Razi Journal of Medical Sciences

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  Background : Large intestine cancer is ranked second among gastrointestinal cancers and is the fourth common cancer in Iran. The aim of this study is to map the county-level of large intestine cancer incidence rate in Iran using Area-to-Area Poisson Kriging method and also to identify the high-risk areas.

  Methods : This study was application/ecology. The methodology was illustrated using large intestine cancer data recorded in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (in the Non-infectious diseases Management Center) of Iran during 2003-2007 related to the 336 counties. Area-to-area Poisson Kriging method has been used to estimate the parameters of the map. The softwares SpaceStat and ArcGIS9.3 have been used for analyzing the data and drawing maps.

  Results: Mean incidence rate according to area-to-area Poisson Kriging method has been estimated as 1.90. Mean incidence rate variance using the area-to-area Poisson Kriging method was estimated as 0.25. Maximum incidence rate using the area-to-area Poisson Kriging method (5.65) with variance (0.04) was related to Rasht county and minimum incidence rate (0.05) with variance (0.14) was related to Chabahar County. Minimum variance incidence rate (0.01) with risk (3.64) was related to Tehran county and maximum variance incidence rate (2.51) with risk (1.15) was related to Deir county have been estimated.

  Conclusions: The area-to-area Poisson Kriging method is recommended for estimation of disease mapping parameters as this method accounts for spatial support and pattern in irregular spatial area. The results demonstrate that the cities in the provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran have higher risk than other areas.

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Background: Nearly 300 million people worldwide are carriers of the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Thalassemia and dialysis patients are of the most important individuals at risk for the virus. Despite vaccination, antibody is reduced and there is a possibility of infection to HBV. This study, examines hepatitis B serologic markers among thalassemia and dialysis patients of Mazandaran province, Iran.
Methods: 94 patients were enrolled to our study. For all patients in the study, a questionnaire including demographic information, history of the vaccination for Hepatitis B, blood products transfusion and surgical history were completed. 5 ml of venous blood was taken from each student and serum was separated and stored in -20oC. For all samples, ELISA test was operated for Anti-HBs and Anti-HBc and HBsAg.
Results: Among 94 patients, 55 people (58.5%) were males and 39 people (41.5%) were females., 57 (60.6%) were dialysis patients and 37 (39.4%) were thalassemia patients, in which 4 people (7%) of dialysis patients and 8  (21.6%) of thalassemia patients were infected by HBV. 12 people (22.8%) were positive by the presence of HBsAg, 54 people (57.4%) were positive by the presence of Anti-HBs and 13 people (13.8%) were positive by the presence of Anti-HBc.
Conclusion: About 12.8% of patients were HBV positive and also 42.6% of them were sensitive to HBV. Therefore, their screening for HBV antibody is recommended before any blood products usage. Also, in order to provide adequate protection for the patients, the serologic studies is necessary.
 

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Background & Aims: The use of deep frying oils (DFO) for cooking due to their toxic compounds, oxidation and per-oxidation of lipids and proteins in the long term can lead to neurodegenerative damage and causes the loss of nerve and glial cells of the CNS.
Antioxidant defenses include antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase, which act as protective mechanisms in brain tissue and reduce the effects of oxidative stress on the brain by removing free radicals.
Reactive lipid aldehydes during a process called carbonylation, change the structure of cellular proteins and create protein carbonyl (PC) which indicates the overall oxidation of proteins and one of the markers of oxidative stress.
Methods:  In this study, 30 adult male rats with an average weight of 300-350 gr were examined and tested. The rats were kept in special cages with a temperature of 23 ±3 ° C, humidity of 50% and a cycle of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness and were subjected to a standard diet. The subjects were divided into 5 equal groups(n=6) including: 1) Control (CO), 2) Control+DFO (DFO), 3) exercise+DFO, 4) DFO+octopamine,5) DFO+exercise+octopamine.
Eight liters of sunflower oil were exposed to 190 - 200 °C for 4 days and eight hours each day.  On the first day, the oil was exposed to heat. But from the second day, every day, chicken nuggets, carbohydrates and protein products were fried in it for eight hours.
At the beginning of the first week, the subjects were exposed to deep frying oils poisoning 0/1cc per 100 gr of body weight. After induction of DFO intoxication by gavage, octopamine supplementation was injected at doses 81 mMol / kg body weight into rats for 4 weeks. Also, the aerobic exercise protocol was performed for 4 weeks, five times a week on a treadmill at a speed of 26 meters per minute for 20 minutes per day. Chemical analyzes were performed by ELISA method to evaluate the concentration of protein carbonyl (PC) and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) on cerebellum tissue of rats. Data were analyzed by independent-samples t-test , ANOVA and  Bonferroni post hoc test at (p <0.05) significancy level .
Results: The results of this study showed that the concentration of PC in DFO-fed rats increased significantly while the activity of GPx enzyme decreased significantly compared to the control group. It was observed in the groups aerobic exercise increased GPx activity significantly in cerebellum tissue. Also octopamine supplementation increased GPx activity significantly. Although the highest level of GPx activity was observed in the trained group receiving octopamine supplementation, but the interaction between aerobic exercise and octopamine supplementation did not show a significant effect on GPx activity. Aerobic exercise reduced the concentration of PC significantly in cerebellum tissue. Also octopamine supplementation reduced PC concentration significantly. In spite of the lowest concentration of PC was observed in the group of aerobic exercise and octopamine supplementation, the synergistic effects of octopamine and exercise on reducing  PC  levels were not significant.
Conclusion: Nowadays, due to the industrialization of societies and changes in people's lifestyles, the consumption of instant and ready meals, which are often cooked by frying in high-temperature oils, shows a growing trend. Studies have shown that the constant use of fast foods because they are prepared by frying in heated oils several times poses serious health risks and causes obesity, hypertension, neurodegenerative diseases, diseases cardiovascular, type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Due to the importance of this issue, in this study, the effects of consuming deepfrying oils (DFO) on the induction of oxidative stress in the cerebellum tissue of rats were first studied. For this purpose, transformation of protein carbonyl  (PC) as a marker of induction of oxidative stress in the body and changes in the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as one of the active antioxidant enzymes in the body's defense system against oxidative stress were measured in DFO  fed rats. As expected, the results of  ELISA tests showed that PC increased and GPx activity decreased in the rats  fed by DFO  compared to the control group, which indicates the induction of oxidative stress in the treatment group. The results of this study showed that aerobic exercise combined with octopamine can reduce the oxidative damage caused by unhealthy diets such as deep frying oils in the brain tissue of rats. The use of octopamine with aerobic exercise through regulation of protein carbonyl levels and the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as GPx appears to be effective in improving the risk of oxidative damage to brain tissue in rats fed deep frying oils. Therefore, it is recommended to use these two interventions as a suitable solution to support the nervous system against oxidative damage in the conditions of regular intake of deep frying oils.