Volume 28, Issue 5 (8-2021)                   RJMS 2021, 28(5): 80-89 | Back to browse issues page

Research code: IR.IAU.M.REC.1399.015
Ethics code: IR.IAU.M.REC.1399.015
Clinical trials code: IR.IAU.M.REC.1399.015

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tabe H, abbassi daloii A, ziaolhagh S J, barari A. The effect of aerobic training and garlic supplementation on expression of metabolic markers in heart tissue of obese rats. RJMS 2021; 28 (5) :80-89
URL: http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6848-en.html
Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran , abbasi.daloii@gmail.com
Abstract:   (1435 Views)
Background & Aims: Obesity is recognized as a modern global epidemic disease (2). Clinical and epidemiological evidence suggests that obesity is associated with a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including coronary heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Obesity can increase CVD mortality (3-5).
Phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) is a family of lipids and protein kinases that are transmitted in intracellular signals and are involved in regulating a wide variety of biological processes including cellular metabolic control and cell proliferation and survival (8). PI3K activation in response to increased myocardial contractility regulates glucose metabolism and oxidation of myocardial fatty acids (10). Also, Tensin homologue (PTEN) is a dual-function lipid and phosphoinositide phosphatase that negatively regulates insulin signaling via the PI3K pathway (11).
Evidence shows that exercise reduces the risk of metabolic disease by activating metabolic changes in various tissues of the body (14). An increase in PI3kinase following aerobic exercise has been reported in animal specimens (15, 16). Decreased gene expression as well as PTEN protein in the left ventricular muscle of Wistar rats after eight weeks of swimming training (17) and no significant change in prostate gland PTEN gene expression in male rats after six weeks of continuous training (18). On the other hand, administration of antioxidants can improve heart damage and improve insulin resistance in adipose tissue of obese subjects (19). Meanwhile, garlic with the scientific name of Allium Sativum has long been used as a food flavoring and also its useful properties as a medicine in herbal medicine in the treatment of various diseases have been proven (20). Improvement of diet-induced pathological changes in rat heart tissue following garlic consumption has been reported (22).
Considering the potential benefits of garlic and regular exercise in reducing obesity and the potentially beneficial consequences of their interactive effect on heart tissue metabolism, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and garlic supplementation on expression of metabolic markers in heart tissue of obese rats.
Methods: This is an experimental study. 25 male rats (5 healthy adult rats and 20 adults obese male Wistar rats) were randomly divided into five groups: control (healthy), obese, obese-garlic, obese-aerobic training and obese-garlic. 5 healthy adult rats and 20 obese adult male rats exposed to the cycle of dark light (12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness), humidity of 65±5% and temperature of 25±2°C, with free access to water and high-fat food, underwent a high-fat diet. Containing 50% fat (derived from soybean oil), 30% carbohydrate and 20% protein, they weighed 319 g to be considered obese according to the Lee index (23). Aerobic exercise was performed on treadmill, 5 days week for eight weeks (24). After anesthesia, an autopsy was performed and heart tissue was removed. gene expression of PI3K and PTEN in heart tissue were measured using Real Time PCR. Data were analyzed by t-test, One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey at the P<0.05.
Results: The results showed that PI3K mRNA of heart tissue was significantly higher in the obese-garlic, obese-exercise and obese-exercise-garlic groups than the obese control group (P=0.001). Also, PTEN mRNA of heart tissue was significantly lower in obese-garlic, obese-exercise and obese-exercise-garlic groups than the obese control group (P=0.001) (fig. 1-2).
Conclusion: The findings of the present study show that after the intervention, PI3K mRNA of heart tissue was significantly higher and PTEN mRNA of heart tissue was significantly lower in the obese-garlic, obese-exercise and obese-exercise-garlic. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (15-17). Regarding the mechanisms affecting PI3K changes, it has been reported that high expression of IGF-1 or IGF receptors activates PI3K (p110α) and induces physiological hypertrophy of the heart (28). Therefore, in our study, aerobic exercise may have altered PI3K levels by affecting IGF-1 levels. Tensin homolog (PTEN) negatively regulates insulin signaling via the PI3K pathway (11). A study has shown that the expression and enzymatic activity of PTEN are strongly regulated at the levels of transcription, translation and protein / protein interaction (30). The PTEN gene can be upregulated by primary growth-regulated transcription factor-1, PPARγ, P53, and transcription-activating factor-2, while beta-transforming growth factor (TGF), nuclear factor-kappa b, and Jun Can set it negatively. Nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB), transcription factor subunit AP-1 c-Jun and CBF-1 (binding factor regulator C-promoter-1) bind to PTEN promoter to regulate its transcription (31). Exercise in the present study may have altered the gene expression of PTEN in the heart tissue of obese rats by influencing the above factors. also, Regular exercise has been reported to reduce oxidative stress levels, which in turn can reduce PTEN expression levels (18). The mechanism of improvement of metabolic processes following the consumption of garlic has been investigated. Animal studies have shown that dietary supplementation with garlic reduces the activity of lipogenic and cholestrogenic enzymes including malic enzyme, fatty acid synthetase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (34). In the present study, garlic supplementation had significant effect on the expression of PI3K and PTEN genes in the heart tissue of obese rats after the intervention period. Garlic extract has been reported to improve oxidative stress and reduce heart failure in a dose-dependent manner (35). According to the findings of the present study, it is possible that aerobic exercise and garlic supplementation intervention can help improve gene expression of cardiac tissue metabolic markers in obesity. There were limitations in the present study, including the lack of measurement of factors affecting cardiac tissue metabolic indices such as IGF-1 and PPARγ, P53 and TGF, and NF-κB.
 
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Type of Study: Research | Subject: Sports Medicine

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