2024-03-29T13:19:44+04:30 http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?mag_id=186&slc_lang=en&sid=1
186-5410 2024-03-29 10.1002
Razi Journal of Medical Sciences RJMS 2228-7043 2228-7051 2019 26 5 Structural Relations of Rumination and Catastrophizing and the Symptoms of Internet Addiction: the Mediating Role of Anxiety Touraj Hashemi Nosrat Abad Tourajhashemi46@tabrizu.ac.ir Mansour Bayrami dr.bayrami@yahoo.com Ali Shiri ُshiriali16@yahoo.com Background: Internet Addiction is one of the commonest problems in human communities. Studying this problem is of paramount importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the structural relations of rumination and catastrophizing and the symptoms of Internet addiction by the mediation of anxiety. Methods: In this study, the sample included 246 4th-grade male students from state high schools in Tabriz, selected through random cluster sampling. For the collection of data, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Young’s Internet Addiction Test (YIAT20), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used. Then, the gathered data were analyzed through structural equation modeling. Results: The analysis of data showed that rumination and catastrophizing by the mediation of anxiety could explain Internet addiction symptoms. Rumination, catastrophyzing and anxiety could explain Internet addiction symptoms directly. The indirect effect of rumination on Internet addiction by the mediation of anxiety was positive and significant; however, the indirect effect of catastrophizing on Internet addiction by the mediation of anxiety was not significant. The goodness of fit indices showed that the measured model fits with the theoretical model. Coclusion: The findings have practical implications for clinical psychologists and can be useful in diagnosis and therapy of Internet addition disorder.   Rumination Catastrophizing Internet Addiction Anxiety 2019 8 01 1 8 http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5410-en.pdf
186-5190 2024-03-29 10.1002
Razi Journal of Medical Sciences RJMS 2228-7043 2228-7051 2019 26 5 Antimicrobial resistance pattern of citrobacter species isolated from food outbreaks Fatemeh Namaki fatemeh_namaki@yahoo.com Zahra Rajabi z_rajabi.arshad@yahoo.com Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal Msoltandallal@gmail.com Background: Foodborne diseases and resistance to antimicrobial agents are two of the world's most widespread global issues. Also, the excessive use of antibiotics has led to the resistance of bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family to antibiotics, especially in carbapenems. Citrobacter is an opportunistic bacterium that is resistant to antibiotics in the emerging bacteria and has been challenging the treatment. Methods: From 704 rectal swabs sent to the microbiological laboratory, 84 isolates of Citrobacter were isolated and identified using microbiological methods, differential tests and the API-20E kit. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by disc diffusion method. Results: Of the 84 isolates of Citrobacter isolated from patients with diarrhea, the dominant species was Citrobacter Ferrandi. (42.9%), 36 isolates from men and (57.1%) were isolated from 48 isolates. The highest and lowest antibiotic susceptibility belonged to meropenem (100%) and ampicilin (57%) respectively. Conclusion: Recently, antibiotic-resistant citrobacters have emerged in hospital infections. The results of this study indicate that monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in Citrobacter is necessary. The policy of using antibiotics should be developed in hospitals, so that effective antibiotics can be prescribed and administered uncontrolledly.   Citrobacter antibiotic resistance food outbreaks 2019 8 01 9 17 http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5190-en.pdf
186-5599 2024-03-29 10.1002
Razi Journal of Medical Sciences RJMS 2228-7043 2228-7051 2019 26 5 Research centers\' ranking and resource management Leila Ghalichi ghalichi.l@iums.ac.ir Kazem Malakouti malakouti.k@iums.ac.ir Morteza Naserbakht naserbakht.m@iums.ac.ir Mohammad Hosein Kafaee mehr kafaee.m@iums.ac.ir Omid Pournik pournik.o@iums.ac.ir Background: In recent decade, there has been an increase in the number of research centers and the allocated budget and resources to research in Iran. These research centers show widely different performance and research impacts. Identifying the sources of such differences can help the research sector managers improve the effectiveness of distributed resources. Methods: This study was performed on 28 research centers that were evaluated in Iran’s Ministry of health’s annual ranking of research centers and received their budget from research deputy of Iran University of medical sciences. The outcome of interest was the score gained in the ranking that is calculated based on number and quality of the articles, number of citations, H index of the research center, books and abstracts. Results: In univariate analysis, tenure of the research center, its total allocated space, number of faculty members, number of non-faculty employees and total budget and number of research-based students (PhD by research, post-doctorate and clinical Scientists) were significantly correlated with the score. In regression model, number of non-faculty employees and total budget were the significant predictor variables of the score. Conclusion: The results suggest that lack of human resources in research centers as well as budget limitations can hinder the optimum performance of research centers. Providing the necessary personnel in research centers can increase the effectiveness of the allocated research budget in research centers.   Evaluation Budget Scientometrics 2019 8 01 18 25 http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5599-en.pdf
186-5402 2024-03-29 10.1002
Razi Journal of Medical Sciences RJMS 2228-7043 2228-7051 2019 26 5 The role of spirituality and emotional cognitive regulation on the withdrawal of addiction with marital status and age increasing Maryam Faraghati maryamfaraghati@yahoo.com Ahmad Borjali borjali@atu.ac.ir Faramarz Sohrabi asmar567@yahoo.com Noorali Farrokhi farrokhinoorali@yahoo.com Hossein Skandari sknd40@gmail.com Background: Addiction is one of the most complex social problems at present that causes many social problems and social deviations. The purpose of this study was to develop a prediction model for addiction trap based on individual, spiritual and emotional variables. Methods: The present study was a correlational study in which 300 drug addicts with age rangeof 17 and 69 years that had referred to Alborz addiction treatment center in 2016 (150 successful and 150 unsuccessful addicted people) (on available) were selected with the aim of determining the role of spirituality and cognitive-emotional regulation. The tools of study were Shahidi and Farajnia's spiritual attitude questionnaires and the scale of emotional cognitive regulation strategies. Spss-16 and lisre8.7 software were used. Results: In this study, age, marital status, emotional status and spiritual attitude significantly predict the success of quitting the addiction. Also, positive emotional setting with coefficient β=0.44 and spiritual attitude with coefficientβ=0.62, significantly predict success in addiction quit. Conclusion: The results of this study can be used in identifying variables engaged in addiction quit and their application can be used in addiction treatment centers for successfully quitting addiction. Spirituality Cognitive regulation Individual variables Withdrawal 2019 8 01 26 36 http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5402-en.pdf
186-5340 2024-03-29 10.1002
Razi Journal of Medical Sciences RJMS 2228-7043 2228-7051 2019 26 5 Comparison of failure between post- shunted ETV and primary ETV in hydrocephalus: a review article Mohammad Amin Jesmani aminjesmani999@gmail.com Mohammad Hosein Ranjbar Hameghavandi mhr2137722@yahoo.com Alireza Khoshnevisan akhoshnevisan@tums.ac.ir Hydrocephalus is an abnormal increase in the volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Sometimes increased intracerebral pressure also may lead to hydrocephalus. Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV) treatment is a new method for hydrocephaly treatment. In this method, in addition to the fact that the patient does not need an implant, the risk of infection is low and in the long term the result is excellent treatment. ETV has been increasingly used in recent years to treat hydrocephaly. Lack of a standardized criteria/algorithm for choosing ETV for hydrocephalic patients, we conducted this review study to investigate the likelihood of ETV failures after shunt failure compared to ETV without previous shunting as hydrocephaly treatment. The results of recent studies show that ETV's success is increasing and shunting for different reasons such as site infection, should be replaced by other methods, such as ETV. Some patients, especially in poor grades, can show a delayed recovery. However, in some patients due to inappropriate physiological conditions, after ETV treatment, there is a poor result and hence the need for shunting. Failure to improve after ETV can be due to obstruction of the stoma, complicated hydrocephalus, or vascular disorders. The ETV approach seems to be more successful in hydrocephaly patients, but the use of the ETV method has limitations. Most researchers have identified certain conditions for the success of ETV such as: no history of brain infections, no history of ventricular hemorrhage, patient age, history of shunting, history of mental illness, gender, ventricular anatomy, history and number of actions Shunt replacement surgery and hydrocephalus type.   Hydrocephaly Shunt CSF ETV 2019 8 01 37 45 http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5340-en.pdf
186-5388 2024-03-29 10.1002
Razi Journal of Medical Sciences RJMS 2228-7043 2228-7051 2019 26 5 Evaluation of psychometric properties of Persian version of social comparisons during chronic illness scale Ahmadi Ahmadi Ghozlojeh Ahmadi.drc@gmail.com mehdizadeh.tavasani@yahoo.com Hosein Delavari ahdaf40@yahoo.com Atefeh Ramazani ramazani.a1394@yahoo.com Background: Under stressful circumstances, such as confrontation with a life-threatening disease, people often make comparisons with each other, which can have effects on their psychological and physical well-being. This research aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of Persian version of social comparisons during chronic illness scale. Methods: The study was descriptive with a correlational design. Among the diabetic patients referring to the Goodarz and Sadoghi hospital hospitals of Yazd in 1396, 200 subjects were randomly selected. Validity of this scale was determined by using content, criterion and construct validity methods. In order to assess the construct validity, exploratory factor analysis and calculating the correlation coefficient of factors and items with total score, and to assess of criterion validity, the social support (Sohrabi et al, 2007) and world health organization's WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment scales as a criterion were used. Also, the reliability of the scale was evaluated using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Cronbach's alpha coefficient, Pearson correlation coefficient and exploratory factor analysis methods were used and data was analyzed using SPSS version 21software. Results: Negative interpretation and Positive interpretation factors were extracted as using principal components analysis method. The correlation coefficient between the items with the total score was between 0.31 to 0.87, which were significant and confirms coefficients construct validity of the scale. Also, the correlation coefficients between this scale with social support and quality of life were 0.56 and 0.72, which confirmed the criterion validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficients of negative interpretation factor, positive interpretation factor and total scale were found to be 0.98, 0.86, and 0.92 respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of this research, the Persian version of the social comparison scale during chronic illness can be used as a valid and reliable tool for researchers in the field of social comparison in people with chronic disease. validity and reliability social comparison identification contrast chronic illness 2019 8 01 46 55 http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5388-en.pdf
186-5430 2024-03-29 10.1002
Razi Journal of Medical Sciences RJMS 2228-7043 2228-7051 2019 26 5 The effect of aerobic exercise during pregnancy on vascular BCL-2, BAX and eNOS gene expression in adult male offspring rat Azam Abdollahpour a.abdollahpour1980@gmail.com Hamid Rajabi hrajabi@khu.ac.ir Abbasali Gaeini aagaeini@yahoo.com mohamad Sofi-abadi mohasofi@yahoo.com Neda Khaledi Neda_Khaledi@hotmail.com Background: Change in vascular function is considered to be an indicator for vascular disease. Effective factors on vascular function are enzyme eNOS and apoptotic regulator factors including BCL-2 and BAX. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise during pregnancy on vascular gene expression of BCL-2, BAX, and eNOS in Sprague dawley rats offspring Methods: Ten 8-week-old females Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups of exercise during pregnancy (T) (221±9.9) and sedentary (C) (223.8±8). The aerobic exercise training was performed immediately after observation of the vaginal plaque for 21 days and 5 sessions per week with moderate intensity (35-45% vo2 max). About 2 days before delivery, their training program was terminated. Femoral artery samples were collected at 8 weeks of male offspring age. Data was analyzed with independent t-test for between group comparisons. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Statistical analyses were carried out using the SPSS software (version 16). Results: The results of the study showed that 21 days of aerobic exercise training with moderate intensity during pregnancy increased significantly mRNA of the BCL-2 gene(P=0.004), decreased significantly mRNA of the BAX gene in male offspring (p=0.000), but there was no significant change in mRNA of the eNOS gene (p=0.494). Conclusion: It seems that moderate aerobic exercise during pregnancy can reduce apoptosis as a result of vascular dysfunction in adult offspring.   Aerobic exercise Pregnancy Apoptosis Endothelial function 2019 8 01 56 66 http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5430-en.pdf
186-5546 2024-03-29 10.1002
Razi Journal of Medical Sciences RJMS 2228-7043 2228-7051 2019 26 5 Effect of silymarin on blood glucose concentration and pax4 gene expression and histopathology of pancreatic tissue in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats sajad nikkhah nikkhah199@gmail.com hosein sazgar h.seazgar@iaushk.com noosha Zia-jahromi nooshazia.59@gmail.com Background: Considering the high rates of diabetes in Iran and the world and also due to the lower side effects of medicinal plants compared to industrial and chemical arbitrators, this study examined the effect of the active ingredient of tall moss (silymarin) on the expression of pax4 gene, one of the key genes for development and reconstruction of pancreatic beta cells. Methods: The present study was of a fundamental type and its experimental method. 42 male Wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into 7 groups of sixths. Diabetic rats with diabetes mellitus straptozotocin have been diagnosed with fasting blood glucose every 10 days and then anesthetized and described after the end of the rats with anesthetics. A portion of the pancreatic tissue was isolated and the pax4 gene expression was analyzed using Real Time RT PCR. Results: The active ingredient of silymarin caused a significant decrease in blood glucose levels in all of the patient groups receiving the drug (C, D, E, F). This drug significantly increased the expression of pax4 gene in the doses of mg/kg 150 and 100 silymarin (D, E) compared to diabetic controls (B) and other groups receiving silymarin and metformin (p<0.05). This increase in the gene expression is not dose-dependent and in the group treated by 150 mg/kg (D) dose of silymarin, the gene expression is lower than the group treated by 100 mg/kg (D) dose of silymarin. Conclusion: The active ingredient of silymarin significantly increased the expression of the pax4 gene, and this gene, one of the beta cells repair and upkeep genes, improves and restores beta cells and pancreatic islets.   Pax4 Silymarin Histopathology Rat Streptozotocin. 2019 8 01 67 78 http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5546-en.pdf
186-5533 2024-03-29 10.1002
Razi Journal of Medical Sciences RJMS 2228-7043 2228-7051 2019 26 5 Factors evaluation of oxidant–antioxidant malondialdehyde, plasma total antioxidant and vitamin C in type 1 diabetes patients compared with healthy people Nasim Amiri Kojuri nasim.amiri20@gmail.com Amir Hossein Esmaeili saba_amiri12@yahoo.com Background: One of the most important prevalent and chronic diseases is diabetes. The conditions of oxidative stress and missing equilibrium of antioxidants have an important and main role in emerging and development of this disease. Evaluating the factors of oxidant – antioxidant Malondialdehyde, plasma total antioxidant and Vitamin C in type 1 diabetes patients is the main purpose of the present study. Methods: In the present case – control study, 30 patients suffering from type 1 diabetes were compared with 30 healthy persons. The capacity of plasma total antioxidant was measured with FRAP method. Malondialdehyde was measured as final production of lipids peroxidation based on Hadley and Draper method and evaluation of vitamin C level using Roe and Queter method. Statistical analysis was done using T statistical test and SPSS soft ware. P <0.05 was considered as significant level. Results: The mean and standard deviation of plasma total antioxidant in persons with case 35.11±8.04 and in persons with control 36.19±2.3 µmol/L that statistically was significant (p= 0.000). The amount of MAD as a factor lipids peroxidation in persons with case 16.52±1.14 and in persons with control 15.42±2.34 µmol/L (p= 0.056). Vitamin C level in persons with case and control 7.43±0.67 and 8.76±2.86 mg/dl (p= 0.000). Conclusion: In the present research, the level of plasma total antioxidant and vitamin C in patients suffering diabetes has been significantly less than control group. Malondialdehyde level showed a significant increase in the case group. Therefore, it is recommended to consume and use natural antioxidants much more in order to reduce damages originate from free radicals. Type 1 diabetes Malondialdehyde plasma total antioxidant Vitamin C 2019 8 01 79 86 http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5533-en.pdf
186-5595 2024-03-29 10.1002
Razi Journal of Medical Sciences RJMS 2228-7043 2228-7051 2019 26 5 Effect of 12-week pilates training on plasma levels of PGC1-α and Irisin in obese women tayebe nazari tayebenazary@yahoo.com abbas ali gaeini aagaeini@ut.ac.ir reza nori nuri_r7@ut.ac.ir roholah haghshenas rhm@profs.semnan.ac.ir Background: Obesity is the most common metabolic disorder and important problem of the last decade. Exercise activity can reduce the negative effects of obesity by affecting PGC-1α and subsequent increases in Irisin, it can change the white adipose tissue and convert it into brown adipose tissue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks Pilates training on the plasma values of PGC-1α and Irisin in obese women. Methods: the research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test. The statistical population was all obesity women with BMI higher than 30 and age range 25-35 in Semnan. 30 people were selected as available statistical sample from this population and were randomly assigned into two groups: experimental group and control group. The experimental group performed Pilates training protocol, which included stretching tensile exercises, neuromuscular coordination and balance, for 12 weeks, three sessions per week, and every session of 1.5 hours. The ELISA method was used to measure PGC-1α and Irisin variables 48 h before the start of the exercise protocol and 48 hours after the last exercise session. To analyze the data, covariance analysis was used at the significant level (p≤0.05). Results: The results showed that 12 weeks Pilates training can lead to a significant increase in PGC-1α (p=0.027) and Irisin (p=0.001) in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results show that 12 weeks Pilates training can lead to increase PGC-1α and plasma Irisin and it can be stated that this type of training has a positive effect on converting white adipose tissue into brown adipose tissue and increasing exothermicity in the body.   Pilates training PGC1-α Irisin Obese women 2019 8 01 87 95 http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5595-en.pdf
186-5614 2024-03-29 10.1002
Razi Journal of Medical Sciences RJMS 2228-7043 2228-7051 2019 26 5 Relationship between serum levels of chromium and iron with transferrin and albumin levels as carrier proteins in diabetic patients with atherosclerosis roghaye raeisi roghayehraeisi1991@gmail.com noosha zia jahromi nooshazia.59@gmail.com Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic diseases in the world, resulting in complete or partial deficiency or resistance to insulin action. In this study, the association between serum levels of chromium and iron with serum levels of their carriers, transferrin and albumin in diabetic patients with atherosclerosis was investigated.  Methods: In this study, 5 cc blood samples was taken from 30 diabetic patients with atherosclerosis and 30 healthy subjects. Serum chromium and iron levels of serum were measured by atomic absorption method and spectrophotometric method, respectively. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS (version 23). Results: The results showed that serum albumin level in patients was slightly increased compared to healthy subjects, but there was a significant difference (p=0.444). In the patient group, the correlation coefficient of iron and transferrin (R2=0.022) was higher than the correlation coefficient of iron and albumin (R²=0.0053) and statistically significant (p=0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that in diabetic patients suffering from atherosclerosis, iron and albumin levels were higher than chromium and transferrin, but further research is needed. We hope that by studying these factors and proteins, this treatment gets more appropriate than other treatments for diabetic patients with atherosclerosis.   Diabetes mellitus Atherosclerosis Transferrin Chromium Iron 2019 8 01 96 103 http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5614-en.pdf
186-5623 2024-03-29 10.1002
Razi Journal of Medical Sciences RJMS 2228-7043 2228-7051 2019 26 5 Prediction of tendency to surgical intervention in nurses using logistic regression model and its comparison with artificial neural network bahare andayeshgar bahar_andaieshgar66@yahoo.com Alireza KHatony akhatony@kums.ac.ir Mansour Rezaei rezaei39@yahoo.com Background: Logistic regression is one of the modeling methods for bipartite dependent variables. On the other hand, artificial neural network is a flexible method with the least limitation. The importance of growing unnecessary beauty surgeries and the importance of prediction and classification made us consider the present study, with the aim of comparing logistic regression and artificial neural network, to predict the tendency for nurses to crack down. Methods: The sample consisted of 360 nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. The response variable was a tendency or unwillingness to cure. An artificial network evaluation was performed based on the least squares prediction error. Using the rock curve index and prediction accuracy, two models were compared. SPSS22, statistica12 and chi-square test were used to analyze the data. Results: In the training group, predictive accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and surface area under the rock curves for the logistic regression method were 0.777, 0.760, 0.779, 0.779, respectively, and artificial neural network method was 0.847, 0.859, 0.833, 0.846. Also, in the test group, the criteria for logistic regression were 0.813, 0.738, 0.926, 0.832 and 0.735, 0.737, 0.731, 0.735, respectively. Chi-square test did not show any significant difference between the two levels under the rock curve in any of the groups. Conclusion: In the training group, the performance of the ANN was better than the logistic regression method, but in the experimental group, the prediction accuracy and logistic regression characteristics were more than the artificial neural network. Therefore, logistic regression can be used to predict the tendency for surgical intervention in nurses.   Logistic regression Artificial neural network Surgery Nurses Prediction 2019 8 01 104 113 http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5623-en.pdf
186-5653 2024-03-29 10.1002
Razi Journal of Medical Sciences RJMS 2228-7043 2228-7051 2019 26 5 Overview on vascular tissue engineering: Progress and challenges khadijeh baaji khadijeh.baaji.eng@iauctb.ac.ir Mohamad Pezeshki Modares Pezeshkimodaress.m@iums.ac.ir sarah rajabi srajabi@royaninstitute.org Today, vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis are one of the leading causes of death in the world and the prevalence of it in older societies is rising. The current treatments for repair of cardiovascular function include organ transplantation, surgical reconstruction, mechanical or artificial devices, or the use of metabolic products. Although these methods are commonly used, they did not grow significantly due to the shortage of donors and transmission of infection complications, rejection tissue by the patient's body. Currently, many researches are underway in the field of tissue and medical engineering for the development of new artificial vessels for small diameter vessels. In general, it can be classified as a source of biomaterials for natural and synthetic (biodegradable and non-degradable) broad spectrum of chemical and mechanical properties. The main purpose of tissue engineering is the design of alternative materials in vitro condition using live cells in order to restore the physiological function of the patient's tissue, which is similar to the natural tissue lost. In fact, tissue engineering as an interdisciplinary approach involves incorporating the principles of engineering, cellular and molecular biology, and clinical medicine. The tissue engineering structures consist of three major components: cells, materials, and growth factors. In this article, a review of the biomaterials, fabrication of scaffold, cells, as well as clinical applications in vascular tissue engineering are presented herein.   Vascular grafts Tissue engineering Atherosclerosis Scaffold Biomaterials 2019 8 01 114 130 http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5653-en.pdf
186-5710 2024-03-29 10.1002
Razi Journal of Medical Sciences RJMS 2228-7043 2228-7051 2019 26 5 Explanation of the training process through the axial process model shahnaz olyan Ajam shahnaz.olyan@gmail.com Alireza Ghasemizad Ghasemizad@kau.ac.ir Abbas Gholtash hrmotamed@yahoo.com Background: Patient’s education is one of the standards of the quality of care and a factor affecting the cost, recovery and treatment of the patient. Considering the importance of patient’s education in hospitals, the present study aimed at designing the patient’s instruction model in a hospital through process-based model. Methods: The present study was qualitative and based on the grounded theory. The statistical society included nurses, department heads and education employees who were chosen purposefully. The interview was conducted in the form of open and deep questions. The interview was conducted in the form of open and deep questions. The participants included 12 clinical nurses, 5 department heads and 3 education experts. Data was analyzed using open-axial-selective coding method. The methods of credibility, transportability, reliability and verifiability were used for certifying the data. Results: The components of the patient's education process included the assessment of need for education, index development, process identification, educational planning, material provision, resources, educational equipment, training program conducting, process monitoring, training effectiveness, process improvement and corrective actions. The patient’s education process began with the assessment of need for education and was followed up to process monitoring. Conclusion: To succeed in patient’s instruction in hospitals, a systematic approach is needed. Process-based education is a regular and transparent, verifiable and evaluable method; a process that continues to promote and improve. This method requires the identification of educational needs, educational planning, conducting of educational programs and the evaluation of the educational process.   Patient education Surgical patients Process-Base Grounded theory 2019 8 01 131 141 http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5710-en.pdf