABG surgery to receive either a propofol-based (propofol 50 μ g/kg/min+ fentanyl 0.1 μ g/kg/min as infusion) or morphine-based (morphine 0.3-0.4 mg/kg+Midazolam 0.1-0.15 mg/kg as bolus) anesthesia during pump. Either group underwent general anesthesia similarly (midazolam 0.1-0.15 mg/kg, Morphine 0.3-0.4 mg/kg, thiopental 3-4 mg/kg and pancuronium bromide 0.15 mg/kg) and it was maintained with halothane 0.5% O2+N2O (50%/50%). The requirement to inotrope was assessed by mean arterial blood pressure(BP) and central venous pressure(CVP). If CVP was more than 14 mmHg and mean BP was less than 80 mmHg we started infusion of epinephrine 0.02 μ g/kg/min that was increased to 0.5 μ g/kg/min. Thirty-seven of the patients required inotrope, out of whom, 24 patients received morphine-based anesthesia and 13 patients received propofol anesthesia(P<0.05). The result of this trial suggests that a morphine-based anesthesia requires additional inotrope support during weaning off CPB in contrast to a propofol-based anesthesia.

 

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    Background & Objective: Candida genus comprises diverse species of yeast and yeast like fungi that some of them especially candida albicans are parts of the normal flora of human body. They are opportunistic parasites that cause diseases. There are currently limited effective drugs against those fungi. Hence this may lead to the emergence of resistant species. The aim of present study was evaluation of antimycotic effects of nystatin, clotrimazole and miconazole against candida species.

Method: Present survey is an experimental study that has evaluated antifungal effects of nystatin, clotrimazole and miconazole on candida species which were isolated from patients. These drugs were applied to 30 cases of candida albicans and 30 of other species of candida. In addition, resistant and sensitive species of candida were used. Broth and Agar mediums were used to culture the mentioned fungi and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration(MIC) was determined for each drug.

Results: Results showed that candida albicans species were more sensitive to clotrimazole and nystatin than to miconazole(P<0.01). Other candida species were more sensitive to all these drugs as compared to candida albicans(P<0.01). No significant difference was observed between the MIC averages of two methods. The MIC averages of nystatin, clotrimazole and miconazole for candida albicans were 2.2µg/ml, 2.6µg/ml and 18µg/ml respectively. The mean MIC of the mentioned drugs for other candida species was 0.81µg/ml, 0.56µg/ml and 1.2µg/ml respectively.

Conclusion: Our results suggest that determination of species and doing sensitivity tests before any treatment are required and important and on the whole, nonalbicans species were more sensitive than albicans species in the presence of the above drugs.

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    Background & Aim: The object of the present research was to study the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis(T.V) and Candida albicant(C.A) and to compare the two stains of Loffler(L) and Diluted carbol-Fuchsin(DC-F) for rapid diagnosis of T.V in 500 vaginal discharges referred to Medical Center of Robat Karim City. Patients & Methods: In this study, comparative diagnostic techniques including direct smears, staining methods and culture media were used. Results: Our results indicated that the prevalence rates of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans in our defined society were 7(1.4%) and 67(13.4%) respectively. According to our study there were no significant relations between Trichomonas vaginalis infection and the patients’ age, level of education number of childbirth, use of contraceptive devices, vaginalis itch, pruritus and painful intercourse(P>0.05). However, there was a statistically significant difference between vaginal pH, vaginal discharges, WBC number in each microscopic field and Trichomonas vaginalis infection(P<0.05). No significant difference was found with regard to Candida albicans infection and women’s age, education level and the number of parturitions(P>0.05). However, contraceptive devices, vaginal discharges, itches and burning, painful intercourse, vaginal pH, number of WBC in every microscopic field were statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion: Using Loffler and Diluted Carbol Fuchsin for rapid diagnosis of Candida albicans was quite statisfying but not suitable for Trichomonas vaginalis.

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    Background & Aim: NO(Nitric Oxide) is a lipophilic molecule which acts as a cytotoxic and mediator in the body. Also, NO has a role in cellular defense and its high concentration causes inhibition of growth and death of microorganisms such as fungi. This experimental study was designed to search the antidermatophilic effects of NO donors and their probable interactions with terbinafin. Material & Method: The method used in this study was determination of MIC(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) in microdilution broth as per NCCLS(National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) recommendations. Results: The results showed that inhibitory and cidal effects of NO donor complex on dermatophytes are significant. In comparison with terbinafin, its potency is very low and fungicidal effects of both are dependent on their concentration. The zoophilic and geophilic species are more sensitive to either terbinafin or DETA/NO(Diethylen triamine nitrite) than antropophilic ones. The interaction between DETA/NO and terbinafin for microsporom canis, microsporom gypseum, and trichophyton mentagropytes(non-antropophilic species) is because 14 is antagonist. As a result of short half-life of DEA/NO(Diethyl amine nitrite), no effects were observable in this study. Conclusion: Considering the obtained results and the literature, it seems that topical usage of NO donor complexes can be a useful treatment for dermatophitic infections.

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    Background & Aim: Nitric oxide(NO) is a molecule with expanded and numerous roles in biologic system of the body. It shows antitumor and antimicrobial activities. Stimulation of macrophages by different microorganisms leads to the production of a large amount of NO with toxic property that causes the death of microorganisms. Mechanisms related to NO perform an important role in host’s defense against fungal infections. In candidial infections NO is regarded as the most important factor in killing candida albicans by polimorphonuclear cells. Material & Method: This experimental study was designed to investigate antifungal potential of two NO donor complexes namely DPTA/NO(Dipropylenetriamine nitric oxide) and DEA/NO(Diethyleamine nitric oxide) per se and in combination with antifungal drugs such as ketoconazole and amphotricin B against candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, candida tropicalis, candida glabrata, and cryptococcus neoformans. In order to do so, we determined MIC(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MFC(Minimum Fungicidal Concentration) of the above-mentioned complexes as per NCCLS(National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards) using microdilution broth method. Results: The obtained findings showed that DPTA/NO complex per se exerted antifungal effects. In addition, this complex revealed synergic effects on C. tropicalis, C. glabrata II, and cryptococcus neoformans(FIX<0.5) and additive effects on C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. glabrata I(0.5

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  Background and Aim: Candidial vulvovaginitis (CVV) is a female genital system infection that occurs due to the overgrowth of Candida species,especially with Candida albicans.This condition may become recurrent.The long administration of the current antifungal drugs may cause resistance. Therefore it is essential to understand the efficacy pattern of therapeutic agents against the isolated Candida species from vaginitis. The aim of this research was the investigation of the antifungal drug resistance pattern in Candida species isolated from vaginitis against azole current drugs.

  Materials and Methods: This was an experimental-descriptive study that was performed on 150 suspected patients.All specimens were examined under direct microscopy and culturing. Furthermore, complimentary tests such as culture on candida chrom agar, corn meal agar, germ tube test, susceptibility to cycloheximide, temperature test and sugar assimilation test (with API 20 kit) were performed to differentiate the Candida species from each other.The effect of the current azole drugs by micro dilution broth method was also tested.

  Results: Out of 150 specimens, 80 cases of vaginal candidiasis were diagnosed. In order of frequency the isolated pathogens were Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei and Candida giullermondi, respectively.From "drug effect" point of view, Imidazoles (Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole, Miconazole) were more effective than Triazoles (Fluconazole).

  Conclusion: Drug resistance pattern of various Candida species isolated from patients was different.

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  Background : Vulvovaginal candidiasis occurs due to the overgrowth of candida in genital system mucosa of females.

  Symptoms and signs of vulvovaginal candidiasis are unspecific, therefore its diagnosis based on them (symptoms and signs) is not certain.

  The aim of this research was comparison the result of indirect immunofluorescence and ELISA with culture and direct microscopy examination in patient with vulvovaginal candidiasis.

  Methods : This was acomparative-descriptive study that was performed on 87 patients and 50 normal cases. All specimens were examined under direct microscopy, culturing and complimentary test to differentiate the candida species from each other. Serological tests such as indirect immunofluorescence and ELISA were performed on sera of the patients. To compare the quantitative and qualitative data in order t-student test, chi-square and exact fisher test were used, if necessary.

  Results : Out of 87 specimens ,50 cases were diagnosed as vulvovaginal candidiasis. In order , frequency of the isolated pathogens were: C.albicans, C.glabrata,C.kefyr , C.inconspicua and C.famata. Also in order frequency of control groups were: C.albicans, C.glabrata and C.kefyr. In this study all of normal cases were negative in indirect immunofluorescence test and in patients group 42 person(84%) were positive and 8 (16%) negative. Control groups were negative in ELISA and in patient group 40 person(80%) were positive and 10 person(20%) negative.

  Conclusion : It seems in cases that are not possible to perform direct microscopic and culturing methods, ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence can be used as a replacement method.

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Background:

this infection is caused by Candida albicans a flora of mouth. Since one of the problems in denture

users is it's contamination with C.albicans and discoloration, and lack of information about adhesion

of C.albicans to different resins, we designed this study to compare the effect of two types of acrylic

resin on adhesion of C.albicans.

Candidiasis is one of the most common fungal infections in oral cavity. About 85% of

Methods:

resin were added in tubes containing suspension of 1×10

incubated at 37

sterile saline and after resuspension by shaking a known quantity of each was inoculated on sabouraud

dextrose agar and incubated at 37

were analyzed by Mann-u- Whitney test.

This was an experimental study within that 36 samples from Bayer and Acropars acrylic6 (CFU/ml ) of C.albicans. Then tubes wereοc for 40 and 120 minutes. After incubation, the samples were transferred in 1ml ofοc for 48 hours and after that, formed colonies were counted and

Results:

120

any significant differences from the point of adhesion in to different lengths of times. But dissimilarly

was significant for Acropars acrylic resin which indicated adhesion with the passage of the time.

(p<0.1)

These two acrylic resins did not reveal statistical significant differences in two 40οc andοc different lengths of the time from the point of adhesion. Also Bayer acrylic resin did not show

Conclusion:

non-adhesion to Candida albicans, but Bayer acryl is more appropriate particularly for those who are

with weak hygiene and are more susceptible to fungal infections. Surface roughness of acrylic resins

and their components, characteristic and surface factors have essential role in adhesion of C.albicans.

These two Acrylic resins do not have any priority to each other from the view point of

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  Background: Saprophytes are one of the agents causing nail dystrophy. Saprophytes can invade healthy nail or may invade nails previously damaged in the course of other diseases and grow with suitable conditions. The reported incidence of saprophytic nails is between 1.43-17.6% . Saprophytes preferably invade the nails on the big toes, especially in individuals above 60 years. The most etiologic agents of saprophyte nail are Aspergillus spp, Acremonium spp, Scopulariopsis spp, Penicillium spp, and fusarium. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence agents of saprophytic nails in patient that had referred to Razi hospital.

  Methods: This was a cross sectional study and nail samples were analyzed by direct microscopy and culture. Microscopic examination of these specimens was carried out in potassium hydroxide solution (20%). These specimens were cultured on two media of sabourad dextrose Agar (S). Czapek-Dox Agar [CZA] medium was used for identification of Aspergillus species. For investigation of relevance between the variables, Chi-square test and Fisher exact tests were used.

  Results : In this study, 34 cases were positive by both direct microscopy and culture. Of those, 17 patients were females and 17 patients were males. The most frequently isolated saprophytes from nails was Aspergilus flavous (35.3%). Meanwhile 58.8% of saprophytes were isolated from toe nails. In this study the distal subungual onychomycosis was the most frequent (% 64.7%). The age group 50-59 years (29.4%) had the highest prevalence of saprophytic nail infections.In this study the prevalence of saprophytic nails infections was 17.2%.

  Conclusion: A proper diagnosis, consisting of both clinical and mycological examinations, may aid the clinician in selecting the most appropriate therapy. Knowledge of epidemiology and mycology characteristics of nail infections has been noted by many authors as being an important tool for control of these fungal infections.

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  Background: Candidal vulvovaginitis is a female genital infection that is occured by the over growth of candida species and specially Candida - albicans and occasionally it appears as recurrent and chronic and resist to therapy. Fluconazole is one of the current drugs that is used in treatment of this disease and sometimes resistance is observed to this. Therefore indirection of making the therapy better we decided to investigate the activitiy of fluconazole in combination with silver nanoparticles against candida species isolated from chronic and recurrent candidal vaginitis.

  Methods: This was an experimental study with convenient sampling that was performed on 30 patients. All specimens were examined in direct microscopy, culturingand differential tests to identify different candida species from each other such as culture on candida chrom agar, germ tube, temperature test and sugar assimilation with API. Then the antifungal effects of fluconazole and silver nanoparticles, each of them alone and in combination with each other, were examined .Findings were described on the base of logestic regression and man-vitni exam.

  Results: In our study 30 specimens of chronic genital candidiasis were diagnosed with isolated agents Candida albicans, glabrata, krusei, tropicalis, parapsilosis and Candida famata respectively. Also findings suggested that fluconazole was able to inhibit the growth of candida species at an expanded range of concentration between 4-128 microgeram per milliliter.As well antifungal activity of Fluconazole with silver nanoparticles was increased in comparision with using Fluconazole alone.

  Conclusion: For the prevention of recurrent cases and to stabilish correct diagnosis it is essential to carry out sensitivity and diagnostic tests in laboratory and also administration of silver nanoparticle in combination with fluconazole in drug formulation for topical uses in treatment of chronic vaginal candidiasis and inhibition of recurrent cases, can useful.

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  Background: Yeasts are one of the most common causes of onychomycosis. In countries like Iran, Saudi Arabia, Italia and Spain, yeasts are reported as the most frequent causes of onychomycosis. Inhibition of the immune system such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, the use of broad spectrum antibodies, aggressive treatment with corticosteroids, HIV and diabetes melitus predispose the body with these fungal infections. Onychomycosis due to yeast has a higher prevalence in finger nails and its incidence in women is two or three times more than men. In some occupations such as nurses, dish washers, confectionery and housewives it can be more observed. Among the yeasts, Candida albicans is the most common agent onychomycosis. This study has been designed for investigation of prevalence of onychomycosis due to yeast in patients who referred to Razi hospital.

  Methods: This was a cross sectional study and 700 dystrophic nail samples were examined by both direct examination and culturing. In direct examination KOH (hydroxide potassium) 20% and for culturing saboroud dexterose agar (S) media were used. For identification yeasts complementary examination were done such as: Reynold braude test, API test and culturing on candida chrom agar media and corn meal agar media were used. For investigation of relevance between variables, Chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used.

  Results: Of 700 dystrophic nail samples (15.71%), 110 samples were yeast positive by both direct examination and culturing. Thirty one patients were males and 79 patients were females and in both sexes those most infected were between 50-59 years of age (27.3%). Eighty patients had fungal infection of finger nails and 16 patients had fungal infection on toe nails 14 patients had both infections on finger and toe nails. The most frequent detected yeast species was Candida albicans (42.7%) which was followed by Candida parapsilosis (20.9%), Candida tropicalis (14.5%), Candida krusei (12.7%), Candida glabrata (3.6)%, Candida gillermondi (2.7%), and Candida lousitani, famatata, rodotroula (each 0.9%) .The most common clinical type noted was distal subungual onychomycosis in 50% of cases. In this study 52 patients (48.1%) had diabetes which was the most common disease between patients with onychomycosis due to yeasts. 

  Conclusion: Diagnosis of onychomycosis due to yeast is very important because it shows the person’s immune response. Identification of pathogenic yeast species in terms of epidemiology and selecting appropriate and effective treatment is important.

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  Background : The incidence of invasive fungal infections has been increasing for two decades. Amatter of concern in the treatment of fungal infections is the limited number of efficacious antifungal drugs. Many available drugs lead to the development of resistance, In order to seek new antifungal agents we assessed the antifungal activity of newly synthesized Imidazol compounds by a colorometric method .

  Methods: In this experimental study antifungal activity of the new Imidazol compounds against Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cervisiae, Aspergillus niger, Microsporum gypseom was investigated by colorometric method and results were compared to microdilution ones.

  Results: 2-hydroxyphenacyl-azole and 2- hydroxyphenacyl-azolium compounds have been identified as a new class of azole antifungal agents with a good spectrum of activity . The colorimetric method is a simple microtiter method for determining the susceptibility of species of fungal against antifungal agents.

  Conclusion: Most derivatives showed significant in vitro antifungal activities against tested fungi with low MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values included in the range of 0.25-32 µg/mL comparable to the reference drug Fluconazole.

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  Background : Shallots are an important part of the diet of many population and there is long-held belief in their health enhancing properties. At least one episode of vaginal candidiasis is reported in up to 75 percent of women that Candida albicans is responsible for 80 to 92 percent of episodes of vaginal candidiasis in the world. The aim of this study was to determine anticandidal activity of shallot against chronic candidiasis agents.

  Methods: This study is an experimental study. With use of microdilution method, antifungal activities of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of shallot (allium hirtifolium) were tested against 33 candida species in vitro that isolated from patient with chronic candidiasis that referred to Mirza Koochak khan and Lolagar hospitals.

  Results: The results showed antifungal activity of Allium hirtifolium against all the candida species tested and anticandidal activity of the alcoholic extract was much better than aqueous one.

  Conclusion: The results indicated that crude juice of shallot has anticandidal activity and might be promising in treatment of candidiasis.

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Background: Nystatin is a polyene with antifungal effect which is used in treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous candidiasis in diverse forms. Increasing its utilization in recent years has led to predominant increasing of resistances. Nowadays for increasing of antifungal effect and decreasing of resistance and side effects of drugs they are used in combination with each other. So we decided to investigate antifungal effect of Nystatin in combination with nanosilver particles.

 

Methods: This was an experimental study which has been accomplished on 30 samples of isolated candida species from patients effected to chronic candidal vaginitis. In this study the antifungal effects of Nystatin and silver nanoparticles each of them alone and in combination with each other by microdilution broth, were examined. Findings were described on the base of logestic regression and man-vitni exam.

 

Results: Findings suggested that Nystatin was able to inhibit the growth of candida species at an expanded range of concentration between 16-128 microgeram per milliliter. As well antifungal activity of Nystatin with silver nanoparticles was increased in comparision with using Nystatin alone.

 

Conclusion: Introduce of nanosilver in drug formation of Nystatin can be useful in treatment of chronic vaginal candidiasis.

 

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Background: Ischemic stroke is a common cause of adult disability and death worldwide that leads to damage in neuronal networks and neurovascular units and ceasation of brain functions. In this study the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles and magnetic field on neurogenesis after ischemic reperfusion (IR) in rat model was evaluated.
Methods: In this experimental study 50 male Wistar rats weighing 220-250 g were randomly divided into five groups of 10 rats each: including control, sham (ischemic reperfusion model), IR + iron oxide nanoparticles (10mg/kg), IR+magnetic field (1 Tesla, 20 min in 4 days), and IR + iron oxide nanoparticles and magnetic field groups. Injections were performed intraperitoneally. Neurogenesis was evaluated in hippocampus of 5 groups after 4 days by H&E staining method. Nestin gene expression was quantitatively investigated in 5 groups by Real-time PCR.
Results: In this study it was revealed that the iron oxide nanoparticles as well as the magnetic field increase the neurogenesis rate after ischemic reperfusion during 4 days (p<0.05). The expression of Nestin gene increased in iron oxide nanoparticles treated group and the magnetic field exposed group significantly (p<0.05) as compared to ischemic reperfusion model. However, their combined treatment did not show a significant difference compared with the sham group within 4 days.
Conclusion: Our result suggests iron oxide nanoparticles as well as magnetic field separately can be two effective methods in ischemia therapy.
           
 

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Background & Aims: Today, physical education and sports have found their true place in the world and its importance in building the human body and soul has been proven. Exercise is the most effective and important program for enriching leisure time and can be a useful tool to deal with various deviations. New research shows that exercise and physical activity in leisure time, even among people in whom athletes increase self-confidence. The benefits of sports activity have been well documented in recent years. Exercise may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, help with weight management, improve personal mood, and promote physiological health. In the past, researchers and scientists have conducted population-based or experimental studies to reap the health benefits of physical activity. These facts confirm that common physical activity includes a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and colon cancer, strong bones, weight management, increased energy, less anxiety, and a sense of well-being. Exercise and physical activity is a valuable tool that today fills most of the leisure time of millions of people around the world. Leisure time is a good and desirable opportunity to engage in sports. Over the past 15 years, people's knowledge of the benefits of physical exercise has increased, and fitness programs have developed at the community level, and recreational and leisure sports have grown unpredictably. In fact, today the people of the world are motivated to participate in sports activities to gain health, well-being, vitality and avoid diseases. Today, on the other hand, sport has become so widespread that experts call it the "small world in society." According to experts, sport shows the values, structure and driving force of society and reflects social characteristics. However, there is insufficient evidence available on the psychological challenges to improving leisure activities. Given the research gap in this area; Conducting the present study can provide valuable evidence for the development of leisure activities. In other words, the present research can be used to develop scientific evidence; Provide a practical path to participate in leisure sports activities. The development of leisure activities such as exercise can provide conditions for improving the mental health of individuals by improving their physical and mental condition. Due to the lack of comprehensive research on improving the mental health of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities, the process of improving the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities has encountered major problems. In a way, the research gap on the mental health challenges of people to participate in sports activities in leisure time is clear. This gap has led to a lack of operational strategies to address the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities. This issue has led to the design and implementation of the present study with the aim of challenging the mental health of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities. Therefore, the main question of the present study is what are the psychological health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities?
Methods: The present research is based on an applied purpose and is a hybrid method. To solve the problem of psychological health challenges of individuals to participate in sports activities in leisure, a combined approach is used. This approach was performed in the research using a combination of two sets of qualitative and quantitative approaches. The tools of the present study included a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. In the qualitative part of the research, interviews were used to identify the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities. The output of the qualitative section led to the formation of a researcher-made questionnaire. In other words, the research questionnaire was the output of the qualitative section, which was designed according to the principles of the qualitative section. The questionnaire consisted of 23 questions that examined the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities. The validity of this questionnaire was examined by reviewing the opinions of academic experts. Also, its reliability after calculating Cronbach's alpha was 0.88.The statistical population of the research in the field of recognizing factors consisted of experts in the field of sports activity and institutionalization, which includes sports management specialists, executives and managers of cultural and sports departments, managers of sports organizations, sociologists familiar with sports, veteran coaches, veterans, people They were familiar with cultural activities in sports (N = 11). The sampling method was purposeful in the first statistical population. These individuals were identified as a research sample due to theoretical saturation. In other words, sampling in the qualitative section continued until new content was added to the information obtained. This caused theoretical saturation in sample number 11. In the second part, compiling and designing the model and testing it, the statistical population of the study consisted of young people throughout Tehran who went from sports activities to leisure activities to sports activities, which due to their unlimited number throughout Tehran and 384 people were considered using Morgan table. In order to analyze the qualitative part, open, axial and selective coding was used. Also, in a small part, descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the research data. In the descriptive statistics section, frequency and percentage were used. Also, in the inferential statistics section, the structural equation method was used. The whole process of data analysis was performed in SPSS and AMOS software.
Results: Ualitative results of the study showed that the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities included 23 cases. These challenges include not responding to people's tastes, lack of personal support for sports, lack of awareness of sports capabilities, lack of proper quality of life, poor life expectancy, lack of personality fit with sports, lack of perfectionism, irrational beliefs, Inadequate personal styles, poor communication skills, lack of mental stubbornness, low desire to participate in sports, low motivational beliefs about sports, personality disorders, low self-esteem, emotional fatigue, anxiety, lack of environment, lack of environmental attractiveness, lack of environmental attractiveness, Environmental deterrents were in the areas of sports, social phobia, inadequate social support, and inadequate social acceptance. Smirnov clomograph test was used to evaluate the normality of research data. According to the results of these indicators, it was found that the data of the present study had a natural distribution.As the results of the table above show, all the identified challenges have a significant effect on the level of significance with respect to the T level which is higher than 1.96. In general, the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities were identified in three categories: individual challenge, mental challenge and environmental challenge. Thus, individual challenges include not responding to people's tastes, lack of individual support for sports, lack of awareness of sports capacity, lack of proper quality of life, poor life expectancy, lack of personality fit with sports, lack of perfectionism , Irrational beliefs of individuals, inappropriate individual styles and communication skills were inappropriate. On the other hand, mental challenges included lack of mental stubbornness, low desire to participate in sports, low motivational beliefs about sports, personality disorders, low self-esteem, emotional fatigue and anxiety. Environmental challenges also included environmental incompatibility with individual needs, lack of environmental attractiveness, environmental deterrents in the field of sports, social phobia, inadequate social support and inadequate social acceptance.
Conclusion: In general, the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities were identified in three categories: individual challenge, mental challenge and environmental challenge. This issue has been mentioned in various researches.Lack of attention to these challenges has caused the process of impact of these challenges in mental, personal and environmental dimensions to be still evident. According to the results of the present study, it is suggested that while paying attention to the existing challenges, conditions be created to improve individual education in order to improve sports skills and create mental capacities among individuals. It is also suggested that by improving the environmental situation, conditions be provided to improve environmental issues in attracting people to leisure sports activities.