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Showing 8 results for Arbabi
A.h Arbabi,
Volume 7, Issue 21 (12-2000)
Volume 7, Issue 21 (12-2000)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Circumcision is one of the most primitve Surgical Procedure for the boys. The first practice is done about 15,000 years ago. Before the 19th century it was almost like a religeous tradition. Since the advantages (hygienic and cural) was proved from that time, it has become current in the developed countries for the scientific point of views. This report is the result of 4700 cases of Neonatal Circumcision by Plastibell Device, during the seven years from 1991 to 1998 at Shahid Akbar Abadi maternity Hospital. The conclusion emphasizes on Neonatal Circumcision as a best period in which the most important approved profits are the protective role in UTI (and its assigned harmful complications), and penis cancer. Concerning the available documents, the less the age of the baby, the more profits and advantages would be. Based on these existing evidences, it is approved that penis cancer is the only cancer which is truley prevented by Neonatal Circumcision. The common complications such as local bleeding, meatitis and so on can be prevented by choosing best techniques and the required precision during surgical procedures and afterwards (especially by Plastibell Device), and if they occur, the care is easy and not expensive. Nowadays, the traditional beliefs on neonatal circumcision should be discarded so that the practical training courses could be held on by concerning authorities for interested physicians.
A.h. Arbabi, H. Ameli, K. Darvishi,
Volume 8, Issue 25 (12-2001)
Volume 8, Issue 25 (12-2001)
Abstract
Digits in excess of five in the human are anomalous and polydactyly is the term to denote duplication of digite. Polydactyly is the second most common congenital deformity of the hand, only after syndactyly. In the blacks, the incidence is about 1 in 300, and in the whites it is 1 in 3000.
The presence of an extra diggit can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Numerous homebox genes are known to be expressed in various cell groups of the developing limb, uiding the developmental processes. It is likely that mutations involving Hox genes, growth factors, and morphogen receptors give rise to abnormalities of limb development. Regarding to researches in Shahid Akbarabadi Maternity hospital from 1993 to 1999, polydactyly incidence per 1000 is 0.83.
M Javadi, M.j Arbabi, M Sedghi, A Haghdad,
Volume 10, Issue 36 (12-2003)
Volume 10, Issue 36 (12-2003)
Abstract
Tracheotomy is a traditional procedure described since 2000 BC. Significant decrease in upper airway obstruction caused by infection was the most common indication of tracheotomy in the past, whereas presently its primary indication is in the long-term intensive care unit patients. Although tracheotomy is often beneficial in the selected patient, it has some related complications. Increasing knowledge about indications and complications as well as their causes is helpful in selection of the proper patient and decreasing morbidity and mortality due to tracheotomy. This descriptive (existing data) study has reviewed indications and complications of this surgical procedure. A total number of 140 patients including 103 men and 37 women, who had undergone tracheotomy, were evaluated. The range of their age was between 20 days to 85 years old. Indications of tracheotomy were: prolonged intubation 32.1%, laryngeal tumors 26.4%, head and facial trauma 11.4%, subglottic stenosis 7.9%, predictable prolonged intubation period 7.9% and other indications were: thyroid tumors, tracheotomy for clearance of air way sanitation, laryngeal web, Ludwig angina, face and neck surgeries, esophageal tumors, peritonsillar abscess, laryngomalacia, miasthenia gravis and head truma. 70 patients had developed some kinds of complications. Complications of tracheotomy in this study in order of decreasing frequency were: hemorrhage, sub-cutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, problems related to tracheotomy tube, infection, tracheal stenosis, development of granulation tissue at the site of tracheotomy, tracheoesophageal fistula, difficult decanulation, atelectasis, stenosis of tracheotomy stoma, aspiration pneumonia and pneumomediastinum. No mortality from tracheotomy was seen in this study. Indications of performing tracheotomy were similar to that of other studies but rate of complications was much higher. Key Words: 1) Tracheotomy 2) Indications 3) Complications
R Ghahraman Asl, B Bolouri, H Nedaee, A Arbabi,
Volume 16, Issue 0 (1-2010)
Volume 16, Issue 0 (1-2010)
Abstract
Background & Aim: Nowadays, radiosensitive polymer gels are used as a reliable dosimetry tool for verification of 3D dose distributions. Polymer gel dosimeters consist of an aqueous mixture of monomers and a gelling agent, which after irradiation, 3D dose distribution is acquired by using imaging techniques. The aim of this study is to evaluate the application and capability of normoxic polymer gel to determine electron 3D dose distributions at depths of 1 and 4cm beneath the homogenous phantom at 8 and 15 MeV energies.
Material and Method: In this descriptive study, we used MAGIC-type gel dosimeter to measure dose distribution at depths of 1 and 4cm underneath homogeneous slab phantoms by using MRI. The homogenous phantoms were irradiated by 8MeV and 15MeV electron beams. Paired sample t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the results.
Results: Dose resolution at the range of 0 to 10Gy was 0.23 to 1.55Gy. The mean dose differences and the maximum distance to agreement (DTA) of dose profiles for two diode and gel measurements were 2.5% and less than 2mm, respectively. In addition, 3D dose distribution was obtained at two orientations: transverse and axial.
Conclusion: This study shows the feasibility of using gel dosimeters to evaluate dose distribution for different electron beams.
Moradbakhsh Arbabi, Reza Sotudeh, Abolfazl Nezhadali,
Volume 29, Issue 7 (10-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 7 (10-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: In today's world, views of health and medical services have found a broader perspective and special attention has been paid to non-medical determinants of health. Each of these factors, by themselves or by affecting each other, severely affects the health and medical services of each country and causes injustices in the health care. The Ministry of Health and Medical Education, as the main trustee of providing and maintaining public health, with the aim of achieving the highest possible level of health for members of society, has paid special attention to social issues affecting health and health services and the issue of justice in health services. But maintaining and promoting health and health services and eliminating the destructive effect of some social factors on health and health services is an individual, national and even international responsibility that requires the joint efforts of all levels of society, namely individuals, communities and government. They have a heavy responsibility in this area. Hospitals and health centers as the most important centers providing health services in the country to improve the health of people and restore health to patients in need, scientific and efficient management at all levels. Managers' decisions and their performance in the department Health and treatment are important for the health of the community and the people because health policy is a set of guidelines developed by policy makers and senior managers of the health system in the areas of financing, generating resources and providing health services to restore, promote and maintain public health. The decision-making of managers is low-level. For example, what health managers are most involved in are health care costs and the factors that affect health care. For example, the University of Medical Sciences and its affiliated units, such as hospitals, health centers, medical schools, pharmaceutical and educational departments, and all health networks, use an adjusted cash base for their financial reports. Revenues are reflected in the books when they are acquired or realized, regardless of when the cash is received, and the basis for identifying and recording expenses is the time of incurring expenses. On this basis, transaction accounting and other events are identified at the time of occurrence, recorded in accounting documents, and reflected in the financial statements of the relevant courses, all of which affect health care. Health services are considered as one of the main dimensions of social policy that managers' decisions play an important role in improving the process of health services. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting medical treatment and education services with the decision-making approach of the managers of the Ministry of Health of Iran.
Methods: The method of this research was survey-descriptive and it was done in deductive-inductive format. This means that the theoretical framework and background of the research is done through library studies, study of books, articles and sites and in the form of deductive reasoning and gathering information to test hypotheses through inductive reasoning and this research is another type of analytical-applied Was. The statistical population of this study included all financial staff of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences and its affiliated units including all vice chancellors who were working in 2019, which was equal to 180 people. According to Morgan table, the research sample was 118 people which was done by random sampling. In this study, to investigate the factors affecting medical treatment and education services with the decision-making approach of the managers of the Ministry of Health of Iran, a researcher-made questionnaire with 32 items and five components of legal factors, political factors, socio-economic factors, international factors and problems (challenges) It was a field of health and treatment. In this study, the interpretation and analysis of data collected from the study population in the form of analytical statistics and descriptive and inferential statistics has been done. So that in descriptive statistics, first the data related to each of the variables that were used from the answer to the questionnaire, has been obtained in the form of statistical indicators such as mean and standard deviation in terms of research components. In the inferential statistics section, the t-path coefficient test is used.
Results: The results showed that 5 variables "legal factors", "political factors", "socio-economic factors", "international factors" and "problems (challenges) in the field of health and treatment" are the background variables affecting health services with the decision-making approach of managers is in the Ministry of Health.
Conclusion: Based on the research results, it can be said that the University of Medical Sciences and its affiliated units can improve the process of medical services and its development in society by considering the factors affecting the decision-making of managers. The basis of any research is the information with which the research hypothesis is tested. Obviously, the more accurate and complete information is provided to the researcher, the more accurate the results of the research will be and the more valid the research will be, which can be pointed out to the inherent limitation of the questionnaire. There are also limitations to the scale of data measurement and the Likert spectrum. The order does not exceed and cannot be considered at the level of distance scales, and the reluctance of some respondents to respond were among the limitations of the research. In order to provide better health services, service and medical organizations can develop medical services in the organization by resolving the mentioned challenges. This is more evident in hospitals due to its geographical spread. Because they will have many consequences for the organization and the country. Therefore, according to the results of the research in this section, the managers of the Ministry of Health are recommended to try to improve the above-mentioned causal conditions to develop treatment services by applying various laws and instructions.
Toktam Arbabian, Reza Rezaii Shirazi, Amin Farzaneh Hesari, Habib Asgharpour,
Volume 29, Issue 10 (12-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 10 (12-2022)
Abstract
Background & Aims: According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases account for approximately 30% of deaths worldwide. Obesity is one of the most important risk factors for developing cardiovascular diseases and other non-communicable diseases. Excessive obesity plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabete. Currently, body mass index and waist circumference are recommended for classification of overweight and obesity . Increased body mass index and waist circumference have been shown as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease . However, studies have shown that the discriminative capacity of BMI is questionable due to the inability to distinguish between adipose tissue and lean mass. This issue has led to the idea that by combining traditional anthropometric indices (such as height, weight, body mass index or waist circumference), a better physical index can be designed that considers and examines body shape Recently, Body Shape Index (BSI) has been proposed as a new body index. Krakower et al. (2012) reported a significant correlation between body shape index and visceral fat tissue and showed that premature deaths are more related to this index than waist circumference and body mass index. Body Roundness Index (BRI=BRI) is another new index proposed that based on waist circumference and height, can better predict the percentage of body fat and visceral fat compared to the traditional indices of body mass and circumference. Recently, several studies have shown that body circumference index can be used as an index of obesity to determine the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy, hyperthermia, cardiovascular disease and diabetes .The purpose of this study was to predict the relationship between physical activity and some new and traditional obesity indicators in women with cardiovascular disease and to determine the power of these indicators in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases.
Methods: This descriptive-correlation study was conducted on 334 women with CVD (middle: n=189, elderly: n=145) referring to a heart centers in Mashhad. The inclusion criteria included female patients in the age range of 40 to 75 years, myocardial infarction, heart attack, high blood pressure and cholesterol, and willingness to participate in the research. Cardiovascular disease factors were diagnosed by consulting a specialist doctor and reviewing medical records for each patient. To investigate the relationship between different factors, the study was conducted in different age groups. For this purpose, the subjects were divided into two groups: middle-aged (40-55 years, 189 people) and elderly (60-75 years, 145 people). Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants. The convenience sampling method was used. Physical activity level was measured with International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The body shape index (BSI), body roundness index (BRI), Waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR), fat mass percentage (%FM) were measured and calculated. Body shape index was calculated based on height (meters), body mass index and waist circumference (meters) using the formula. Body circumference index is based on height (meters) and waist circumference (meters). First, the irregularity (non-dimensional value) of the body (€) was determined using the formula. Irregularity measures the degree of ovality or roundness and ranges from zero (full circle) to one (vertical line).
Independent t test was used for show difference between middle age and elderly groups. To evaluate the possible correlations between obesity indices, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were used. The Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the sensitivity and specificity and the best cut-off point of anthropometric indices.
Results: The results showed that there is no significant difference for physical activity, body mass index, body roundness index, body shape index, waist circumference, waist-to-thigh ratio and body fat percentage between middle-aged and elderly groups. The results of the correlation coefficient showed that in both middle-aged and elderly groups, body roundness index has a positive relationship with waist circumference, body mass index, waist-to-thigh ratio and fat mass. In middle-aged people, the level of physical activity had no significant relationship with any of the variables, but in elderly patients, the level of physical activity had a negative relationship with body roundness index and body shape index. In the middle-aged group, the body roundness index had the largest area under the curve, and the body shape indices and waist-to-hip ratio are in the second place with a small difference. In the elderly, the waist circumference had the largest area under the curve and the body roundness index ranked second. The level of physical activity in both groups had the lowest area under the curve. The values of the cut points using the highest sensitivity and the lowest specificity in the middle-aged group for the physical activity level is greater than 984.5, body roundness index is less than 5.41, body shape index is less than 0.0834, waist circumference is less than 89.7, Body mass index less than 26.3, body fat percentage less than 31.8 and waist to hip ratio less than 0.91 and in the elderly group, physical activity level more than 789.7, body roundness index less than 5.8, index Body shape was less than 0.0865, waist circumference was less than 91.5, body mass index was less than 28.03, body fat percentage was less than 30.46 and waist to hip ratio was less than 0.9.
Conclusion: Contrary to the initial hypothesis of the researchers, the research findings showed that the level of physical activity had the least ability to predict the presence of cardiovascular disease. According to the present research, there was a weak relationship between the level of physical activity and obesity indicators. Considering that prospective studies in adults have shown that low physical activity is closely related to the development of cardiovascular disease, however, it may be that if the amount of physical activity is low, its changes are not very reliable and cannot be a good predictor for the factors Cardiovascular risk. The level of physical activity in the present study was average (1135.7 meters/minute/week for the middle-aged group and 916.4 meters/minute/week for the elderly group) and the subjects were divided according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in terms of physical activity. According to Maisen et al.'s study (2011), the activity level is less than 600 met-minutes per week as inactive, between 600-1500 met-minutes per week as semi-active and more than 1500 met-minutes per week as active was considered. Among the possible reasons for the difference in the results of the mentioned studies, we can mention the physical fitness of the subjects, the disease and pathological conditions of the subjects, and gender. Body roundness index was created in order to predict body fat and visceral fat tissue percentage by using waist size in comparison with height, which makes it possible to estimate the body shape as an egg or oval. Body shape index independent of body size (height, weight and body mass index) creates a quantitative scale to estimate body shape. In preliminary studies, researchers have shown that BSI is a better predictor of premature mortality than BMI and WC in the general US population. According to the results of the study, BRI and WC are best indices for predicting the possibility of CVD in patient middle age and elderly women.
Fereshte Arbabi, Majid Zargham Hajebi, Ramin Tabaraei,
Volume 30, Issue 7 (10-2023)
Volume 30, Issue 7 (10-2023)
Abstract
Background & Aims: Social transformation is a process in which children move from basic social interactions based on self-centeredness to more social behaviors. Good social development is one of the foundations of a successful life in society. Families make conscious efforts to shape children's social development. Postmodern thoughts, changes in lifestyle, mechanization of societies, women's desire for activities outside the home, mothers' depression, spending time on children and economic problems that families face in raising and raising children. has caused an increase in the number of single-child families. The research of Constanta and Marslica shows that the main problems of children in single-child families are the balance between authority and responsibility, affection and discipline, guidance and independence. Krynen believes that while having only one child may be easier financially, the psychological costs of single-child families are higher. From Khasaune's point of view, only children grow up in families where there is no possibility of establishing communication and lifestyle skills through peer groups. The problems faced by children in single-child families are a warning sign and it is necessary to think of measures to reduce the damage of this emerging phenomenon. One of the sources that we can use to facilitate the growth and social transformation of children is the theories that exist in this field. Considering the unfortunate consequences that the lack of social development and as a result antisocial behaviors have for people, educational and psychological interventions play a significant role in facilitating social development. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of the Education facilitates and promotes the social transformation of the child on the social growth (growth of hope, will and purposefulness) of children from single-child families.
Methods: The present study community consisted of all mothers who had only one child and their children were in school and resided in Qom during this study (2022-2023). The sampling method was simple by random sampling. To this end, one of the multiple areas of Qom is first selected and by referring to the health networks of that area, the list of Single -child mothers is selected, then 70 people (considering the possibility of falling) from single -child mothers by random sampling. It was chosen simple, in a way that all Single -child mothers had an equal chance of participating in the research. Then the selected mothers were contacted and invited to participate in the research, then a group of 30 people were selected for the control group and a group of 30 for the test, followed by a consulting -based consulting protocol in 8 sessions on The experimental group was implemented. The Vinland social growth test has been used to collect data.
Results: The results of covariance analysis showed that educational effectiveness facilitates the child's social transformation (growth, hope, and purpose) of children in single -child families, and the size of the effect (0.769) shows that the Impact of the Training Package Facilitate the Transformation. The social child's social development (growth, will, hope and purpose) in children in monochone families is strong.
Conclusion: Since poor social growth and low social competence are the cause of many other developmental problems such as poor academic performance at school, interventions can be helpful to restore a child to their natural development. Good social growth is not only for family members but for valuable societies. However, no similar research has been done to compare the results of this research with it, and from this point of view, it can be said that this research is new; But the results of this research can be aligned with the researches of Tafti brothers and Mousavi; Moqtadari, Refahi and Khosravi; Ahmadi and Moini; Rahnama and Alian; new and individual; Taheri et al; Park, Roizman and Rose; Khasaune and Ribeaud, Murray, Shanahan and Isner. According to Erikson, in order not to procrastinate in the next stages of psychosocial development, it is necessary to go through each stage correctly and to have the necessary capabilities to enter a higher stage. In general, it can be said that since poor social development and low social competence are the cause of many other developmental problems such as poor academic performance in school, interventions can be helpful to return a child to his natural development path.
Methods: The present study community consisted of all mothers who had only one child and their children were in school and resided in Qom during this study (2022-2023). The sampling method was simple by random sampling. To this end, one of the multiple areas of Qom is first selected and by referring to the health networks of that area, the list of Single -child mothers is selected, then 70 people (considering the possibility of falling) from single -child mothers by random sampling. It was chosen simple, in a way that all Single -child mothers had an equal chance of participating in the research. Then the selected mothers were contacted and invited to participate in the research, then a group of 30 people were selected for the control group and a group of 30 for the test, followed by a consulting -based consulting protocol in 8 sessions on The experimental group was implemented. The Vinland social growth test has been used to collect data.
Results: The results of covariance analysis showed that educational effectiveness facilitates the child's social transformation (growth, hope, and purpose) of children in single -child families, and the size of the effect (0.769) shows that the Impact of the Training Package Facilitate the Transformation. The social child's social development (growth, will, hope and purpose) in children in monochone families is strong.
Conclusion: Since poor social growth and low social competence are the cause of many other developmental problems such as poor academic performance at school, interventions can be helpful to restore a child to their natural development. Good social growth is not only for family members but for valuable societies. However, no similar research has been done to compare the results of this research with it, and from this point of view, it can be said that this research is new; But the results of this research can be aligned with the researches of Tafti brothers and Mousavi; Moqtadari, Refahi and Khosravi; Ahmadi and Moini; Rahnama and Alian; new and individual; Taheri et al; Park, Roizman and Rose; Khasaune and Ribeaud, Murray, Shanahan and Isner. According to Erikson, in order not to procrastinate in the next stages of psychosocial development, it is necessary to go through each stage correctly and to have the necessary capabilities to enter a higher stage. In general, it can be said that since poor social development and low social competence are the cause of many other developmental problems such as poor academic performance in school, interventions can be helpful to return a child to his natural development path.
Fereshte Arbabi, Majid Zargham Hajebi, Ramin Tabaraei,
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 31, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background & Aims: The number of single-child families has increased significantly in recent years. Postmodern thoughts, changes in the way of life, the mechanization of societies, women's desire for activities outside the home, including employment, sports and other fun activities, depression and boredom of mothers, spending time and time for children, economic problems and financial burden, and Other problems that families face in raising their children are the increase in the number of single-child families, followed by the parents' concern about the child's growth and the experts in the field of psychology, educational sciences, and social sciences about the consequences of collective developments. Some researchers believe that the most important consequence of being an only child is the damage to the individual's social growth, and from their point of view, the low level of interaction and social relations in small-population families causes the decline of the social growth of only children. Therefore, the problems faced by children in single-child families are an alarm for teachers, sociologists and psychologists, and it is necessary to think of measures to reduce the harms and dangers of this emerging phenomenon. One of the resources that we have and by using which we can use it to grow and facilitate the social transformation of children are the theories that exist in this field. Considering the unfortunate consequences that the lack of social development and consequently anti-social behaviors have for people, educational and psychological interventions play a significant role in facilitating social development. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of developing an educational package to facilitate and promote the social development of children in single-child families based on Erikson's theory.
Methods: This research was qualitative and thematic analysis. The statistical population included written sources, including scientific books on growth theories, especially Erikson's theory, reliable foreign and domestic scientific databases, and other written sources that have discussed Erikson's growth theory in the last 15 years. Purposive sampling method was used to select the sample. After collecting related sources, the content of those sources was immediately analyzed according to the method of Brown and Clark (2006) in order to gain an understanding of the contents, the analogical (whole to part) and inductive (part to whole) approaches were used simultaneously. The themes that could represent parts from the text (usually one or more sentences), were determined and recorded, in this order, the act of listing and clustering the categories (main and sub-themes) was done; So that a summarized table was formed for each of the texts.
Results: The content of the educational package, including the development of hope, will, and purpose, was presented to "facilitate and promote the social transformation of children" so that children can reach the fundamental strengths of hope, will, purposefulness, and ultimately competence, which is associated with social development. As far as the researcher investigated, no research was found that could compare this educational package with it, and it can be said that this research is new and presents a new dimension to the researchers. The data were analyzed using the method of Brown and Clark (2006). The content of the educational package, including the cultivation of hope, will and purpose, was compiled in the form of 8 educational sessions in order to "facilitate and promote the social transformation of children". Educational sessions for 8 sessions (1st to 3rd sessions: practical guide for developing hope in preschool children, 4th to 6th sessions: practical guide for developing will in preschool children, 7th and 8th sessions: practical guide for developing goals in preschool children), once a week and Each two-hour session, especially for mothers, was presented with the aim of "facilitating and promoting children's social transformation" so that children can achieve the fundamental strengths of hope, will, purposefulness, and ultimately competence, which is associated with social development.
Conclusion: It can be said that parents, as the first factor of socialization of their children, play an important role in their psychological and social growth and development, and their behavior can mainly be effective in satisfying or inhibiting psychological needs. Children need responsibility and different tasks should be assigned to them in order to prevent them from falling into learned helplessness. Children need the coherence and coordination of parents. Children need education and it is not only the school and society that play a role in this matter. But also parents should actively participate in the child's education. Children need their parents to encourage them, they need to connect with others, and they also need to have opportunities for all-round development; and the normal social and cognitive development as well as normal personality development of the child is influenced by the conditions and context in which it is raised.
Methods: This research was qualitative and thematic analysis. The statistical population included written sources, including scientific books on growth theories, especially Erikson's theory, reliable foreign and domestic scientific databases, and other written sources that have discussed Erikson's growth theory in the last 15 years. Purposive sampling method was used to select the sample. After collecting related sources, the content of those sources was immediately analyzed according to the method of Brown and Clark (2006) in order to gain an understanding of the contents, the analogical (whole to part) and inductive (part to whole) approaches were used simultaneously. The themes that could represent parts from the text (usually one or more sentences), were determined and recorded, in this order, the act of listing and clustering the categories (main and sub-themes) was done; So that a summarized table was formed for each of the texts.
Results: The content of the educational package, including the development of hope, will, and purpose, was presented to "facilitate and promote the social transformation of children" so that children can reach the fundamental strengths of hope, will, purposefulness, and ultimately competence, which is associated with social development. As far as the researcher investigated, no research was found that could compare this educational package with it, and it can be said that this research is new and presents a new dimension to the researchers. The data were analyzed using the method of Brown and Clark (2006). The content of the educational package, including the cultivation of hope, will and purpose, was compiled in the form of 8 educational sessions in order to "facilitate and promote the social transformation of children". Educational sessions for 8 sessions (1st to 3rd sessions: practical guide for developing hope in preschool children, 4th to 6th sessions: practical guide for developing will in preschool children, 7th and 8th sessions: practical guide for developing goals in preschool children), once a week and Each two-hour session, especially for mothers, was presented with the aim of "facilitating and promoting children's social transformation" so that children can achieve the fundamental strengths of hope, will, purposefulness, and ultimately competence, which is associated with social development.
Conclusion: It can be said that parents, as the first factor of socialization of their children, play an important role in their psychological and social growth and development, and their behavior can mainly be effective in satisfying or inhibiting psychological needs. Children need responsibility and different tasks should be assigned to them in order to prevent them from falling into learned helplessness. Children need the coherence and coordination of parents. Children need education and it is not only the school and society that play a role in this matter. But also parents should actively participate in the child's education. Children need their parents to encourage them, they need to connect with others, and they also need to have opportunities for all-round development; and the normal social and cognitive development as well as normal personality development of the child is influenced by the conditions and context in which it is raised.
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