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Volume 24, Issue 157 (7-2017)
Background: The prevalence of behavioral problems is significantly high in children with epilepsy compared to children with other chronic illnesses which do not affect the central nervous system. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common comorbid disorder with epilepsy. Thus, children with epileptic seizure are in increased risk of cognitive disorders particularly attention problems. Parent Management Training (PMT) can be defined as an approach for the treatment of child behavioral problems in which parents are trained to alter their child's behavior. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of PMT on improvement of symptoms of ADHD in a child with epilepsy.
Methods: The study design was single-subject using multiple baseline design. The samples were parents of two children with epilepsy and comorbid ADHD who completed Child Symptom Inventory (CSI-4) part A. Participants received 9 sessions of PMT (1-1.5 hour for each session per week). They completed CSI-4 part A in pretest, during the treatment and one month follow-up. Data were analyzed by visual analysis.
Results: Results indicated the effect of PMT on ADHD symptoms was clinically significant. Findings showed positive effect of PMT on monitoring the child's behavior.
Conclusion: Hence, the enhancement of parents’ control skills and the improvement of parent-child interaction could result in parents’ anger management and considerable reduction in child behavioral problems and aggression.
Volume 24, Issue 164 (2-2018)
Background: In the past two decades, there we see a significant increase in clinical research to determine the underlying mechanisms of social anxiety disorders. This study is aimed to compare the ability of solving socio -metacognition of students with social phobia disorder symptoms and normal samples.
Methods: 284 male students were selected from University of Tabriz using cluster-random sampling. All of the subjects were asked to answer demographic questions and social problem solving and metacognition and social phobia questionnaires. Of these 70 subjects were enrolled in the study. Data were analysized using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance.
Results: Research findings showed different significance between students with symptoms of social phobia disorder and normal ones.
Conclusion: Social problem solving and metacognitive beliefs are effective factors in general health. Also, it is possible to promote students’ mental health by changing metacognition beliefs which enhance maladaptive and negative thinking styles or general negative beliefs.
Volume 26, Issue 5 (8-2019)
Background: Internet Addiction is one of the commonest problems in human communities. Studying this problem is of paramount importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the structural relations of rumination and catastrophizing and the symptoms of Internet addiction by the mediation of anxiety.
Methods: In this study, the sample included 246 4th-grade male students from state high schools in Tabriz, selected through random cluster sampling. For the collection of data, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Young’s Internet Addiction Test (YIAT20), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used. Then, the gathered data were analyzed through structural equation modeling.
Results: The analysis of data showed that rumination and catastrophizing by the mediation of anxiety could explain Internet addiction symptoms. Rumination, catastrophyzing and anxiety could explain Internet addiction symptoms directly. The indirect effect of rumination on Internet addiction by the mediation of anxiety was positive and significant; however, the indirect effect of catastrophizing on Internet addiction by the mediation of anxiety was not significant. The goodness of fit indices showed that the measured model fits with the theoretical model.
Coclusion: The findings have practical implications for clinical psychologists and can be useful in diagnosis and therapy of Internet addition disorder.
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Methods: The research method is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population consists of all the boys aged 11 to 17 in Tehran, of which 191 were selected by available sampling. Initially, 200 questionnaires were distributed, because some participants refused to continue the research and it seemed that some questionnaires were filled based on a repetitive pattern, they were discarded and the rest of the questionnaires, i.e. 191 questionnaires, were examined. The samples were selected from 6 schools in Tehran in the academic year 1401-1400. They responded to the Children's Loneliness Scale (Asher et al., 1984), the Child’s Attitude Toward Father and Mother Questionnaire (Giuli & Hudson, 1977), A revised measure of children's manifest anxiety (Reynolds & Richmond, 1978), The hopelessness scale (Kazdin et al., 1983). They also reported the number of siblings and their ages. Research data were analyzed by using correlation and multiple regression analysis in SPSS22.
Results: The obtained results showed that the factors of a child's attitude towards the father, hopelessness, the number of siblings, and age can predict loneliness in adolescent boys (P < 0.05) and also these variables predict 21% of the variance of loneliness scores. Statistical coefficients show that the scale of attitude towards father (negative attitude) (P<0.05, β=0.22), hopelessness (P<0.05, β=0.29), number of siblings (P<0.05, β=0.14), and age (P<0.05, β=0.20) has a significant positive effect on loneliness and vice versa. However, the score of attitudes toward the mother (P<0.05, β=0.01) and manifest anxiety (P<0.05, β=0.04) does not affect the scores of loneliness. In addition, the strongest predictor of loneliness scores was hopelessness scores.
Conclusion: As has been observed before (10-14), in the present study we also concluded that the quality of the relationship with the father plays an important role in predicting the loneliness of boys during adolescence. But because the relationship between the attitude towards fathers and younger sons has not been seen before (13), probably, such an effect is because, at this age, the teenager takes a role model from his father to achieve social acceptance, so when the adolescent boy has a positive attitude, He doesn't have his father, he can't find a suitable role model, and therefore his social needs remain unanswered and the feeling of loneliness intensifies in him. In our study, we did not find any relationship between the attitude towards the mother and loneliness, and this shows that the attitude towards the mother is probably not important to boys in the occurrence of feelings of loneliness at this age. This case may indicate that the attitude towards the father plays a more important role in the adolescent boy's feelings about his relationship with society than the attitude towards the mother. Although we expected anxiety to be a predictor of loneliness (3, 16-20), we did not find such a relationship. probably because of the social dimensions of loneliness, only a certain type of anxiety, social anxiety (17, 19), is related to it, and other types of anxiety cannot be related to loneliness. Usually, people look for social support when anxiety occurs, unless they have social anxiety, so probably this search for social support makes the person not feel alone. As expected, (22, 23, 25), hopelessness can directly predict feelings of loneliness. If a person feels hopeful, he looks for people to help him and thus his loneliness is reduced. But the desperate person does not make any effort because he has no hope of finding a supporter and loneliness remains or even worsens. Hope is a force to move towards a society with a positive vision and can save a person from loneliness. In the present study, contrary to previous reports (26 and 28), we found that the number of siblings can directly predict the level of loneliness. To explain this result, it can be said that in the relationship between the number of siblings and loneliness, probably cultural differences, the dispersion of the number of siblings, and the age range of the studied group play an important role. Therefore, the culture can consider the number of siblings as a factor to reduce the feeling of loneliness or, on the contrary, as a factor to increase the comparison and consequently increase the feeling of loneliness. On the other hand, probably when the number of family members increases or decreases, the social and economic level of family’s changes, and this itself is considered another variable that changes the result. So, less dispersion in this field makes a more appropriate comparison. It even seems that in adolescence, where comparison and competition between siblings are more than support and friendship, the relationship between the number of siblings and feelings of loneliness is different from other periods of life. In addition, it is likely that with the increase in the number of siblings, the attention that adolescent children need from their parents decreases, and this is a factor that increases the feeling of loneliness in them as the number of siblings increases. By comparing the results of the present study with previous studies (28 and 29), it seems that the relationship between age and loneliness is non-linear. Probably, the peak age of loneliness is related to adolescence and then decreases (5, 13, 14, and 30-32). Because in this age range, the person's duties change and over time, society's expectations from the person become more difficult. More independence is expected from the individual. Changes in external conditions are associated with physical changes caused by puberty, and certain psychological changes occur in adolescence. Probably the result is creating and intensifying the feeling of loneliness.
Therefore, the child's attitude towards the father, the feeling of hopelessness, the number of siblings, and age can directly predict the level of loneliness in adolescent boys; the feeling of hopelessness is the strongest predictor of the feeling of loneliness among the research variables. However, the attitude towards the mother and obvious anxiety are not related to the feeling of loneliness in teenagers. According to the present result, we will be able to have a better understanding of the feeling of loneliness and therefore design effective interventions to reduce the feeling of loneliness.
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