Razi Journal of Medical Sciences

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Background & Aims: Normally, there is a good balance between the production of free radicals and the body's antioxidant defense. Disruption of this balance causes oxidative stress. Some studies show that heated oils in food can be a source of free radicals in the body. The reason for this is that, the harmful effects of high temperature and heat on the production of trans fatty acids, which increase the production of free radicals by increasing lipid peroxidation. Consumption of fast food and fried foods causes oxidative stress and obesity in people. Brown adipose tissue as a specialized thermoregulatory organ and mitochondria as a source of oxidative stress and a site of beta- oxidation and production of antioxidants are very important. SIRT1 is located in the nucleus and is one of the first known genes involved in the cellular response to stress and the recall of fatty acids from fat cells in the human body. SIRT1 is recognized as an essential protein in antioxidant defense and homeostatic control. Studies have shown that antioxidant activity in various tissues of the body can be affected through stimulants such as exercise training or the use of herbal supplements such as octopamine, which is an effective ingredient in bitter orange. Both exercise training and octopamine have antioxidant properties and have the ability to activate catecholamines and beta-energy receptors in adipose tissue. So the purpose of the present study was to determine an interactive effect of exercise training and octopamine on SIRT-1 gene expression in brown adipose tissue of male rats fed with DFO.
Methods: In an experimental study, 30 adult male Wistar rats weighing an average of 300 to 350 g and aged 8 weeks were purchased. All rats were kept in polycarbonate cages (5 mice per cage) at 22 2 2 ° C, 55% humidity and under the light and dark cycle for 12:12 hours without restriction on water and food. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: healthy control (n=6), deep frying oil (DFO, n=6), aerobic training + DFO (n=6), octopamine + DFO (n=6) and aerobic training + octopamine + DFO (n=6). Intraperitoneal injection of 10 ml/kg of octopamine and Gavage of deep frying oil were done five times a week and every day, respectively.
In order to adapt the rats in the aerobic training group, before starting the main training program, the rats in this group ran at a speed of 9 m / min for 20 minutes for a week. The aerobic exercise protocol consisted of 4 weeks of aerobic exercise and 5 sessions per week. The training session included 5 minutes of warm-up at 7 m / min and 5 minutes of cooling at 5 m / min. The intensity of training started in the first week with 50% vo2max and a speed of 16 m / min, and in the last week it reached 65% vo2max and a speed of 26 m / min. To prepare deep frying oil, 8 liters of sunflower oil was heated for 190 consecutive days at a temperature of 190 to 200 ° C for 4 consecutive days.48 hours after the last training session and 8 hours of fasting, all rats were anesthetized with chloroform and then sacrificed. The brown adipose tissue was immediately removed from the body and stored in a nitrogen tank at -80°C. SIRT1 gene expression was measured by Real time PCR. Independent t-test, two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. All the analyses were done by SPSS software version 21, and the charts were drawn using Microsoft Excel software version 16. The significance level was p <0.05.
Results: The results showed that consumption of deep frying oil induced a significant decrease in gene expression of SIRT-1 (P<0.05) compared to the healthy control group. The aerobic training group and octopamine group showed a significant increase in gene expression of SIRT-1 compared to DFO group (P<0.05). The interaction effect of aerobic training and octopamine caused the non-significant difference in SIRT-1 gene expression (P>0.05) in comparison with the DFO group.
Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, oxidative stress due to deep heated oil is one of the inhibitors of SIRT-1 activity. Stimulation of upstream mechanisms by octopamine appears to stimulate SIRT1 activity. Aerobic training also increases SIRT1 gene expression by activating cell surface receptors of epinephrine. The interactive effect of aerobic training and octopamine did not increase statistically significantly, but these positive changes are also physiologically important. To see a significant increase in a synergistic effect, it may be necessary to change factors such as the duration and intensity of training or the dose of octopamine. Briefly, it appears that aerobic training and octopamine can cause an increase of SIRT-1 gene expression of brown adipose tissue by stimulating catecholamines.
 

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Background & Aims: Obesity, as a primitive risk factor in type 2 diabetes, is recognized by the imbalance between absorption and energy expenditure. This imbalance is probably due to the combined effect of reduced physical activity and increased supply of fried foods and fast food at reasonable prices. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has a substantial ability to dissipate excess energy as heat in a process called thermogenesis, which is activated in response to stimulants such as high-fat diets, cold and exercise training. Nowdays, the consumption of fried foods such as french fries has become very popular among human societies. The use of heat causes chemical changes, including oxidation, that can affect mitochondrial function. PGC-1α is the major regulator of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Low levels of PGC-1α gene expression increase ROS production and cause oxidative stress. Endurance training is used to prevent and treat obesity, insulin resistance, or type 2 diabetes because of its ability to improve mitochondrial function and fatty acid oxidation. One of the adaptations resulting from exercise is altered expression of the PGC-1α gene. Octopamine is an antioxidant and endogenous antioxidant biogenic amine that has properties similar to catecholamines such as norepinephrine. Octopamine has the ability to stimulate lipolysis and fat metabolism . The present study aimed to determine the interaction effect of 4 weeks of endurance training and octopamine on gene expression of PGC-1α in brown adipose tissue of male rats fed with DFO.
Methods: In an experimental study, 30 adult male Wistar rats weighing an average of 300 to 350 g and aged 8 weeks were purchased. All rats were kept in polycarbonate cages (5 mice per cage) at 22°C, 55% humidity and under the light and dark cycle for 12:12 hours without restriction on water and food. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: healthy control (n=6), deep frying oil (DFO, n=6), endurance training + DFO (n=6), octopamine + DFO (n=6) and endurance training + octopamine + DFO (n=6). Intraperitoneal injection of 10 ml/kg of octopamine and gavage of deep -frying oil were done five times a week and every day, respectively.
To adapt the rats in the aerobic training group, before starting the main training program, the rats in this group ran at a speed of 9 m / min for 20 minutes for a week. The endurance training protocol consisted of 4 weeks of endurance training and 5 sessions a week week. The training session included 5 minutes of warm-up at 7 m / min and 5 minutes of cooling at 5 m / min. The intensity of training started in the first week with 50% vo2max and a speed of 16 m / min, and in the last week it reached 65% vo2max and a speed of 26 m / min. To prepare deep frying oil, 8 liters of sunflower oil was heated for 190 consecutive days at a temperature of 190 to 200 ° C for 4 consecutive days.
48 hours after the last training session and 8 hours of fasting, all rats were anesthetized with chloroform and then sacrificed. The brown adipose tissue was immediately removed from the body and stored in a nitrogen tank at -80 ° C. Gene expression of PGC-1α was measured by Real time PCR. Independent t-test, two-way analysis of variance and Bonferoni post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. All the analyses were done by SPSS software version 21 and the charts were drawn using Microsoft Excel software version 16. The significance level was p<0.05.
Results: The results showed that consumption of deep frying oil induced significant decrease in gene expression of PGC-1α (p<0.05) compared to the healthy control group. The endurance training caused a significant increase in gene expression of PGC-1α (p>0.05) compared to the DFO group. Effect of octopamine alone and the interaction effect of endurance training and octopamine caused the non-significant increase in PGC-1α gene expression in comparison with the DFO group (P>0.05).
Conclusion: The endurance training and octopamine may have influenced PGC-1α gene expression through their antioxidant and lipolytic properties. However, the octopamine group and the interaction group of endurance training and octopamine require changes in the dose, intensity, and duration of endurance training for their effects to be statistically significant. Probably, endurance training has affected PGC-1α gene expression by stimulating elevated levels of catecholamines (epinephrine), stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors through the upregulation of orexin signals in adipose tissue, and activation of CREB transcription factors. In addition, exercise can increase the gene expression of PGC-1α by increasing and activating NRF2 and binding it to the Antioxidant response element (ARE) and finally the production of antioxidants.

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Background and Aim: Increasing the intensity of physical activity and consequently increasing oxidative stress causes the formation of free radicals in the body and these free radicals cause the destruction of biological cell structures such as proteins, fats, membranes and hereditary structures. Considering that taking supplements can be a good way to control the effects of strenuous physical activity; therefore, it is important to study the mechanism of action of complementary compounds of organic and non-organic (industrial) origin and compare their effects and performance at the biochemical and genetic level. In this regard, the study of the expression of genes related to the inhibition of oxidative stress can be a direct and appropriate solution to evaluate the function of various supplements. Satellite cells below the basal laminal layer of skeletal muscle are located exactly adjacent to myofibrillar sarcolemma and make up 2 to 7% of the nuclei of a muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells depends on the type of muscle fiber, age, and species. The amount of these cells varies at different ages; In infant, adult, and older mice, they make up 30, 4, and 2 percent of the muscle nuclei, respectively, and as they age, the decrease in satellite cells increases the muscle nuclei of glycolytic fibers. Proximity to capillaries, muscle nuclei, and neuromuscular junctions is associated with increased satellite cell density; Therefore, their amount in oxidative fibers is 5 to 6 times higher compared to glycolytic fibers. These adult muscle-specific germ cells are normally dormant and activate and enter the cell cycle in response to induced stress, such as induced mechanical load or muscle damage. The next generation of activated satellite cells are called myogenic precursor cells (mpc), which repair the damaged muscle fibers or hypertrophy after several rounds of cell division and before merging with existing myofibrils or forming new myofibrils, respectively. The ability of satellite cells to migrate and move depends on the integrity and integrity of the cell's basement membrane. After rupture (severe destruction) of the basement membrane due to muscle damage, satellite cells migrate to adjacent damaged myofibrils using tissue connections, but if the tissue damage is limited and rupture of the basal lamina has not occurred. Satellite cells move to the affected area from the beginning of the healthy myofibril section (below the membrane) to participate in the repair of muscle tissue. With the activation of satellite cells (six hours after muscle injury) the expression of MyoD gene increases rapidly, therefore this transcription factor in adult skeletal muscle is activated by markers and proliferation of satellite cells. The amount of MyoD transcription factor mRNA varies at different ages and is higher in rapid-twitch muscles. In animal models, the amount of MyoD gene protein is lower in the rapid and slow-twitch muscles of older rats. This value is lowest in the soleus muscle and therefore the response of the MyoD gene of the soleus muscle (slow-twitch muscle) is also lower than that of the extensor digitorum longus muscle (rapid-twitch muscle). With this description, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of organic and inorganic supplementation on myoD gene expression in twitch muscle after a high-intensity resistance activity to determine whether organic and inorganic supplementation on myoD gene expression.
Method: In this experimental study, 40 Wistar rats with an average weight of 100-200 g were prepared and in the control groups (number = 10), exercise (number = 10), Spirulina + exercise (number = 10), glutamine + exercise (number = 10) were divided. Mice in the exercise group performed a two-week exercise program of 3 days per week of walking on a sloping surface (4 sets, 5 repetitions, 30 seconds rest between repetitions), and the supplement + exercise group performed a supplement program five days before the main protocol. They consumed half a gram/kg of body weight once a day. The obtained data were evaluated by One Way ANOVA.
Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the relative expression of MyoD gene in the study groups (P> 0.001). Also, the results of Tukey post hoc test showed that this difference between training and exercise + spirulina group (P> 0.001) and also training and exercise + glutamine group was significant (P> 0.001). While there was no significant difference between the two groups of exercise+ spirulina and exercise+ glutamine (P= 0.055).
Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that taking organic supplements is a good way to prevent reduced expression and the amount of damage to muscle fibers after high-intensity resistance exercise. The mean variables of MyoD gene expression in soleus muscle tissue (slow-twitch) of adult male Wistar rats were different after taking an organic spirulina supplement and performing a session of intense resistance activity, so that this difference indicates the effect of taking an organic spirulina supplement on alteration and reduction of MyoD gene expression in soleus muscle tissue. The mean variables of MyoD gene expression in extensor digitorum longus muscle tissue (rapid-twitch) of adult male Wistar rats after taking Spirulina organic supplement and performing a session of intense resistance activity were different, so that this difference indicates the effect of taking organic supplement. Finally, one session of intense resistance activity increased the expression of MyoD gene in slow-twitch muscles more than rapid-twitch muscles. These results may be due to more potential damage to the slow-twitch fibers than the rapid-twitch fibers, or it may indicate a response to the development of adaptations related to the performance of resistance exercises in such fibers. In addition, taking an organic spirulina supplement increased the expression of the MyoD gene, so that taking a five-day course of this supplement increased the expression of this gene in rapid-twitch muscles more than slow-twitch muscles. The important point is that in the group of spirulina organic supplementation, before performing a session of intense resistance activity, the expression of MyoD gene is lower than the case of intense resistance activity without supplementation. Therefore, it is recommended that with high resistance activity, appropriate supplements such as organic spirulina supplementation be used to reduce the expression of MyoD gene, which is likely to increase due to damage to muscle fibers. In particular, it has had better and more favorable effects in slow-twitch muscle fibers that have shown a greater increase in MyoD gene expression after intense resistance activity.

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Background & Aims: An increasing number of elderly individuals are now undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Elderly patients, compared with patients of a younger age group, present for surgery with a greater burden of risk factors and reduced functional levels. Short‐term outcomes are hence poorer in them. But symptom relief occurs in most survivors and is accompanied by excellent rates of long‐term survival and a good quality of life. Therefore, an individualised risk–benefit profile must be carefully constructed by clinicians, taking into account several different factors and not just age alone. This review summarises the current concepts of coronary artery bypass surgery from the perspective of the very old. This, unfortunately, is not an easy question to answer. Risk–benefit profiles are individualised, and each elderly patient must be assessed on his or her own merit. There are no universally accepted standards for selection or rejection of patients for surgery. An elderly person with few background illnesses and a good expected quality and length of life would probably stand to benefit from CABG. On the other hand, an octogenarian with several comorbidities and an expected suboptimal quality of life after surgery would probably be best managed conservatively. The greatest risk, however, is in the critically ill elderly patient for whom the CABG operation may be the best of several high‐risk options. Due to the effect of cardiac rehabilitation in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and accidents on the one hand and the high direct and indirect treatment costs imposed on insurance organizations due to drug and surgical interventions on the other hand is covered. Giving a cardiac rehabilitation program due to its high clinical benefits, including reducing blood pressure risk factors and blood lipid profile and increasing the functional capacity of vascular transplant patients, reducing per capita drug use, reducing mortality and increasing life expectancy for the benefit of patients and society It is also in the interest of insurance companies. Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation affect hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile in male patients 55 to 70 years of age with CABG coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
Methods: For the present quasi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design, among male patients with an age range of 55 to 70 years, coronary artery bypass graft referring to Sari Heart Center (120 people), 40 people were selected as volunteers and Were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The research variables were measured 24 hours before and 48 hours after the exercises. Also, the experimental group performed rehabilitation exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session for 45-60 minutes. Research variables were assessed using a heart rate monitor, hand barometer and blood sampling. Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Shapirovilk and independent t-tests were used using SPSS software at a significance level of p <0.05 for statistical analysis of data.
Results: Before comparing the results of the two groups, the data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test to determine the normal distribution, which showed that the data distribution is normal. Also, according to the assumption of equality of variances based on Levin test, the first row of t-test table was used, which showed that 8 weeks of cardiac rehabilitation has a significant effect on hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile of coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that eight weeks of cardiovascular rehabilitation has an effect on hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile in men 55 to 70 years old by bypass surgery. Coronary artery surgery for the elderly is now safer than ever before, owing to modern surgical techniques and pharmacological breakthroughs. Despite magnified perioperative and postoperative dangers, symptom relief occurs in most patients. Long‐term survival and quality of life are also preserved or enhanced in the majority. Clinicians must understand the normal physiological changes associated with ageing in order to construct a risk–benefit analysis that is specifically tailored to each patient. This analysis should take into account a patient's life expectancy and quality of life both before and after a procedure, and not just age alone. Discrepancies between chronological age and biological age must be dealt with. Further, the physician is expected to anticipate end‐of‐life issues and the potential need for rehabilitation or nursing home placement in the early postoperative period. Most important among all is that these issues must be discussed with the patients and their families. Hence, it is up to the patient and the clinician to explore the potential benefits of an improved quality of living with the attendant risks of the procedure versus alternative treatment. Advanced age alone should not be a deterrent for coronary artery bypass surgery if it has been determined that these benefits outweigh the potential risk. In this study, the findings showed that due to the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the country and the high per capita consumption of drugs and its high costs and the high importance of cardiovascular rehabilitation in reducing cardiovascular risk factors and secondary prevention and reduction Re-stroke in heart patients, including coronary artery bypass grafting, more attention to the issue of cardiac rehabilitation and the establishment of clinics and centers in this regard is necessary. It is hoped that using the results of this study, a clear view on the importance of the impact of these programs on officials and experts to pay more attention to these programs. However, lack of access to all members of society, lack of control over hereditary and psychological characteristics and lack of control over the economic and social conditions of the subjects are some of the limitations of the present study that may affect the results of the study.
 

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Background & Aims: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide. Globally, 30% of deaths (approximately 17 million deaths per year) are attributable to cardiovascular diseases. In 2006 alone, the estimated total direct and indirect costs associated with the treatment of cardiovascular diseases exceeded 400 billion dollars. Currently, in Iran, insurance organizations only bear a limited part of cardiac rehabilitation costs, while taking into account the impact of these programs in secondary prevention and reducing the incidence of cardiovascular events and as a result reducing the treatment costs imposed on this Organizations will focus on covering cardiac rehabilitation programs both for the benefit of the patient and for the benefit of the insurance organizations. According to the mentioned studies and many other studies and the high and increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in Iran, and on the other hand, the clinical advantages of cardiac rehabilitation in coronary artery transplant patients, including secondary prevention and preventing disease recurrence and improving the quality of life, are necessary and The importance of this research is clear. Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death all over the world, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation on the functional indices of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, vo2max and MEt functional capacity in male patients 55 Coronary artery transplant surgery up to 70 years old.
Methods: The research method is semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population of this research consisted of 120 male coronary artery transplant patients aged 55 to 70 years who referred to the Sari Heart Center. The statistical sample included 40 people who lived in Sari city and underwent coronary artery transplant surgery for at least 2 months and at most 4 months. Then they were randomly and equally divided into 2 groups of 20 people, control and therapeutic intervention of cardio sports rehabilitation. In this research, in order to measure the resting heart rate HR H before the test of two control and cardio exercise rehabilitation groups, therefore the best time to determine the heart rate in the morning after waking up is one hour after breakfast and without intense physical activity in a state of rest. For 20 minutes, the subjects of the two groups sat on a chair and were measured. All the subjects were advised to sleep early the night before and avoid any kind of stress. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the two groups were measured before the test using a dial sphygmomanometer. The time of assessment was two hours after breakfast, and the subjects were advised to refrain from smoking, vigorous physical activity, and drinking for one hour before any use of cigarettes. Avoid coffee and caffeinated drinks and sit quietly for 20 minutes and wear comfortable clothes. 12 hours before the test, blood lipid profile was taken from the subjects of both the control and cardiac rehabilitation groups fasting. The sample required for the test was 10 cc from the brachial vein immediately without delay for the actual values ​​after lying on the bed. 24 hours. Before the test, in consultation with a cardiologist, reduce the dose of heart and blood pressure medications such as Inderal and Atenolol. Also, asthmatic patients should carry a special spray and wear comfortable clothes and shoes for the test, and avoid caffeinated drinks and cigarettes 24 hours before. Cardio sports rehabilitation program consisted of 24 sessions 3 days a week for 2 months, which included 15 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of treadmill and 20 minutes of stationary bike, and 20 minutes of stationary bike and 15 minutes of cooling down. To investigate and compare pre-test and post-test variables between two groups, independent parametric t-test was used. Data analysis was done using spss software. The significance level was p<0.5.
Results: The results showed that eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation has an effect on the improvement of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), improvement of heart rate and improvement of vo2max and MEt functional capacity in male patients aged 55 to 70 undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.
Conclusion: The findings of the current research have shown the effect of a cardiac rehabilitation course on the improvement of hemodynamic indicators and functional capacity, considering the high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in the country, and on the other hand, the high per capita consumption of drugs and their high costs, and the high importance of cardiac sports rehabilitation in improving The quality of life of heart patients, including coronary artery transplantation, is necessary and necessary to pay more attention to the category of cardiac rehabilitation and to build clinics and centers for it. The findings showed that cardio sports rehabilitation reduces the risk of coronary atherosclerosis by improving heart rate and as a result of heart attack and ischemic diseases. In order to control the risk factors of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), it is suggested to periodically use cardiac rehabilitation programs for their treatment.

 

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Background & Aims: Increasing the intensity of physical activity and as a result increasing oxidative stress causes free radicals in the body and these free radicals destroy cell biological structures such as proteins, fats, membranes, and structures. They are inherited. Considering that taking supplements can be a good way to control the effects of strenuous physical activity; therefore, it is important to study the mechanism of action of complementary compounds of organic and non-organic origin and compare their effects and performance at the biochemical and genetic level. In this regard, the study of the expression of genes related to the inhibition of oxidative stress can be a direct and appropriate solution to evaluate the function of various supplements. The satellite cells beneath the skeletal muscle basement membrane are adjacent to Myofibrillar sarcoma and makeup 2 to 7% of the nuclei of a muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells depends on the type of muscle fiber, age, and species. The amount of these cells varies at different ages; in the neonatal, adult, and older mice, they make up 30%, 4%, and 2% of the muscle nuclei, respectively, and as they age, the decrease in satellite cells increases the number of muscle nuclei. It becomes glycolytic fibers. The migration capacity of satellite cells depends on the integrity and integrity of the cell's basement membrane. After rupture (high-intensity destruction) of the basement membrane by muscle damage, satellite cells migrate to adjacent damaged myofibrils using tissue connections, but only if tissue damage is limited. And if there is no rupture in the basal lamina, the satellite cells move to the affected area from the beginning of the healthy myofibril section (below the membrane) to participate in the repair of muscle tissue. Activation of satellite cells (six hours after muscle injury) rapidly increases the expression of the myoD gene, which is why this factor transcribes into adult skeletal muscle, activates and multiplies satellite cells. They take into account. The amount of myoD transcription factor mRNA varies at different ages and is more pronounced in fast-twitch muscles. In animal models, the amount of myoD gene protein is lower in the fast and slow-twitch muscles of older mice. This value is lowest in the horseshoe muscle and therefore the response of the horseshoe myoD gene (slow-twitch muscle) is also lower than that of the Plantaris muscle (fast-twitch muscle). In addition, the effects of supplements on myoD gene expression in muscle have not been studied, but in a study, the protective effect of organic Spirulina supplementation in preventing the destruction of hereditary structures in mice has been shown and appears. Consumption of this supplement is a good way to prevent injuries caused by oxidative stress in muscle, and most of the research done on this gene has paid less attention to slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle contraction and experimental models (animal and human). While the protocols for this research were either endurance or the measurement times after physical activity was not appropriate. With this description, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of organic and inorganic supplementation on myoD gene expression in slow-twitch muscle after a session of high-intensity resistance activity to determine whether organic and inorganic supplementation on myoD gene expression. In slow muscle, does the contraction of the horseshoe muscle have different effects after a session of high-intensity resistance activity?
Methods: In this experimental study, 40 Wistar rats with an average weight of 100-200 g were prepared and in the control groups (number = 10), exercise (number = 10), Spirulina + exercise (number = 10), glutamine + exercise (number = 10) were divided. Mice in the exercise group performed a two-week exercise program of 3 days per week of walking on a sloping surface (4 sets, 5 repetitions, 30 seconds rest between repetitions), and the supplement + exercise group performed a supplement program five days before the main protocol. They consumed half a gram/kg of body weight once a day. The obtained data were evaluated by t-test.
Results: The results showed that the relative expression of myoD gene in slow-twitch muscle tissue after taking an organic Spirulina supplement was significant after performing a session of high-intensity resistance activity (P ≤0.001). While in slow muscle contraction, the change in expression after glutamine and resistance exercise is no different from the control group (P = 0.245).
Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that the use of organic supplements is a good way to prevent reduced expression and the amount of damage to muscle fibers after high-intensity resistance exercise. These results may be due to possible injuries after high-intensity resistance exercise in slow-twitch fibers, or they may indicate a response to the development of adaptations related to the performance of resistance training in such fibers. It is important to note that in the Spirulina organic supplement group, prior to a high-intensity resistance activity session, myoD gene expression was lower than in high-intensity resistance activity without supplementation. Taking an organic supplement is a good way to prevent reduced expression and the amount of damage to muscle fibers. So far, the effects of glutamine and Spirulina supplements on the expression of myoD gene in muscle have not been studied, but a study has shown the protective effect of organic Spirulina supplementation in preventing DNA damage in mice. Taking this supplement is a good way to prevent injuries caused by oxidative stress in the muscle. Since in each study, there are limitations that can affect the results of the study, so this study also had such limitations that include not determining some of the basic physiological capacities in resting and training states of mice, lack of Determining the effects of organic and inorganic supplements on the expression of the target gene independently and without performing intense one-session resistance activity, no measurement of morphological changes in adult male Wistar rats, no measurement of protein content by the method Western blot and lack of control over the activity of adult male Wistar rats were in cages. According to the results of the study, it is suggested that in combination with high-intensity resistance activity, it is better to use appropriate supplements such as organic Spirulina supplement to increase the expression of myoD gene, which may be affected by the amount of damage to muscle fibers.

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Results: The findings showed that for the sports marketing strategic plan with an emphasis on the health of the players in the handball federation were identified 101 sub-components in the form of 5 components including positioning, goals and strategies, market opportunities, target market and marketing budget. Finally, the pattern of the sports marketing strategic plan with an emphasis on the health of the players in the handball federation was drawn.
 

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