A.r. Salekmoghdam,
Volume 1, Issue 0 (12-1994)
Abstract
In cancer therapy, the need for new treatments is profound. Alone or together, surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy cure cancer in almost half of the patients in whom it develops.
Immunotherapy like chemotherapy can be delivered systemically to combat metastases. What is more , it normally attacks only diseased cells ignoring healthy ones , so it is more cancer-specific than chemotherapy and radiotherapy which often kill dividing cells indiscriminately.
Immunotherapy is a costly and complex treatment with sever side effects, because to determine the dose for each patient and for each kind of malignancy is important in results.
This article is review of the latest methods and specially the most promising one Adoptive Immunotherapy in brief.
M. Shekarabi, B. Nikbin, F. Davachi, F. Khosravi,
Volume 1, Issue 0 (6-1994)
Abstract
Close relation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and HLA antigen DR4 has been reported with incidence as high"as 50-75% (3)
In this study 34 patients in different stages of RA and treated with different drugs were studied for HLA DR4 antigen. 100 healthy individuals working in the lab. were tested as controls. DR4 were noted in patients with 3/25 risk, RR=3.25 (1'<0.01) These findings will increase knowledge on RA pathophysiology.
T. Pirouz, M. Anahid, M. Shekarabi, F. Hosseini,
Volume 7, Issue 19 (6-2000)
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is one of the world's most common pathogens. It colonizes about 60% of the world papulation. There is very little data present on the prevalence of H.pylori infection among healthy population in Iran. Our aim was to determine the seroprevalence of H.Pylori infection among children and young adult in Tehran and its relationship with a number of sociodemographic factors. In a cross sectional investigation, the seroepidemiology of H.Pylori infection was studied using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti H.pylori IgG in 431 asymptomatic 10 - to 25 year - old volunteers attending 5 out - patient clinics in Tehran. 42.7% of the studied population were seropostive for H.pylori. There was an age - specific increase in H.pylori infection and there were significant differences in H.pylori infection rate related to residence site in Tehran, familyaize, parents educational level, economic status, water source and keeping pets. There was no significant difference in H.pylori infection related to gender. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that age, residecne site, family size, Parent's educational level, water source and keeping pets had the most significant association with H.pylori. It was concluded that the prevalence of H.pylori infection in Iran is generally higher than in developed countries and the rate of acquistition of H.pylori infection increases with age and inversely related to socioeconomic status. |
M. Farhadi, A. Tabatabai, A.r. Shamshiri, A. Maleki, F. Masjedian, M.r. Bojary Nassrabadi, P. Danesh,
Volume 7, Issue 19 (6-2000)
Abstract
Infection of middle ear and infection of sinuses are prevalent diseases in human populations which are caused by various etiological agents. To determine and compare the frequency of different virulent bacteria and fungi, the following study was conducted. 58 Patients with sinusitis and 52 with otitis media, which were candidates for surgery were studied irrespective of age and gender. Tissue samples or samples from local discharges obtained at the operation room were transfered to the laboratory in suitable transport media and were directly studied and subsequently cultured for the presence of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and fungi. In the sinusitis patients the most prevalent virulent agents were bacteria (65.51%). The most prevalent aerobic bacteria isolated were S. aureus and S. epidermidis (62.92% in total) (P Considering the results of this comparative study, the frequency of aerobic bacteria was more than that of anaerobic bacteria in the patients of otitis media and the most prevalent aerobic bacteria are Pseudomonas and S. aureus specious (57.13% in toltal) (P |
A.r Salek Moghaddam, H Forouhesh Tehrani, B Ravadgar, M Ghassemi, A Nourani Vatani, K Poushang Bagheri, M Mirzaie,
Volume 9, Issue 29 (12-2002)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate the extend of bacterial contaminatim of ice blocks being used on daily basis in the community. In this study fifty samples of ice blocks from April to September 1999 were collected from different areas in the city of Tehran. Experiments were carrid out for the determination of total count of bacteria and the identification of pathogenic organisms. The results indicated that from the total of 50 samples, 34(68%) were contaminated. The isolated pathogenic bacteria were 5 cases E.coli (10%), 21 cases pseudomonas aeroginosa (42%) and 5 cases staphylococcus aureus (10%). Other opportunistic bacteria present in the environment such as alkaligenes (%6), Acinetobacterspp (%4), Diphtheroidsspp (%46), Micrococcusspp (%16), Bascillusspp (%20) and coagulase negative staphylococcus(%40) were isolated from all the 50 samples. These results suggest that necessary precautions should be taken in production, transportation and distribution of the ice blocks to reduce the rate of bacterial contaminations.
M Moshir, S Arzpyma, M Shamsabadi, F Hoseini,
Volume 9, Issue 30 (12-2002)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to compare the resistance of propiobacteriom acne (PA) and staphylococcus epidermis(SE) to antibiotics in patients that have been treated with antibiotics, With those cases without previous history of therapy as the control group. 60 patients were included in this study. At the time of sampling, all 30 cases of study group had been on therapy for a minimum of 4 months on oral tetracycline and topical clindamycin and erythromycin 30 patients were included in the control group without previous history of antibiotic therapy.
Mic (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) was performed on PA or SE isolated from skin surface of these cases. Erythromycin resistant PA and SE isolated from antibiotic treated acne patients was 43.3% (P=0.024). Tetracycline resistant PA and SE isolated from study group was 40% (P<0.0001). Clindamycin resistant PA and SE isolated from study group was 43.3%(P=0.004).
Results of this study show that, incidence of resistance to antibiotics in patients undergoing antibiotic therapy for acne was higher than control group, and there is a correlation between the resistance of SE and PA and the former therapy for acne.
A Moradi Joshaghan, M Shams Shahrabadi,
Volume 10, Issue 35 (12-2003)
Abstract
This analytical observational and epidemiological study was done in order to evaluate the relative immunity to mumps in healthy and unvaccinated children in Karaj aged 4 to 7 years.Therefore, 194 serum samples were taken through no probability sampling and tested by hemagglutination inhibition test. For each of the samples dilution of 1/2 to 1/128 was tested using guinea pig red blood cells and mumps virus anti genes prepared in laboratory on cell culture. Then, obtained results were analyzed, as absolute and relative frequency in total, in girl and boy groups and in different age groups separately which revealed that 35% of total had no measurable antibody titer(below 1/2). Also 66% of total studied children were susceptible to mumps by considering the titer equal or greater than 1/8 as the protective titer. There was no significant difference between sex and susceptibility to the disease(P<0.05). According to the high percentage susceptibility of children to mumps, it is recommended to pay enough attention to immunization programms against this disease.
R Mollahosseini, M Azar, S Arzpeyma,
Volume 10, Issue 35 (12-2003)
Abstract
The brain abscess is an uncommon disease that usually occurs after underlying diseases such as: otitis, sinusitis, and … The microbiological profile of this disease has changed in recent years. In addition to surgery, widespread antibiotic regimen is also of importance in treatment of cerebral abscess. The initial antibiotic therapy should be instituted emprically and it should be based on the incidence of various organisms and their sensitivity to antibiotics. The goal of this study is: 1-determination of the underlying diseases in brain abscess for future Preventive strategies and 2-determination of the microbial agent in brain abscess and their sensitivity to conventional and available antibiotic in Iran for better selection of the antibiotic regimen. This descriptive study was done on patients with brain abscess who were hospitalized in Rasool Akram and Firoozgar hospitals from 1998 for 3 years. 26 patients were admitted for 36 months. Direct smear was positive in all patients. Results of culture were positive in 22 cases (84.6%) that only 3 cases had mixed aerobe and anaerobe microorganism. The most common isolated organisms were streptococci (52%) and enterobactriace (36%) that were sensitive to conventional antibiotics. All isolated aerobe bacteria were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. These findings can indicate: 1-The higher incidence of the otitis as an underlying cause of brain abscess in our patients. 2-Inability of our microbiological technique in detection of anaerobe microorganisms. 3-The important role of the direct smear in the primary diagnosis of the brain abscess. 4-Probable role of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of the brain abscess and especially underlying diseases.
H Foruhesh Tehrani, M Shams Shahrabadi, H Raeessi Dehcordi, A.f Sarraf Nejad, K Jafari Nejad, M Talebi, M Moradi,
Volume 10, Issue 36 (12-2003)
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is a zoonosis that occurs worldwide. Among 17 species in the genus of campylobacter, campylobacter fetus has special characteristics. In contrast to other species, which frequently cause diarrhea, C.fetus is primarily associated with extra intestinal infections such as septic abortion, septic arthritis, abscesses, meningitis, endocarditis, thrombophlebitis and salpingitis. Meninigitis in adults due to campylobacter fetus is a rare entity and only nine cases of it have been reported in the literature since 1983-2002. This is a case report of a 60-year-old woman who was hospitalized in Kasra Hospital due to having C.fetus.meningitis.
H Forouhesh Tehrani, M Shamsi Shahrabadi, M Moradi, M Talebi, A.r Abdolrasooli, M Al-E-Booyeh,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (9-2004)
Abstract
Corynebacterium urealyticum is a normal human skin flora. Mode of transmission is uncertain, but it can probably access to patients’ normally sterile sites endogenously. In spite of having low virulence, C. urealyticum has high resistance to antibiotics which allows survival in hospital setting. The incidence of infection caused by C. urealyticum is low. The most common infection is urinary tract infection, but infection in other sites has also been reported. In the present study out of 1338 positive samples, one case(0.074%) with corynebacterium urealyticum was isolated. The bacterium was sensitive only to vancomycine. Although C. urealyticum is not common, it is necessary to identify any diphtheroides micro-organisms from clinical site and to consider their clinical significance.
J Nowroozi, N Amir Mozafari, H Modir Rusta,
Volume 12, Issue 48 (9-2005)
Abstract
Background & Aim: Listeria monocytogenes has potentiality to cause serious invasive disease in humans and in more than 40 animal species. L. monocytogenes is transmitted from soft cheese, milk, raw meat and sausages to human. The present study was undertaken to find the frequency of L. monocytogenes in poultry, domestic animals, sausage, cheese, milk, and also to determine ctpA(copper transport) gene among them after doing PCR on gel electrophoresis. Materials & Methods: 180 samples from brain, liver and feces of poultry(industrial hens) from 36 birderies, 166 samples of liver, brain, amniotic fluid and feces of cow, horse, sheep and goat, 80 samples of sausage, and 300 samples of dairy from shops in Karaj city were collected. L. monocytogenes was isolated by cold enrichment and standard Australia/New Zealand method. Chromosomal DNA was prepared and used for PCR amplification of ctpA. Then, PCR products ran on agarose gel electrophoresis for detection of the ctpA band. Results: L. monocytogenes was not isolated from poultry samples. These bacteria were isolated from brain and liver of goat and sheep(12.93%), sausage(2.5%), local cheese(2.9%), and milk(2.5%). By using PCR to identify the homologus DNA in 25 L. monocytogenes isolates, 20% of them contained ctpA determinant. DNA homologus to ctpA was not detected in all isolates. Our results showed that 28.57% of cheese and 20% of domestic animal isolates, contained ctpA gene in chromosome DNA. Conclusion: Since ctpA gene was not existent in all isolated bacteria, this might indicate that all the strains do not have the same virulence. CtpA showed significant similarity to the proteins associated with copper metabolism disorders in humans, Menkes disease and Wilson disease. There might be a relationship between these two diseases and ctpA gene in L. monocytogenes. By producing ctpA protein of Listeria to make vaccines it is possible to prevent above diseases in future.
N Amir Mozafari, M Alebouyeh, H Forouhesh,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (4-2006)
Abstract
Background & Aim: Enterococci comprise an important and diverse group of bacteria that cause disease in human and animals. They reside in the gastrointestinal tract of human and animal, soil, water, foods, and can persist in elevated salt contents and various pH values. They can readily acquire antibiotic resistance and various other virulence factors. In this study, the prevalence of various virulence factors among different clinical isolates versus those isolated from healthy individuals was compared. Material & Methods: In this analytic cross-sectional study, enterococcal strains isolated from clinical and healthy cases were tested for various virulence related properties such as hemolysin, gelatinase, hemoglutinin, DNase, and fremone(aggregative substance) production. T-test and chi-square test were used for analysis of the data and their antibiotic resistance patterns were also determined. The ability to exchange resident plasmids via conjugation was tested by two different mating protocols. Results: The frequency of gelatinase, aggregation substance, and hemolysin production was higher in E.faecalis relative to those in E.faecium. However, no statistically significant difference was detected in the other trains. Fremone-responsive plasmids were common in most isolates and had the ability to transfer between strains with high frequency(10-4-10-7). Most isolates contained one or more plasmids in the 3-98 MDa range. Two isolates showed total resistance to all of the antibiotics tested. Antibiotic resistance genes had the ability for conjugational inter-strain transfer. The prevalence of aggregative substance in the strains isolated from clinical cases was much higher than those obtained from the control group(P<0.001). Conclusion: Since no known protein ecotoxin was identified in enterococci, their pathogenic potential may be attributed to a variety of extracellular enzymes, antibiotic resistance, aggregative substance, and other factors. Their importance in medicine is related to their ability to acquire antibiotic resistance and cause nosocomial infections in hospitalized and debilitated patients. The statistically significant higher proportion of aggregative substance in enterococci spp, isolated from sick people in comparison with those obtained from healthy cases, points to the pivotal role conjugational gene transfer may play in the acquisition of pathogenic potential.
N Amirmozafari, R Ramezanzadeh, P Farnia, F Ghazi,
Volume 13, Issue 52 (9-2006)
Abstract
Background & Aim: Molecular epidemiology is the using of molecular techniques (e.g. Spoligotyping, RFLP VNTR) in order to study bacterial distribution in human populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of all genotypes in M. tuberculosis strains typed by spoligotyping and to determine the associated risk factors in patients with different nationalities residing in Iran. Patients & Methods: In this analytic cross-sectional study a total number of 439 patients who referred to NRITLD (a referral tuberculosis center in Iran) were registered during March 21st 2003 to March 21st 2004. The isolated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains were characterized by performing susceptibility tests against four first-line antituberculosis drugs and were then subjected to spoligotyping characterization. T-test and ch-square test were used for analysis of the data. Results: Spoligotyping of M. tuberculosis strains resulted in 140 different patterns divided into three evolutionary groups(I, II, III). 122(87.1%) of these spoligotype isolates were unique and reported for the first time. The remaining 18(12.8%) spoligotype patterns were previously reported from other geographical regions of the world. Haarlem family was more prevalent than other genotypes. Interestingly, 6.3% of the strains belonged to the Beijing family. MDR(multi drug resistance), double and triple resistance were seen in group I of evolutionary scenario. Antibiotic resistance was higher in those isolated from Afghan patients(P<0.001). Other risk factors such as sex and age were also contributing factors to the disease state. Conclusion: Results showed that multi-drug-resistance was more prevalent in bacteria isolated from Afghan TB patients residing in Iran. In addition, the spread of M. tuberculosis strains belonging to Beijing family among Iranian patients has to be considered seriously. It is also important to undertake studies to identify which factors are the most significant to consider in tuberculosis control program.
N Amirmozafari, H Forohesh, L Ganji,
Volume 14, Issue 55 (7-2007)
Abstract
Background & Aim: Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most prevalent causative agents of sexually transmitted diseases. It causes a variety of genital tract complications such as urethritis, cervicitis, endometritis, epididymitis and lymphogranuloma venereum. The prevalence rate of chlamydia induced cervicitis varies in different societies. In a recent study, the prevalnce of chlamydia cervicitis in sexually active American women was in the range of 5-15% and in pregnant women was 1.2%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of different detection techniques, such as ELISA, MIF, DIMA rapid test and direct microscopy after Gimenez staining. Patients and Methods: A total 137 women with cervicitis(diagnosed according to stablished gynecological protocols) who referred to Rasool Akram hospital and Nilo private clincial laboratory were admitted for this study. Two endocervical swabs were obtained. One of them was used for the rapid Dima test and the other swab was subjected to Gimenez staining. Blood samples were also obtained for serological tests. Results: ELISA tests indicated that 18 patients had positive IgG antibody levels in their blood and 4 of them had IgM antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis. Ten patients had significant IgG levels and 3 of them had anti-Chlamydia IgM according to the MIF test results. Dima rapid detection test was able to show positive results for only 5 patients. We were not able to detect any Chlamydia inclusion bodies with direct microscopy after Gimenez staining. Conclusion: According to the results obtained with MIF technique which is generally considered to be the "Gold standard" serological detection method, the prevalence of chlamydia induced cervicitis was shown to be 7.2%. There was no statistically significant difference in IgM titers detected by ELISA and MIF methods. But there was statistically different IgG titer rates between ELISA and MIF techniques. Therefore, it is suggested that any ELISA positive IgG titer samples to be rechecked and reconfirmed by MIF method. Due to the lack of chlamydia inclusion body detection by direct microscopy, Gimenez staining is not recommended as a diagnostic tool.
N. Amir Mozafari,, H. Forouhesh Tehrani, , M. Niakani,
Volume 14, Issue 56 (11-2007)
Abstract
Background & Aim: Nalidixic acid is a quinolone antibiotic with excellent in vitro and in vivo activity against salmonella. It is often the first choice for treating drug resistance salmonella infections. Nalidixic acid resistance can often lead to resistance to fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin. In this survey the extent of salmonella infections, the salmonella strains involved, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and the MIC values towards nalidixic acid were investigated. Patients and Methods: During one year period(2005-2006), a total of 1333 diarrheal stool samples were collected from hospitalized patients. Stool cultures were performed on differential and selective media for salmonella isolation. A total of 45 salmonella spp.(species) were isolated(3.4%). Species identification were achieved by agglutination with species-specific antisera. Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined by disk-diffusion method(Kirby-Baure). The minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) of drug-resistance salmonella isolates was performed by E.test. The study was a descriptive work. Data was analyzed by SPSS sftware. Based on difference ratio hypothesis there were no significant differences between the two methods. Results: A total of 45 salmonella spp.(3.4%) were isolated from 1333 stool samples. Agglutination tests with specific antisera indicated that 9 of them belonged to S. enteritids(20.0%), 6 S. typhimurium(13.3%), 4 S. montevideo(8.9%), 3 S. paratyphi C(6.7%), 2 S. paratyphi B(4.4%), 1 S. muenchen(2.2%), 1 S. derby(2.2%), 1 S. schwarzengrund(2.2%), 1 S. arizonea(2.2%) and 13(28.9%) untypable strains. All of the isolates were agglutinated with only anti O-antisera and non showed any reactions with anti-H antisera. Of the 13 untypable strains, 10(22.2%) belonged to the salmonella serogroup C and the remaining 3(6.7%) were serogroup B. Antibiogram tests indicated that 11(24.4%) of the salmonella isolates were resistant to Nalidixic acid in the disk diffusion agar method. However, determination of MIC values with E.test indicated that only 9(20.0%) of these strains showed MIC values within resistant range. Conclusion: The highest rate of nalidixic acid resistance was seen within the non-typhoidal salmonella strains. These strains are widely distributed within our environment and are the major etiological agents of human salmonellosis. Eleven strains were nalidixic acid resistant in the disk-diffusion method whereas, only 9 showed resistant trait with E.test. The MIC of the resistant isolates to nalidixic acid was ≥ 32µg//ml. Despite its high cost, it is therefore concluded that E.test gives a better and more accurate identification of drug-resistance trait as compared to disk diffusion agar method.
N. Mehrvar, A. Akhavan Sepehi, , A. Mehrvar,, M. Azimi Rad,, R. Edalat,, F. Jaffari, M. Sanaee,, K. Mirsaeedi, , M.r. Zali,,
Volume 14, Issue 56 (11-2007)
Abstract
Background & Aim: Salmonella is the most important pathogenic microorganism causing food borne disease and diarrhea in humans. It could present as diarrhea, fever, vomiting and sometimes bloody diarrhea. Because of its' importance as one of the pathogens, it is essential to identify and characterize its serotypes by molecular methods. The aim of this study was to characterize PCR-Ribotyping technique for identification of salmonella serotypes in stool samples. Material and Methods: In this study our samples were salmonella strains isolated from 115 stools of children with diarrhea. After serotyping, their DNA was extracted with phenol/chloroform method. We performed the PCR-Ribotyping method with P1, P2 primers for 16S-23SrRNA gene. Finally PCR-products were electrophoresed on 1.8% agarose gel. After Ethidium Bromide staining we analysed it. Data were analyzed by SPSS 11.5, Chi-Square test and NTSYS2. Results: One hundred and fifteen strains contained paratyphi A, B, C, D and serotype typhi. All of the serotypes had similar 5 bands ranging 700 to 2500bp. Conclusion: According to the results we conclude that PCR-Ribotyping method has the highest sensitivity for identification of genus salmonella but it does not have enough power to discriminate between various salmonella serotypes.
F. Imani, M.h. Mirdehghan, S.r. Entezary, A. Mehdizadeh Kashi,
Volume 15, Issue 0 (1-2009)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Epidural-spinal anesthesia is one of the modern methods used to establish adequate anesthesia in cesarean section. In order to reduce these adverse effects different drugs are added to the anesthetic solution. The main aim of this article is evaluation of maternal and neonatal effects of adding Midazolam to Bupivacaine under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia in elective cesarean section Ptatients and Methods: This study has been designed as a double blind randomized clinical trial. Study population included pregnant females who were admitted to Hazrat Rasool Akram hospital to undergo elective cesarean section. Sampling was simple and nonrandomized. After considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and obtaining an informed consent, 90 pregnant women were divided by block randomization into 3 groups. Epidural-spinal anesthesia was achieved by using 2cc of 0.5% Bupivacaine. Based on their groups, group one (A) received only 0.5% Bupivacaine group two 2.5 mg of Midazolam along with 0.5% Bupivacaine and group 3, (C) 5 mg Midazolam with 0.5% Bupivacaine. Time duration of complete motor block, time duration of the highest score of sedation, time duration of required analgesia after surgery as well as, maternal and neonatal side effects were evaluated. To compare the qualitative and quantitalive data between the two groups, Chi sqaure test was used for normal distribution and for quantization variables, One Way ANOVA analysis of variance was used. Level of significance in this study was considered as 0.05. SPSS V. 13 was used for statistical analysis.
Results: Time of sensory motor block in Midazolam group was significantly less than Bupivacaine group this time for 5 mg Midazolam group was in the minimal range. The most sedative effects belonged to the midazolam
5 mg group. Adding Midazolam decreased significantly the time of requiring additional analgesia in mothers after surgery. The most prevalent complications that was reported by the mothers was nausea and vomiting more than 70% of mothers who received Bupivacaine alone complained of it.
Conclusion: In this study it was shown that addition of Midazolam was associated with rapid onset of motor and sensory blocks along with maximum sedation. It also decreased the incidence of nausea and vomiting due to Bupivacaine. In addition maternal and neonatal side effects are not increased.
N. Amir Mozaffari, , H. Forouhesh Tehrani,, Z. Tavaf Langeroodi,, A. Abdullahi, ,
Volume 15, Issue 0 (9-2008)
Abstract
Background & Aim:
clinical cases especially from hospitalized patients. Recently multiple drug resistant
isolated from clinical cases. Resistances were seen against drugs belonging to different antibiotic families. In this
survey, drug resistance in clinical isolates was studied with special reference to extended spectrum beta
lactamases.
Escherichia coli is one of the most important and prevalent bacteria isolated fromE.coli strains have beenPatients and Method:
for drug resistance by disc diffusion method. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of isolates resistant to
different antibiotics was determined by E-test. Beta lactamases production was tested with nitrocephin disc and
extended spectrum beta lactamases assays were performed with double disc synergy tests. Finally, Chi-square
and t-tests were used to analyze the data.
A total of 113 E. coli strains isolated from hospitalized patients were initially surveyedResults:
these MDR strains were positive in nitrocephin test, indicating beta lactamases production. Double disc synergy
tests results showed production of extended spectrum beta lactamases in all MDR isolates.
From the total of 113 E.coli isolates tested, 47 (41.5%) showed multi drug resistant trait. All ofConclusion:
Detection of 41.5% MDR trait, especially extended spectrum beta lactamases, in the clinicalE.coli
cephalosporins. It also necessitates conduction of a wider study to determine the extent of MDR
isolates points to the potential dangers posed by the widespread usage of extended spectrumE.colioccurrence at national level.
N. Amirmozafari, F. Jeddi, F. Masjedian, L. Haghighi,
Volume 15, Issue 0 (1-2009)
Abstract
Background & Aim: Mycoplasmas are the smallest bacteria capable of independent growth in artificial media. Mycoplasma hominis is associated with pre-mature birth, rupture of amniotic membranes and post-delivery fever. Ureaplasma urealyticum is similarly associated with chorioamnionitis and low-birth weight infants. Both of these bacteria can easily get transferred into newborns during childbirth leading to pneumonia, meningitis, cerebral abscesses and other complications. This study was conducted in order to survey the prevalence of these two micro organisms in women suffering from genital infections.
Patients and Methods: The study was adescriptive. Endocervical swabs were collected from a total of 205 women with genital tract infections who referred to various hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran. The swabs were placed in PPLO broth transport media and immediately sent to laboratory. Following filtration through 0.45
mm pore-size disposable filters, the filtrates were cultured into Arginine broth and Urea broth. In cases of color change, the broth media were sub-cultured into PPLO agar plates. All media were incubated at 35°C under elevated Co2 atmosphere.
Results: From the total of 205 endocervical swabs, 64 samples (31.18%) were positive for Ureaplasma urealyticum and 16 samples (7.76%) were positive for Mycoplasma hominis. The highest prevalence of positive cases was among the 29-39 years of age group (34 patients) and belonged to women diagnosed with vaginitis (36 patients).
Conclusion: The results of this survey indicate that the prevalence rate of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum infections among symptomatic Iranian women is in the intermediate range. Due to fact that the prevalence rates of these infections are probably on the rise, more attention needs to be paid to their role as an important etiologic factor of urogenital infections. Its prompt culture in routine clinical laboratories and immediate treatment should be considered as a health care priority.
Q. Behzadian Nejad, A. Abdollahi, Sh. Najar Peerayeh, H. Forouhesh Tehrani,
Volume 15, Issue 0 (1-2009)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. Pneumoniae) is one of the prevalent infectious bacteria, especially in hospitalized patients. Recently, its' multi drug resistance (MDR) trait has become more important and regarded as a virulant factor. In this study, we evaluated bla-ctx-m-type gene in clinical isolates of K.pneumoniae with multi drug resistance.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 280 K.pneumoniae strains were isolated from patients. Initially, we evaluated drug sensitivity with disk diffusion method. Then the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of resistant isolates was determined with E-test stripes. The existence of ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase) enzymes was identified by ESBL disks in Double Disk method. These resistances were evaluated with PCR. Finally, results were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: From total 280 K.pneumoniae, 62 samples (22.14%) showed multi drug resistance trait. 40 strains of these MDR isolates were completely resistant to the experimental cephalosporins, and positive in ESBL production by Double Disk methodology. These results were proved and evaluated with PCR and Sequencing.
Conclusion: Detection of 22.14% MDR trait, especially extended spectrum beta-lactamases in resistant clinical K.pneumoniae isolates, points to the in usage of extended spectrum cephalosporins.
