@article{ author = {Mohebbi, Alireza and Javadinejad, Kimia and Roomiani, Maryam and Jahandideh, Hessam}, title = {Evaluating the Reliability and Validity of the Persian Version of the Rhinoplasty Satisfaction Questionnaire (ROE)}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Rhinoplasty is one of the most popular types of cosmetic surgeries performed by otorhinolaryngologists. Rhinoplasty is a challenging and complex surgery because it is designed according to the unique needs of each patient (1). In 2013, men accounted for approximately 20 percent of all rhinoplasty procedures and non-whites accounted for nearly 30 percent of the patient population. In addition, the age of candidates for rhinoplasty was wide and about half of the patients were between 19 and 34 years old and the other half of the patients were under 19 years old or older (2). The existence of tools to measure patients' satisfaction with the results of their surgery can give surgeons a better view to optimize the methods and quality of their surgeries. One of the common methods for evaluating surgical results in terms of patients satisfaction is through the quality of life questionnaires. Especially in rhinoplasty, this method of evaluation aims to examine the direct effect of surgery on patient satisfaction with self-image and consequently self-esteem (3-5). As a result, the validity of such questionnaires is significant. Researchers can use these tools to assess the quality of surgery and optimize methods based on individual characteristics (6). Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE) is one of the questionnaires used today to assess patients' willingness and satisfaction with rhinoplasty (7, 8). In 2021, Mulafikh et al. published a study in Arabic aimed at translating, intercultural matching, and validating the outcome of ROE. This non-randomized prospective study included 50 patients and a control group of 89 healthy individuals who underwent primary rhinoplasty from January to October 2020 in the Department of Otolaryngology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. There was a significant difference in ranking between rhinoplasty patients and the control group on both individual questions and total scores. Significant improvement in patient group ranking was observed in 2 weeks and 3 months after surgery compared to preoperative score (P <0.0001). Based on the conclusion of this study, the Arabic version ROE showed good internal consistency, reliability, and credibility and can be used to evaluate the results of rhinoplasty in the Arab population (9). The questionnaire has been translated into German, Turkish, Arabic, and many other languages, but so far in Iran, there is no scale to measure patients' satisfaction with rhinoplasty (10-12). It can be used for many Iranian patients and surgeons. This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the translated ROE Questionnaire. Methods: The ROE questionnaire was translated by two independent translators and then it was translated back into English and was compared with the original one. With the expert panel reviews, its Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) were calculated. Then, patients who underwent rhinoplasty in Firoozgar Hospital and a private center in Tehran in 2016, for the first time and without any simultaneous facial surgeries, were included in this study, and again two weeks after the operation. This research was done with the approval of the ethics committee of the research vice-chancellor of the Iran University of Medical Sciences (IR.IUMS.FMD.REC.1399.849). Results: Expert panel consisted of 10 experts that expressed their views on the questionnaire items. The CVR coefficient for all items except the second item was above 0.62, for which the coefficient was measured to be 0.564. The CVI coefficient was also reported to be 0.8 for all items. The mean total score of 87 patients at the first completion was 43.14 (±15.32), which two weeks later reached 41.58 (±15.60) (p > 0.05), this indicates that the Persian version of ROE has good reliability. The postoperative score was 68.48 (±12.49) which was significantly improved (p <0.05). Conclusion: In our study, differences in gender, age, and education had did not affect postoperative satisfaction scores using ROE. The results of our study are consistent with previous studies (3, 7, 10, 11). This study had a lower item-total correlation coefficient for question 2 like the Arabic version of ROE because unlike the rest of the questions, the second question was related to the functional aspect of rhinoplasty and patients were worried about aesthetic aspects of rhinoplasty (10). Despite this, as the only question about nasal obstruction, and high total post-operative scores we found this question important and applicable for the Persian version of ROE. Izu et al. Introduced a cut-off point of 12 out of 24 or 50% for ROE to be used as a tool to evaluate surgical outcomes and to help predict outcomes (12). In our study, the mean total ROE score in individuals at the first time of completing the questionnaire and after surgery was significantly different (p-value <0.05). Patients reported a score lower than this incision point before surgery and more than 50% after surgery. This indicates the high satisfaction of patients with the surgical outcome. Other studies have used ROE to demonstrate the results of rhinoplasty and its high impact on quality of life, and have concluded that long-term follow-up increases patient satisfaction with rhinoplasty. For this reason, follow-up is important to help evaluate outcomes and long-term patient satisfaction (7, 13, 14). The limitations of the present study were the inability to examine patients in different medical centers, a relatively small sample size, and a short follow-up period. Also, the patients' satisfaction after long-term and medium-term surgery was not evaluated. To increase the accuracy of this questionnaire, this questionnaire should be repeated at different times and places. Also, the surgeon using this questionnaire should pay attention to long-term follow-up of rhinoplasty and ways to improve patients' quality of life. So far, no tool has been introduced to measure patients' satisfaction with the shape of the nose and the outcome of surgery after rhinoplasty, in Iran. The results of our study showed that the Persian version of ROE has good reliability, validity, and credibility, and its results are comparable to ROE questionnaires that have already been translated, adapted, and published in the literature review, as well as the original ROE. Therefore, this tool can be used to evaluate the results of rhinoplasty and many applications can be imagined for it.}, Keywords = {Rhinoplasty,ROE Questionnaire, Validity and Reliability}, volume = {29}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی پایایی و روایی نسخۀ فارسی پرسش نامه ارزیابی رضایتمندی رینوپلاستی (ROE)}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: جراحی رینوپلاستی یکی از مداخلاتی است که طرفداران زیادی پیدا کرده ‌است و به صورت رایج انجام می‌شود. وجود ابزارهایی جهت سنجش میزان رضایت بیماران از نتایج جراحی خود می‌تواند به جراحان در بهینه‌سازی روش‌ها و کیفیت جراحی‌هایشان کمک کند. هدف از انجام این مطالعه سنجش روایی و پایایی نسخه‌ی فارسی پرسش‌نامه‌ی ارزیابی رضایتمندی رینوپلاستی (ROE) Rhinoplastic Outcome Evaluation است. روش کار: در این مطالعه مقطعی توصیفی-تحلیلی که در سال ۱۳۹۹ انجام شد، پرسش‌نامه‌ی ROE توسط دو مترجم مستقل ترجمه گردید و پس از آن گروهی از متخصصان، مقادیر Content Validity Ratio (CVR) (نسبت روایی محتوایی) و Content Validity Index (CVI) (شاخص روایی محتوایی) آن را بررسی کردند. پرسش‌نامه قبل و بعد از جراحی رینوپلاستی٫ در اختیار ۸۷ نفر از بیماران قرار گرفت. برای بررسی پایایی پرسش‌نامه از آلفای کرونباخ و آزمون بازآزمایی مجدد test-retest استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: ضریب آلفای کرونباخ برای این پرسش‌نامه 727/0 محاسبه شد. میانگین نمره کلی بیماران قبل از جراحی 32/15±15/43 بود که به 48/68 ± 49/12 بعد از جراحی افزایش یافت (001/0p<). علاوه بر این، CVR تمامی گویه‌ها بالاتر از حد استاندارد CVR برای 10 خبره، یعنی 62/0 بود، بجز گویه‌ی شماره دو که CVR برابر با 564/0 داشت. همچنین میانگین CVI همه گویه‌ها برابر با 8/0 بود که بالاتر از 79/0 بوده و نشانگر روایی محتوایی کافی این پرسش‌نامه می‌باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج، نسخه‌ی ترجمه‌شده‌ی پرسش‌نامه‌ی ROE دارای روایی و پایایی مناسبی است و می‌توان آن را با اهداف بالینی و پژوهشی جهت ارزیابی رضایت بیمار پس از جراحی رینوپلاستی مورد استفاده قرار داد.  }, keywords_fa = {رینوپلاستی,پرسش‌نامه ROE,روایی و پایایی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7307-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7307-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Azarniveh, Marzie sadat and Askari, Roya and Haghighi, Amirhossei}, title = {The Effect of Eight Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Exercise with Spirulina Supplementation on Weight Changes and Glycemic Indices in Obese Elderly Diabetic Rats}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Obesity leads to increased health risks and increased economic burden. Obesity, especially in the long term and visceral type, is the cornerstone of the pathogenesis of diabetes. Depending on race and gender, 50 to 90% of type 2 diabetics are overweight and obese, a rate that has been reported to be higher in older patients. The pathophysiological pathways behind this association are complex and ultimately lead to insulin resistance and secondary cell dysfunction. Adipose tissue accumulation produces a range of metabolic and hormonal changes that gradually disrupt the insulin signal transduction pathway and manifest as increased insulin resistance in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle. On the other hand, it should be noted that the reduction of insulin sensitivity at the cellular level is a natural result of aging. One of the most important compensatory mechanisms against insulin resistance is the increase in pancreatic beta cell mass. This increase in pancreatic cells regulates the dynamic balance between neogenesis, proliferation and apoptotic processes in the islets of Langerhans, which is age-dependent. Are, reflects. But genetic predisposition and aging contribute to beta-cell dysfunction, which, along with chronic glucotoxic and lipotoxic effects, manifests itself in the development of insulin resistance in obese individuals, resulting in impaired glycemic control and diabetes. Nowadays, the basic principles of diabetes control are knowledge and awareness, control of diabetes complications, diet, medication and physical activity, which the low cost and non-pharmacological nature of physical activity increase its therapeutic importance. On the other hand, the beneficial effects of exercise on aging and the side effects associated with it are not hidden from anyone. One type of exercise that has been considered in the control and management of diabetes is high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Due to the characteristics of HIIT and its effects on glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and weight, it has been considered by researchers today, although the same results are not reported, which requires further studies in this field. Dietary supplements, on the other hand, are a form of complementary and alternative therapies that are widely used by the general public, including diabetics. One of the best supplements available is Spirulina Supplement. Spirulina may be helpful in preventing diabetes; because it is low in calories, and contains large amounts of vitamin B1, which improves the metabolism of sugars in the body, it also contains vitamin B2, which helps burn calories, prevents obesity and contains Vitamin B6, which is effective in making the hormone insulin in the body. Increased inflammation due to aging, which also leads to diabetes, and the anti-inflammatory effects of regular physical activity and spirulina supplementation have led researchers to hypothesize that the two may have synergistic effects that could have an optimal effect on Reduce obesity and diabetic complications.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training with spirulina supplementation on weight changes and glucose indices in obese elderly diabetic rats. Methods: This research was of experimental and applied-developmental type. For this purpose, 40 old male Wistar rats (20 months) with an average weight of 280 to 325 grams were purchased and transferred to the laboratory. Then, the standard diet of field rats was calculated and based on that, a high-fat diet derived from soybean and animal oil was prepared and used. The rats were on a high-fat diet for eight weeks. Rats need 10 grams of pellets per 100 grams of body weight per day (standard diet of rats and 10-15 ml of water). The composition of rat pellets included carbohydrates: wheat flour, barley, bran and corn. Protein included: fishmeal powder and soybean meal and fat included soybean oil and a mixture of animal oils. However, in this study, rats had free access to the researcher's high-fat food and the amount of water they needed. The high-fat diet for weight gain consisted of 40% fat, 17% protein and 43% carbohydrates, which were prepared in this study according to livestock and poultry experts. After the weight of the rats reached more than 310 grams according to the Lee index; Diabetes was induced, then HIIT training began. To do this, after a 12-hour period of malnutrition, diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (Sigma Germany). For this purpose, STZ was first dissolved in sodium citrate buffer solution with pH = 4 and injected into field rats at the rate of 40 mg / kg body weight. After five days, the rats' blood glucose levels were assessed and if the level was more than 300 mg / ml, the rats were diagnosed as diabetic. Blood glucose concentration was measured using blood samples collected from the tails of animals by a glucometer (Buerer GL42 model, made in Germany) and glucose oxidase enzyme method. The criterion for being diabetic was blood glucose concentration higher than 300 mg / 100 ml. The living conditions of the animals in the control group were similar to those in the exercise group except for daily exercise at other times. Then they were randomly divided into 5 groups of 8. Groups include HIIT, HIIT+spirulina, Spirulina, Sham and Control. Then, animals for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week, HIIT (including running on a treadmill with a maximum of 90% VO2max for 30 seconds, the first week with 5 repetitions and one repetition was added every week) and throughout the training period, the control group did not do any training. Changes in weight, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance were measured by standard methods. Data analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test using SPSS software. Results: There was a significant difference in fasting glucose, insulin and insulin resistance between the groups (p = 0.0001). The results of Tukey post hoc test showed that HIIT and supplementation caused significant improvements in glycemic index values compared to control and sham groups. The most improvements were observed in the HIIT + supplement group, which showed the interactive effect of independent variables. HIIT and supplementation caused significant changes in weight between the studied groups. After the post hoc test, it was found that the HIIT + supplement group had more weight loss than the control and sham groups (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: In general, weight gain and body fat percentage are directly related to increased insulin resistance, and the presence of these two factors increases the risk of diabetes. On the other hand, diabetes is one of the consequences of aging and for the treatment and control of diabetes, especially in old age, in addition to drug therapy, it has been shown that exercise with insulin-independent mechanisms activates muscle glucose uptake. Although the role of HIIT in diabetic and non-diabetic populations has received considerable attention among a variety of sports activities today, its prescription for diabetics has not yet been fully studied, including improving health and reducing complications. Diabetes depends on factors such as the intensity of exercise; For example, six months of moderate-intensity exercise and high-intensity exercise improved insulin sensitivity by 40 percent and 85 percent, respectively. HIIT also showed a greater increase in insulin sensitivity, which in turn Increases muscle glucose uptake in humans and healthy and obese animals. Also, this type of exercise has been useful in improving athletic performance, increasing the physical fitness of healthy people and treating and rehabilitating some diseases, and on the other hand, the energy cost of this type of exercise is higher and improves aerobic fitness. Research has shown that a lack of time to engage in regular exercise and lower blood sugar, even up to 48 hours after regular exercise sessions in people with diabetes, is one of the main reasons these patients do not engage in exercise. That all these cases have been resolved in HIIT. Spirulina can also be effective in weight control and diabetes due to its very rich composition. According to research on the effect of spirulina on blood sugar in research, the effect of this supplement is mainly attributed to the water-soluble part of this algae, which is composed of a protein called phycocyanin and acts as a hypoglycemic agent. In addition, the fiber in spirulina supplementation, which reduces glucose uptake into the gastrointestinal tract, is also shown to be effective in lowering blood sugar. Since the most appropriate dose and timing of intervention for a better response of the body to spirulina supplementation is still inconsistent in the research background, the present study may emerge as a new idea alone in interaction with HIIT for better treatment and control of the index. Sugar and weight should be considered in these patients. According to the obtained results, this study can be used by all researchers who are looking for appropriate and low-risk treatments to treat or control diabetes and weight loss, especially in the elderly.}, Keywords = {High Intensity Interval Training, Spirulina Supplement, Obesity, Insulin Resistance, Obese Elderly Diabetic Rat}, volume = {29}, Number = {1}, pages = {10-22}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر هشت هفته تمرینات تناوبی با شدت بالا همراه با مصرف مکمل اسپیرولینا بر تغییرات وزن و شاخص-های قندی رت های مسن چاق دیابتی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: یک راه­حل پیشنهادی برای اضافه وزن و دیابت ناشی از سالمندی، انجام تمرینات ورزشی است. مکمل اسپیرولینا نیز می­تواند در کنترل وزن و دیابت موثر باشد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثر هشت هفته تمرینات تناوبی با شدت بالا همراه با مصرف اسپیرولینا بر تغییرات وزن و شاخص­های قندی رت های مسن چاق دیابتی می­باشد. روش کار: در این­ پژوهش ­تجربی­، 40 سر رت نر نژاد ویستار 20 ماهه با میانگین وزنی 325-280 گرم پس از خریداری برای 8 هفته با استفاده از رژیم پرچرب محقق ساخته چاق شده و سپس با تزریق درون­صفاقیmg.kg-140 استرپتوزوسین دیابتی شدند و در 5 گروه مساوی (کنترل سالم، شم، تمرین، مکمل و تمرین+مکمل) برای 8 هفته، 5 جلسه در هفته، اجرای HIIT (با شدت 90%VO2max) و مصرف  اسپیرولینا (mg/kg b.w.50) پرداختند. یافته­ ها: تفاوت معناداری در غلظت گلوکز ناشتا، انسولین و مقاومت به انسولین بین گروه­های مورد مطالعه وجود داشت (0001/0p=). نتایج آزمون تعقیبی نشان داد HIIT و مکمل موجب بهبودهای معناداری در مقادیر این متغیرها نسبت به گروه­های کنترل و شم شد. انجام HIIT و مصرف مکمل موجب ایجاد تغییرات معناداری در وزن بین گروه­های مورد مطالعه شد که پس از آزمون تعقیبی مشخص شد گروه تمرین+مکمل کاهش وزن بیشتری نسبت به گروه کنترل و شم (0001/0p=) داشت. نتیجه­ گیری: با­توجه به نتایج، اجرای HIIT و مصرف مکمل اسپیرولینا می­تواند بدلیل تعامل عوامل کاهنده قند خون و وزن بدن موجب کنترل دیابت شود و به­عنوان راهکار مناسب، بی­خطر و جدیدی که دارای اثرات مشترک هستند، مورد توجه قرار گیرند.  }, keywords_fa = {تمرین تناوبی با شدت بالا, مکمل اسپیرولینا, چاقی, مقاومت انسولینی, رت مسن دیابتی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7063-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7063-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Hamidi, Vahideh and Zeynali, Parisa and Behboudi, Em}, title = {Next Generation Sequencing for Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection}, abstract ={Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) is a massive parallel sequencing technology that offers ultra-high throughput, scalability, and speed. This technology is used to determine the order of nucleotides throughout the genome or target regions of DNA or RNA. NGS has revolutionized the biological sciences, allowing laboratories to perform a variety of applications and study biological systems at a level that was not previously possible. Next generation sequencing technology is used in many laboratories around the world to study genetic structure, but so far this technology has rarely been used to diagnose infectious diseases. Most next generation sequencing methods are based on the chain termination process. Thus, with the addition of deoxy-nucleotide labeled with fluorescent ends the PCR reaction and sequence reading is performed (1). This technology makes it possible to map the entire genome at an affordable cost. Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic and SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of this disease, which has many genomic changes and causes unusual occurrences in the clinic, has increasingly attracted the attention of scientists to higher levels of genetic studies (2, 3). The next generation sequencing technique is useful in obtaining essential information about a pathogen at the beginning of an infectious outbreak and can be used as a diagnostic method for COVID-19 infection (4) and can also be useful in accurately identifying concurrent infections in COVID-19 patients. The genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 has led to the identification of several mutations in the Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 strain. During the spring of 2020, a non-synonymous mutation leading to the replacement of the D614G in Spike protein dominated the reported sequences, resulting in a higher affinity for the ACE2 receptor, enhancing viral replication. Since the summer of 2020, the emergence of major viral variants has been observed (5). These variants have been shown to be responsible for successive epidemics in different geographical areas. Cases of re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 genotypes different from genotypes that first infected patients have also been reported (6). In order to track the evolution of the virus over time, many laboratories have examined the genotype of the virus. Laboratories equipped with the ability to sequence the entire genome have reported a large number of mutations that have increased over time. However, there are significant differences between countries and in some cases, there is no database of circulating viruses (7). Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 mutations is especially important when the epitopes involved in inducing host immune responses affect the host, as they may lead to immune escape, with potential implications for vaccine (and immunotherapy) efficacy. Such an event could be evidence of an increase in transmission associated with a series of performance-related mutations for a given geographic area. SARS-CoV-2 species are defined by a set of mutations associated with the pathogenesis of the virus, and many species are now closely monitored by the World Health Organization and other public health agencies around the world (6). Variants may be directly related to lineage because they spread under the same conditions, but some species do not (e.g. B.1.1.7 - E484K is a variant, but does not conform to a particular lineage because it reproduces independently many times). A number of variants of concern (VOCs) have been categorized by the WHO, which can be recognized as the alpha variant (B.1.1.7), which has 23 mutations (13 non-synonymous mutations, four deletions, and six synonymous mutations), and more transferability and increased related mortality; beta variants (B.1.351), Gamma, Delta, and Omicron BA-1 and BA-2 with 30 mutations in Spike mentioned. Some of these mutations have recently been linked to low vaccine efficacy. Mu and Lambda can also be mentioned as variants of interest (VOIs). Co-occurring bacterial and viral infections are common, and recognizing co-infection can be helpful in applying the appropriate treatment process to overcome the disease. The next generation sequencing involves a variety of techniques, including Illumina, Ion torrent, Target enrichment, Nanopore, Metagenomics Shotgun. These techniques are considered a new approach in the diagnosis of coronaviruses (1). But it is worth noting that each of them has different advantages in the diagnosis process. For example, Shotgun Metagenomics can confirm the presence of a new pathogen that is not known, and based on this, genotypic analyzes and analysis of different variants on the new pathogen can be performed (8). Target enrichment, on the other hand, evaluates the target sample by identifying the presence of coronavirus and other key respiratory viruses in a sample using the respiratory virus panel (9). Nanopore assay, meanwhile, is a method used to correct the error by reducing the error rate of each reading by comparing multiple genome versions combined into a single combination and by analyzing readings generated from positive and negative strands. Gives. Ion torrent is another sequencing method that is a kind of semiconductor sequencing technology and has a chip that has a sensitive pH sensor and identifies the hydrogen ions released during the alignment of nucleotides for the synthesis of the genomic chain. However, the mentioned methods are different from some other aspects, one of the parameters that are different in the expressed methods is the detection threshold, which is called (LOD) (10). In Illumina method, the detection limit parameter is less than 500 copies per milliliter, and in ion torrent and Nanopore assay, the detection limit is 20 copies and 10 copies per reaction, respectively. The COVID-19 epidemic has sparked unprecedented efforts for nations. The development of effective monitoring strategies is based on sequencing the genome of the causative agent with more than 100,000 complete genomes deposited in dedicated repositories such as EpiCov, and scientists have developed this data. Studies on the evolutionary dynamics of the virus, and the identification of clinically relevant types with different techniques and equipment have been performed, and based on this, it can be concluded that the methods have different diagnostic sensitivities that depend on the purpose of the study, researchers can choose one. Pay attention to the mentioned methods. Although NGS has not been completely successful in diagnosing congenital glycosylation disorders in the past, given the enormous potential of next-generation sequencing applications, it is likely that the various next-generation sequencing techniques mentioned will soon become the first diagnostic approach in clinical laboratories, and since pandemic, we expect the next generation sequencing technology could be a promising diagnostic approach.  }, Keywords = {COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Sequencing, NGS}, volume = {29}, Number = {1}, pages = {23-27}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {توالی یابی نسل جدید برای تشخیص عفونت SARS-CoV-2}, abstract_fa ={توالی یابی نسل جدید (NGS) یک فناوری توالی یابی موازی انبوه است که توان عملیاتی، مقیاس پذیری و سرعت فوق العاده بالایی را ارائه می‌دهد. این فناوری برای تعیین ترتیب نوکلئوتیدها در کل ژنوم یا مناطق هدف DNA یا RNA استفاده می شود. NGS علوم زیستی را متحول کرده است و به آزمایشگاه‌ها اجازه می‌دهد تا کارهای متنوعی را انجام دهند و سیستم‌های بیولوژیکی را در سطحی که قبلاً ممکن نبوده مطالعه کنند. تکنولوژی توالی یابی نسل جدید در بسیاری از آزمایشگاه‌ها در سرتاسر جهان برای بررسی‌های ساختمان ژنتیکی به کار می‌رود اما تاکنون این تکنولوژی در تشخیص بیماری‌های عفونی به ندرت مورد استفاده قرارگرفته است. اکثر روش‌های توالی یابی نسل جدید مبتنی بر فرآیند خاتمه زنجیره هستند. بدین ترتیب که با اضافه کردن دی دئوکسی نوکلئوتید لیبل شده با فلوئورسانت واکنش PCR خاتمه می‌یابد و خوانش توالی صورت می‌گیرد (1). این تکنولوژی امکان نقشه برداری کل ژنوم را با هزینه مقرون به صرفه ارائه می‌دهد. در حال حاضر پاندمی کووید 19 و ویروس سارس کروناویروس 2 عامل این بیماری که دارای تغییرات ژنومی زیاد است و باعث رخداد‌های غیر معمول در بالین می‌شود بیش از پیش توجه دانشمندان را به سمت سطوح بالاتری از بررسی‌های ژنتیکی جلب نموده است (2، 3). تکنیک توالی یابی نسل جدید در به دست آوردن اطلاعات ضروری در مورد یک پاتوژن در ابتدای شیوع عفونی مفید است و می‌تواند به عنوان یک روش تشخیصی برای عفونت کووید 19 استفاده شود (4) و همچنین می‌تواند در شناسایی دقیق عفونت همزمان در بیماران کووید 19 مفید واقع شود. اپیدمیولوژی ژنومی سارس کوروناویروس 2 منجر به شناسایی چندین جهش از سویه اصلی ووهان-سارس کوروناویروس 2 شده است. در طول بهار سال 2020، یک جهش غیر مترادف که منجر به جایگزینی پروتئین D614G در اسپایک ویروس می‌شود در توالی‌های گزارش‌شده غالب شد و در نتیجه میل ترکیبی بالاتر برای گیرنده ACE2، تکثیر ویروسی را تقویت کرد. از تابستان 2020، ظهور انواع اصلی ویروسی مشاهده شده است (5). مشخص شده است که این گونه‌ها مسئول اپیدمی‌های متوالی در مناطق مختلف جغرافیایی هستند. موارد عفونت مجدد با ژنوتیپ‌های سارس کوروناویروس 2 متفاوت از ژنوتیپ هایی که برای اولین بار بیماران را آلوده کرده‌اند نیز ثبت شده است (6). به منظور ردیابی تکامل ویروس در طول زمان، بسیاری از آزمایشگاه‌ها ژنوتیپ ویروس را بررسی کرده‌اند. آزمایشگاه‌های مجهز به قابلیت توالی یابی کل ژنوم، تعداد زیادی جهش را گزارش کرده‌اند که در طول زمان افزایش یافته است. با این حال، تفاوت‌های قابل توجهی بین کشورها وجود دارد و در برخی موارد هیچ پایگاه داده‌ای در مورد ویروس‌های در گردش وجود ندارد (7). تجزیه و تحلیل جهش‌های سارس کوروناویروس 2 به ویژه زمانی که اپی‌توپ‌های دخیل در القای پاسخ‌های ایمنی میزبان را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهند بسیار مهم است، زیرا ممکن است منجر به فرار ایمنی، با پیامدهای بالقوه برای اثربخشی واکسن (و ایمونوتراپی) شود. چنین رویدادی می تواند برای یک منطقه جغرافیایی مشخص، شاهدی از افزایش انتقال مرتبط با یک سری جهش‌های مرتبط با عملکرد باشد. گونه‌های سارس کوروناویورس 2 با داشتن مجموعه‌ای از جهش‌های مرتبط با پاتوژنز ویروس تعریف می‌شوند و بسیاری از گونه‌های آن اکنون توسط سازمان جهانی بهداشت و سایر آژانس‌های بهداشت عمومی در سراسر جهان به دقت تحت نظارت هستند (6). واریانت‌ها ممکن است مستقیماً با دودمان مطابقت داشته باشند زیرا با شرایط یکسان گسترش می‌یابند، اما برخی از گونه‌ها اینطور نیستند (مثلاً B.1.1.7 - E484K یک واریانت است، اما با یک اصل و نسب خاص مطابقت ندارد زیرا بارها به طور مستقل تکثیر شده است). تعدادی از انواع نگران کننده  (VOCs) توسط WHO ثبت شده است، که میتوان به واریانت آلفا (B.1.1.7)، با 23 جهش (13 جهش غیر مترادف، چهار حذف و شش جهش مترادف)، و با قابلیت انتقال بیشتر و افزایش مرگ و میر ؛ و واریانت بتا (B.1.351)، گاما، دلتا و امیکرون BA-1 و BA-2 با 30 جهش در اسپایک اشاره نمود. برخی از همین جهش‌ها اخیراً نیز با اثربخشی کم واکسن مرتبط دانسته شده‌اند. همچنین از انواع واریانت‌های مورد توجه (VOIs) میتوان به مو و لامبدا اشاره کرد. رخداد عفونت‌های همزمان باکتریایی و ویروسی مرسوم است و شناخت عفونت همزمان در به کار گیری پروسه درمان مناسب برای غلبه به بیماری می‌تواند کمک کننده باشد. توالی یابی نسل جدید شامل تکنیک های مختلفی میباشد که می توان به ,Illumina ,Ion torrent ,Target enrichment ,Nanopore Metagenomics Shotgun Metagenomic اشاره کرد. این تکنیک‌ها به‌عنوان رویکردی جدید در تشخیص کرونا ویروس‌ها محسوب می‌شوند (1). اما قابل ذکر است که هر یک از آنها مزایای متفاوتی در فرآیند تشخیص دارند. به عنوان مثال Shotgun Metagenomics می‌تواند حضور پاتوژن جدیدی که شناخته شده نیست، را تایید کند و بر این اساس آنالیزهای ژنوتایپینک و آنالیز واریانتهای مختلف روی عامل پاتوژن جدید قابل انجام خواهد بود (8). این در حالیست که Target enrichment با شناسایی وجود ویروس کرونا و سایر ویروس‌های تنفسی کلیدی در یک نمونه با استفاده از پنل ویروس‌های تنفسی، نمونه هدف را مورد ارزیابی قرار می‌دهد (9). در این بین Nanopore assay روشی است که برای تصحیح خطا مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد بدین ترتیب که با مقایسه نسخه‌های ژنوم متعدد ترکیب شده در یک ترکیب واحد و با تجزیه و تحلیل خوانش ‌های تولید شده از رشته‌های مثبت و منفی نرخ خطای هر خوانش را کاهش ‌می دهد. Ion torrent از دیگر روش‌های توالی یابی است که نوعی فناوری توالی یابی نیمه هادی محسوب می شود و دارای تراشه‌ای است که خاصیت pH متری حساسی دارد و یون‌های هیدروژن آزاد شده طی ردیف شدن نوکلئوتیدها جهت سنتز زنجیره ژنومی را شناسایی می‌کند. با اینحال روش‌های اشاره شده از برخی جنبه‌های دیگر از یکدیگر متمایز هستند، یکی از پارامترهایی که در روش‌های بیان شده متفاوت است، آستانه حد تشخیص می‌باشد که تحت عنوان (LOD) نیز شناخته می‌شود (10). به طوری که در روش Illumina پارامتر حد تشخیص، کمتر از 500 کپی در هر میلی لیتر بیان شده است و درtorrent  Ion و Nanopore assay میزان حد تشخیص بیان شده به ترتیب 20 کپی و 10 کپی در هر واکنش می باشد. همه‌گیری کووید-19 باعث تلاش‌های بی‌سابقه‌ای برای کشورها شده است. توسعه استراتژی‌های نظارتی مؤثر بر اساس تعیین توالی ژنوم عامل ایجاد کننده کووید 19 با بیش از 100000 ژنوم کامل در مخازن اختصاصی مانند EpiCov سپرده شده است و دانشمندان این داده‌ها را پرورش داده‌اند. مطالعات در مورد پویایی تکاملی ویروس، و شناسایی انواع مرتبط بالینی با تکنیک‌ها و تجهیزات مختلف انجام شده است و بر این اساس میتوان بدین نتیجه رسید که روشهای بیان شده دارای حساسیت‌های تشخیصی متفاوتی هستند که بسته به هدف انجام مطالعات محققان می‌توانند به انتخاب یکی از روش‌های اشاره شده بپردازند. اگر چه در گذشته NGS برای تشخیص موتاسیونهای بیماری اختلال مادرزادی گلیکوزیلاسیون کاملا موفق گزارش نشده است ولی با وجود موارد اشاره شده و به واسطه‌ی شناخت پتانسیل عظیم کاربردهای توالی یابی نسل جدید این احتمال وجود دارد که تکنیک های مختلف ذکر شده‌ی توالی یابی نسل جدید به زودی به اولین رویکرد تشخیصی در آزمایشگاه‌های بالینی تبدیل شوند و از آنجایی که با پاندمی کووید19 مواجه هستیم تکنیک توالی یابی نسل جدید می‌تواند به عنوان رهیافت تشخیصی امیدوار کننده‌ای مبدل شود.}, keywords_fa = {کووید 19, سارس کروناویروس 2, توالی یابی, توالی یابی نسل جدید}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7269-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7269-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Rohani, Farzaneh and Salamikhneshan, Ays}, title = {Whether All Patients with Central Precocious Puberty Should Be Treated?}, abstract ={Precocious puberty is the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics before 8 years old in girls and 9 years old in boys. Precocious puberty is divided into 3 groups of central, peripheral and normal variants. Central precocious puberty is accompanied by activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis which causes increase in secretion of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone(GnRH) and in turn increase in secretion of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) from pituitary and consequently increase in secretion of sexual steroids (estrogen or testosterone) from gonads. This results in premature closure of growth plates and shorter final height.   GnRH agonists via suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, causes decrease sex steroid production, prevention of bone age advancement and ultimately result in increasing final height  in patients. Central Precocious puberty is the most common type of precocious puberty, which has a higher prevalence in girls.  Use of GnRH agonists is the best treatment for central precocious puberty. This article reviews important factors affecting selection of patients with central precocious puberty, to be treated by GnRH agonists. Purposes of treatment with GnRH agonist: - The main objective of treating patients with central precocious puberty is to prevent  premature closure of growth plates and providing enough time for height growth to ensure normal final height.  -The other purpose of treatment of these patients is to lower their psycho-social stress, emanating from precocious beginning of pubertal signs in these children and their families. - Stoppage of menarche in patients with mental retardation or cerebral paralysis that are not able to manage their menarche. The level of increase in final height after treatment with GnRH agonists on patients with precocious puberty varies. Factors affecting final height of patients with central precocious puberty after treatment with GnRH agonists: - Pubertal beginning age: the sooner commencement of pubertal age happens, the shorter final height will be. - Advancement of bone age: this factor, at the commencement phase of treatment and its termination, is accompanied by shorter final height. This indicates that if treatment is delayed to after a specific bone age (advanced), then reviving the entire potential of final height is not feasible. Kauli and his colleagues indicated that if treatment starts prior to advancement of bone age to 12 years old, it would be more useful. - Height Standard Deviation Score (SDS): Higher SDS of patients height at the beginning or end of treatment, results in higher final height. - Target height: if target age is taller, then final height increases. Main factors for selecting patients with central precocious puberty, for their treatment with GnRH agonists: Age of patients at the beginning of pubertal signs: in patients with central precocious puberty, the lower is their age, the faster progresses their pubertal signs and bone age. This causes premature closure of growth plates and shorter final height. Rate of sexual maturation: patients with central precocious puberty, in terms of advancement of their pubertal signs, are divided into two groups of rapidly progressive and slowly progressive. In the latter group, pubertal signs and bone age progresses rapidly and this leads to shorter final height. Predicted adult height: the most common way of calculating predicted adult height is bayley-pinneau. In this method, final height is calculated on the basis of percentage of current height, bone age and relation between bone age and calendar age. Patients with precocious puberty, with lower predicted adult height, will have shorter final height. - Other factors that are needed to be taken into account in treatment of central precocious puberty are: family background of precocious puberty; small for gestational age and adapted child. Familial forms of precocious puberty are more advanced than sporadic cases. Small for gestational age children, early puberty (not precocious puberty) are turned to rapid progress in bone age and shorter final height. In summary, groups of patients with central precocious puberty benefit from treatment with GnRH agonists are: 1- Girls with central precocious puberty under the age of 6 years old and all boys with central precocious puberty under 9 years old; 2- Girl patients with rapidly progressive central precocious puberty, the one tanner stage of whom progresses in less than 3-6 month; their velocity of height growth is more than 6 centimeters in a year; and their bon age is 1.5-2 years earlier than their calendar age; 3- Girls with central precocious puberty, predicted adult height of whom is more than 150 cm, and boys with central precocious puberty, with their predicted adult height more than 160 cm, do not require treatment and will achieve their final height. GnRH agonists available for treatment of central Precocious puberty: Leuprolide: dose of 3.75 mg for monthly IM injection and dose of 11.25 mg for 3month IM  injection; Triptorelin: dose of 3.75 mg for monthly IM injection and dose of 11.25 mg for 3month IM injection. Also doses of 22.5 mg for 6 months IM injection; Histrelin: dose of 50 mg, subcutaneous implant for one year. Common side effects of treatment with GnRH agonists :  hot flashes, headache, pain at the place of injection, local skin reaction at the place of injection, an in an uncommon manner sterile abscess at the place of injection. After termination of treatment, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, will revive again and pubertal signs appear.    Conclusion: Nowadays, GnRH agonists are widely used for treatment of central precarious puberty. This happens while age of puberty has decreased in normal population. The lower, age of patients with Precocious puberty is, rate of progress in pubertal signs is faster, final predicted adult height is lower; these patients benefit more from treatment by GnRH agonists.  }, Keywords = {Central Precocious Puberty,GnRH agonists,Treat}, volume = {29}, Number = {1}, pages = {28-35}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {آیــا همه بیماران مبتلا به بلوغ زود رس باید درمان شوند؟}, abstract_fa ={بلوغ زودرس مرکزی در دختران بطور شایع رخ می‌دهد. از طرف دیگر درمان بلوغ زودرس مرکزی با آگونیست‌های هورمون‌های آزادکننده گنادوتروپین‌ها (GnRH) بطور وسیع مورد استفاده قرار  می‌گیرد. آگونیست‌های GnRH با مهار محور هیپوتالاموس- هیپوفیز- گناد، سبب توقف صفات ثانویه جنسی و پیشگیری از پیشرفت سن استخوانی و در نتیجه حفظ پتانسیل رشد قدی بیماران می‌شود. با استفاده روز افزون از آگونیست‌های GnRH، این امرمهم باید روشن شود که چه گروهی از بیماران مبتلا به بلوغ زودرس مرکزی از این درمان سود می‌برند. فاکتورهای مهم در انتخاب بیماران جهت درمان فوق عبارتند از: سن شروع بلوغ، سرعت پیشرفت بلوغ و قد نهایی پیش‌بینی‌شده. هر چه سن شروع بلوغ پایین‌تر باشد (کمتر از 6 سالگی در دختران)، سرعت پیشرفت علائم بلوغ بیشتر باشد (تغییر از یک مرحله بلوغ به مرحله دیگر در مدت کمتراز 6-3 ماه) و هر چه قد نهایی پیش‌بینی‌شده بیماران کمتر باشد (در دختران کمتر از 150 سانتیمتر و در پسران کمتر از 160 سانتیمتر) این بیماران از درمان با آگونیست‌های GnRH سود بیشتری می‌برند.  }, keywords_fa = {بلوغ زود رس مرکزی, آگونیستهای GnRH ,درمان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6527-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6527-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Hoseini, Shadi and QasemiMotlagh, Mahdi and Esmaeilishad, Behrang and Mehdian, Hossei}, title = {Comparison of the Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Therapy and Cognitive Therapy on the Difficulty of Emotion Regulation in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a very serious psychological disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors and can vary greatly in different geographical areas  so that its prevalence ranges from one percent to four percent. It has been recorded in different geographical areas Obsessions are anxious, unwanted, and stubborn thoughts, as well as impulses or images that are inconsistent with them, in the sense that they are disturbing, disturbing, and inappropriate and do not actually correspond to the person's apparent and perceived feelings. Practical obsessions are created in response to obsessions aimed at reducing anxiety; Which includes repetitive behaviors (such as washing or reviewing) or mental actions (such as counting) The main feature of these obsessions and compulsions (thoughts and behaviors) is that they are not pleasurable for the sufferer, but the patient continues to chew thoughts and repeat actions. To perhaps alleviate the inconvenience to him. Obsessive-compulsive disorder causes major problems in various areas for the individual. Among these problems and disabilities is the disorder in the emotional regulation of this group of patients. Problems with emotion regulation strategies are present in almost all patients, and OCD appears to be characterized by a wide range of emotion regulation problems, particularly fear of emotion or fear of accepting emotion Emotional regulation includes awareness, understanding and acceptance of emotions, the ability to control impulsive behaviors, behavior in accordance with personal goals in situations where negative emotions are experienced, and the ability to use flexible and appropriate emotional strategies appropriate to the situation. The absence of any of these can lead to disruption of this process. In fact, emotion regulation involves all the conscious and unconscious strategies that a person has to increase, maintain or decrease one or more components of the emotional response (experimental, behavioral). And physiological).The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on the difficulty of emotion regulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Methods: For this purpose, 45 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder were selected from obsessive-compulsive patients referred to psychological and psychiatric centers in Mashhad and randomly divided into three groups (15 in the control group, 15 in the schema therapy group). And 15 patients were replaced in the cognitive therapy group based on mindfulness). Analysis of variance with repeated measures and post hoc test were used to analyze the data. The results showed the effectiveness of mindfulness-based schema therapy and cognitive therapy (compared to the control group) on the difficulty of emotion regulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Results: The results also showed that there was no significant difference in the effectiveness of these two types of treatments on the difficulty of emotion regulation in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder in the study sample and both treatments were equally effective. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and schema therapy help clients with obsessive-compulsive disorder to be able to effectively regulate and manage their emotions. Therefore, considering that emotions play an essential role in the persistence and exacerbation of this disorder, therapists can increase the effectiveness of treatment sessions by using any of these treatment methods. Mindfulness is one of the emotional therapy treatments that has a positive effect on obsession. Cognitive therapy based on mindfulness by focusing attention and awareness on the current situation and also by increasing the psychological capacity of people to accept events and experiences without judgment. Current life helps people with obsessive-compulsive disorder avoid negative predictions about the future and unpleasant events that await them, and pay too much attention to ordinary events that they find too disturbing. They give up and in this way help to find better emotional conditions and thus manage their emotions. Thus, as Leahy et al. (2014) point out, schema therapy, mindfulness, and commitment-based approaches are effective on coping strategies with undesirable emotions.    Therefore, according to the results of several studies that indicate the important role of emotions and the inability to regulate emotion in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, it is important to note that therapies that can somehow modulate emotions in these patients. Set to be considered as effective and efficient treatments. Therefore, given that cognitive therapy based on mindfulness and schema therapy can help regulate the emotions of these patients, therapists can measure the inability of patients to regulate emotion, if necessary, these therapies to help manage this emotion.  }, Keywords = {Mindfullness Based Cognitive Therapy, Difficulty of emotion regulation, Obsessive-compulsive disorder}, volume = {29}, Number = {1}, pages = {36-47}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه اثربخشی درمانی و شناخت درمانی مبتنی برذهن آگاهی بر دشواری تنظیم هیجان در بیماران مبتلا به وسواس فکری و عملی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف مقایسه اثربخشی درمانی و شناخت درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی بر دشواری تنظیم هیجان در بیماران مبتلا به وسواس فکری و عملی انجام شد. روش کار: بدین منظور تعداد 45 بیمار مبتلا به اختلال وسواس فکری- عملی، از بین بیماران وسواسی مراجعه‌کننده به مراکز روان‌شناختی و روان پزشکی شهر مشهد انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در سه گروه (15 نفر در گروه کنترل، 15 نفر در گروه درمانی و 15 نفر در گروه شناخت درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی) جایگزین شدند برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از روش آماری تحلیل واریانس با اندازه‌گیری‌های مکرر و آزمون تعقیبی استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج حاکی از اثربخشی درمانی و درمان شناختی مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی (در مقایسه با گروه کنترل) بر دشواری تنظیم هیجان در بیماران مبتلا به وسواس فکری و عملی بود. همچنین نتایج نشان داد تفاوت معناداری در میزان اثربخشی این دو نوع درمان بر دشواری تنظیم هیجان افراد مبتلا به وسواس فکری عملی نمونه مورد مطالعه وجود نداشته و هر دو درمان به یک اندازه باعث بهبودی شدند. نتیجه‌گیری: بر مبنای یافته‌های حاصل از پژوهش، شناخت درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی و درمانی به مراجعین مبتلا به وسواس فکری-عملی کمک می‌کند تا بتوانند به شکل موثری هیجانات خود را تنظییم و مدیریت کنند. لذا با توجه به اینکه هیجان‌ها نقشی اساسی در دوام و تشدید این اختلال دارد، درمانگران می‌توانند با استفاده از هر یک از این روش‌های درمانی، اثربخشی جلسات درمانی را افزایش دهند.  }, keywords_fa = {واژگان کلیدی: شناخت درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی, طرحواره درمانی, تدشواری تنظیم هیجان, سواس فکری و عملی.}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6686-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6686-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Barzegari, Ali and Kazari, Soda and ShariatzadehJoneydi, Mohammad and SatvatiNiri, Zeinab and AlizadehMirashrafi, Mohamad Ali}, title = {Comparison of the Effect of Different Intensities of Aerobic Exercise on the Expression of Transcription Factors E2F1 and E2F4 in Liver Tissue of Wistar Rats}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The liver is one of the main and major organs of the body, which with the help of various enzymes is of special importance in regulating hormonal activities and metabolism, during rest, training, and returning to the original state of sports activities. Under normal circumstances, the liver and kidneys receive 27% and 22% of circulating blood, respectively, but as a result of heavy training, the blood flow to the liver and kidneys decreases to 5% and 3%, respectively. Prolonged reduction in blood flow to the liver and kidneys may have detrimental consequences, of which fatigue observed as a result of the constant sub-maximal activity is part of it. The liver is also one of the most sensitive tissues targeted by training-induced oxidative stress. Sports science coaches and professionals are working to find ways to reduce the effects of strenuous training and increase the effectiveness of training programs over a limited period. The liver has different functions in the body and different roles are considered for it. Metabolism, control of glycolysis, glycogenesis, and lipogenesis are the main functions of liver tissue. Many factors and proteins play a role in these processes, and two factors have recently been identified called E2F1 and E2F4. Methods: The present study was approved by the ethics committee of Payame Noor University with the code IR.PNU.REC.1398.059. In terms of purpose, it is fundamental-applied, which was implemented experimentally. In the present study, 32 8-week-old male Wistar rats with an average weight of 237 ±33 g were purchased from the Pasteur Institute. After being transferred to the animal laboratory environment, these animals are housed in transparent polycarbonate cages in an environment with a temperature of 22 ± 1.4 °C, the humidity of 45 to 55%, four heads in each cage with free access to water and closed. Foods were maintained according to a 12-hour sleep-wake cycle. Animals were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group (Co) (8 heads), moderate intensity training (MIT) (8 heads), high-intensity training (HIT) (8 heads), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (8 heads) were divided. The MIT protocol was performed in such a way that in the first week, 5 minutes of warm-up, 5 minutes of cooling, and 20 minutes of the main body of the exercise, including running at 65% VO2max at a speed of 20 m/min, was added to the training time every week. In the sixth week, the training time reached 37 minutes and remained constant until the end of the eighth. Also, the training speed was unchanged from the first week to the eighth week and was equal to 20 meters per minute. The HIT protocol in the first week included: 5 minutes of warm-up, 5 minutes of cooling, and 20 minutes of running training with 65% VO2max at a speed of 20 m/min and an increasing slope of the treadmill. The training time was increased every week, so that in the sixth week the training time reached 30 minutes and remained constant until the end of the eighth. On the other hand, the slope of the strip was 2% in the first and second weeks and 2% was added to the slope every 2 weeks to reach 8% in the seventh and eighth weeks. Also, the training speed from the first week to the eighth week was 20 meters per minute and was kept constant. The HIIT protocol also included 10 minutes of warm-up before the workout, in the first to fourth weeks including 3 intense intermittent runs with an intensity of 90 to 100% VO2max and a speed of 30 meters per minute in 4 minutes and 3 low-intensity intermittent runs. With 50 to 60% VO2max and at a speed of 20 meters per minute in 3 minutes. From the fifth to the eighth week, it also includes 4 intense intermittent runs with an intensity of 90 to 100% VO2max at a speed of 30 meters per minute in 4 minutes and 3 low-intensity intermittent runs with 50 to 60% VO2max at a speed of 20 meters per minute. It took 3 minutes. The main body time of the exercise was 28 minutes per repetition. Mice in the control group did not participate in any exercise program but were placed on a stationary treadmill for 10 to 15 minutes per session to adapt to the environment to create the same conditions. After in vitro analysis of the samples, descriptive statistics including standard mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics were used to quantitatively describe the data. First, the Shapirovilk test was used to determine the normality of data distribution, and the Leven test was used to determine the homogeneity of variance. Due to the normal distribution of data, parametric tests including one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used at a significance level of p≥0.05. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in the expression of the E2F1 gene in the liver tissue of male Wistar rats between the HIT group compared to the control group. There was also a significant difference between MIT and control groups (P = 0.003). Comparison between groups with post hoc test showed that there was no significant difference between HIT groups and MIT, HIIT, and control groups (P = 0.977, P = 0.917, P = 0.093, respectively). Post hoc tests in training groups showed that there was no significant difference in E2F4 gene expression between MIT and HIT, HIIT, and control groups (P = 0.977, P = 0.721, P = 0.202, respectively). On the other hand, a significant difference was observed between the HIIT group and the control group (P = 0.022, respectively). Conclusion: In general, the results showed that there was no significant difference between IT MIT, HIT, and HIIT methods on E2F1 and E2F4 gene expression in liver tissue of male Wistar rats. However, there is a significant difference between training groups with control of differences.}, Keywords = {Moderate-Intensity Training, High-Intensity Training, High-Intensity Interval Training, E2F1, E2F4}, volume = {29}, Number = {1}, pages = {48-59}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه اثر شدت‌های مختلف تمرین هوازی بر بیان فاکتورهای رونویسی E2F1 و E2F4 در بافت کبد موش‌های صحرایی نژاد ویستار}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: هدف این تحقیق بررسی تاثیر سه شیوه‌ی تمرینات MIT، HIT، HIIT بر بیان ژن­های بیان ژن­های  E2F1و E2F4 در بافت کبد رت­های نر نژاد ویستار بود.        روش کار: بدین منظور 32 سر رت نر نژاد ویستار با میانگین سنی 8 هفته و وزن 33 ± 237 گرم به صورت تصادفی به چهار گروه کنترل (CO)، تمرین با شدت متوسط (MIT)، تمرین پرشدت (HIT)، تمرین تناوبی پرشدت (HIIT) تقسیم شدند و مقادیر بیان ژن­های E2F1 و E2F4 در آن­ها مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته­ ها: نتایج نشان داد که تفاوت معنی‌داری در بیان ژن E2F1 در بافت کبد رت‌های نر ویستار میان گروه HIT نسبت به گروه کنترل تفاوت معنی‌داری وجود دارد. ضمناً اختلاف معنی داری میان گروه های MIT و کنترل مشاهده شد (003/0 =P). مقایسه بین گروهی با آزمون تعقیبی نشان داد که اختلاف معنی‎داری میان گروه‌های HIT و گروه‌های MIT، HIIT و کنترل وجود ندارد (به ترتیب 977/0 =P، 917/0 =P، 093/0 =P). بررسی آزمون تعقیبی در گروه‌های تمرینی نشان داد که اختلاف معنی‌داری در بیان ژن E2F4 میان گروه‌هایMIT و گروه‌های HIT، HIIT و کنترل وجود ندارد (به ترتیب 977/0 =P، 721/0 =P، 202/0 =P). از سویی دیگر تفاوت معنی‌داری بین گروه HIIT نسبت به گروه کنترل مشاهده شد (به ترتیب 022/0P=). نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی نتایج نشان داد که بین ٣ شیوه MIT،HIT وHIIT بر بیان ژن E2F1 و E2F4 در بافت کبد رت­های نر نژاد ویستار تفاوت معناداری وجود ندارد. ولیکن بین گروه های تمرینی با کنترل تفوات معنی­داری وجود دارد}, keywords_fa = {تمرین با شدت متوسط, تمرین پرشدت, تمرین تناوبی پرشدت, E2F1, E2F4.}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6463-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6463-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {NikpourSardehaee, Asghar and Farzanegi, Parvin and FarzanehHesari, Ami}, title = {Effect of Aerobic Training and Octopamine on the Gene Expression of Mitochondrial Fission and Fusion Markers in Soleus Muscle of Male Rats Fed with Repeated Heated Oil}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Cooking with re heated oils result in the release of acrylamide from starch at higher doses than the recommended limits. Heterocyclic amine is another toxin that is produced in this process, which is formed through the heating and cooking process form the protein substances when amino acids and creatine simultaneously react at high cooking temperatures (barbecued/fried foods). Reheated oils contain oxidized monomers, dimers, polymers, free radicals, reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydroperoxidases and aldehydes. These products have detrimental effects on human health and can cause harmful changes in body organs. Mitochondrial dynamics and morphology have increasingly been shown to be regulated by ROS. ROS are central to redox homeostasis-the balance between reduction and oxidation reactions via the gain or loss of electrons. Mitochondrial dynamics factors include Opa1 protein (optic atrophy 1) and mitofusin 1 and 2 (Mfn1 and 2), dynamin-related protein (Drp-1) and fusion protein 1. Deviation towards fusion optimizes mitochondrial function and is useful in maintaining long-term bioenergy capacity. Conversely, deviation toward division leads to the removal of the damaged part of the mitochondria. Exercise has recently been recognized as an effective way to increase mitochondrial function, and the role of exercise in improving mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress in various diseases has been reported. On the other hand, Recently, attempts have been made to diminish the adverse effects of acrolein in the reheated oils through exercise training and its synergistic effects with supplementations. Today, herbal supplements are considered highly effective in the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation. Octopamine supplementation has been reported to have antioxidant properties. Octopamine is used as a food ingredient, as well as medicinal and dietary supplementation. Octopamine is an adrenergic substance with a sympathetic function. Weight loss and adrenergic actions are associated with metabolic changes. Some of the main functions of octopamine are in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory processes, weight loss, fat burning, and anticancer treatments. On the other hand, recent findings have indicated that exercise training could decrease oxidative stress and inflammation and improve antioxidant enzymes. Meanwhile, some studies have reported that exercise training has no significant impact on inflammation and oxidative stress. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and octopamine on the gene expression of mitochondrial fission and fusion markers of soleus muscle of male rats fed with repeated heated oil. Methods: In an experimental study, 15 male wistar rats (age: 20 weeks, weight: 300-350 g) were randomly divided into five groups, healthy control (n=3), intoxication (DFO, n=3), aerobic training + intoxication (n=3), octopamine + intoxication (n=3) and aerobic training + octopamine + intoxication (n=3). The exercise training program was conducted for four weeks at moderate intensity every other day. The intensity of exercise training in the first week reached 50% of the maximum consumed oxygen, while it reached 65% of the maximum consumed oxygen in the last week. In order for the animals to adapt to the exercise protocol, an adaptation exercise training session was implemented at the speed of nine meters per minute for 20 minutes during one week before the main exercise training program. The duration of exercise training was 20 minutes, with the intensity set at 16 meters per minute on the first day and 26 meters per minute on the last day of the intervention. For supplementation, octopamine (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was used for four weeks and was administered via intraperitoneal injection at the dose of 81 µmol/kg five days per week (IP solution with 9% normal saline). For preparation of the rations with hot oil, eight liters of sunflower oil was heated for four consecutive days eight hours per day at the temperature of 190-200°C (3), and every 30 minutes, foods such as chicken nuggets, potatoes, chicken, and protein products (e.g., sausages), were immersed in the oil. On the fourth day, the oil was preserved until the start of the experiment to be used as the intoxication agent and administered orally to the animals via gavage as the feed for four weeks. 48 hours after the last training session and 8 hours of fasting, all the rats were anesthetized with chloroform and then sacrificed. Soleus muscle tissue was immediately removed from the body and stored in a nitrogen tank at -80 ° C. Gene expression of Drp-1 and Mfn2 were measured by Real time & PCR and MDA concentration was measured by ELISA test. One-way ANOVA and Toky post hoc test were used to analysis the data. The significant level was set at p<0.05. Results: The results showed that consumption of reheated oil induced significant decrease in gene expression of Mfn-2 (P<0.05), significant increase in Drp-1 and MDA (P<0.05) compared to healthy control group. Aerobic training+ octopamine caused the significant decrease in gene expression of DRP-1 (P<0.05), no significant increase in Mfn-2 (P>0.05) and no significant decrease MDA concentration (P>0.05) in comparison with DFO group. Octopamine significantly decreased the gene expression of Mfn-2 than DFO group (P <0.05). Conclusion: Mitochondrial oxygen species reduce the synthesis of new mitochondria and the mitochondrial network During the oil heating process, and since this reduction reduces antioxidant defense, it results in oxidative stress in the cell. In confirmation of this, the consumption of reheated oil led to an increase in MDA levels that indicates an increase in oxidative stress. Consumption of reheated oil impairs the mitochondrial dynamic and alter the balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission, as they cause oxidative stress, thus reducing mitochondrial content and disrupting mitochondria. Maintaining a balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission is important for maintaining mitochondrial health in muscles. However, direct comparisons between the effects of reheated oil consumption and mitochondrial dysfunction and the effect of aerobic exercise and octopamine on the gene expression of mitochondrial dynamic in muscle are difficult due to the lack of access to similar studies. Studies have shown that octopamine, with properties similar to epinephrine, can selectively and strongly bind to β3 adrenoceptors and increase lipolysis and fat metabolism in general. Fat loss is associated with a decrease in oxidative stress and subsequent improve mitochondrial dynamics. Aerobic exercise can also increase Mfn2 gene expression by stimulating epinephrine, increasing β3 adrenoceptor gene expression, increasing fat catabolism, and reducing fat-induced oxidative stress, all of which interact physiologically to increase Mfn2 gene expression. Therefore, the use of aerobic exercise and octopamine as a stimulant to reduce fat and subsequently reduce ROS and maintain mitochondrial activity and homeostasis. According to the results, aerobic training and octopamine supplementation might have significant effects on the improvement of mitochondrial dynamics dysfunction caused by the use of reheated oils in the muscle tissue. Given the scarcity of data in this regard and limitations of our study regarding the loss of the laboratory rats, it is recommended that the current study be replicated using more samples in order to obtain more generalizable findings in the future.}, Keywords = {Aerobic training, Mitochondrial dynamics, Reheated oil}, volume = {29}, Number = {1}, pages = {60-69}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر تمرین هوازی و اکتاپامین بر بیان ژن شاخص های تقسیم و ادغام میتوکندری در عضله ی نعلی رت های نر تغذیه شده با روغن چند بار حرارت دیده}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: پویایی میتوکندری تحت تأثیر عوامل تقسیم و ادغام می‌باشد و تمرین ورزشی می‌تواند موثر بر آن باشد. هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر، تعیین تأثیر تمرین هوازی و اکتاپامین بر بیان ژن شاخص‌های تقسیم و ادغام میتوکندری در عضله‌ی نعلی رت‌های نر تغذیه شده با روغن چند بار حرارت دیده بود. روش کار: 25 سر رت نر ویستار بطور تصادفی به 5 گروه کنترل سالم، گروه DFO ، گروه تمرین هوازی + DFO، گروه اکتاپامین + DFO و گروه تمرین هوازی + اکتاپامین + DFO تقسیم شدند. پروتکل تمرین هوازی شامل 4 هفته تمرین هوازی، 5 جلسه در هفته به مدت 20 دقیقه دویدن بر روی تریدمیل بود. تزریق درون صفاقی اکتاپامین و گاواژ روغن حرارت دیده، به ترتیب پنج بار در هفته و هر روز انجام شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد، مصرف روغن حرارت دیده موجب کاهش معنی‌دار  Mfn2(05/0>p)، افزایش معنی‌دار DRP-1 (05/0> p) و عدم تغییر معنی‌دار MDA (05/0< p) در مقایسه با گروه سالم شد. اثر تعامل تمرین هوازی و اکتاپامین باعث کاهش معنی‌دار بیان ژن DRP-1 (05/0> p) و اختلاف غیر معنی‌دار بیان ژن Mfn-2 و غلظت MDA (05/0< p) در مقایسه با گروه DFO شد. نتیجه‌گیری: مصرف روغن حرارت دیده، پویایی میتوکندری در عضله را مختل می‌کند. به نظر می‌رسد تعامل تمرین هوازی و اکتاپامین می‌تواند باعث بهبود پویایی میتوکندری و استرس اکسیداتیو در عضله شود.}, keywords_fa = {تمرین هوازی, پویایی میتوکندری, ادغام, تقسیم}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6230-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6230-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Feyzmanesh, Somayeh and Baheiraei, Nafiseh and Halvaei, Im}, title = {Evaluation of Parameters Affecting Encapsulated Human Spermatozoa in Alginate Hydrogel during Cryopreservation}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Today, sperm cell cryopreservation, as a suitable method, is widely used in infertility clinics to maintain sperm cell fertility potential. But sperm cryopreservation has deleterious effects on sperm parameters. For this purpose, there are various ways to protect sperm cells during cryopreservation like sperm cell encapsulation with alginate (ALG). Sodium ALG (C6H7O6Na) is sodium salt of alginic acid, which is a natural anionic and hydrophilic polysaccharide and is mainly extracted from the cell wall of brown seaweed (7). Due to its non-toxicity and high biocompatibility, ALG hydrogel can create semi-permeable membranes around the sperm cells (8). To the best of our knowledge, no study has been performed to optimize the method of encapsulation of sperm with ALG in human sperm for clinical use. The main purpose of this study was to find an optimal method for encapsulating human sperm for use in cryopreservation. Methods: In this study, in four stages, the effect of different concentrations of ALG, calcium chloride, and how to add cryoprotectant agent (CPA) in the process of encapsulation of sperm by ALG were investigated. In this study, the direct swim-up method was used to prepare sperm samples. ALG hydrogels were prepared by dissolving sodium ALG powder in a water solvent (12). To evaluate the optimal concentration, the solutions were well homogenized at concentrations of 1 and 1.5% by volume (W/V) at room temperature. Calcium chloride was selected as a cross-linker for cross-linking and final hydrogel formation and was used with a concentration of 102 mM/L. For evaluation of the effects of ALG concentration, twelve normozoospermic samples were divided into the following groups after preparation and subjected to freezing and thawing: 1- ALG 1% + CPA, 2- ALG 1.5% + CPA, 3- control. To determine the best concentration of calcium chloride, which was used as a crosslinker to form ALG hydrogels, twelve normozoospermic samples after preparation were divided into the following groups and then subjected to freezing and thawing: 1- ALG + CPA + CaCL2 (100µL), 2- ALG + CPA + CaCL2 (150µL): 3- control. For evaluation of addition of CPA before encapsulation, twelve normozoospermic samples, were prepared and divided into the following groups and then subjected to freezing and thawing: 1- ALG + CPA, 2- ALG, 3- control. To investigate the effects of giving time before encapsulation twelve normozoospermic samples were divided into the following groups and then subjected to freezing and thawing: 1- ALG + (CPA + NaCl), 2- ALG + group (CPA + NaCl) 3 Min, 3- control. At each stage, the sperm samples were frozen by rapid freezing after encapsulation. To freeze the samples in the cryotube, they were first placed horizontally at a distance of three cm above the level of liquid nitrogen in the nitrogen vapor for thirty minutes and then immersed in the liquid nitrogen. During thawing, the cryotubes were placed at 35 °C for two minutes after leaving the liquid nitrogen. The samples were then transferred to a laminar hood and placed in the medium containing 150 μL of sodium citrate 119 mM/L solution at pH = 7.5. After 30 seconds, the pre-warmed Ham’s F10 with human serum albumin was added dropwise and after complete washing of the cryotube with the medium, the samples were centrifugated for 10 minutes at 300 g. After removing the supernatant, the final pellet was used for analysis. After thawing and dissolving ALG, sperm motility and viability were assessed for all groups. Eosin-nigrosin staining method was used to evaluate membrane integrity and sperm viability. The ultrastructure of ALG hydrogel was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: SEM showed that the prepared ALG hydrogel had a porous structure with interconnected porosity that could act as a semi-permeable membrane. The progressive motility in the 1.5% ALG group was zero. There was also a significant difference between total (progressive + non-progressive) motility of sperm between the 1% and 1.5% ALG groups (P˂0.001). Total sperm motility in ALG groups showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. Sperm viability rate in the 1% ALG group was significantly higher than the 1.5% ALG group (P˂0.01) and both ALG groups showed a significant decrease in viability rate compared to the control group. Progressive and total motility of sperm in the 150 μL calcium chloride group compared to the 100 μL group showed a decreasing trend while total motility in the 150 μL group compared to the control group showed a significant decrease (P <0.05). The rate of sperm viability in the 150 μL group compared to the 100 μL group of calcium chloride and the control group showed a decreasing trend. Regarding the adding CPA before encapsulation on sperm parameters, progressive and total sperm motility in the different ALG groups showed a significant decrease compared to the control group and there was no significant difference between the groups of adding CPA before encapsulation and after encapsulation. The rate of sperm viability after thawing in the group that received CPA before encapsulation showed a significant increase compared to the group that received before cryopreservation, but there was no significant difference compared to the control group. The group that did not receive CPA before encapsulation showed a significant reduction in sperm viability compared to all groups (P <0.001). Regarding the effects of giving time before encapsulation, progressive motility in both groups that used ALG for cryopreservation showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. However, the total motility in the group that had time was significantly higher than the group that did not have time (P <0.05). Sperm viability rate in the group without time did not show a significant difference compared to the group that had three minutes, but there was a significant decrease compared to the control group. Conclusion: Encapsulation of sperm with ALG is a promising method that can prevent the side effects of cryopreservation. It seems that 1% ALG with 100 µL of calcium chloride and the use of CPA before and after encapsulation is a good way to encapsulate human sperm by ALG for freezing.}, Keywords = {Cryopreservation, Alginate Capsules, Human Spermatozoa}, volume = {29}, Number = {1}, pages = {70-83}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی اثرپارامترهای تاثیرگذار بر اسپرم های انسانی کپسوله شده در هیدروژل آلجینات در طی روند انجماد}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: انجماد اسپرم فرایند اجتناب ناپذیری است که در مراکز درمان ناباروری انجام می‌شود و می‌تواند منجر به ایجاد آسیب‌هایی در اسپرم گردد و هنوز روش بهینه‌ای برای انجماد اسپرم معرفی نشده است. راهکارهای مختلفی در جهت حفظ سلول اسپرم برای مقابله با صدمات ناشی از انجماد وجود دارد که یکی از آن‌ها استفاده از کپسوله کردن سلول اسپرم با کمک آلجینات می‌باشد. هدف اصلی این مطالعه یافتن یک روش بهینه برای کپسوله کردن اسپرم برای استفاده در انجماد اسپرم می‌باشد. روش کار: در این مطالعه در چهار مرحله اثر غلظت‌های مختلف آلجینات، کلراید کلسیم، و نحوه افزودن مواد محافظ انجماد در روند کپسوله کردن اسپرم توسط آلجینات بررسی شد. در هر مرحله اسپرم‌ها بعد از کپسوله شدن با روش انجماد سریع منجمد شدند. بعد از ذوب و باز شدن آلجینات، حرکت و زنده‌مانی اسپرم بین گروه‌های مختلف بررسی شد. از روش رنگ آمیزی ائوزین-نیگروزین برای بررسی سلامت غشاء و زنده‌مانی اسپرم استفاده شد. فراساختار هیدروژل آلجینات توسط میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی بررسی گردید.  یافته‌ها: حرکت و زنده‌مانی اسپرم در گروه آلجینات 5/1% در مقایسه با آلجینات 1%  کاهش داشت. حرکت و زنده‌مانی اسپرم در گروه 150 میکرولیتر نسبت به گروه 100 میکرولیتر کلراید کلسیم روند کاهشی نشان داد. حرکت پیشرونده و تام اسپرم بین گروه افزودن محیط محافظ انجماد قبل از کپسوله کردن و بعد از کپسوله کردن اختلاف معنی‌داری وجود نداشت. گروهی که مواد محافظ انجماد را قبل از کپسوله کردن دریافت نکرده بود نسبت به همه گروه‌ها کاهش معنی‌داری را در میزان زنده‌مانی اسپرم نشان داد. میزان حرکت تام و زنده‌مانی در گروهی که قبل از کپسوله کردن زمان داشت در مقایسه با گروهی که زمان نداشت به طور معنی‌داری بیشتر بود. ساختار متخلخل هیدروژل آلجینات توسط میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی تایید شد. نتیجه‌گیری: آلجینات 1% به همراه 100 میکرولیتر کلراید کلسیم و استفاده از مواد محافظ انجماد قبل و بعد از کپسوله کردن روش مناسبی برای کپسوله کردن اسپرم انسان توسط آلجینات به منظور انجماد می‌باشد. این مطالعه نشان داد که آلجینات می‌تواند برای کپسوله کردن اسپرم انسان مورد استفاده قرار بگیرد و مطالعات آینده باید تأثیر آلجینات در انجماد اسپرم را مورد بررسی قرار دهند.  }, keywords_fa = {اسپرم انسان, کپسولهای آلجینات, انجماد}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6993-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6993-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {MohammadiNajafabadi, Mohammad and Nazif, Habibeh and soltanian, Fahimeh}, title = {Optimization of Fuzzy Model of High Dose Brachytherapy Problem for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer Using Evolutionary Algorithms}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Cancer is one of the great human challenges in all countries, both advanced and developing. Cancer treatment management can include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy (1). Radiation therapy is done in two ways: Teletherapy and Brachytherapy. Brachytherapy involves the use of radiation sources to treat cancer by irradiating cancerous tissue from within the patient’s body (2). But the dose and how to use this method has always been questionable for researchers. Therefore, this study creates a new fuzzy approach to high-dose brachytherapy by optimizing the distribution of double roughness based on dosimetric criteria. The use of fuzzy logic itself has increased the accuracy of the mathematical model of the problem. This fuzzy model is a new study and innovation used in this paper. Due to the fuzzy nature of this method and its limitations, it is considered fuzzy. This makes the method more accurate and includes parameters such as the patient’s physical ability and age in the problem, which in itself increases the accuracy of the method for each patient. As a result, the obtained answer is improved and the executive program of brachytherapy method is more accurate. Methods: In the present study, the dose prescribed for an organ was evaluated by dosimetric indices listed in Table 1 (18). For the present study, data from 20 patients in the age range of 50 to 74 and mean age 62 years with a wide range of prostate volume between 23 and 103 cubic centimeters, and for the treatment of prostate cancer by brachytherapy from the Academic Medical Center (AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) had participated. To compare brachytherapy programs with high interstitial dose, the dose rate was calculated with 192Ir beam with a radiation dose of 13 Gy, according to the standard protocol TG-43. To begin with, computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were taken from the patients pelvis, and entered into the treatment planning software for use in treatment planning sessions. BT treatment planners and specialists then determined the input catheters, target volumes, and OARs obtained from the medical images. Depending on the size and exact location of the target volumes, between 14 and 20 catheters entered the patient’s body, reaching the target volumes. After designing and approving an acceptable treatment plan, the catheters inserted into the patient’s body were connected to a retractor 4 that controls the movement of the radiation source. After the treatment program, the source was returned to the retractor (8, 14). Then, an integer program model with fuzzy constraints was proposed for programming on high-dose brachytherapy. The description of infrastructures, parameters and variables in this model are in Table 2 (15). Finally, the dosimeter index is equal to the sum of all the index variables, as it turned out: The proposed model is a correct programming model called IP. In general, three evolutionary algorithms (EP), (GA) and (ES) were used in this research. The algorithms stopped after creating 20 generations of desirable answers and the best answer of each generation was determined on the chart as a point. The resulting set of answers were connected in the form of graphs, which are used to analyze the results. Each point on the graph identifies the best answer from each of the generations generated by the respective algorithms. These three algorithms were performed independently for each patient and the obtained answers were identified as dots on the chart. The graph obtained for each patient indicates the capability of each of these algorithms. Results: According to this study, each of the three algorithms (EP), (GA) and (ES) are each run independently for each of the patients with prostate cancer. At first, the genetic algorithm showed the ability to get closer to the desired answer sooner, but as the optimization process continues, the rate of convergence to the desired answer decreases, so if the time parameter is very important, the genetic algorithm can be useful. Especially for patients whose prostate volume was larger than other patients. In patients 15, 12, 8 and 9, due to their younger age than other patients and better physical condition, as well as prostate volume less than 80 ml, they had much more promising results than other patients. In contrast, for patients 4 and 19 with an age of over 70, the results were not as favorable as for other patients. The * sign in the table indicates that there is no answer through that patient-specific algorithm that covers 95 or even more of the tumor volume. Therefore, according to Table 2, it can be concluded that the best algorithm that can be considered for the case where the shortest time to reach the target coverage above 95% is the genetic algorithm. According to Table 2, it can be concluded that the best algorithm that can be considered for the case where the shortest time to reach the target coverage above 95% is the genetic algorithm. Therefore, according to Table 3, the ES algorithm has better answers than the other two algorithms for the case in which the largest volume of the tumor is covered. According to the results, the ES algorithm has obtained the best results for patients under 60 years of age and normal prostate volume. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it can be stated that whether the main goal is the maximum coverage or the goal is the shortest possible time to reach the coverage above 95%, the best algorithm that can get a good answer for each patient is the evolutionary strategy algorithm.}, Keywords = {Optimization, Brachytherapy, Fuzzy Logic, Evolutionary Algorithms}, volume = {29}, Number = {1}, pages = {84-95}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بهینه‌سازی مدل فازی مسئله براکی تراپی با میزان دوز بالا برای درمان سرطان پروستات با استفاده از الگوریتم‌های تکاملی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: سرطان پروستات یکی از شایع‌ترین سرطان در مردان است. یکی از روش‌ها درمانی سرطان پروستات که دارای نتایج بهتری نسبت به دیگر روش‌های متداول هست، روش براکی تراپی است. مسئله برنامه‌ریزی درمان براکی تراپی با نرخ دوز بالا، شامل تعیین یک برنامه مناسب برای یک منبع تشعشع است که در بدن بیمار حرکت می‌کند و حجم هدف با دوز برنامه‌ریزی شده، اشعه‌دهی می‌شود. روش کار: در این مقاله، برنامه‌ریزی اعداد صحیح با محدودیت‌های فازی توسعه داده شده و یک مدل بهینه‌سازی برای محاسبه میزان دوز در روش براکی تراپی، برنامه‌ریزی شده است. سپس توسط سه نوع الگوریتم تکاملی مختلف، جواب های بهینه مسئله برنامه‌ریزی اعداد صحیح با محدودیت‌های فازی بدست آورده و با هم مقایسه شده است. یافته‌ها: با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده و مقایسه الگوریتم‌های مختلف، می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که چه در حالتی که هدف اصلی، بیشترین پوشش باشد و یا هدف، کمترین زمان ممکن برای رسیدن به پوشش بالای 95 درصد باشد، بهترین الگوریتمی که می‌تواند جواب خوبی برای هر بیمار بدست آید، الگوریتم استراتژی تکاملی می‌باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: در این پژوهش نشان داده شده است که این مدل فازی دارای عملکرد قابل قبول بالینی برای موارد پروستات و معیارهای دزیمتری مورد استفاده در این مطالعه می‌باشد. از طرفی چون سن بیمار و وضعیت و توانایی جسمانی بیمار به عنوان پارامترهایی در مسئله تاثیر گذار می باشند، لذا جواب‌هایی که بدست آمده، جواب‌های بهتر و دقیق‌تری نسبت به تحقیقات گذشته می‌باشد.}, keywords_fa = {بهینه سازی, براکی تراپی, منطق فازی, الگوریتم های تکاملی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6701-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6701-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Samadi, Hossein and AyatizadeTafti, Farahnaz and Keavanloo, Fahimeh}, title = {Effectiveness of Psychological Intervention Based on Mindfulness Model on Athletes" Competitive Anxiety Levels and Self-confidence}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Because of competitive and stressful nature of sports, competitive anxiety occurs that leads to emotional and fleeting reactions that assess the threat of some situations and therefore influences on the athlete's performance negatively. Early studies of anxiety assumed that anxiety was one-dimensional, but researchers in multidimensional theory of anxiety have recently proposed a set of two-dimensional connections between cognitive anxiety, physical anxiety, self- confidence and performance. Cognitive anxiety is a psychological component of anxiety and is recognized by negative expectations and cognitive concerns about oneself, situations and possible consequences, while physical anxiety is a physiological and emotional component of the anxiety and is associated with arousal of the autonomic nervous system. In addition, sports self-confidence is defined as the degree of confidence of individuals about their abilities and the challenges they face in order to succeed in sports. Many researchers have considered the study of competitive anxiety in the field of sports psychology due to its direct and threatening effects on the sports performance and success. In the past years, the science of sports psychology has used cognitive-behavioral methods to improve athletes' competitive performances. Recently, psychologists have stated that avoiding and suppression of negative thoughts has increased unwanted cognitive activity and therefore impaired their optimal execution. In this regard, the mindfulness approach has recently been used as an alternative strategy for practicing traditional mental skills. This approach is clearly different from the traditional practice approaches of mental skills, both in terms of theoretical assumptions and also intervention strategies. Although in many studies, the effectiveness of mindfulness trainings has been shown on many variables including exercise performance, flow, worry, thoughts unrelated to the tasks and physiological factors, but the results of the studies are contradictory. According to the current weakness of existing interventions and the inconsistencies associated with the role of traditional mental skills training and also the role of new interventions on the levels of competitive anxiety and self-confidence in the professional athletes, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of six weeks of mindfulness-based cognitive intervention on the competitive anxiety levels and self-confidence of adolescent shooting athletes. Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental using a pretest and posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study who were voluntarily invited to take part in the study included all male shooters (guns and pistols) in Yazd province. All athletes had at least two years of regular shooting activity and experience in provincial and national competitions. After selecting the eligible individuals based on the questionnaire and explaining the purpose of the present study, 16 subjects were randomly divided into two groups, mindfulness intervention group and the control group. The subjects in the experimental group took part in six specified training sessions during six weeks (one session of 75-90 minutes per week). The Competitive Sports Anxiety Inventory-2 (Martens et al, 1990) was used to evaluate the research variables. The physical anxiety, cognitive anxiety and self-confidence subscales with Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.85, 0.75 and 0.83, respectively, show the high reliability of mentioned questionnaire. In this study, Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality of the data. Also independent t-test was used to compare self-confidence, physical and cognitive anxiety in the control and experimental groups. In all tests, the confidence level was considered 0.05. Results: First, the assumption of normality of measured variables was checked using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The results of the test showed that the distribution of data in the study groups is normal (P≤0.05). Also, the comparison of pre-test scores between two groups did not show a significant difference (P≤0.05), which indicated that the groups were homogeneous. To evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention, the data of CSAI-2 questionnaire of two groups, in the post-test, were compared using independent t-test. The results showed that there was a significant difference between two groups in the variables of cognitive anxiety and self-confidence (P≤0.05). However, there was no significant difference between two groups in the physical anxiety variable (P≥0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that there is a significant difference between two groups in the variables of cognitive anxiety and self-confidence. Due to an increase in the negative emotions caused by anxiety and stress in the sports situations, these factors can increase the negative interpretations in athletes. Based on the assumption that unwanted thoughts are the core of anxiety and excitement, mindfulness actually makes the person less focused on repetitive thought patterns. Therefore, athletes can control their anxiety. The findings of the present study on the positive effectiveness of mindfulness approach on the reducing cognitive anxiety in athletes are in line with the findings of previous studies that showed that mindfulness reduces anxiety symptoms, pessimism and negative thoughts before competition. The finding showed that physical anxiety did not differ significantly before and after the intervention. There is a possibility that subjects couldn’t reflect emotions through a questionnaire. Also, in explaining on the distinction between the reducing physical and cognitive anxiety, (Martens, 1990) has demonstrated that physical and cognitive anxiety are affected in different ways. Cognitive anxiety has a direct and negative relationship with performance and should be minimal, while physical anxiety has an inverted U-shape relationship with performance and should be moderate. The posttest results showed a significant difference of self-confidence between two groups. Self-confidence means the ability to promote positive thoughts and self-efficacy in competition. As regards cognitive anxiety has decreased, therefore self-confidence has increased. In general, the differences between the present study and others may be due to the nature of their intervention, the location, duration and the type of programs, and so on. Since the research sample was limited to young male shooters, so the generalization of the results of this study should be followed with caution. According to the innovation and importance of this topic, the researchers should evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions on the competitive anxiety levels and Self-confidence of athletes in the other sports as well.}, Keywords = {Mindfulness, Confidence, Cognitive Anxiety, Physical Anxiety, Athlete}, volume = {29}, Number = {1}, pages = {96-106}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی مداخله روانشناختی مبتنی بر مدل ذهن آگاهی بر سطوح اضطراب رقابتی و اعتماد به نفس ورزشکاران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بیشتر ورزشکاران در طول عمر ورزشی خود با موقعیت­های مختلف اضطراب زا و فشار روانی مواجه می شوند که اغلب پیامدهای مضر روانی و تخریب عملکرد و در نهایت، کناره گیری از ورزش را به همراه دارد. اخیرا شیوه­های جدید موج سوم روان درمانی به عنوان یک بسته آموزشی- درمانی جدید در مطالعات زیادی توسط روانشناسان ورزشی مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. هدف پژوهش بررسی اثربخشی شش هفته مداخله مبتنی بر ذهن­آگاهی بر اعتماد به نفس، اضطراب شناختی و جسمانی و اعتماد به نفس تیراندازان نوجوان بود. روش کار: طرح آزمایش نیمه تجربی از نوع پیش آزمون-پس آزمون با گروه کنترل و جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل ورزشکاران نوجوان مرد تیرانداز بود. بدین منظور 17 تیرانداز حرفه­ای مرد به طور تصادفی در دو گروه آموزش راهبردهای ذهن­آگاهی و کنترل قرار گرفتند. مداخله گروه­ آزمایش شامل شش جلسه تمرینات ذهن آگاهی و تکلیف خانگی روزانه بود و از پرسشنامه اضطراب حالتی رقابتی-2 (CSAI-2) برای جمع آوری اطلاعات استفاده شد. داده­های بدست آمده با روش آماری، شاپیرو- ویلک، لوین و تحلیل کواریانس یک‎سویه و نرم افزار SPSS 21 تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ­ها: نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که مداخله روانشناختی مبتنی بر مدل ذهن آگاهی منجر به کاهش اضطراب شناختی و افزایش اعتماد به ‌نفس در گروه مداخله مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی گردید. با این ‌وجود در متغیر اضطراب جسمانی تفاوت معنی‌داری بین دو گروه مشاهده نشد (05/0P≥). نتیجه‌گیری: یافته­های پژوهش پیشنهاد می­کند تمرین مهارت­های روانشناختی مبتنی بر مدل ذهن­آگاهی می­تواند در کاهش اضطراب شناختی و افزایش اعتماد به نفس ورزشکاران نوجوان مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.  }, keywords_fa = {ذهن آگاهی, اعتماد به نفس, اضطراب شناختی, اضطراب جسمانی, ورزشکار}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6843-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6843-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ghasemi, Leili and Ghazanfari, Ahmad and Sharifi, Tayebe and Ahmadi, Rez}, title = {Checking Psychometric Properties Personality and Neuropsychological Coolidge Test in Iranian Students}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Personality and neuropsychological Coolidge test an assessment tool for children and adolescents is at risk of various mental illnesses. This study is aimed at checking psychometric properties personality and neuropsychological Coolidge test. A personality and neuropsychological questionnaire were designed to assess children and adolescents. There is a lot of evidence that if children and adolescents are assessed at a younger age, and be diagnosed as soon as possible. More likely they will become a socially active adult. The neuropsychological nerve is the study of the relationship between the brain and behavior, and the evaluation of psychological is the use of this knowledge to assess and intervene in human behavior that is associated with the normal and abnormal function of the central nervous system. The evaluation of neuropsychological is usually carried out with a set of approaches that involve different tests of cognitive ability. These areas of competence include skills such as memory, attention, processing speed, reasoning, judgment, problem solving, perception, and language performance. It is the source of neuropsychological assessment in neuroscience and psychiatry. The objectives of neuropsychological evaluation include of determining the overall level of the brain function and identifying the brain disorder and determining the location of the brain, Assessment to facilitate patient care and rehabilitation, The evaluation of neuropsychological can recognize the existence of mild disorders in cases where diagnostic checks have Doubtful results. Personality is made of traits or trends that lead to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time and persistence of behavior in different situations. The most incapable Personality disorders are characterized by psychological disorders that result in a complex interaction between individual and individual genetic fitness. Personality disorder is a long - term pattern of an internal and behavioral experience that is far away from the individual 's cultural expectations, is inflexible and has been established in adolescence or early adulthood, remains constant throughout time, causing discomfort or loss of performance. These disorders affect the areas of mental functioning, such as Self-control, behavioral, cognitive, emotional, interpersonal, and biological processes  and They show themselves in a few areas that include an intermediate or higher damage to the traumatic personality function. The history of personality disorders shows that it is always referred to neuropsychological. In the DSM – 5 was noted that all adult personality disorder groups may be applied to children or teenagers. But the maladaptive behavior must be stable and resistant and unlikely to be restricted to a particular growth stage or other clinical syndrome. Although the diagnosis of personality disorder may not be formally performed by the age of 18, strong symptoms of this disorder must be applied only after careful examination of other relevant clinical data. According to the DSM - 5 Personality Disorder must be performed only after careful evaluation of the extent to which social and school performance disorders exist. From the psychotherapy perspective, the treatment of personality disorders in children may be highly complex, and if neuropsychological function disorder is biologically related to personality disorders in children and adolescents, the traditional methods of psychotherapy may be useful. The sooner the adult personality disorder is diagnosed and the sooner the child begins healing, the better the child gives the child a better opportunity to overcome the disorder. CPNI diagnosis provides an assessment tool for children and teenagers at the risk of numerous mental illnesses. Thousands of mental disorders may be present in children and adolescents, but so far it has been necessary to use a number of different questionnaires to assess these disorders. The questionnaire was made to assess many disorders. This is particularly desirable in terms of efficiency, cost and conceptual integration. The questionnaire is completed by the supervisor or a teacher who is familiar with the child. the aim of this study is finding a tool for screening children with impaired children. due to the importance of the matter in this field, the study seems necessary. This test is used to find symptoms of disease and diagnosis. It can also be used to conduct psychotherapy and facilitate healing. considering the use of a tool with research and clinical goals, it is necessary to review the psychometric characteristics of that instrument in the population, and according to the importance of this instrument, an increasing interest psychometric test is observed. therefore, this study aims to determine the psychometric characteristics (validity and reliability) of the personality questionnaire and the neuropsychological of coolidge in the sample of iranian children and teenagers. Methods: The present study is descriptive of the topic and goals of the descriptive type. the statistical population consists of all students ages 5 to 17 in the 1300-1400 s academic year, where 1203 were selected in a multi - stage cluster sampling technique to collect information. inorder to conduct the present study, each ofthe five provinces (mazandaran, isfahan, hamedan, Kerman and Shiraz) are selected from each section (pre secondary, primary, secondary and secondary) and the psychological and psychological questionnaire produced by coolidge in 2002 The students ' parents were provided. In the letter ,thanks to parents , they were asked to complete the questionnaires at a proper time and send their children to school. Results: The average variance extracted for all the dimensions was higher than 0.5, which demonstrates the appropriate internal validity of the measurement model. In addition, the reliability values of all the dimensions were obtained higher than 0.7, which is acceptablel and cronbach,s alpha for all the dimensions was higher than 0/7, which is an indication of the internal consistency of the measurement model. Conclusion: According to the results of the third order confirmatory factor analysis of the reflective measuring model of personality and neuropsychological Coolidge test a comprehensive tool was used to measure these behaviors among children and adolescents. it can be said that the 50 mentioned components can adequately measure these behavior among children and adolescents.}, Keywords = {Personality, Neuropsychological, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Measurement Model}, volume = {29}, Number = {1}, pages = {107-119}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی آزمون شخصیتی و عصب روان‌شناختی کولیج در دانش آموزان ایرانی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: پرسشنامه شخصیتی و عصب روان‌شناختی کولیج یک ابزار ارزیابی برای دانش آموزان در معرض خطر بیماری‌های متعدد روانی را فراهم می‌کند. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی آزمون شخصیتی و عصب روان‌شناختی کولیج دانش آموزان ایرانی صورت گرفته است. روش‌ کار: پژوهش حاضر با توجه به موضوع و اهداف از نوع توصیفی است. جامعه آماری مشتمل بر کلیه دانش آموزان در سنین 5 تا 17 سال در سال تحصیلی 1400-1399 می‌باشد که  1203 نفر به شیوه نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای چندمرحله‌ای جهت گردآوری اطلاعات انتخاب شدند. جهت انجام پژوهش حاضر، از هر 5 استان (مازندران، اصفهان، همدان، کرمان و شیراز) به تفکیک شهر و روستا)، از هر مقطع (پیش دبستانی، ابتدایی، متوسطه اول و متوسطه دوم) نمونه انتخاب شد و پرسشنامه شخصیتی و عصب روان‌شناختی که توسط کولیج در سال 2002 ساخته شده است و شامل 200 سؤال که بر پایه طیف لیکرت 4 درجه‌ای نمره‌گذاری شده در اختیار والدین دانش آموزان قرار داده شد. در نامه ضمن تشکر از والدین از آن‌ها درخواست شد تا پرسشنامه‌ها را در زمانی مناسب تکمیل نموده و همراه فرزندشان به مدرسه ارسال نمایند. یافته‌ها: نتایج تحقیق حاکی از آن است که اعتبار سازه‌ای پرسشنامه در 50 عامل شناسایی شده با 200 گویه مورد تایید واقع شد. آلفای کرونباخ برای تمامی متغیرهای مدل بیش از 7/0 می‌باشد و نشان از سازگاری درونی مدل اندازه گیری است و مقدار شاخص میانگین واریانس خروجی برای همه متغیرهای مدل بیش از 5/0 بوده و نشان از اعتبار همگرایی مدل اندازه‌گیری است. همچنین مقدار پایایی ترکیبی به دست آمده ابعاد بالاتر از 7/0 و در حد مناسب و قابل قبول می‌باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج حاصل از تحلیل عاملی تائیدی مرتبه سه مدل اندازه‌گیری انعکاسی پرسشنامه شخصیتی و عصب روان‌شناختی کولیج ابزاری جامع جهت سنجش این رفتارها در بین دانش آموزان روایی یابی گردید. می‌توان گفت 50 مؤلفه مذکور جهت سنجش در پژوهش حاضر می‌توانند به نحو مطلوبی این رفتارها را در بین دانش آموزان اندازه‌گیری نمایند.    }, keywords_fa = {شخصیتی, عصب روان شناختی, تحلیل عاملی تائیدی, مدل اندازه گیری}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7156-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7156-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Atadokht, Akbar and Ahmadi, Shiri}, title = {Presentations Model of Mobile Phone Dependency on Social Anxiety Mediated by Alexithymia}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Mobile phone addiction is considered as an important factor in causing a variety of psychological, behavioral and emotional problems.This study aimed to The aim of this study was to present a model of cell phone dependence based on social anxiety with the mediating role of Alexithymia in students. Today, technologies have completely disrupted the lives of people of all ages, especially young people and adolescents (1). Mobile phones have been expanding in recent decades due to the numerous benefits they offer, such as the ability to move and browse the Internet, as well as access to social networks, real-time information streaming, cameras and multimedia players (2). Researchers have recently shown how mobile devices give students access to learning resources at any time and place, as well as their use by teachers in teaching and interactive tutoring (3). However, although mobile phones have many benefits, especially in the field of education, especially in learning outcomes (4) and in increasing students' motivation and commitment (6), their excessive use can have negative consequences. In children and adolescents, whether personally or in their family, educational and social life (7). Mobile phones, on the other hand, are devices that are capable of processing information that includes access to the Internet and social networks, messaging and multimedia in addition to their main function as a means of communication (10) since people almost always have their own mobile phones. And can use their mobile phones several times during the day, using mobile phones may become an automatic behavior that is done without reflection (11).It seems that one of the variables that play a role in cell phone dependence is social anxiety. Researchers have proven that people use cell phones as a substitute for social interaction when they feel anxious in a real environment (13). Social anxiety disorder is a severe and persistent fear of situations in which a person is in the company of others or has to do something about them. People with this disorder are afraid of any situation in which they think they will be negatively evaluated by others and try. They can stay away from them (14). Finally, one of the structures that can play a mediating variable in cell phone dependence is Alexithymia. Alexithymia refers to the difficulty in identifying and describing one's own feelings and those of others and the inability to distinguish between one's own feelings and those of others and one's external stylistics (18). Because in previous studies, the framework of how a person is dependent on mobile phones has not been examined using social anxiety and alexithymia variables, and given the importance of young people's dependence on mobile phones both theoretically and practically and the many harms that This issue affects the psyche of students. By determining the relative share of each of these variables, it is necessary to address the underlying factors. Methods: In this descriptive study, the statistical population included all students of Mohaghegh Ardebili University in the second semester of the academic year 2020. A total of 205 of these individuals were selected by available sampling method and individually answered the questionnaires on mobile phone dependence, social anxiety and alexithymia. Since according to many researchers, the minimum sample size required in structural models is 200 (29), the sample size in the present study was 250 considering the probability of sample loss, which after deleting the pert data, 205 questions. The letter was entered into statistical analysis. The sampling method used was also available. The method of data collection was that according to the coronary status and quarantine conditions and the lack of access to students in person, questionnaires in two parts, the first part includes demographic information (age, gender, marital status, degree, field of study The second part included questionnaires on cell phone dependency, social anxiety, and alexithymia online by linking them to class groups and channels created in virtual networks. University (provided to the subjects from June 10 to September 6), where 260 answers were completed and 55 questionnaires were removed due to incomplete completion. The data collected in this study were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools such as mean and standard deviation and Pearson correlation tests using SPSS software version 25 and structural equation modeling using Lisrel software version 8.8. Significance level in the tests was considered 0.05. Results: Out of 205 subjects whose data were included in statistical analysis, 125 subjects (60.98%) were girls with a mean age of 28.60 and the standard deviation was 5.47 and 80 subjects (39.02%) were boys with a mean age of 30.35 and Standard deviation of 5.85 participated in this study. In terms of educational level, 130 people (53.65%) had a bachelor's degree, 70 people (34.14%) had a master's degree and 5 people (2.43%) were studying for a doctorate. In terms of field of study, 80 people (39.09%) in psychology, 70 people (34.14%) in counseling and guidance, 15 people (7.31) in mathematics, 15 people (7.31%) in urban planning management, 11 people (36.5% were Persian literature, 7 (3.41) were chemists and 7 (3.41) were biologists. In terms of marital status, 95 (46.34%) were married and 110 (53.65%) were single. In terms of using virtual applications, 62 people (30.24%) Telegram, 81 people (39.51%) Instagram, 28 people (13.65%) WhatsApp, 18 people (8.78%) Facebook and 16 people (7.80%) reported mobile SMS and in terms of economic status, 49 (23.90%) reported good, 411 (68.78%) moderate and 15 (7.31%) poor. The results of correlation coefficient showed that mobile phone dependence was positively associated with social anxiety and alexithymia. Alexithymia is also positively associated with social anxiety (p <0.001). To determine the adequacy of the proposed model fit with the data, normalized Chi-square indices, comparative fit index and the square root of the mean squares of the estimation error were used. The values of each of these indicators are between 0 and 1, and values close to or greater than 0.90 indicate that the model is desirable. The CFI for this model is 0.99, which is in the acceptable range. Since the square root of the mean squared estimation error (RMSEA) for the model is 0.057, on the other hand, the acceptable range for it is less than 0.08, so it can be said that the fitted model is a suitable model. The normalized chi-square index (CMIN / DF) and the comparative fit index (CFI) are within acceptable range. In general, model fit indices also confirmed the path of social anxiety towards cell phone dependence mediated by Alexithymia. Conclusion: Considering the role of social anxiety and the mediating role of Alexithymia in the addictive use of mobile phones, holding practical workshops in universities by counselors, psychologists, and health agents to regulate and manage emotions and teach social skills and inform students of the consequences. Negative cell phone dependence is recommended. The use of questionnaires and lack of control over demographic variables (economic, social and cultural status) were the two main limitations of the present study. It is suggested that more objective tools be used in future studies to collect data and control demographic variables. Considering the role of social anxiety and the mediating role of Alexithymia in the addictive use of mobile phones in terms of application, holding workshops in universities by counselors, psychologists and health agents to regulate and manage emotions and teach social skills and inform students of the negative consequences of dependence Recommended for mobile phones.}, Keywords = {Mobile Phone Dependence, Social Anxiety, Alexithymia, Students}, volume = {29}, Number = {1}, pages = {120-130}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارائه مدل وابستگی به تلفن همراه بر اساس اضطراب اجتماعی با میانجیگری ناگویی-هیجانی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اعتیاد به تلفن همراه به عنوان یک عامل مهم در ایجاد انواع مشکلات روان‌شناختی، رفتاری و هیجانی در نظر گرفته شده است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارائه مدل وابستگی به تلفن همراه بر اساس اضطراب اجتماعی با نقش میانجی ناگویی­هیجانی در دانشجویان انجام گرفت. روش کار: این مطالعه از نوع توصیفی بود و جامعه آماری آن متشکل از کلیه دانشجویان مشغول به تحصیل در دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی در نیمسال دوم سال تحصیلی 1399 بودند. تعداد 205 نفر از این افراد به شیوه نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شده و به صورت انفرادی به پرسش‌نامه‌های وابستگی به تلفن همراه کو، اضطراب اجتماعی کانور و همکاران و ناگویی­هیجانی بگبی و همکاران پاسخ دادند. داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون­های آماری ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و مدل­یابی معادله ساختاری تحلیل شد. یافته­ ها: نتایج ضریب همبستگی نشان داد که وابستگی به تلفن همراه با اضطراب اجتماعی و ناگویی هیجانی ارتباط مثبت دارد. همچنین ناگویی هیجانی با اضطراب اجتماعی ارتباط مثبت دارد (001/0> p). شاخص­های برازش مدل نیز مسیر اضطراب اجتماعی به وابستگی به تلفن همراه را با میانجی­گری ناگویی هیجانی تأیید کرد. نتیجه­ گیری: با توجه به نقش اضطراب اجتماعی و نقش میانجی ناگویی هیجانی در استفاده اعتیادی از تلفن همراه از لحاظ کاربردی برگزاری کارگاه­های آموزشی در دانشگاه­ها توسط مشاوران و روانشناسان و کارگزاران سلامت جهت تنظیم و مدیریت هیجانات و آموزش مهارت‌های اجتماعی و آگاه‌سازی دانشجویان از پیامدهای منفی وابستگی به تلفن همراه توصیه می­گردد}, keywords_fa = {وابستگی به تلفن همراه, اضطراب اجتماعی, ناگویی هیجانی, دانشجویان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7019-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7019-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Asadzadeh, Samira and Rezaei, Zahr}, title = {Diagnosis of Skin Diseases and Cancers from Dermoscopicimages with Feature Extraction Impact Approach from Convolutional Neural Network and Ensemble Classification in Increasing the Speed and Accuracy of Diagnosis}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The modern world today allows images to be received and stored digitally. To get better results, it is sometimes necessary to make changes to these images. These changes pursue three main goals: image processing, analysis, and comprehension. For this reason, computer image processing systems have been developed to perform these operations with better speed and accuracy. Four major processes occur in these systems: preprocessing, image quality enhancement, image conversion, and image classification and analysis. In these methods, using mathematics, rules have been created by the computer to simulate human visual elements, and it is an aspect of image analysis that is used for specific purposes. Skin imaging systems provide the ability to process images in high volume and with minimal time and cost, as well as increase the accuracy of diagnosis and classification of diseases. These systems, fatigue, human error and other weaknesses that the diagnostician can suffer. Do not have it (1). The first step in diagnosing skin diseases and analyzing digital images of patients with skin lesions is to take a color photograph of the lesion area. One of the most valid methods for this is the use of a dermoscopic device (2). Dermoscopy, also known as dermatoscopy, is an effective tool for dermatologists involved in early diagnosis. Using dermoscopically evaluated pigmented lesions, abnormal structural features are detected and the border of the lesions is accurately observed (3). Accordingly, benign lesions can be detected without the need for biopsy. Dermoscopy increases the accuracy of the diagnosis and helps GPs to correctly identify people with suspected lesions who need to be referred to a specialist. Dermoscopy is also effective in diagnosing non-pigmented skin lesions and inflammatory dermatoses. In dermoscopy, the skin is examined using a special microscope (4). Methods: The proposed algorithm of this research can be divided into 7 separate steps (loading data set, data integration: data balancing with data amplification or data augmentation technique, data cleaning: clearing images to remove hair noise, slicing images to separate skin from skin Healthy, data conversion: data preparation, convolution neural network design (CNN) and training of the proposed model for image feature extraction, classification combination and mass learning by majority voting method). Which was implemented in Python language in Google Columbine environment and supervised. For this study, 25,331 dermoscopic images consisting of skin lesions were included (70% educational images, 15% experimental and 15% validation). In data preprocessing, the data were balanced, then the data cleaning operation was performed to remove hair noise, and the data reduction operation was performed to segment the images by separating the lesion from healthy skin. In the next process By designing the convolution neural network, training data were extracted for feature extraction, and by combining the classifiers, an automated system for diagnosing skin diseases was created and evaluated in dermoscopic images. Results: In the proposed method of hair noise removal, the quality of images is increased and also the separation of the lesion from healthy skin is optimally designed to accelerate image processing to extract high-level features in the convolutional neural network and increase the accuracy of diagnosis and classification to create An automated diagnostic system is a feature of this study compared to other studies. According to the research results, the use of an automated system for the diagnosis and classification of skin diseases and cancers for health-related care is recommended. Comclusion: Today, the applications of artificial intelligence are not hidden from anyone. Among these, machine learning as one of the most important branches of this field has a special place in all sciences. Deep learning has proven its worth by using the basics of artificial neural networks in solving many issues in the field of medical image processing such as classification. Experts also based on various experiences of using training methods to conclude that there is no single specific training algorithm that can be successful for all applications and has the highest accuracy. Hence they suggest combined learning. According to the important results, although each of the algorithms had a successful performance individually, but combining several algorithms with each other has led to higher accuracy and less error-making decisions. This study is a step towards helping physicians and specialists in diagnosing skin diseases and benign and malignant skin cancers and can help GPs or other physicians to better manage high-risk lesions. Secondary triage as well as avoid unnecessary treatments and minimize biopsy, which is an invasive and costly procedure. This research helps to provide health-related care, forecasting and treatment, as well as cost savings for both patients and health care providers. Also, in deprived areas and far from the specialist, dermoscopic devices with the help of this algorithm can cause timely treatment and reduce patients' costs and time in the field of diagnosis and, if necessary, referral of patients to the desired specialist. Available as a commercial software package. This software package has the ability to connect to dermoscopic devices. By connecting this software package to dermoscopy, a device is created to quickly diagnose skin diseases and cancers. The greatest value of this dissertation is that it is used as a benchmark for designing future studies and evaluating skin cancer diagnosis techniques in patients who are usually examined by a general practitioner and specialist. The findings of the present study are also consistent with the results of Andre and Pachko (2019) research on the diagnosis of skin cancer based on deep learning and entropy for Perth samples (6).  }, Keywords = {Skin Disease, Deep Learning, Convulsive Neural Network, Composition, Classification}, volume = {29}, Number = {1}, pages = {131-143}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تشخیص بیماری ها و سرطان های پوستی از تصاویر در موسکوپی با رویکرد تاثیر استخراج ویژگی از شبکه عصبی کانولوشن و ترکیب طبقه‌بندها در بالا بردن سرعت و دقت تشخیص}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بیماری‌ها و سرطان­های پوستی در جهان بسیار شایع می­باشند و در صورت تاخیر در شناسایی و درمان، می توانند موجب مرگ شوند، هدف از انجام این پژوهش تشخیص بیماری­ها و سرطان­های پوستی از تصاویر در موسکوپی با رویکرد تاثیر استخراج ویژگی از شبکه عصبی کانولوشن و ترکیب طبقه‌بندها در بالا بردن سرعت و دقت تشخیص بود. روش کار: برای انجام این پژوهش از 25,331 تصاویر درموسکوپی متشکل از ضایعات پوستی شامل (70% تصاویر آموزشی، 15% آزمایشی و 15% صحت‌سنجی) استفاده شد. در پیش پردازش داده‌ها، متوازن­سازی داده­ها انجام شد، سپس عملیات پاکسازی داده­ها در جهت حذف نویز مو، و کاهش داده­ها در جهت قطعه­بندی تصاویر با جداسازی ضایعه از پوست سالم انجام شد، در فرایند بعدی با طراحی شبکه عصبی کانولوشن، داده­های آموزشی جهت استخراج ویژگی­ها، آموزش داده شده و با ترکیب طبقه­بندها یک سیستم خودکار تشخیص بیماری­های پوستی در تصاویر درموسکوپی ایجاد و ارزیابی شد. یافته‌ها: در روش پیشنهادی حذف نویز مو، کیفیت تصاویر را افزایش داده همچنین جداسازی ضایعه از پوست سالم به صورت بهینه در سرعت بخشیدن به پردازش تصاویر جهت استخراج ویژگی­های سطح بالا در شبکه عصبی کانولوشن طراحی شده و افزایش دقت تشخیص و طبقه­بندی برای ایجاد یک سیستم خودکار تشخیصی، از ویژگی­های این پژوهش نسبت به سایر تحقیقات است. نتیجه ­گیری: با توجه به نتایج پژوهش، استفاده از سیستم خودکار تشخیص و طبقه­بندی بیماری‌ها و سرطان‌های پوستی در جهت مراقبت‌های مرتبط با سلامت توصیه می­شود.}, keywords_fa = {بیماری پوستی, یادگیری عمیق, شبکه عصبی کانولوشن, ترکیب, طبقه بندی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7378-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7378-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mousaei, Mohammad and Azarbayjani, Mohammad Ali and Peeri, Maghsoud and Hosseini, Seyed Ali}, title = {The Eeffect of 4 Weeks Resistance Training and Testosterone Supplementation on mTOR Gene Expression in Tendon Tissue of Male Rats}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The dimensions and characteristics of tendons and muscles are much related to each other and change according to each other. The reason for this phenomenon is probably due to the ability of the muscle to exert force. Therefore, the desired characteristics of the components of the load-bearing baffles are regulated by the amount of daily mechanical load. This concept is important not only for understanding the function of these tissues but also for understanding the mechanisms of damage and its causes. Muscle hypertrophy is also affected by the intensity and type of physical activity, especially resistance training. Nutritional and hormonal factors also play a key role in this. Testosterone is very important as one of the key anabolic hormones. Accordingly, the effect of 4 weeks of resistance training and testosterone on mTOR gene expression in male rat tendons was investigated. Methods: In this experimental interventional study, 48 rats aged eight weeks, in the weight range of 220 ± 20 g at a temperature of (20-20) ° C, humidity (55%) and free access to water (300 ml bottle) Clear and graduated with autoclave capability and with a 1 cm cap made of stainless steel without thread) and enough food (produced by Behparvar Company, Iran) with a 12-hour dark / light cycle. After one week of adaptation, rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, resistance training, testosterone enanthate and resistance training - testosterone enanthate. At first, the rats in the training groups were introduced to climbing the ladder for a week. Rats' weights were calculated, and the training program was adjusted based on the initial weight. The rats then practiced resistance for four weeks and five days a week. In the first session, a weight equal to 50% of the weight of each rat was attached to the tail and the rats climbed the ladder. If the animal was able to climb, then 30 grams was added to the weight and the animal climbed the ladder again. Again, if the weight was able to lift 30 grams, it was added to the rat's tail. This was performed as long as the animal was able to climb. The highest weight that the animal could carry was the maximum muscle strength of the animal in the first session. In the next session, the rats performed four sets of climbing the ladder, so that in the first set they climbed the ladder with 50% of maximum muscle strength, in the second set 75%, in the third set 90% and in the fourth set with 100% muscle strength. After the fourth set, if each set was capable, 30 grams would be added to the amount of weight and the rat would climb the ladder. The program continued in one session until the inability to perform the climb. At the beginning of each week, the rats resumed training with the pattern of the first week, based on the maximum weight they had shifted at the end of the previous week. Expression levels of mTOR gene were measured by RT & PCR. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. Significance level was considered p <0.05. Results: The results of one-way analysis showed that the expression level of mTOR gene was significant in four groups (P = 0.014). Referring to Tukey post hoc test, the results showed that the resistance training group and testosterone showed a significant difference with the training and control group only (P <0.05). The other groups did not show significant differences in pairs (P <0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that resistance training activates the pathway of activation of collagen protein production in tendon tissue by increasing mTOR expression and possibly reduces apoptotic cells and the formation of new cells in the tendon, all of which indicate It has a positive effect on this tissue. Testosterone in combination with the resistance training process is also more effective in activating muscle hypertrophy pathways in the short term. It seems that the interaction effect of testosterone with resistance training can have a more favorable effect than either alone on improving the expression of mTOR gene in rat tendon tissue.}, Keywords = {Resistance training, Testosterone, mTOR}, volume = {29}, Number = {1}, pages = {144-152}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر 4 هفته تمرین مقاومتی و تستوسترون بر بیان ژن mTOR در بافت تاندون رت های نر}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: ابعاد و خصوصیات تاندون و عضله با یکدیگر بسیار مرتبط بوده و متناسب با یکدیگر تغییر می‌نمایند. عملکرد و وضعیت عضله نیز تحت تأثیر شدت و نوع فعالیت بدنی بخصوص تمرینات مقاومتی و هورمون تستوسترون است و این احتمال وجود دارد که تاندون نیز تحت تأثیر تمرین و تستوسترون قرار بگیرد. لذا در مطالعه‌ی حاضر به تعیین تأثیر 4 هفته تمرین مقاومتی و تستوسترون بر بیان ژن mTOR در تاندون رت‌های نر  پرداخته شد. روش کار: در این مطالعه تجربی 24 سر رت نر با سن 8 هفته و دامنه وزنی دامنه وزنی 20±220 گرم به طور تصادفی در 4 گروه 6 سری شامل 1) کنترل، 2) تمرین مقاومتی، 3) تستوسترون، 4) تمرین مقاومتی+ تستوسترون قرار گرفتند. در مدت چهار هفته پنج جلسه در هفته تمرینات مقاومتی را انجام دادند، همچنین رت‌های گروه تستوسترون، پنج جلسه در هفته mg/kg 2 تستوسترون پروپیونات به صورت صفاقی دریافت نمودند. برنامه تمرینی شامل چهار هفته و هفته‌ای پنج روز بالارفتن از نردبان بود. سطوح بیان ژنmTOR به روش RT& PCR اندازه‌گیری شد. از تحلیل واریانس واریانس یک سویه و آزمون تعقیبی توکی برای تحلیل آماری استفاده شد. سطح معنی‌داری 05>p در نظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج آنوای یک سویه نشان داد که سطح بیان ژن mTOR در چهار گروه معنادار بود (014/0=P). با مراجعه به آزمون تعقیبی توکی نتایج نشان داد که گروه تمرین مقاومتی و تستوسترون تنها با گروه تمرین و کنترل اختلاف معناداری نشان داد (05/0>P). سایر گروه‌ها هیچ کدام دو به دو اختلاف معناداری نشان ندادند (05/0<P). نتیجه‌گیری: به نظر می‌رسد اثر تعاملی تستوسترن با تمرین مقاومتی می‌تواند اثر مطلوب تری نسبت به هر کدام به تنهایی بر بهبود بیان ژن mTOR در بافت تاندون رت‌ها داشته باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {کلمات کلیدی: تمرین مقاومتی, تستوسترون, mTOR}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7417-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7417-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Samimagham, Hamid Reza and HassaniAzad, Mehdi and Arabi, Mohsen and Hooshyar, Dariush and Sheikhtaheri, Abbas and Khorrami, Farid and Hosseiniteshnizi, Saeed and KazemiJahromi, Mitr}, title = {Comorbidites of COVID-19 in Patients with and without Diabetes}, abstract ={Background & Aims: COVID-19 is a viral respiratory disease caused by SARS-COV-2, which affects the lower respiratory tract, and causes pneumonia in patients. The disease rapidly spread around the world after the outbreak in late 2019, and became one of the challenges of health care systems. Older adults and patients with underlying diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and diabetes are at a higher risk for COVID-19, and need more care. Due to its prevalence in older adults and normal population, diabetes is important in terms of putting a burden on intensive care systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes is also one of the most common comorbidities in patients with COVID-19, which is considered a risk factor for these patients. In addition, the association between diabetes and respiratory distress syndrome is not yet fully understood. Some studies have suggested that diabetes is not associated with respiratory distress syndrome while some others suggest that pulmonary dysfunction follows diabetes. It is also unclear what factors are associated with disease prognosis and mortality in COVID-19 patients with diabetes. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the status of demographic factors, comorbidities, lifestyle and laboratory results in diabetic patients with COVID-19, and compare them with the non-diabetic population and determine the prognostic factors in diabetic patients with COVID-19. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study performed on 415 patients with COVID-19 in the COVID-19 ward of Shahid Mohammadi Hospital of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences from February to September 2020. Based on their diabetes, these patients were divided into diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Then, data on demographic factors, smoking, opioids and alcohol consumption, comorbidities (chronic lung disease, asthma, obesity, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes, dementia, malnutrition, chronic neurological disease, rheumatic disease, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, favism, hyperlipidemia, and malignant neoplasms), some personal lifestyle features were determined in diabetic patients and compared with non-diabetic populations. Also, the information on biochemical variables, including hemoglobin, white blood cells, lymphocyte, neutrophils, hematocrit, platelets, prothrombin time, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, blood glucose, sodium, potassium, C reactive protein were measured patients of the two groups. Also, heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, temperature, and oxygen saturation were determined in diabetic and non-diabetic patients.  Quantitative variables were described by number (n) and percentage (٪). Qualitative variables were described using mean and standard deviation (SD), median and interquartile range (IQR). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of quantitative variables. Independent t-test or Man-Whitney U test, and Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were used to compare variables. In all statistical analyses, a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed by IBM SPSS version 22 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Results: The findings of our study showed that in the diabetic patients’ group 82 patients (41.2%) and in the non-diabetic population 135 patients (55.32 %) were men. In the diabetic group, the mean age of recovered patients was 58.52 years and the mean age of those in the deceased was 57.73 years, which was not statistically significant. In the non-diabetic group, the mean age of patients recovered was 47.98 years and the mean age of those in the deceased was 62.58 years, which was statistically significant (p <0.001). In the diabetic population, 773 patients (42.69 %) and in the non-diabetic population, 132 patients (54.09 %) had positive PCR. In the diabetic population, 18 patients (10.59 %) and in the non-diabetic population, 10 patients (4.09 %) had chronic kidney disease. In the diabetic population, 11 patients (6.43 %) and in the non-diabetic population, 13 patients (5.32 %) smoked. In the population of diabetic patients, the mean level of hemoglobin (P = 0.002) and lymphocyte count (P = 0.043) in the living cases were significantly lower than those in the deceased. The mean levels of neutrophils (P = 0.012), aspartate transaminase (P = 0.020), lactate dehydrogenase (P = 0.041), blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.003), and creatinine (P = 0.011) in the diabetic population were significantly higher in the living cases than those in the deceased, but the comparison of these cases in the non-diabetic population did not show a significant difference. In diabetic patients, there was a significant difference between the number of survival and death in each group of positive and negative PCR (P = 0.011); While the difference in mortality and survival between PCR positive and negative groups in non-diabetic subjects was not significant. In diabetic patients, a significant difference was also reported between the number of survival and death in groups with CKD and without CKD; while in non-diabetic participants there was no significant difference between CKD and non-CKD groups in terms of survival and death. Corticosteroid treatment also significantly led to a difference in the number of survival and death cases among the diabetic population, but a comparison of these cases in the non-diabetic population did not show a significant difference. In the group of diabetic patients, respiration rate (number of breaths per minute) was significantly lower among the living cases compared to those in the deceased (P < 0.05), while our findings in this regard did not show a significant difference in non-diabetic individuals. Also, in diabetic patients, the amount of oxygen saturation was significantly higher among the living cases than those in the deceased (P < 0.05), in which case the same results were observed in non-diabetic patients (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, the mortality rate in diabetic patients was significantly associated with lymphopenia, elevated aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine compared to non-diabetic patients.  Our findings suggest that individuals with type 2 diabetes are more prone to complications of COVID-19 and its related mortality; therefore these patients need more medical attention in the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, considering that so far limited studies have focused on the possible differences in the complications of Covid-19 disease and its mortality in diabetic individuals compared to non-diabetic individuals, it is recommended that more studies with higher sample sizes in other populations be performed to confirm the results of the present study.  }, Keywords = {COVID-19, Diabetic, Non-diabetic}, volume = {29}, Number = {1}, pages = {153-165}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه عوارض کووید- 19 بین بیماران دیابتی و غیردیابتی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: کووید-۱۹ نوعی به عنوان بیماری تنفسی عفونی به یکی از مهم‌ترین چالش‌های اخیر سیستم‌های مراقبت‌های بهداشتی تبدیل شد که موجب ایجاد عوارض مختلف و در موارد شدیدتر مرگ در افراد می‌گردد. افراد دارای بیماری‌های زمینه‌ای از جمله دیابت، بیشتر در معرض عوارض ناشی از این بیماری هستند و نیاز به مراقبت بیشتری دارند. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی و مقایسه عوارض احتمالی ناشی از کووید-19در افراد دیابتی و غیردیابتی انجام شد. روش کار: این مطالعه مقطعی است روی 415 بیمار مبتلا به کووید-۱۹ در بیمارستان شهید محمدی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی هرمزگان از فوریه تا سپتامبر 2020 انجام شد. براساس سابقه ابتلا به دیابت، بیماران به دو گروه دیابتی و غیردیابتی تقسیم شدند. اطلاعات جمعیت‌شناختی، بالینی، سبک‌ زندگی و نتایج آزمایشگاهی در افراد تعیین شد. برای مقایسه متغیرها بین افراد دیابتی و غیر دیابتی از آزمون t مستقل یا آزمون Man-Whitney U و Chi-Square یا Fisher's-Exact استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: در افراد دیابتی، در نمونه‌های زنده در مقایسه با فوت‌شده‌ها، میانگین هموگلوبین و میزان لنفوسیت به شکل معناداری کمتر و میانگین نوتروفیل، آسپارتات آمینوترانسفراز، نیتروژن اوره خون، لاکتات دهیدروژناز و کراتینین بطور معناداری بیشتر بود. مقایسه هیچ از این متغیرها در جمعیت غیردیابتی تفاوت معناداری را نشان نداد. همچنین در بیماران دیابتی در مقایسه با گروه‌های PCR مثبت و منفی، اختلاف معناداری بین نمونه‌های بقا و مرگ وجود داشت. درمان با کورتون همچنین در بین جمعیت بیماران دیابتی به شکل معناداری منجر به تفاوت در تعداد موارد بقا و مرگ شد. مقایسه هیچ از این عوامل در جمعیت غیردیابتی تفاوت معناداری را نشان نداد. نتیجه‌گیری: در این مطالعه، میزان مرگ‌ومیر در بیماران دیابتی به‌طور معناداری با لنفوپنی، افزایش LDH و افزایش AST و افزایشBUN  و کراتینین در مقایسه با افراد غیردیابتی مرتبط بود از این‌رو، مراقبت بیشتری در دیابتی ها مبتلا به کووید-۱۹ ضروری است.}, keywords_fa = {کووید 19,دیابتی,غیر دیابتی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6988-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6988-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Azarnoush, Banin and Nikaeen, Zinat and AshrafGanjouei, Farideh and HajiAnzahaei, Zahr}, title = {The Effect of Leisure Time Based on Planned Behavior on Students\' Tendency to Physical Activity}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Nowadays, engaging in sports activities has become widespread in all societies and the number of people who engage in all kinds of sports as a competitive sport or as a recreational sport (leisure) is increasing every day. Optimal leisure time plays an important role in educating the community and prevents individual, social, economic, and cultural problems. Leisure is an activity through which members of society, regardless of the constraints of the environment and the requirements of life, develop their talents and develop their personalities. How to spend leisure time is a reflection of the social, economic, and cultural conditions of any society that the optimal use of this time can have a significant impact on improving the quality of social and economic life of society. Physical activity in leisure time is one of the things that make leisure time enjoyable and useful and has a tremendous effect on the physical and mental health of human beings and can have a great contribution in filling leisure time and positive social, economic and Have someone with you. Sport has a special place in the division of leisure time and is in the line of recreation and includes the active production of leisure experience in which the participants have some control over the work process. Leisure physical activities are sports and recreational activities that are performed for the purpose of pleasure, competition, building social relationships, and gaining physical fitness in leisure. Low participation in physical activity causes physical problems such as for overweight and obesity among children, adolescents, and young people, which is a major concern. Studies have shown that with age, physical activity decreases. Since attitude affects behavior and has a cause-and-effect relationship with behavior, the study of attitude to motor and sports activities is the source of conscious behavior to achieve well-being and well-being goals and is very important. Undoubtedly, building a healthy and vibrant society depends on the mental and physical health of the members of the society and owes to the efforts of healthy, efficient, and thoughtful human resources. The results of various researches indicate that people with different perspectives and attitudes engage in sports activities. At the same time, the theory of planned behavior is one of the well-known models of behavior change and In fact, it can be said that the planned behavior model can change the behavior and attitude of people, especially students, towards sports activities. The main purpose of programs and sports activities at the level of schools and educational institutions, while filling part of students' leisure time, helping to grow and develop their moral, psychological, physical, championship and cultural aspects of education in parallel It is another science and technology, so that the future creators of the country can make their progress and excellence and that of society possible. Undoubtedly, research on such a subject can be effective in many leisure programs and is of great importance. Especially in Iran and in schools, even the sports bell is often considered a time of recreation, and as it should be, a careful scientific view of adolescents' physical activities during these hours as well as in leisure time should not be considered, so it is necessary to Codified training to create interest and change the attitude and tendency of as many students as possible and increase the hours spent on sports and the continuation of their interests should be taken seriously. In this regard, in this study, an attempt has been made to apply the theory of planned behavior as a theoretical framework for research and education based on exercise, predictors of behavior tend to physical activity among adolescents and students. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, the statistical population consisted of male high school students in Chalous city. The number of statistical samples was 40 through random sampling and these people were divided into two groups of 20 intervention and control. Research tools include a designed educational package (which lasted ten sessions) and Jandaghi Physical Activity Trend Questionnaire (2017) with 18 questions and 5 components of Physical Activity Attitude Questionnaire (6 questions), Awareness (3 questions), Abstract norms (3 questions), perceived behavioral control (4 questions), behavioral intention (2 questions). Independent t-test and sample pairs were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the scores of students' tendency to physical activity before and after the intervention within the intervention group (p = 0.001). Also, the results of the independent t-test showed that in the intervention group, due to leisure training based on the model of planned behavior on the tendency to physical activity in students, an increase was observed that the difference between before and after the intervention was 8.1. The mean increased from 42.2 to 53.3. Conclusion: According to the research findings, the difference between before and after the intervention is 8.1, which the average has increased from 42.2 to 53.3. In planned behaviors, a range of individual attitudes changes as his or her awareness increases, cognition of and abstraction of abstract norms improves, and perceptions of behavior and control increase. A person's behavioral intent eventually develops. On the other hand, rapid industrial changes and transformations are associated with many social and economic consequences and have important effects on how people spend their leisure time, which results in turning to cyberspace in their leisure time, which causes many physical and mental problems. Individuals can take a big step in improving the health status of society by changing the mental approach of individuals and the tendency to do physical activity in their spare time. The findings of this study showed that the attitude to exercise improves the tendency to physical activity and exercise. Attitude towards behavior means to what extent the desired behavior is desirable, pleasant, useful, and enjoyable for the person, which depends on the person's judgment about the effects and consequences of the behavior. In fact, attitude is based on the consequences of individual experience, behavior, or surrogate experiences through learning to observe others. Because of the direct experience of a behavior, positive beliefs about the consequences of the behavior are reinforced and then act as a motivation to continue. Attitude also refers to the emotions caused by the behavior, the experience of these pleasant emotions can affect its promotion and continuity. In fact, using the rain of thoughts and discussing the consequences of behavior and physical activity by the target group, and experiencing the positive physical and psychological benefits resulting from it affects the tendency of students to physical activity. On the other hand, one of the important obstacles in engaging in physical activity is the lack of awareness about the benefits of physical activity and also the lack of sufficient information about the levels and scope of physical activity and exercise. In general, it can be said that the implementation of an educational program based on the theory of planned behavior can affect the promotion and inclination of students to physical activity.  }, Keywords = {Planned Behavior, Tendency to Physical Activity, Students}, volume = {29}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر گذران اوقات فراغت مبتنی بر رفتار برنامه‌ریزی شده بر گرایش به فعالیت جسمانی در دانش آموزان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: گذران اوقات فراغت نقش مهمی در تربیت و تعلیم جامعه دارد؛ لذا هدف از انجام این تحقیق بررسی اثر تأثیر گذران اوقات فراغت مبتنی بر رفتار برنامه‌ریزی شده بر گرایش به فعالیت جسمانی در دانش آموزان می‌باشد. روش کار: در این مطالعه نیمه تجربی، جامعه آماری شامل دانش‌آموزان پسر مقطع دوم متوسطه شهرستان چالوس بود که تعداد نمونه آماری از طریق نمونه‌گیری تصادفی تعداد 40 نفر انتخاب گردید و این افراد به دو گروه 20 نفره مداخله و کنترل تقسیم شدند. ابزار تحقیق شامل بسته آموزشی طراحی شده (که ده جلسه به طول انجامید) و پرسشنامه گرایش به فعالیت جسمانی جندقی (1396) با 18 سوال و 5 مؤلفه نگرش به گرایش به فعالیت جسمانی، آگاهی، هنجارهای انتزاعی، کنترل رفتاری درک شده، قصد رفتاری بود. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده­های از آزمون­های t مستقل و t همبسته استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که بین نمره گرایش به فعالیت جسمانی دانش آموزان قبل و بعد از مداخله درون گروه مداخله اختلاف معناداری مشاهده شد (001/0p=). همچنین نتایج آزمون t مستقل نشان داد در گروه مداخله با توجه به آموزش گذران اوقات فراغت مبتنی بر مدل رفتار برنامه­ریزی شده بر گرایش به فعالیت جسمانی در دانش آموزان افزایش مشاهده شده است که تفاضل بین قبل و بعد از مداخله برابر 1/8 می‌باشد که میانیگن از 2/42 به 3/53 افزایش یافت. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان اینگونه بیان کرد که اجرای برنامه آموزشی مبتنی بر نظریه رفتار برنامه‌ریزی شده می‌تواند در ارتقاء و گرایش دانش‌آموزان به فعالیت جسمانی تأثیر داشته باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {رفتار برنامه‌ریزی شده, گرایش به فعالیت جسمانی, دانش‌آموزان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7093-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7093-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Malek, Hadi and Hedayati, Raheleh and Rahimizadeh, Si}, title = {Use of 99m Tc DMSA Scintigraphy in Assessment of Renal Complications of COVID-19}, abstract ={COVID-19 mainly affects respiratory and immune systems, but other organs like renal, cardiovascular, lung and nervous systems could also be involved in both acute and chronic settings (1, 2). There is a lot of studies that demonstrate an increasing number of long COVID-19 who continue to experience persistent symptoms weeks or even months after the initial disease. Reports suggested that 66-87% of COVID-19 patients have at least one persistent chronic symptom related to the disease, the most common symptoms are fatigue, cough, anosmia, headaches, arthralgia, and chest pain that affect those with all grades of COVID-19 as well as inpatients and outpatients (3). Nowadays, imaging departments worldwide are exploring the different ways to may help for the management of chronic long covid-19 (4).  One of the important complications with high morbidity and mortality is renal involvement. Studies show that 5–23% of people with COVID-19 have the symptoms of acute kidney injury (AKI) including proteinuria, elevated blood urea and creatinine, hematuria,  and histopathological damages (5). The multiorgan invasion of SARS-CoV-2 is a result of the wide distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the organs; kidneys have the highest expression of ACE2 receptors in the body. Mesangial cells, podocytes, parietal epithelium of the Bowman’s Capsule, and the collecting ducts in the kidney show ACE2 receptors. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the renal manifestations of COVID-19 including direct viral invasion to the kidneys as well as a disturbance in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) homeostasis (6). This virus binds to ACE2 receptors and leads to systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation in different organs (7, 8). This invasion leads to renal complications of COVID-19 which are acute renal injury and also deterioration and progression of previous renal disease in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients (9). A large number of patients after acute renal injury of COVID‐19 have typically experienced long-term renal consequences during follow‐up (5). Recent studies showed that the development of AKI is associated with a poor prognosis. Renal injury increases morbidity and mortality, therefore subjects with evidence of renal involvement should be closely monitored and appropriately managed to avoid any decline in renal function (10). Renal injury is common in moderate to severe SARS-CoV-2 patients. Baseline proteinuria is an independent risk factor for increased hospitalization duration and ICU admission in subjects with COVID-19 (11). Nuclear medicine as functional, anatomical, and molecular imaging could be useful in diagnosing chronic renal complications, follow up and evaluation of response to treatment (4). The purpose of this study is to introduce 99m Tc DMSA renal scintigraphy as a nuclear medicine imaging that proved to be accurate and sensitive in assessing the onset, progression, and response to treatment of cortical renal dysfunction of COVID-19 patients (12). 99m Tc-DMSA scintigraphy is a radionuclide scan that uses dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) in assessing renal morphology, structure, and function. Radioactive technetium-99m is combined with DMSA and injected into a patient, followed by imaging with a gamma camera after 3 hours (13). Imaging time is approximately 5 - 10 minutes depending on the counts collected per view take. Usually, posterior and posterior oblique views are the best images for interpretation of the scan. The patient is asked to maintain good hydration before and after the radiotracer injection. Usually, fasting is not required for scans (14). 99m Tc-DMSA scintigraphy is a safe, widely available with a low radiation dose that provides information about the morphology and function of the cortex of kidneys utilizing radiopharmaceuticals with high renal clearance. It can also use for measuring relative renal function. Anatomical abnormalities causing renal vascular or urinary tract malfunction can be diagnosed as well (13). 99m Tc-DMSA scintigraphy could help in the evaluation of cortical dysfunction and relative function of kidneys. It can also be used for detection of focal renal parenchymal abnormalities, differential diagnosis of scar from recoverable cortical dysfunction 6 months after acute infection, detection of acute pyelonephritis, evaluation of response to therapy by comparing baseline and fallow up scans, and discovery of associated abnormalities: abnormal duplex kidney, small kidney, dysplastic tissue and horseshoe kidney (13). The number, size, and location of areas of cortical loss can be assessed as well (4). A large polar hypoactive area, without deformity of the outlines and with indistinct margins will generally heal; marked localized deformity of the outlines or deformed outlines (volume loss) generally correspond to permanent sequelae. Renal sequelae should anyway best be estimated on a DMSA scintigraphy performed at least 6 months after acute infection (15). In conclusion, review of articles show that 99m Tc DMSA cortical renal scintigraphy can use in renal complications of covid-19 by demonstrating acute cortical dysfunction, acute pyelonephritis, size of kidneys, and relative function of kidneys. In a chronic setting, we can use a DMSA scan for detection of cortical scars, progression of renal cortical dysfunction, and response to therapy. Further research is needed to help improve effectiveness of this imaging.  }, Keywords = {COVID-19, Renal complications, 99m Tc-DMSA scintigraphy, Acute kidney injury}, volume = {29}, Number = {2}, pages = {10-14}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {نقش اسکن دی مرکاپتو سوکسینیک اسید در تعیین عوارض دیررس کلیوی ناشی از ابتلا به بیماری کووید19}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بیماری کرونا ویروسCOVID-19)) که ناشی از عفونت با ویروس کرونا از نوع SARS-COV2 می‌باشد عمدتاً موجب درگیری راه‌های هوایی و سیستم ایمنی می‌شود اما می‌تواند سایر ارگان‌ها مانند کلیه، سیستم قلبی عروقی، ریه و سیستم عصبی را نیز درگیر کرده و موجب افزایش مرگ و میر گردد (1، 2). مطالعات مختلف نشان دهنده افزایش تعداد بیمارانی است که عوارض طولانی مدت ناشی ازCOVID-19  را دارند. اینها بیمارانی هستند که علائم مزمن بیماری را هفته‌ها یا حتی ماه‌ها پس از شروع بیماری از خود نشان می‌دهند. گزارش ها حاکی از آن است که 66% - 87% از بیماران COVID-19 حداقل یک علامت ادامه دار و مزمن ناشی از بیماری را از خود نشان می دهند که شایع ترین آنها عبارتند از: خستگی، سرفه، اختلال بویایی، سردرد، درد استخوانی و درد قفسه سینه. این علامت‌ها در همه شدت‌هایCOVID-19  و در بیماران بستری و سرپایی دیده می‌شود (3). دپارتمان‌های تصویر برداری در سراسر دنیادر جستجوی راه‌های مختلف برای کمک به کنترل عوارض دراز مدت COVID-19  هستند (4). یکی از عوارض مهم با مرگ و میر بالا عوارض کلیوی است مطالعات نشان داده است که 5% تا 23% بیمارانCOVID-19  علائم آسیب حاد کلیه را دارند که شامل وجود پروتئین در ادرار، افزایش اوره و کراتینین خون، هماچوری و آسیب‌های هیستوپاتولوژیک است (5). تهاجم ارگان‌های مختلف در کووید 19 ناشی از انتشار وسیع گیرنده‌های آنزیم مبدل آنژیوتانسین 2 (ACE2) در این اندام‌ها است، کلیه بالاترین میزان گیرنده‌های ACE2 در بدن را دارا می‌باشد، سلول‌های مزانژیال، پدوسیت‌ها، اپیتلیوم جداری کپسول بومن و مجاری جمع‌کننده بیشترین میزان از گیرنده‌هایACE2  را نمایش می‌دهند. مکانیزم‌های مختلف برای تظاهرات کلیوی کووید 19 پیشنهاد شده‌اند که شامل تهاجم مستقیم ویروس به کلیه و همینطور اختلال در سیستم رنین آنژیوتانسین آلدوسترون است (6). این ویروس به گیرنده‌های ACE2 می‌چسبد و باعث التهاب سیستمیک و اختلال در سیستم ایمنی اندام های مختلف می شود (7،8 ). این تهاجم و همچنین استفاده از داروهای نفروتوکسیک و ایسکمی و هایپوکسی ناشی از بیماری منجر به عوارض کلیوی کووید 19 می شود که شامل آسیب حاد کلیوی و همچنین پیشرفت آسیب کلیه در بیماران دچار بیماری مزمن کلیوی (Chronic Kidney Disease) می‌باشد (9). در حقیقت تعداد زیادی از بیماران پس از آسیب حاد کلیه ناشی از کووید 19 عوارض کلیوی دراز مدت را در پیگیری (Follow up) از خود نشان می‌دهند (5). مطالعات اخیر نشان می‌دهد که ایجاد آسیب حاد کلیه در این بیماران باعث پروگنوز ضعیف بیماری می‌شود، آسیب کلیوی باعث افزایش موربیدیتی و مورتالیتی می‌شود، بنابرین بیمارانی که مشکلات کلیوی دارند باید به صورت دقیق‌تر پیگیری شوند تا در صورت هرگونه کاهش در عملکرد کلیه مورد درمان قرار گیرند (10). پروتئینوری فاکتور خطر مستقل برای افزایش دوره بستری و پذیرش در ICU در بیماران کووید 19 می‌باشد (11). پزشکی هسته‌ای به عنوان یک تصویر برداری عملکردی، آناتومیکال و مولکولی می‌تواند در تشخیص عوارض مزمن کلیوی، پیگیری بیماران و پاسخ به درمان مفید باشد (4). هدف از این مقاله معرفی اسکن کلیوی99m Tc DMSA  به عنوان یک تصویر برداری پزشکی هسته‌ای است که ثابت شده که برای ارزیابی شروع، پیشرفت و درمان اختلالات عملکردی کورتکس کلیه در بیماران کووید 19 یک روش حساس و دقیق است (12). اسکنDMSA  یک اسکن رادیونوکلئید با استفاده از دیمرکاپتو سوکسینیک اسید است که در ارزیابی شکل کلیه و عملکرد کورتکس به کار می‌رود. رادیواکتیویته تکنسیم باDMSA  ترکیب می‌شود و به بیمار تزریق می‌شود، سپس تصویر برداری بیمار با استفاده ازدوربین گاما 2 الی 3 ساعت بعد انجام می‌شود (13). زمان تصویر برداری برای هر نما 5 الی 10 دقیقه است که بر اساس شمارگان رادیوداروی جمع آوری شده می‌باشد. اصولا نما‌های خلفی و مایل خلفی بهترین نما‌ها برای تفسیر اسکن می‌باشند. بیمار باید قبل و بعد از تصویر برداری مایعات فراوان بنوشد و ناشتایی برای این اسکن لازم نیست (14). اسکنDMSA  یک روش ایمن، در دسترس و با اشعه کم می‌باشدکه اطلاعات دقیق راجع به مورفولوژی و عملکرد کورتکس کلیه به ما می‌دهد این روش همچنین می‌تواند برای اندازه‌گیری فانکشن نسبی دو کلیه به کار رود . همچنین اختلالات آناتومیک که باعث آسیب عملکرد عروقی کلیه و یا مجاری ادرار می‌شوند نیز با این روش قابل تشخیص می‌باشند (13). آسترمن و همکاران نشان دادندکه نارسایی حاد کلیوی در بیماران کووید 19 با افزایش ریسک مرگ و میر همراه است ولی مشخص نشده که اثرات طولانی مدت این آسیب حاد در عملکرد کلیوی و خطر دیالیز مزمن و میزان مرگ و میر چقدر است (6). گانسوورت و همکاران خاطر نشان کردند که بیماران مزمن کلیوی و کسانی که دیالیز می شوند یا پیوند کلیه انجام داده اند ممکن است در معرض خطر بیشتری برای مرگ ومیر ناشی از این بیماری باشند و نشان دادند که می‌بایست از روش‌های دیگر برای بررسی دوره بیماری در این افراد استفاده گردد (9). همیلتون و همکاران پس از مطالعه گسترده در جمعیت زیادی از مبتلایان به کووید در انگلستان نشان دادند که نارسایی حاد کلیه که در اثر کووید ایجاد شود صرف نظر از شدت آن می‌تواند با عوارض و مرگ و میر بیشتری در بیماران همراه باشد و بنابراین نیاز به مطالعات تصویر برداری بیشتر برای بررسی درمان‌های مختلف و بررسی دوره بیماری است (10).  اسکن DMSA می تواند هم در فاز حاد و هم در فاز مزمن اختلال عملکرد کورتکس را نشان دهد، این اسکن همچنین می‌تواند اختلالات کانونی پارانشیم کلیه و سکل‌های کلیوی 6 ماه پس از عفونت حاد، تشخیص افتراقی اسکار از اختلالات کورتکس قابل برگشت کلیه داپلکس، کلیه کوچک، بافت دیسپلاستیک و کلیه نعل اسبی به کار رود (13). تعداد، اندازه و محل آسیب‌های کورتکس نیز با این اسکن قابل نمایش است (4). برای تشخیص سکل‌های کلیویمی بایست اسکنDMSA  حداقل 6 ماه پس از عفونت حاد انجام شود (15). نتیجه‌گیری: مرور مقالات درحال حاضر نشان می‌دهد که اسکن کورتیکال کلیوی99m Tc DMSA  می‌تواند درفازحاد کووید 19 برای تشخیص به موقع اختلال عملکرد کورتکس کلیه، تشخیص پیلو نفریت حاد، ارزیابی فانکشن نسبی دوکلیه و سایز آنها به کار رود. در فاز مزمن کووید 19 این اسکن برای تشخیص اسکار کلیوی، ارزیابی کنترل پیشرفت آسیب کلیوی، و ارزیابی پاسخ به درمان به مفید است. هرچند با توجه به اهمیت مطلب نیازمند مطالعات بیشتری در این زمینه می‌باشیم.  }, keywords_fa = {COVID-19,عوارض کلیوی,اسکن کلیوی 99m Tc DMSA,آسیب حاد کلیه}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7396-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7396-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Abbasi, Mohammad Amin and Momeni, Mohammad and AlmasiNokiani, Alireza and Najmaldin, Atous}, title = {Evaluation of the Difference in Severity of Lung Involvement in Chest CT Scan of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients with COVID-19}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The new coronavirus, known as severe coronavirus syndrome (SARS-CoV2), is a viral pneumonia caused by an emerging virus that causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (1). The etiology and pathology of the disease are not known exactly, but it has been reported to enter host cells by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2). (2) The range of clinical symptoms of the disease varies from asymptomatic to respiratory failure, which requires mechanical ventilation. These symptoms have been more severe in patients with diabetes and hypertension (1). Detection of COVID-19 is based on RT-PCR (real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) test of the pharyngeal sample. It has been found that chest CT scans can be useful in diagnosing interstitial pneumonia in patients with suspected COVID-19 (7, 8). Bilateral peripheral GGO involvement is the most common finding on chest CT scan in COVID-19 patients. The appearance of GGO alone or with consolidative opacities was also a common finding in chest CT. Chest CT scan and pathological changes are more severe in patients with diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in Iran and the world. This disease is considered as a risk factor in patients with 19-COVID. The risk of severe symptoms and death in diabetic patients with COVID-19 is higher than others. This study aimed to evaluate the differences in the severity of lung involvement in chest CT scan of diabetic and non-diabetic patients with Covid-19. Methods: The present study is a retrospective cross-sectional study that was performed on 148 patients with Covid-19 including 74 diabetic patients and 74 non-diabetic patients admitted to Kosar Hospital in Semnan and Firoozabadi Hospital in Tehran in 2016. Inclusion criteria were confirmation of coronary heart disease, confirmation of diagnosis of diabetes from 5 years ago and use of diabetic drugs in the case group. Demographic information, signs and symptoms, chest CT scan findings and RT-PCR were extracted from patients' medical records. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and the significance level of P was less than 0.05. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the age of patients with COVID-19 in the two groups of diabetic and non-diabetic patients (p = 0.002). Chest CT scan in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with COVID-19 was 21.44 and 20.04, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the chest CT scores of patients with diabetic and non-diabetic groups by sex and age. Conclusion: In the present study, the rate of lung involvement by chest CT scan in 74 diabetic patients with Covid-19 was compared with 74 non-diabetic patients. There was a statistically significant difference between the ages of patients with COVID-19 in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients, so that the mean age of diabetic patients was higher than non-diabetic patients. There was no statistically significant difference between the sex and chest CT scan score of patients with COVID-19 in the two groups of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. The results of the present study showed that the mean age of diabetic patients was higher than non-diabetic patients. The rate of pulmonary involvement in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with COVID-19 was not different and the score of lung CT scan was similar in both groups; In addition, age and gender had no effect on CT scan score. This finding is the most important result of the present study. Pulmonary infiltration may be due to the body's immune response to the virus, and overproduction of inflammatory cytokines, known as cytokine storms, can cause lung damage (15). People with diabetes are affected by low-grade chronic inflammation that may facilitate the cytokine storm, which in turn appears to be the cause of severe cases of COVID-19 (19). IL-6 is the most common marker of inflammation in diabetes mellitus with COVID-19. (20). From these cases, it can be concluded that in diabetic patients, due to the higher level of inflammatory cytokines, lung damage is also expected to increase. Another cause of severe COVID-19 9 and more lung involvement in diabetic patients can be a disorder in the innate immune system of these patients, which increases the risk of infection. Another mechanism in the disorder of the immune system in diabetic patients is the increased adhesion of microorganisms to the cells of diabetic patients; In addition, some Firoozabadi hospital clinical research development unit(FHCRDU),patients with COVID-19 is higher than non-diabetic patients, this difference is not statistically significant.  }, Keywords = {Diabetes, COVID 19, CT scan}, volume = {29}, Number = {2}, pages = {15-22}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی تفاوت شدت درگیری ریه در سی تی اسکن قفسه سینه بیماران دیابتی و غیردیابتی مبتلا به کووید-19}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: دیابت یکی از بیماری‌های شایع در ایران و جهان می‌باشد. این  بیماری به عنوان یک عامل خطر در بیماران مبتلا به 19-COVID می‌باشد. ریسک علائم شدید و مرگ میر در بیماران دیابتی مبتلا به 19-COVID بیشتر از سایرین می‌باشد. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تفاوت شدت درگیری ریه در سی تی اسکن قفسه سینه بیماران دیابتی  و غیردیابتی مبتلا به کووید-19 انجام شد. روش کار: مطالعه حاضر یک مطالعه توصیفی تحلیلی است که به صورت مقطعی بر روی  148 بیمار مبتلا به کووید  شامل 74 بیمار دیابتی و 74 بیمار غیر دیابتی در در سال 1399 انجام شد. ابتدا مشخصات دموگرافیک و اولیه بیماران ثبت شد. سپس اولین سی تی اسکن آنها توسط یک نفر رادیولوژیست ماهر و با تجربه بررسی و نمره‌دهی شد. یافته‌ها:  تفاوت آماری معناداری بین سن بیماران مبتلا به کرونا در دو گروه  بیماران دیابتی و غیر دیابتی مشاهده شد (002/0=P).  ولی بین جنسیت بیماران مبتلا به کرونا در دو گروه بیماران دیابتی و غیر دیابتی تفاوتی مشاهده نشد. میانگین معیار نمره سی تی اسکن قفسه سینه در بیماران دیابتی و غیر دیابتی مبتلا به کووید19 به ترتیب برابر 2/21 و .04/20 بوده است. تفاوت آماری معناداری بین نمره سی تی اسکن قفسه سینه در دو گروه بیماران دیابتی و غیر دیابتی مشاهده نشد.هم چنین تفاوت آماری معناداری بین نمره سی تی اسکن قفسه سینه بیماران مبتلا به کووید 19 به تفکیک جنس و سن در دو گروه دیابتی و غیر دیابتی مشاهده نشد.  نتیجه گیری: اگر چه درگیری ریوی بیماران دیابتی مبتلا به کووید 19 بیشتر از بیماران غیردیابتی میباشد ،ولی این تفاوت از نظر آماری معنی دار نیست.  }, keywords_fa = {دیابت, کووید 19, سی تی اسکن}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7346-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7346-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ebrahimian, Arefeh and Behboudi, Em}, title = {Assessment of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection by measuring antibody titer, yes or no!}, abstract ={Dear Editor The current epidemic of the novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) risen from Wuhan, China, turned to a worldwide concern because of its incubation period (2-14 days) and its high transmission rate. The first cases of the infection were reported in December 2019 in Wuhan with symptoms like pneumonia with an unknown reason. Very soon it was known as a novel kind of Coronavirus on 31 December 2019. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the main viral agent of this disease, is belonging to betacoronavirus genera, Coronaviridae family, an enveloped positive sense RNA virus. Like SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 attacks the organism by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Recently, some reports of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been shown that the virus is found not only in the respiratory tract but also in the gastrointestinal tract. In recent year, SARS-CoV-2 is still infecting populations that lack immunity to the virus, causing significant disease and mortality (1, 2). Immunity to SARS-CoV-2, either through natural infection or through vaccination, to some extent protects and reduces the risk of significant clinical consequences. For example, it has been estimated that improved seropositive individuals can have up to 89% protection against re-infection (3) and that vaccine efficacy has been reported to be 50 to 95% (4). However, the duration of the created immunity period is not known and over time, this immunity weakens (5, 6), in addition, there is concern about the escape of new variants from the immune system (7). An important question here is to identify the immune link with protection against SARS-CoV-2 and thus predict how these changes will affect the clinical outcome of the disease. Neutralizing antibody titer is an important predictor of the effectiveness of vaccines in development. Studies show that the level of neutralizing antibodies decreases over time and a booster may be needed within a year. However, protection against the severe form of the disease may be significantly longer. It can be said that the development of a strong or weak humoral response depends on the interaction of the virus and the host and the inflammation that occurs. If the challenge is low, the antibody produced has poor performance, but if the challenge is high, the antibody produced is more functional and responds more aggressively to re-exposure to the pathogen. In addition, cellular immune responses can play a prominent role in this regard (8). Therefore, if existing vaccines, such as natural infections, are able to stimulate the cellular immune response in addition to producing neutralizing antibodies, the immunity persistence of the vaccine will also increase. Another question that arises is whether determining the antibody titer after a natural infection or vaccination can be a correct marker of the state of protection against infection? Antibodies act as markers of infection and, if persisted, can lead to long-term immunity. In most clinically approved vaccines we measure the binding antibody titer, while this is a neutralizing antibody titer that indicates how immunogenic is a vaccine. An antibody, in addition to binding to the desired antigen, must also be able to neutralize that antigen, either by blocking the infection by preventing the pathogen from binding to the receptor or by stimulate immune cells for clearance and disease control, which should also be considered in vaccine studies. In addition to antibody titer and function, knowing how antibody function is related to cellular immunity and the nature of T and B cell immunity is essential to realizing long-term protection against re-infection (9). It is not yet known how some people get re-infected despite having antibody titers. Can the presence of specific antibodies against other viral antigens compensate for the low titer of functional RBD specific antibodies? The answer is no. Experiments show that when the Ab-mediated complement deposition (ADCD) and Ab-dependent neutrophil phagocytosis (ADNP) tests were performed, virus neutralization was seen only in individuals with high IgG antibody titers against the RBD region. Therefore, it was concluded that only antibodies against RBD are neutralizing (10). However, it cannot be said that a high titer of anti-RBD antibody means high immunity because not all antibodies against RBD are neutralizing. Does it mean that there is no protection against re-infection if the antibodies lack good binding or function? We cannot say for sure because the role of the T cell, which acts as a strong immune responder to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), cannot be ignored. Suppose we measure the antibody titer in a number of volunteers at time T0 (test start time). Are only symptomatic people positive for neutralizing antibodies? According to an experiment conducted by YC Bartsch et al. (9) asymptomatic individuals also had specific antibodies against RBD with a specificity of over 99.5% by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This means that this antibody was present in both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, but its titer was higher in symptomatic individuals. After tracking subjects for antibody titers after a certain period of time, a small number of participants completely lost their antibody response, and in the remaining individuals, almost half of the subjects had decreased antibody titers and the other half had a dramatically increased antibody titers. This observation can be justified in two ways, first, that these people differed in the length of time they spent with the infection, and second, that people with elevated antibody titers may be re-exposed to the infection. Knowing this, it can be concluded that measuring the antibody titer after infection or vaccination will not give us accurate information about the level of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Routine clinical laboratory methods such as ELISA will never be able to make sure that the antibodies produced in your body are neutralizing or not, because this requires specialized neutralizing tests. In addition, knowing the initial antibody titer, it is not easy to estimate that the rate of antibody reduction will be faster or slower. Therefore, models that predict immune responses to infection need to determine the link between the protection provided by expanding vaccines. Because in different studies, a single method has not been used to measure the neutralizing antibody titer, there is a need for data normalization methods to better compare the results. In addition, we suggest that in addition to measuring the neutralizing antibody titer, the responses of memory T and B cells, which are associated with high protection against SARS-CoV-2, be measured so that we can have a better prognosis for neutralization.  }, Keywords = {SARS-CoV-2, Antibody, Protection, ELISA}, volume = {29}, Number = {2}, pages = {23-27}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {سنجش حفاظت در برابر عفونت سارس کروناویروس 2 با اندازه گیری تیتر آنتی بادی، آری یا نه!}, abstract_fa ={در سال اخیر، سارس کروناویروس 2 در سطح جهان گسترش یافته و جمعیتی را که فاقد ایمنی برای این ویروس بوده‌اند را آلوده کرده و مسبب بیماری و مرگ و میر قابل توجهی گردیده است (1، 2). ایمنی به سارس کروناویروس 2 چه از طریق عفونت طبیعی و چه از طریق واکسیناسیون، تا حدی سبب حفاظت و کاهش خطر پیامدهای بالینی مهم آن می‌گردد. برای مثال، تخمین زده شده که افراد بهبود یافته سروپازیتیو، می‌توانند تا 89% حفاظت در برابر عفونت مجدد  داشته باشند (3) و اثربخشی واکسن نیز 50 تا 95% گزارش شده است (4). با این وجود طول دوره ایمنی ایجاد شده مشخص نیست و با گذشت زمان این ایمنی، تضعیف می‌شود (5، 6). به‌علاوه نگرانی فرار واریانت های جدید از سیستم ایمنی نیز وجود دارد (7). یک سوال مهم که در اینجا مطرح می‌شود شناسایی ارتباط ایمنی با حفاظت علیه سارس کروناویروس 2 و بنابراین پیش بینی این که چطور این تغییرات، بر نتایج بالینی بیماری اثرگذار است می‌باشد. تیتر آنتی بادی خنثی کننده یک پیشگوی مهم کارایی واکسن‌های در حال تولید و آینده می‌باشد. مطالعات نشان می‌دهند که سطح آنتی بادی خنثی کننده به مرور زمان کاهش می‌یابد و ممکن است در یک سال، نیاز به بوستر هم وجود داشته باشد. با این حال حفاظت علیه فرم شدید بیماری ممکن است بطور قابل ملاحظه‌ای دوام بیشتری داشته باشد. می‌توان گفت که ایجاد پاسخ همورال قوی یا ضعیف، بستگی به اینتراکشن ویروس و میزبان و التهابی که ایجاد می‌شود، دارد. اگر این چالش در سطح پایین باشد، آنتی بادی ایجاد شده، عملکرد ضعیف تری دارد اما اگر این چالش در سطح بالا باشد، آنتی بادی تولید شده فانکشنال‌تر و در برابر مواجهه مجدد با پاتوژن، پاسخ تهاجمی‌تر را نشان می‌دهد. به‌علاوه، در این زمینه  پاسخ‌های ایمنی سلولی می‌توانند نقش برجسته ای را ایفا کنند (8). بنابراین اگر واکسن‌های موجود، مثل عفونت طبیعی قادر باشند علاوه بر تولید آنتی بادی‌های خنثی کننده، پاسخ ایمنی سلولی را هم برانگیزند، ماندگاری ایمنی ناشی از واکسن نیز افزایش می‌یابد. سوال دیگر که مطرح می‌شود این است که آیا تعیین تیتر آنتی بادی، پس از عفونت طبیعی یا واکسیناسیون می‌تواند مارکر درستی از وضعیت حفاظت در برابر عفونت باشد؟ آنتی بادی‌ها به‌عنوان مارکرهای عفونت می‌باشند و اگر تداوم داشته باشند می‌توانند سبب ایمنی طولانی مدت شوند. در بیشتر واکسن‌های تایید شده از نظر بالینی، تیتر آنتی بادی  متصل شونده را اندازه‌گیری می‌کنند، در حالیکه این تیتر آنتی بادی خنثی کننده است که نشان می‌دهد که یک واکسن چه میزان ایمنی زایی دارد. یک آنتی بادی، علاوه بر اینکه باید به آنتی ژن مورد نظر متصل شود باید قادر به خنثی کردن آن آنتی ژن هم باشد که این کار را یا به‌وسیله مسدود کردن عفونت با جلوگیری از اتصال پاتوژن به گیرنده یا جذب سلول‌های ایمنی برای پاک سازی  و کنترل بیماری انجام می‌دهد که این موضوع در مطالعات واکسن نیز باید مدنظر قرار بگیرد.  علاوه بر تیتر و عملکرد آنتی بادی، دانستن اینکه چطور عملکرد آنتی بادی با ایمنی سلولی ارتباط دارد و ماهیت ایمنی سلول T و B، برای پی بردن به حفاظت طولانی مدت علیه عفونت مجدد الزامی است (9). اینکه چطور برخی افراد با وجود داشتن تیتر آنتی بادی، دچار عفونت مجدد می‌شوند هنوز معلوم نیست. آیا وجود آنتی بادی‌های اختصاصی علیه سایر آنتی ژن‌های ویروسی قادرند تیتر پایین آنتی بادی عملکردی اختصاصی RBD را جبران کنند؟ جواب منفی است. آزمایشات نشان می دهد که زمانی که تست‌های Ab-mediated complement deposition(ADCD) و  Ab- dependent neutrophil phagocytosis(ADNP) انجام گرفت مشخص شد که خنثی سازی ویروس تنها در افرادی که تیتر بالای آنتی بادی IgG علیه ناحیه RBD را داشتند دیده شد. بنابراین نتیجه گرفته شد که تنها، آنتی بادی علیه RBD خنثی کننده است (10). با این وجود نمیتوان گفت که تیتر بالای آنتی بادی ضد RBD به معنای ایمنی بالا می باشد به این دلیل که تمام آنتی بادی‌های علیه RBD  نیز خنثی کننده نمی‌باشند. آیا اگر آنتی بادی‌ها فاقد اتصال خوب یا عملکرد موثر باشند به این معنی است که حفاظتی در برابر عفونت مجدد وجود ندارد؟ ما نمی‌توانیم به قطع این را بگوییم چون نمی‌توان نقش سلول T که بعنوان یک ارتباط دهنده ایمنی قوی به کووید19 عمل می‌کند را  نادیده گرفت. فرض کنید که تیتر آنتی بادی را در تعدادی افراد داوطلب در زمان T0 (زمان شروع آزمایش) بسنجیم. آیا تنها افراد علامت دار از نظر آنتی بادی خنثی کننده مثبت هستند؟ طبق آزمایشی که YC Bartsch و همکاران انجام دادند (9) افرادی که بدون علامت بودند نیز دارای آنتی بادی اختصاصی علیه RBD با اختصاصیت بالای 5/99% بوسیله تست الایزا بودند. یعنی این آنتی بادی هم در افراد علامت دار و هم بدون علامت وجود داشته اما در افراد علامت دار تیتر آن بیشتر بوده است.  بعد از پیگیری افراد برای سنجش تیتر آنتی بادی بعد از مدت زمان معین، تعداد کمی از شرکت کنندگان پاسخ آنتی بادی را بطور کامل از دست دادند و در افراد باقی مانده تقریبا نیمی از افراد کاهش تیتر آنتی بادی و نیمی دیگر به طرز عجیبی افزایش در تیتر آنتی بادی داشتند. این مشاهده را به دو طریق میتوان توجیه کرد، اول اینکه از نظر طول دوره ای که از عفونت میگذشت این افراد متفاوت بودند و دوم اینکه افرادی که افزایش تیتر آنتی بادی داشته اند ممکن است دوباره در معرض عفونت قرار گرفته باشند. با دانستن این مطالب میتوان نتیجه گرفت که اندازه گیری تیتر آنتی بادی پس از عفونت یا واکسیناسیون، اطلاعات دقیقی در مورد سطح حفاظت در برابر عفونت سارس کروناویروس 2 را به ما نخواهد داد. روش‌های روتین آزمایشگاهی بالینی نظیر تست الایزا هرگز قادر نخواهد بود که به شما اطمینان بدهد که آنتی بادی های تولید شده در بدن شما خنثی کننده هستند یا خیر، چون این امر نیاز به تست‌های خنثی سازی تخصصی دارد. بعلاوه با دانستن تیتر آنتی بادی اولیه نمیتوان به راحتی تخمین زد که سرعت کاهش آنتی بادی سریع‌تر یا آهسته‌تر خواهد بود. بنابراین به مدل هایی که پاسخ‌های ایمنی به عفونت را پیش بینی می‌کنند نیاز است تا  ارتباط ایمنی با حفاظتی که به‌وسیله واکسن‌های در حال گسترش ایجاد می‌شود را تعیین کنند. از آنجا که در مطالعات مختلف، جهت سنجش تیتر آنتی بادی خنثی کننده از یک روش واحد استفاده نشده است، نیاز به روش های نرمالایز کردن اطلاعات برای مقایسه بهتر نتایج وجود دارد. به‌علاوه پیشنهاد می‌کنیم که علاوه بر سنجش تیتر آنتی بادی خنثی کننده، پاسخ سلول‌های T و B خاطره، که با حفاظت بالا علیه سارس کروناویروس 2 مرتبطند، نیز اندازه‌گیری شود تا بتوانیم پیش بینی بهتری نسبت به خنثی سازی داشته باشیم.}, keywords_fa = {سارس کوروناویروس 2, آنتی بادی, حفاظت, الایزا}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7274-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7274-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {BassakNejad, Soudabeh and ShakeriNejad, Ghodratollah and Fathi, Keyhan and Moradi, Banafsheh and Shirmardi, Sar}, title = {Treatment and Predicting Life Expectancy for Women with Breast Cancer Based on Perception of the Disease, Perceived Social Support, and Coping Styles}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Today, cancer is a growing phenomenon that is recognized as one of the major problems for contemporary human health. Breast cancer is still the most common cancer among women in the world. Living with breast cancer presents women with significant challenges that interfere with their physical, social, psychological, economic and spiritual life of patients. These challenges are major factors that reduce the quality of life of women with breast cancer. One of the psychological components that plays a key role in the lives of these patients and their families is hope. Hope is a vital factor in predicting the adaptation of cancer patients to the nature of the disease and its treatment, especially when faced with the prospect of chronic pain. Low or no hope can threaten the patient's physical and mental health. Another important psychological component in coping with the disease is the perception of the disease. Perception of disease means the belief or image that patients have of their disease, which affects their adaptation to the disease and their psychological state. Understanding the causes of breast cancer can affect patients' ability to seek medical treatment; Because misconceptions may lead to search for alternative health care from unapproved sources. Another psychological factor related to life expectancy in patients is the availability and perception of social support. The availability of social support is considered a important source of coping that can help the patient to cope with life with cancer. Evidence from the research literature shows that social support from family, friends, and other important individuals is associated with reduced mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal behaviors, and improved quality of life in women with breast cancer. Another important psychological component that people use when facing problems is coping styles. These styles that developed to reduce stress are important both in acute periods of stress (such as natural disasters) and in patients suffering from chronic illnesses such as depression, breast cancer, and HIV / AIDS. One of the most common styles for managing a challenging situation is trying to deal with and change the stressful stimulus; This strategy is called problem-oriented coping. Most research shows that people who use this style are more adaptable. On the other hand, research shows that people who use emotion-oriented and avoidance strategies experience higher stress and lower quality of life. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the role of perception of disease, perceived social support and coping style in the life expectancy in women with breast cancer. Methods: The method of the present study is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population is all patients with breast cancer in Ahvaz in 1398 that 60 patients volunteered to participate in the study by available sampling method. Inclusion criteria include 1- ability to read and write, 2- being between 31 to 70 years old, 3- having 2 to 3 years of illness, 4- undergoing chemotherapy without or before mastectomy, 5- Not having a history of psychiatric illness and being hospitalized in psychiatric wards and 6- Willingness to participate in research. In order to conduct the research, after obtaining the necessary permits and coordination with the relevant authorities from the two public hospitals of Baqaei and Golestan in an available method, 70 patients who met the research criteria were asked to complete the research tools. Due to the decrease in patients staying in the hospital during corona disease and the lack of cooperation of patients, the sample of this study was reduced from 70 volunteers to 60 patients. The tools used in this study included questionnaires of disease perception (Bradbent, 2006), multidimensional perceived social support (Zimt et al., 1998), coping styles in special situations (Billings & Moss, 1981) and  life expectancy (Schneider, 1991). In this study, multivariate regression was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between perception of disease and life expectancy (-0.78). Also, there is a significant relationship between predictor variables including social support, problem-oriented coping styles and emotion-oriented coping style with participants' life expectancy (0.80, 0.47 and -0.52, respectively). On the other hand, the relationship between avoidant coping style and participants' life expectancy was not significant (0.06 and 0.06, respectively). Also, the results of stepwise regression analysis indicate that the variables of social support and disease perception are the best predictors of life expectancy in patients with breast cancer, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between social support and life expectancy of breast cancer patients. Sun et al. Also found in their research that people who benefit from the social support of their relatives when faced with problems are more satisfied with life. Perceived social support affects patients' life expectancy in two ways. First, it can vaccinate a person before experiencing stress, thus reducing the harmful effects of stress. Second, it acts as a shield against the stress of the disease and makes the patient more satisfied with his life and hopes for positive consequences such as health and reducing the risk of disease. Also, this study showed that there is a significant positive relationship between problem-oriented coping style and life expectancy of breast cancer patients. When people believe that they have the ability to cope with stressful events such as illness, their anxiety is reduced and they can choose more effective coping strategies. Also, this study showed that the perception of the disease has a negative and significant relationship with life expectancy of women with breast cancer. Therefore, when patients have negative beliefs and perceptions of their disease and its various aspects, they experience physical and mental problems that can increase the burden of the disease for them and reduce their quality of life. Considering the importance of hope in the life and treatment of cancer patients, it is recommended that medical staff and psychologists pay attention to the role of life expectancy in their interventions and treatment protocol, especially in breast cancer patients.  }, Keywords = {Perception of disease, Perceived social support, Coping styles, Life expectancy, Breast cancer}, volume = {29}, Number = {2}, pages = {28-38}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {پیش‌بینی امید به زندگی زنان مبتلا به سرطان پستان براساس ادراک از بیماری، حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده و سبک‌های مقابله‌ای}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: زندگی با سرطان پستان، چالش‌های قابل‌توجهی را برای زنان ایجاد کرده است. به نظر می‌رسد مولفه‌های روان‌شناختی بسیاری در مواجهه با چالش‌های همراه با درمان بیماری نقش دارد. هدف پژوهش حاضر نیز تعیین نقش ادراک از بیماری، حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده و شیوه‌های مقابله با استرس در امید به زندگی زنان مبتلا به سرطان پستان بود. روش کار: جامعه­ی مورد نظر زنان مبتلا به سرطان پستان در شهر اهواز بودند که از بین آن‌ها 60 زن داوطلب شرکت در پژوهش شدند. ابزار مورد استفاده در این پژوهش شامل فرم مختصر شده‌ی ادراک از بیماری (بردبنت، 2006)، حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده چند بعدی (زیمت و همکاران، 1998)، سبک‌های مقابله‌ای در موقعیت‌های ویژه (بیلینگز و موس، 1981) و امید به زندگی (اشنایدر، 1991) بود. در این پژوهش به منظور تحلیل داده‌ها از رگرسیون چند متغیری استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: یافته‌ها نشان داد که بین حمایت اجتماعی و سبک مقابله‌ای مسئله مدار با امید به زندگی بیماران مبتلا به سرطان پستان رابطه مثبت معنی داری وجود دارد (001/0(P= . همچنین، بین ادراک بیماری و سبک مقابله‌ای هیجان مدار با امید به زندگی بیماران مبتلا به سرطان پستان رابطه منفی معنی داری وجود دارد (001/0(P= . نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به اهمیت امید، در زندگی و درمان مبتلایان به سرطان، پیشنهاد می‌شود که کادر درمان و روان شناسان در مداخلات و پروتکل درمانی خود به نقش امید به زندگی به‌ویژه در مبتلایان به سرطان پستان توجه کنند.  }, keywords_fa = {ادراک از بیماری, حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده, شیوه‌های مقابله با استرس, امید به زندگی, سرطان پستان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7166-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7166-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {MazareiSotoodeh, Ahmad and Bakhshipour, Abolfazl and jajarmi, Mahmou}, title = {The Effectiveness of Existential Group Therapy on Increasing Intimacy and Marital Satisfaction in Depressed Married Women}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Depression is a common mental illness that causes mental, occupational, and physical dysfunction. Most empirical studies on the causes of depression adopt a predisposition-depression model in which vulnerable individuals become depressed when external stressors outweigh the individual's personal resources to overcome the illness. In addition to examining genetic predispositions, research on depression has paid much attention to the study of personality vulnerabilities. Therefore, achieving a healthy society obviously depends on the health of the family and the realization of a healthy family is conditional on the mental health of its members and having a favorable relationship with each other. Therefore, improving the health of family members in their relationships will undoubtedly have positive effects on society. When the family center includes a healthy environment and warm relationships and intimate interpersonal interaction, it can lead to the growth and development of family members. The existence of a satisfactory marriage is a place of intersection and exchange of positive feelings and emotions between couples, and the formation of a normal family plays an important role in the health, quality, and satisfaction of married life and the well-being of the whole society. An important expectation from the pattern of marriage in today's world is that couples pay attention to each other's needs for love, intimacy, and affection. Also, people consider marriage to be the most intimate relationship of adulthood, a relationship for which the main source of affection, support, and satisfaction. The ability to cultivate intimacy is an interpersonal factor, the importance of which is often highlighted because of its essential role in the development of close relationships and its relationship with marital satisfaction. Thus, intimacy creates both personal and communication satisfaction and is the main factor in providing health, adjustment, happiness, and a sense of meaning in couples; Besides, intimacy seems to improve commitment in relationships and increase communication compatibility, so this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of existential group therapy on intimacy and marital satisfaction of depressed married women. Methods: The present study with the code IR.IAU.BOJNOURD.REC.1399.009 was approved by the ethics committee of Islamic Azad University Bojnourd branch. Quasi-experimental research method with pre-test, post-test with a control group and two-month follow-up and the statistical population of married female clients applied for counseling from two counseling and psychology centers in Mashhad in the period of October to November 1398. Beck Depression Inventory, 56 women who scored higher in this questionnaire according to the inclusion criteria, which were: having at least a diploma, more than 3 years of married life, and no mental or physical illness available 30 women were selected. For these people, the research plan including the number of sessions, the duration of each session, and the issues raised in the sessions, were fully explained, and after obtaining their full consent and desire in the research company, written consent was obtained and their names were included in the research list. Became; Then 30 women were randomly selected into two experimental groups (15 women) and a control (15 women). Research tools: Walker and Thompson Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (1983) and Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire, 1989; Also, the intervention program of the educational-therapeutic package of the existential theory of Frankel and Yalom models were taught to the experimental group in 8 90-minute group sessions. Data were analyzed using repeated measures mixed analysis of variance. Results: The results show that group existential therapy was effective on the score of marital intimacy (P = 0.020) with an effect size of 0.18 and also on the score of marital satisfaction (P = 0.017) with an effect size of 0.18. Also, the comparison of the three stages in the experimental group and the control group shows that the difference between marital intimacy and marital satisfaction in the post-test and follow-up stages in comparison with the pre-test is significant and this effect remains stable until the follow-up stage; While in the control group, these differences are not significant. Conclusion: The aim of this study was the effectiveness of group existential therapy on intimacy and marital satisfaction of depressed married women. The results of this study show that the mean of marital intimacy in both experimental groups in the post-test stage has increased compared to the pre-test. Also, repeated measures analysis of variance confirms that this intervention has been able to affect marital intimacy in the post-test and follow-up stages, and this effect has remained stable until two months after the end of the training, according to the results of the Bephroni post hoc test. According to the research literature, each of these approaches is one of the most effective and successful interventions in the field of psychotherapy. A look at the extent of the impact of each of these approaches on marital intimacy in explaining the findings of this study will be enlightening. The basis of all human relationships is the need to belong, to love, to acknowledge, and to respect. Hence, a healthy relationship is characterized by interdependence, calculation, and an existential relationship based on generosity and mutual love. As a result, existential psychotherapy helped married women in the experimental group to get to know each other better during a dynamic relationship with their husbands and family members; Get acquainted with their inner and fundamental needs, meanings and values, and explore them in the depths of their being. They were also trained to identify challenges in their relationships, to approach the issue from their own perspective, and then to try to address the issue from the perspective of the other person as well as the perspective of a third person to address all aspects of a Get acquainted with the problem and challenge and then take action to reduce the challenges in the heart of their relationship by accepting their role and responsibility. According to the research findings, group existential therapy can be used to improve intimacy and marital satisfaction.}, Keywords = {Intimacy, Satisfaction, Marriage, Existential Therapy}, volume = {29}, Number = {2}, pages = {39-50}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی گروه درمانی وجودی بر افزایش صمیمیت و رضایت زناشویی در زنان افسرده متأهل}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: توقع مهم از الگوی ازدواج در جهان امروز این است که زوج­ها به نیازهای یکدیگر به عشق، صمیمیت و عاطفه توجه کنند، بنابراین هدف از انجام این پژوهش تعیین اثربخشی گروه درمانی وجودی بر صمیمیت و رضایت زناشویی زنان افسرده متأهل بود. روش کار: روش پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی با گروه آزمایش و گروه گواه، طرح پیش‌آزمون، پس‌آزمون و پیگیری دو ماهه و جامعه آماری پژوشه را 56 زن افسرده مراجعه‌کننده به دو مرکز مشاوره و روانشناسی در مشهد در سال 1398 تشکیل دادند. از این جامعه 30 زن افسرده متأهل به شیوه هدفمند انتخاب و به شکل تصادفی 15 زن در هر یک از دو گروه آزمایش و گواه تقسیم شدند. ابزار پژوهش پرسشنامه صمیمیت زناشویی والکر و تامپسون (1983) و پرسشنامه رضایت زناشویی انریچ، 1989؛ و همچنین برنامه مداخله بسته آموزشی-درمانی نظریه وجودی مدل فرانکل و یالوم در 8 جلسه 90 دقیقه‌ای گروهی به گروه‌ آزمایش آموزش داده شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل واریانس مختلط با اندازه‌گیری مکرر تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج حاکی از تأثیر درمان وجودی بر صمیمیت زناشویی و رضایت زناشویی بود و صمیمیت زناشویی و رضایت زناشویی در گروه آزمایش در مرحله پس‌آزمون افزایش داشته و این افزایش در مرحله پیگیری نیز پایدار نشان می‌دهد (05/0> p)؛ ولی در گروه گواه تغییری مشاهده نمی‌شود (05/0 <p). نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به یافته‌های پژوهش می‌توان از درمان وجودی به شیوه گروهی در جهت بهبود صمیمیت و رضایت زناشویی استفاده نمود و این مطالعه، کارایی و اثربخشی گروه درمانی وجودی بر سطح سلامت روان افراد شرکت‌کننده را افزایش داد که گامی مثبت در بهبود سلامت روان است.}, keywords_fa = {صمیمیت, رضایت, زناشویی, درمان وجودی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6815-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6815-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Safaei, Atlasi and Sheibani, Mohammad and Azizi, Yaser}, title = {A Journey in Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity with Emphasizing on the Role of Connexin 43 and Sirtuin-3}, abstract ={Cancer has become a major health problem worldwide. The reported incidence of new cancer cases is estimated at 19.3 million, with a mortality rate of 10 million in the world in 2020. There are some approaches for cancer treatment such as chemotherapy, neoadjuant surgery, hormone therapy, and radiotherapy. Chemotherapy is an aggressive form of chemical drug therapy meant to destroy rapidly growing cells in the body. It’s usually used to treat cancer, as cancer cells grow and divide faster than other cells. On the other hand, chemotherapy means consuming anti-neoplastic drugs, alone or in combination. However, these drugs can cause damages to the normal cells and have many side effects. The most common side effects are allergic reactions, hair loss, urination disturbances, heart damages, bone marrow suppression, vomiting, and kidney injury. Anthracyclines are commonly used in chemotherapy; especially doxorubicin is the most widely used drug of this family. Doxorubicin, the anthracycline antibiotic, was first produced from Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius in 1960. Doxorubicin is represented as one of the most effective broad-spectrum anti-cancer agent. It is determined widely efficient against various types of cancers, including solid malignancies (bladder, breast, lung, etc.) and hematologic tumors (Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, pediatric leukemia). The primary mechanism of action of doxorubicin involves the drug’s ability to intercalate within DNA base pairs, causing breakage of DNA strands and inhibition of both DNA and RNA synthesis. Also, it inhibits the enzyme topoisomerase II, causing DNA damage and induction of apoptosis. Doxorubicin stabilizes the topoisomerase II complex after it has broken the DNA chain for replication, preventing the DNA double helix from being resealed and thereby stopping the process of replication. When combined with iron, doxorubicin also causes free radical-mediated oxidative damage to DNA, further limiting DNA synthesis. Iron chelators, such as dexrazoxane, may prevent free radical formation by limiting binding of doxorubicin with iron. The most dangerous side effect of doxorubicin is cardiomyopathy, leading to congestive heart failure. Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity starts from myocardial cell injury; and is followed by left ventricular damage. It is assumed that this drug has many cytotoxic mechanisms. The cardiac side effects of doxorubicin during a chemotherapy regimen can be acute, chronic, or even gradually progressive and persistent after termination of doxorubicin therapy. The incidence of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity rises with the escalation in total cumulative dose of doxorubicin during a day or a treatment cycle. Cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin is very common and there is no reliable and absolute treatment for this problem. Unfortunately, there are currently a few medications for the treatment of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in clinical setting. Extensive basic and clinical researches have been done to discover preventive treatments. Various studies sought to explain the underlying cellular mechanism that participates in the manifestation of this medication’s undesirable effects. Disruption of normal mitochondrial function, decreased amount of antioxidant defense (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase), production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), iron free radical formation, oxidative stress pathways, activation of inflammatory cascade and inflammatory factors including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and imbalance of intracellular ions homeostasis are involved in phathophysiology of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Gap junctions are the most important structures in cardiomyocytes. The presences of gap junctions in the cardiomyocytes are necessary for conduction of impulses and maintenance of the integrity of cardiac cells contractions and excitation. Gap junctions are aggregates of intercellular channels that facilitate direct cell–cell interactions and intercellular transmission of molecules and ions. Electrical connection between cardiomyocytes and maintenance of the normal cardiac rhythm are mediated by gap junctions, and these junctions consist of groups of membrane channels that directly link the cytoplasmic parts of nearby cells. Each gap‐junctional channel is constructed from connexins. The most abundant isoform of connexin in the mammalian cardiac cells is connexin43 (Cx43), while other types of connexins are also expressed. Cx43 generally localizes in gap junctions, but has also been detected in mitochondria, and it is considered vital for cardioprotection. Mitochondrial-Cx43 has a crucial role in mitochondrial permeability under conditions of calcium overload and oxidative stress. Additionally, Cx43 also participates in other cellular functions such as cell growth, differentiation and death/survival signaling, but the involvement of Cx43 in these functions may be partially or fully independent of its role in intercellular communication. Administration of doxorubicin induces alterations in Cx43 expression and distribution. Therefore, electrical signal conduction between cardiomyocytes, intracellular calcium homeostasis, and mitochondrial function are disturbed. As a result, a part of the cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin is exerted by affecting function of Cx43. Elevation in the level of Cx43 in the intercalated discs could reduce doxorubicin cardiotoxic effects such as cardiomyocytes calcium overload and ECG abnormities. Sirtuins are a well-known family of proteins found in most classes of the organisms, including mammals. Sirtuins have many vital roles in mammalian physiology, and they may provide new targets for treating diseases associated with aging and perhaps increasing lifespan. Seven mammalian sirtuins, SIRT1–7, have been identified. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) are essential for the regulation of metabolic processes in mammalian. Various metabolic disorders are related to SIRT1 and SIRT3 deficiencies. The kidney, brain, and heart have highest tissue levels of SIRT3. It is localized in the mitochondrial matrix, and it is necessary for enzymatic activity and expression of many mitochondrial proteins. Moreover, mitochondrial sirtuins reduce degree of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, expansion of cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure. Therefore, elevation in cardiac tissue levels of sirtuins for improvement of myocardial mitochondrial energetics is a novel approach in several cardiac disorders. Sirtuins are activated by low energy levels and stimulate energy production through their activation of transcription factors and enzymatic regulators of cardiac energy metabolism. Mitochondrial sirtuins preserve mitochondrial function by increasing mitochondrial metabolism, inhibiting ROS generation, decreasing apoptosis, controlling the quality of mitochondria, and increasing autophagy. Moreover, doxorubicin interferes with myocardial energetics; thus, a hopeful approach to reduce cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin may be to target mitochondria and improve metabolic function. Because of the importance of sirtuin and CX43 in the cardiac function, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of connexins and sirtuins in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.}, Keywords = {Cardiotoxicity, Doxorubicin, Connexin 43, Sirtuin 3}, volume = {29}, Number = {2}, pages = {51-64}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مروری بر سمیت قلبی ناشی از دوکسوروبیسین با تأکید بر نقش کانکسین 43 و سیرتوئین 3}, abstract_fa ={شیوع بالای سرطان در سراسر دنیا، این بیماری را به یک معضل بهداشت جهانی تبدیل کرده است. راهکارهای درمانی متعددی از جمله شیمی­درمانی برای سرطان وجود دارد. داروهای آنتی­نئوپلاستیک معمولاً به­صورت ترکیبی می­توانند در روند شیمی­درمانی به کار روند. این داروها علاوه بر آسیب رساندن و از بین بردن سلول­های سرطانی به سلول­های سالم نیز آسیب می­رسانند و عوارض جانبی فراوانی مانند تهوع، سرکوب مغز استخوان، و عوارض قلبی و کلیوی ایجاد می­کنند. از جمله داروهای پرکاربرد در شیمی­درمانی آنتراسایکلین­ها هستند. دوکسوروبیسین به عنوان پرکاربردترین عضو این خانواده مکانیسم­های آسیب سلولی متعددی داشته و سمیت قلبی ناشی از آن بسیار شایع است. اتصالات شکاف­دار از مهم­ترین ساختارها در سلول­های عضله­ی قلبی هستند. وجود اتصالات شکاف­دار در سلول­های قلبی برای حفظ یکپارچگی انقباضات عضله­ی قلبی، گسترش منظم موج تحریکی و تحریک الکتریکی قلب لازم است. اتصالات بین­سلولی (اتصالات شکاف­دار) از مهم­ترین ساختارها در سلول­های عضله­ی قلبی یا کاردیومیوسیت­ها هستند. ضرورت حضور اتصالات شکاف­دار برای حفظ یکپارچگی انقباضات عضله­ی قلبی، گسترش منظم موج تحریکی و تحریک الکتریکی غیر قابل انکار است. اتصالات شکاف­دار ارتباط بین سلول­های مجاور را تشکیل می­دهند که از زیرواحدهای پروتئین کانکسین تشکیل شده­اند و امکان ارتباط مستقیم بین­سلولی را فراهم می­کنند. در یک قلب طبیعی 3 ایزوفرم اصلی پروتئین کانکسین CX40، CX43 و CX45 وجود دارد که شایع­ترین ایزوفرم آن در قلب کانکسین 43 است. CX43 در میوکارد دهلیزها و بطن­ها بیشترین بیان را دارند. سیرتوئین­ها یک رده­ی پروتئینی هستند که تقریباً در تمامی گونه­ها از باکتری تا پستانداران وجود دارند. فعالیت سیرتوئین با کنترل متابولیک، آپوپتوز، بقای سلول، پیشرفت التهاب و پیری مرتبط است. سیرتوئین 3 به طور اختصاصی در ماتریکس میتوکندری موجود است و در هسته نیز دیده شده است، این پروتئین نقش مهمی در متابولیسم انرژی سلولی یا تنظیم ردوکس بازی می­کند. موش­های دارای نقص سیرتوئین 3 علایم هیپرتروفی قلبی، افزایش در بیان مارکرهای استرس قلبی، فیبروز و همچنین توانایی تحمل استرس اکسیداتیو کمتری در مقایسه با موش­های طبیعی دارند. تا به حال مکانیسم­های پرشماری در توجیه علت ایجاد سمیت قلبی توسط دوکسوروبیسین بیان شده­اند ولی با توجه به اهمیت پروتئین­های مذکور در قلب، هدف از این مطالعه بررسی نقش کانکسین­ها و سیرتوئین­ها در سمیت قلبی ناشی از دوکسوروبیسین بود.  }, keywords_fa = {سمیت قلبی, دوکسوروبیسین, کانکسین 43, سیرتوئین 3}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6939-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6939-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Madadizadeh, Elham and Aminaei, Mohsen and Khoramipour, Keyv}, title = {The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Cognitive and Memory Impairments in Obesity and Diabetes: A Systematic Review Study}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Nowadays, industrialization has reduced physical activity and lifestyle changes, resulting in the spread of lifestyle-related diseases. A common feature in most diseases associated with the new lifestyle is obesity. Obesity as a multifactorial disease is often associated with other diseases such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis and some kinds of cancers. Considering as a global problem, obesity is on the rise in adults, adolescents, and children. In many societies, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased over the past two decades. In the United States, the risk of developing overweight and obesity during a person's lifetime is 4% and 6%, respectively. Obesity is associate with many secondary diseases such as diabetes. Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases that have in common high blood glucose levels. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased appetite. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many health complications. Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or death. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, damage to the nerves, damage to the eyes and cognitive impairment. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. The most common form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes. High blood glucose causes damage to various organs as well as disturbances in their function. The average life expectancy of diabetic patients is 10 years less than their non-diabetic peers. Diabetes is the most common metabolic disease in humans. Along with peripheral insulin resistance, which is present in 90% of patients with type 2 diabetes, research has also shown central insulin resistance, especially in the hippocampus, which causes impaired glucose metabolism, memory and cognitive problems, and eventually Alzheimer's. The hippocampus is part of the limbic system, and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, and in spatial memory that enables navigation. In Alzheimer's disease, the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage short-term memory loss and disorientation are included among the early symptoms. As a result, metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes, in addition to environmental effects, can cause Alzheimer's and cognitive disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the main and most common diseases of the nervous system. While 10-15% of AD patients have a genetic background, 85-90% have non genetic causes. The main cause of AD and cognitive disorders is extracellular accumulation of beta amyloid. These plaques cause inflammation and oxidative stress, which eventually leads to the destruction of cortical and hippocampal neurons. The presence of tau protein clots in brain tissue is another feature of AD. Since the hippocampus is the main site of memory and learning, the accumulation of tau and beta amyloid plaques in the hippocampus causes memory and learning disorders. Symptoms of AD include memory loss, anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment is a major problem in AD patients. Cognitive function refers to a set of mental processes that contribute to perception, memory, and reason. Cognitive function begins with the initial processing of data and ends with executive function. Early data processing requires few stimuli and thus shows a limited level of cognitive function. In contrast, executive functions represent more advanced cognitive processes that contribute to purposeful behavior. Disruption of these cognitive processes can go a step further and cause premature or delayed complications of various diseases by disrupting function of most body systems which eventually could lead to death. Exercise has always been considered as a useful intervention in preventing metabolic disorders. Since the most important reason for not exercising is lack of time, high intensity interval training (HIIT) because of less time needed and being more beneficial have replaced traditional training with high volume. HIIT consists of intervals (from 45 seconds to 4 minutes) of high-intensity activity (more than 85% of maximal heart rate) and low-intensity activity (approximately 50% of maximal heart rate). Many studies have shown the therapeutic and even preventive role of HIIT in memory and learning disorders induced by obesity and diabetes. However, some other reported no positive effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the effect of HIIT on memory and learning impairments induced by obesity and diabetes. Hereby, we tried to find out if HIIT could improve memory and learning impairments induced by obesity and diabetes and in this case which HIT protocol would be the most effective. Methods: The protocol of the present study is as follows: a search was conducted on Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Noor and Mgiran databases. Studies between 2000 and July 2021 which meet inclusion criteria (the manuscript considered as valid by http://impactfactor.ir) were included.  In the initial search, 152 studies were found based on the title and keywords. Then, 84 studies were deleted due to the lack of abstract relevance to the field. Of the remaining studies (68 studies), 38 were removed due to not having at least one combination of our keywords (in addition to HIIT, at least one of the words cognitive impairment, hippocampus, and AD should be included in the title or keywords of the study). In the third stage, the full text of 30 studies was reviewed and 15 studies were excluded due to the lack of relevance of the full text to the field. Finally, the full text of 15 studies was thoroughly reviewed, and at the end, due to the relevance of the full text of these articles and their subject matter to the authors of the present study, they were regularly categorized based on the sample used (human, animal) And entered the research. Results: 8 studies (30%) were conducted between 2000-2010 and 19 studies (70%) were conducted between 2021-2011. 18 studies (66%) were long-term (studies with training protocol lasted more than a week) and 9 studies (33%) were short-term (studies with training protocol lasted less than a week). 8 studies (30%) used human participants and 19 studies (70%) used animal. Conclusion: HIIT shows opposite effects to promote cognitive function by promoting mitochondrial functions and reduce neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus. Preliminary evidence suggests that HIIT can induce structural and functional brain changes in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD, but results are still inconclusive. It also has been suggested that, HIIT could exerts anti-inflammatory effects and improves the brain redox status, thereby ameliorating the pathophysiological hallmarks of AD (e.g., beta amyloid deposition). Also There is evidence suggesting that incorporating HIIT into the school day is not associated with improvements in the executive function skill of inhibition, but rather, HIIT is better related to attention–concentration in the classroom. Studies showed that only four minutes of HIIT between classes can improve selective attention in children. Notably, HIIT is useful in combating a wide range of neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms in obese and diabetic rodents, including improving learning and memory disorders, reducing depression-like behaviors, and improving uncontrolled appetitive behaviors. Restored neurogenesis, improved synaptic plasticity, and reduced neuroinflammation may altogether contribute to cognitive improvements in obese and diabetic rodents. Furthermore, accumulating evidence has suggested the indisputable role of adipose tissues on cognitive function, metabolic function, and neural plasticity. HIIT can effectively attenuate metabolic syndromes in obesity and diabetes by improving lipid profile, adipose tissue inflammation, and insulin resistance. In sum, this review of these studies shows that performing any type of HIIT can increase improve cognitive function and learning. HIIT could also stimulates neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and prevents hippocampal neurodegeneration induced by diabetes. As a result, HIIT can improve cognitive impairment, increase learning and memory, and ultimately improve AD symptoms.  Also The authors show that HIIT is beneficial to cognitive control and working memory capacity when compared against "a blend of board games, computer games, and trivia quizzes" and that this effect is mediated by the Adipokines polymorphism. That  study "suggests a promising alternative to enhance cognition, via short and potent exercise regimens". A meta-analysis studies showed that HIIT can elicit short term brain improvements. Future studies should examine the effect of HIIT on the molecular basis of AD (e.g., beta-amyloid protein accumulation and tau) in addition to behavioral tests to measure short- and long-term memory in mice and measure their learning. In addition, measuring the stress and anxiety of mice can help us determine an effective training protocol. In addition, to complete the results of the present study, it is better to examine different training protocols. In this regard, the effect of different types of exercise (running, optional exercise, etc.) on cognitive functions and improvement of learning and memory disorders has been investigated. Therefore, the effect of intense swimming on cognitive function has not been studied yet and it is suggested that it be the focus of suture studies.  }, Keywords = {HIIT, Cognitive Impairments, Alzheimer Diseases, Hippocampus}, volume = {29}, Number = {2}, pages = {65-76}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثر تمرینات تناوبی با شدت زیاد بر اختلالات شناختی و حافظه ناشی از چاقی و دیابت: مطالعه مروری نظام‌مند}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بیماری‌های متابولیک از جمله چاقی و دیابت علاوه بر تاثیرات محیطی می‌توانند باعث آلزایمر و اختلالات شناختی شوند. دلیل اصلی ایجاد آلزایمر و اختلالات شناختی رسوب خارج سلولی پلاک‌های بتا آمیلوئید و ظاهر شدن تجمعات پروتئین فسفریله تاو است که در نهایت موجب تخریب نورون‌های هیپوکمپ می‌شود. این آسیب‌ها حتی می‌تواند یک قدم فراتر گذاشته و تهدید کننده زندگی افراد باشد. یکی از روش‌های پیشگیری و درمان این عوارض تمرینات تناوبی با شدت زیاد است که به علت صرفه جویی در زمان بسیار و تاثیر گذاری بیشتری نسبت به انواع دیگر تمرینات مورد توجه قرار گرفته‌اند. هدف از این مطالعه، مرور اثر تمرینات تناوبی با شدت زیاد بر اختلالات شناختی و.... ناشی از چاقی و دیابت می‌باشد. روش کار: بدین منظور پایگاه های Google Scholar، PubMed، Scopus، SID، نور و مگیران مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. در این مطالعه مروری، علاوه بر تمرین تناوبی با شدت زیاد حداقل یکی از کلید واژه‌های اختلالات شناختی، هیپوکمپ و آلزایمر باید در عنوان یا کلمات کلیدی مطالعات وجود می‌داشت و مطالعات چاپ شده بین سال‌های 2000 تا 30 جولای 2021 تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: در جست و جوی اولیه 152 مطالعه براساس عنوان و کلید واژه های مورد نظر یافت شد و بعد از بررسی‌های اولیه، 84 مطالعه به علت مرتبط نبودن چکیده با مفاهیم مورد نظر حذف شد. از بین مطالعات باقی مانده 38 مورد به علت دارا نبودن حداقل یک ترکیب از سه کلید واژه مورد نظر حذف شد. در مرحله سوم متن کامل 30 مطالعه، بررسی شد و 15 مطالعه به علت مرتبط نبودن متن کامل با مفاهیم مورد نظر حذف شدند و در نهایت اطلاعات 15 مطالعه حیوانی و انسانی به دو زبان فارسی و انگلیسی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتیجه‌گیری: مرور این مطالعات نشان می‌دهد که تمرینات تناوبی با شدت زیاد باعث بهبود اختلالات شناختی و افزایش یادگیری و حافظه می‌شوند. با این حال جهت انتخاب تاثیرگذار ترین پروتکل تمرین بر اساس نقش متغیرهای تمرینی مانند نوع، شدت و حجم تمرین به پژوهش‌های مقایسه‌ای بیشتری نیاز است.  }, keywords_fa = {تمرینات تناوبی با شدت زیاد, اختلالات شناختی, آلزایمر, هیپوکمپ}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7116-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7116-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Payandeh, Nazila and Peeri, Maghsoud and Azarbayjani, Mohammad Ali and Hosseini, Seyed Ali}, title = {The Effect of Resistance Training and Date Pollen Extract on Bone Tissue Density and Osteoblast Cell Proliferation in Young Male Rats}, abstract ={Background & Aims: One of the tissues that is affected by physical activity is bone. Bone is one of the tissues that needs to receive mechanical load to have normal function as a key factor in strengthening bone mass (2). Evidence shows that the mechanical load resulting from physical activity activates a set of proteins involved in the process of osteoblast activation and inhibits osteoclasts. One of these proteins is osteonectin. It is commonly used as a serum marker of osteoblastic bone formation and is believed to regulate minerals in the bone matrix, but now new genetic and pharmacological evidence also points to the hormonal role of this protein (5). Osteopointin, on the other hand, accounts for about 2% of non-collagenous bone proteins and is synthesized mainly by osteoblasts as well as bone-forming cells, bone cells and other hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow (7). Another important factor in the ossification process is ALP, a membrane-bound tetrameric enzyme found in the plasma membrane of osteoblasts. This substance plays an important role in the formation of osteoids and mineralization by degrading enzymes inhibiting minerals, pyrophosphate at alkaline pH (8). Also, due to their active phytochemical compounds, medicinal plants can affect the formation and destruction of bone tissue through various mechanisms. One of the plants used in traditional medicine for various therapeutic purposes is palm tree pollen. This plant is used to improve infertility and impotence in men and women. Phytochemical compounds such as estrone, α-amirin, triterpenoidal, saponins, flavonoids, estrone, estradiol and estriol are abundant in this plant (15). Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question whether resistance training and date pollen extract affect bone tissue density and osteoblast cell proliferation in young males? Methods: For the present experimental study, 36 8-week-old male rats with a weight range of 220 20 20 g were purchased from the Pasteur Institute of Iran and randomly divided into 6 groups: 1) sham, 2) exercise, 3) palm pollen, 4) testosterone. 5) Exercise + palm pollen and 6) Exercise + Testosterone were divided. After one week of adaptation, groups 2, 4 and 6 performed resistance training for four weeks and five sessions per week. Groups 3 and 5 performed 100 mg / kg of date fertilization pollen five days a week. Gavage was also given. Groups 4 and 6 also received 2 mg / kg of testosterone propionate per week peritoneally. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk test, two-way analysis of variance and Benferroni post hoc using SPSS software at a significance level of p <0.05 were used for statistical analysis of data. Results: The results showed that resistance training and drug administration significantly increased osteocalcin gene expression, ALP concentration, ALP gene expression and osteopontin and osteogenesis of femoral bone tissue. Although the highest expression of osteocalcin gene was observed in the group of resistance training and date palm pollen or testosterone enanthate, but the interaction of these two interventions was not statistically significant. It was also found that resistance training (palm pollen and testosterone enanthate) significantly reduced serum ALP. The interaction of these two interventions on serum ALP concentration was significant. Simultaneous resistance training and medication enhanced the reducing effect of each intervention. Conclusion: In this study, due to resistance training, osteocalcin, osteopontin, ALP, RUNX2 gene expression, ALP protein expression and osteogenesis were significantly increased. While serum ALP showed a significant decrease. The expression of bone matrix proteins, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin appears to increase with the differentiation of osteoblasts, which may lead to bone mineralization and formation. Another reason for the increased expression of acetocalcin gene in this study can be explained by the change in cytokine changes caused by resistance training, especially interleukin-6. Much of IL-6 has been reported to be secreted into the bloodstream from muscle during physical activity, an increase that is essential for increasing physical function capacity. IL-6, on the other hand, triggers signals in osteoblasts to stimulate osteoclast differentiation and the secretion of the bioactive form of osteocalcin into the bloodstream. In general, an increase in interleukin-6 is necessary to increase circulating osteocalcin levels during physical activity (28). Another mechanism of increased expression of osteocalcin gene induced by resistance training in this study can be explained based on the effect of resistance training on oxidative stress. Evidence suggests that regular resistance training can increase antioxidant capacity and reduce oxidative stress (29). On the other hand, increasing oxidative pressure can reduce the process of osteoblast differentiation by activating apoptotic processes in bone (30). In the present study, resistance training increased the expression of osteopontin gene. Along with osteocalcin, acetaminophen is involved in the organization of the extracellular matrix, the coordination of bone cell interactions with the extracellular matrix, and the matrix minerals. Both proteins also play a structural role in bone and determine the tendency of bone to break. As a result, these proteins may regulate the structure and morphology of the entire bone and affect the mechanical properties of bone (36, 37). Like osteocalcin, the mechanical load resulting from resistance training appears to stimulate the expression of the osteopontin gene. It has been shown that the application of mechanical load on bone increases the periosteal of bone by increasing the activation of bone formation processes. In these conditions, mechanical load can stimulate both gene expression and ALP protein expression by activating adult osteoblasts and increase They become (26). On the other hand, date palm extract could increase the expression of the studied genes and the process of osteogenesis. The effect of date palm extract on increasing gene expression of osteocalcin, osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase and osteogenesis can be examined from two perspectives. The first view is the effect of this extract on the motility of LH followed by stimulation of testicular Leydig cells to produce and secrete circulating testosterone. Numerous studies have reported stimulation of testosterone secretion after induction of date palm pollen (45, 46). The view on the effect of date pollen extract on the process of outcomes measured in this study is the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role of the compounds in this plant material (47, 48). As mentioned about the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of physical exercise and its role on acetoblasts, increasing oxidative stress and inflammation has an inhibitory effect on the differentiation and proliferation of osteoblasts (30). Induction of date palm pollen extract in this way can develop the process of bone formation.  }, Keywords = {Date Pollen, Resistance Training, Osteogenesis, Bone, Osteoblast}, volume = {29}, Number = {2}, pages = {77-90}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ناثیر تمرین مقاومتی و عصاره گرده لقاح خرما بر تراکم بافت استخوان و تکثیر سلول های استئوبلاست دررتهای نر جوان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: استخوان جز بافت‌هایی است که برای داشتن عملکرد طبیعی نیازمند دریافت بار مکانیکی می­باشد. تأثیر تمرین مقاومتی و عصاره گرده لقاح خرما بر تراکم بافت استخوان و تکثیر سلول‌های استئوبلاست در رت‌های نر جوان بود. روش کار: برای انجام تحقیق تجربی حاضر 36 سر رت نر 8 هفته­ای و دامنه وزنی 20±220 گرم از انستیتو پاستور ایران خریداری شده و به‌طور تصادفی به 6 گروه 1) شم، 2) تمرین، 3) گرده نخل، 4) تستوسترون، 5) تمرین+گرده نخل و 6) تمرین+ تستوسترون تقسیم شدند. پس از یک هفته سازگاری رت‌های گروه‌های 2، 4 و 6 به مدت چهار هفته و پنج جلسه در هفته تمرینات مقاومتی را انجام دادند، گروه‌های 3 و 5 پنج روز در هفته mg/kg 100 گرده لقاح خرما به صورت گاواژ دریافت کردند همچنین گروه‌های 4 و 6 پنج جلسه در هفته mg/kg 2 تستوسترون پروپیونات به صورت صفاقی دریافت نمودند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد تمرین مقاومتی، عصاره خرما و تستوسترون پروپیونات بیان ژن استئوکلسین، ALP ، استئوپنتین و استئووژنز پروتئین ALP را افزایش داد. نتیجه­گیری: با توجه به نتایج استفاده همزمان از تمرین مقاومتی و عصاره گرده لقاح خرما جهت روند استخوان­زایی با مشورت توصیه می­شود.  }, keywords_fa = {گرده خرما, تمرین مقاومتی, استئوژنز, استخوان, استئوبلاست}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7455-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7455-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Akbarpour, Mohsen and Ghanji, Mohadese and Taperashi, Giti and HashemiMad, Reza and hasani, moham}, title = {Comparison of the Effect of Eight Weeks of Traditional Resistance Training and TRX on Muscle Injury Indices of Inactive Women}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Intense physical activity, despite its various benefits for general health, can cause possible damage to various tissues of the body due to increasing oxidative stress through increasing production of reactive species. Muscle bruising and pain is a common experience that occurs after performing unusual and intense activities, especially after resistance and extroverted activities. Delayed muscle spasm is associated with the release of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase, and can be measured by the release of these enzymes into the blood. Numerous studies have examined the effect of resistance trainings on muscle injury indices that creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, spartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and myoglobin indices increased significantly after exercise. In another study, they did not see any significant changes in CK and LDH muscle injury indices after 3 hours of cycling. Therefore, due to the injuries, researchers have drawn attention to the effects of resistance exercise on muscle injury indices. Although resistance training improves performance, it does not prevent the release of inflammatory and traumatic factors, so these factors can cause acute sports injuries, which will be especially important at a young age. Nowadays, special attention is paid to the use of various methods of resistance training, the most prominent of which is TRX or the same resistance training exercises suspended by body weight. Therefore, considering the different effects of sports activities, especially strength training on different parts of the body and the possibility of injury in these exercises, and considering the differences in the type of resistance training programs such as TRX and circular resistance, it is important to pay attention to the effects of this type of training and muscle injury indices. Also due to the contradictory results about the effect of exercise, especially the effect of resistance activity on muscle injury indices and also the lack of sufficient research on the long-term effect of TRX training on muscle injury indices and especially insufficient research on the comparison of resistance training and TRX, the researcher decided to compare 8 weeks of traditional resistance training and TRX on the indicators of muscle injury in inactive women. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, (28) healthy inactive girls with a mean age of 21.00 38 1.38 years were randomly divided into three groups: traditional resistance training (9), TRX training (9) and control (10). The experimental groups performed the training protocol three times a week for 8 weeks with an intensity of 65 to 80%. Blood samples were taken before training and 48 hours after the last training session and creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels were measured. Data were statistically analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk, dependent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that traditional resistance training and TRX both cause significant changes in LDH levels, while there was no significant difference in CPK variable from pre-test to post-test in all three groups. Also, in examining the differences between groups, no significant difference was observed between the three study groups at CPK levels. While there was a significant difference in the amount of lactate dehydrogenase between the three groups (p <0.05). According to the results of Table 3, there was a significant difference in the levels of lactate dehydrogenase between the resistance group and the TRX group (p = 0.0001), the control group with the TRX group (p = 0.0001) and the control group with the resistance group (p = 0.012) was observed. Conclusion: The presence of CK and LDH in the blood is an indirect sign of muscle damage as well as the diagnosis of medical conditions such as heart attack, muscular dystrophy and brain diseases. Cellular disorders, especially muscle cells, can cause CK and LDH to leak from cells into the blood serum. The findings of the present study showed that although there was a difference in the means of the three groups in both variables of creatine kinase and LDH, but this difference was significant only for LDH (P <0.05). The results of this study also showed that there is no significant difference in creatine kinase index between the two types of traditional resistance training and TRX after eight weeks. These factors affect the amount of response and the time period of secretion along with the injury. In general, the researchers state that intense resistance activities due to increased mechanical-metabolic pressure on the fibers lead to rupture of fibers, fluidization of z-plates, rupture of sarcolemma, displacement of intracellular organs, instability of plasma membranes and increasing secretion of intracellular proteins, after performing the resistant and intense activity. In fact, fatigue of muscle fibers following exhaustive activities can lead to increasing permeability of cell membranes to intracellular free calcium ions and dysfunction of sodium-potassium pumps, causing instability of cell membranes and activation of proteases and intracellular lipases. There is a close relationship between the release of phospholipases and creatine kinase due to the activity of intracellular proteolytic enzymes stimulated by calcium in the isolated muscle of mammals. The results of this study on LDH showed that the LDH of the experimental groups was significantly lower than the control group. Lactate dehydrogenase is one of the enzymes involved in the anaerobic pathway of ATP production. The secretion of lactate from the training muscle and the activity of the muscle pump indicate the role of continuous exercise training on the rate of cell damages. It has also been shown that trained people have less enzymatic release into the bloodstream than people who did not, which may be due to the adaptation of trained people to the physical activity and exercise; because the skeletal muscles of athletes and trained people have the highest amount of ATP, which is used during exercise and physical activity to maintain the integrity of the cell membrane, and as a result, reduces the leakage of enzymes into the blood. In any case, it seems that as a result of running consecutive weeks of regular exercise programs, intramuscular adaptation may be established, and the nature of resistance training programs causes adaptation to occur at all levels, including intramuscular and better blood supply, which reduces the activity level of CK and LDH enzymes as indicators of muscle and cell damage; therefore, it seems that the use of appropriate methods of training reduces the disruption of biochemical changes. Therefore, according to the findings of the present study, it can be stated that the implementation of TRX training program and traditional resistance both can significantly reduce the rate of LDH cell damage index and no change in CK, and there is no difference between this type of training on the indicators muscle damage in young women, so both types of exercise can have beneficial effects on muscle injury indices.}, Keywords = {Traditional resistance training, TRX, Creatine kinase, Lactate dehydrogenase, Inactive females}, volume = {29}, Number = {2}, pages = {91-101}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه ی تاثیر8هفته تمرین TRXومقاومتی سنتی برکراتین کیناز و لاکتات دهیدروژناز زنان غیر فعال}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: فعالیت بدنی با وجود فواید گوناگونی که برای سلامتی عمومی دارد، می‌تواند به دلیل افزایش فشار اکسایشی از طریق افزایش تولید گونه‌های واکنش‌پذیر، موجب آسیب احتمالی بافت‌های مختلف بدن شود و هدف از این مطالعه مقایسه تاثیر هشت هفته تمرین مقاومتی سنتی و TRX روی شاخص های آسیب عضلانی دانشجویان زنان غیر فعال می‌باشد. روش کار: در این مطالعه نیمه تجربی، تعداد (28) دختر غیرفعال سالم  با میانگین سن 38/1±00/21 سال به طور تصادفی به سه گروه: تمرین مقاومتی سنتی (9)، تمرین  TRX(9) و کنترل (10) تقسیم  شدند. گروه‌های تجربی پروتکل تمرینی را سه جلسه در هفته به مدت 8 هفته با شدت 65 الی 80 درصد  اجرا کردند. نمونه‌های خونی قبل از شروع تمرین و 48 ساعت پس از آخرین جلسه‌ی تمرین اخذ و میزان کراتین کیناز و لاکتات دهیدروژناز اندازه‌گیری شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون‌های شاپیرو ویلک، تی وابسته و تحلیل واریانس یک سویه مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که تفاوت معناداری در سطح کراتین کیناز خون در سه گروه وجود نداشت ولی در میزان فعالیت آنزیم لاکتات دهیدروژناز در گروه تمرین مقاومتی سنتی و در گروه TRX از مرحله پیش آزمون به پس آزمون کاهش معنی داری مشاهده شد. همچنین نتایج تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه تفاوت معنی داری در سطح لاکتات دهیدروژناز در هر دو گروه تجربی با گروه کنترل و بین گروه های تجربی نشان داد (05/0 P<). نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر می‌توان بیان کرد که تمرین بدنی منظم TRX و مقاومتی سنتی با شدت متوسط هر دو نه تنها منجر به تشدید شاخص‌های آسیب عضلانی نشده‌اند بلکه  آثار سودمندی روی متغیر‌های آسیب عضلانی از جمله لاکتات دهیدروژناز داشتند که نشان دهنده سودمند بودن این گونه تمرینات در زندگی افراد غیر فعال است.}, keywords_fa = {تمرین مقاومتی سنتی, TRX, کراتین کیناز,لاکتات دهیدروژناز, دختران غیرفعال}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6957-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6957-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Azizi, Maziyar and Abdi, Ahmad and Mehrebani, Javad and Abbasideloyi, Asiyeh}, title = {The Effect of Caffeine-Beet Supplementation on NTproBNP and IL-6 Following a Course of Aerobic Activity in Professional Endurance Runners}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The study of physiological characteristics and recognition of cardiac pathological factors during exercise and endurance activities can provide a good background in identifying athletes who are at risk. NTproBNP has been reported as a biological marker for the diagnosis of heart failure and disease progression in response to increased stress on the heart wall, increased volume, ventricular and atrial pressure, and other conditions such as ischemia or myocardial infarction and in response to various signals Increased myocardial infarction On the other hand, several studies have shown that elevated cytokines, particularly IL-6, severely modulate cardiac function and can lead to myocyte damage. Increased plasma IL-6 levels during exercise are associated with left ventricular dysfunction and are an important factor in the development of heart failure. It was a professional profession. Methods: The method of this research is laboratory, cross-sectional, laboratory, cross-sectional, and three-blind, by randomly selecting professional runners with the aim of investigating the effect of caffeine and beet juice supplementation on nitrate on NTproBNP and IL-6 followed by a The course of aerobic activity was performed in professional endurance runners. 15 elite male runners with a mean age of 27.5 3 3.8, mean height of 176.7 7 7.7, mean weight of 69.9 7 7.8 and body mass index of 22.3 1 1.5 and maximum oxygen consumption (ml / kg / min) Select 5.2 4 4.6 and randomly, into three groups: 1) High dose (9.6 mmol nitrate and 400 mg caffeine), 2) Low dose (4.8 and 200) and 3) Placebos were divided. Subjects consumed the supplement twice daily with 250 cc of water for seven days before the test. Aerobic exercise included running on a treadmill for 5 km. Plasma concentration of NTproBNP was measured in picograms per ml (pg / ml) and by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Elecsys NTproBNP 2010) with a sensitivity of 125 pg / ml. Plasma IL-6 was measured by BMS213HS kit with a sensitivity of 0.02 pg / ml and the results were shown in picograms per ml. Beet powder in powder form Beet powder Sun Say extract completely herbal and organic without sugar, gluten and other preservatives and synthetic chemicals and license made 10645/14 and caffeine in powder form made by Karen company and natural beet juice placebo It was examined by a food quality control laboratory and determined as a placebo with a little basic nitrate. The supplements were combined in three forms by the researcher's colleague in water and provided to the researcher as a solution for consumption. Random help supplement: 1) 9.6 mmol beet extract and 400 mg caffeine for high dose group, 2) 4.8 mmol beet extract and 200 mg caffeine for low dose group and 3) placebo water Natural beets were obtained for the placebo group. Results: The results showed that supplementation had no significant effect on NTproBNP (p = 0.821), but decreased IL-6 (p = 0.001). Also, one session of exercise significantly increased the levels of NTproBNP (p <0.05) and IL-6 (p <0.05) and supplementation after seven days decreased the levels of NTproBNP (p = 0.071) and IL-6 (p = 0.092) followed by sports activities. Conclusion: Considering the increase in plasma levels of NTproBNP and IL-6 immediately after exercise intervention and their significant decrease seven days after intervention, it can be said that due to doubts about the increase in these parameters after exercise, an activity with such a temporal and intense nature does not seem to lead to harm. However, the greater intensity in competitions and the effect of repetition of this training pattern in the long run cannot be ignored and it is suggested that in addition to interpreting the study results of plasma levels of NTproBNP and IL-6 in athletes, comprehensive cardiological studies and physiological factors affect Examine the secretion of these markers in other endurance sports activities for more accurate information on the physiological function of athletes' hearts during endurance sports activities. Also, due to the lack of significant effect of caffeine nitrate supplement on NTproBNP and significant reduction of this supplement on IL-6 after intense and short anaerobic exercise, it is not possible to be confident about taking caffeine-nitrate supplement to control inflammatory factors after intense anaerobic exercise. Commented; However, taking this supplement, due to its anti-oxidant properties and findings based on previous studies, will probably be somewhat beneficial for athletes who train hard. It may need to be used for a longer period of time to be more effective, and more studies are needed to find out more about the anti-inflammatory effects of caffeine-nitrate supplementation in humans. The limitations of this study were low number of samples, duration of sports intervention, lack of control over mental states and motivation of the subjects. Also, although the subjects were given a 24-hour reminder form, it was not possible to precisely control their feeding. In general, according to the findings of the present study and regardless of its limitations and considering the precautionary aspects, it can be recommended to young athletes that they can use caffeine-nitrate supplement to modulate cardiovascular risk factors.}, Keywords = {Caffeine-Beet Supplementation,Aerobic Activity,Cardiovascular,Endurance Runners}, volume = {29}, Number = {2}, pages = {102-116}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر مکمل کافئین - آب‌چغندر بر NTproBNP و IL-6 به دنبال یک دوره فعالیت هوازی در دوندگان حرفه‌ای استقامتی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بررسی ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیکی و شناخت عوامل‌پاتولوژیکی قلبی هنگام فعالیت‌های‌ورزشی‌استقامتی می‌تواند زمینه مناسبی را در شناسایی ورزشکارانی که در معرض خطر هستند، فراهم‌کند. هدف این پژوهش بررسی تاثیر مکمل کافئین-نیترات بر NTproBNP و IL-6 به دنبال یک دوره فعالیت هوازی در دوندگان حرفه‌ای‌استقامتی بود. روش‌کار: این مطالعه از نوع نیمه‌تجربی- میدانی آزمایشگاهی بود، 15دونده ‌نخبه ‌مرد با میانگین‌ سنی 8/3±5/27، میانگین ‌قد 7±7/176، میانگین ‌وزن 8/7±9/69 و شاخص ‌توده‌بدنی 5/1±3/22 و حداکثر اکسیژن ‌مصرفی (ml/kg/min) 6/4±2/52 انتخاب و به صورت سه سوکور و تصادفی، به سه گروه: ۱) دوز بالا (۹.۶میلی‌مول نیترات و ۴۰۰میلی‌گرم کافئین)، ۲) دوز پایین (۴.۸ و ۲۰۰) و ۳) دارونما تقسیم شدند. آزمودنی‌ها از هفت روز قبل از آزمون، روزانه دو بارمکمل را به همراه ۲۵۰سی‌سی  آب مصرف کردند. فعالیت ورزشی هوازی شامل دویدن روی تردمیل به مسافت 5 کیلومتر بود. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان‌داد که مصرف مکمل تاثیر معناداری بر میزان NTproBNP (821/0p=) نداشته، ولی باعث کاهش IL-6 (001/0p=) شد. همچنین یک جلسه فعالیت ورزشی سبب افزایش معنی‌داری در سطح NTproBNP (05/0p<) و IL-6 (05/0p<) شده و مصرف مکمل بعد از هفت روز سبب کاهش سطح NTproBNP (071/0p=) و IL-6 (092/0p=)  به دنبال فعالیت ورزشی شد. نتیجه‌گیری: افزایش معنی‌دار مقادیر NTproBNP و IL-6 بلافاصله بعد از فعالیت و کاهش معنی‌دار آن‌ها بعد از هفت روز همراه با مصرف مکمل کافئین-نیترات، نشان دهنده این بود که استفاده از مکمل کافئین-نیترات  باعث بهبود اختلال قلبی ناشی از فعالیت ورزشی شدید می‌شود.  }, keywords_fa = {کافئین-آب چغندر, فعالیت ورزشی, قلبی عروق, دوندگان استقامتی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6788-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6788-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Freidoonfara, Khadijeh and Monazzami, Amirabbas and Rahimi, Zohreh and Rahimi, Mehrali}, title = {The Effects of Eight-Week Resistance Training on Fatty Liver and Lipid Profile Indices, Insulin Resistance and Body Composition in Diabetic Women with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver disease}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Increased prevalence of obesity is known as the main reason for the spread of metabolic diseases including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). On the other hand, research on the effect of resistance training on diabetic people simultaneously with NAFLD is limited. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effects of 8 weeks of resistance training on body composition indices, fat profiles and fatty liver in diabetic women with non-alcoholic fatty liver. Methods: This experimental study was performed with two groups including training group (15) and control (15). 30 diabetic women in the age range of 45 to 65 years were randomly selected (48 ± 8 years old age, 158 ± 2, weight of 76 ± 8 kg) and were divided into two groups of control and training. The criteria for entering the research included at least 6 years of history of diabetes, BMI between 25 and 36 (kg / m2), a glycemic index between 120 and 150 (mg / dl), glycosylated hemoglobin (HA1C) between 6.5 to 9 and having a fatty liver of grid 2 and 3 (via sonography). Exclusion criteria included known genetic disease, endocrine disease and advanced complications of diabetes, hepatitis C and B and autoimmunity, hemochromatosis, or liver-related diseases, cardiac-pulmonary disease and drug and alcohol consumption. Weight and BMI were measured by using  body  composition device model (Inbody570). Body fat percentage (BFP) was measured by a three-point method (arms, thighs and supraspinatus) using a Harpanden metal caliper (with an accuracy of 0.05 mm) and calculated by Jackson and Pollack formulas. Serum levels of fasting blood sugar, LDL, HDL, AST and ALT were analyzed using a bionic diagnostic kit (made in Iran) with a mindray analyzer BS-480 and insulin using a monobind kit (made in the USA). On the other hand, the training group performed resistance exercises for upper and lower torso muscles in three sets (70-50% of one maximum repetition, 10-16 repetitions) in each session and three sessions per week for eight weeks. Participants performed eight different strength training, including large muscle groups, on the machines. These movements include: Bench press, Barbell curl, Lying triceps press, lat pull down, leg press, leg extension, Lying leg curl and Standing calf raise. Each training session includes warm-up phase using stretching movements for 5 minutes, resistance movement phase in the form of three sets (50-70% of one maximum repetition, 10-16 repetitions) for 35 to 50 minutes and Finally, the cooling-down step was for 5 minutes. A maximum repetition test was used to measure the maximum strength of the leg and chest muscles. A 90-second break was also allowed between sets. The training duration gradually increased from 45 in the first week to 60 minutes in the eighth week. During these two months, individuals were asked to refrain from engaging in physical activity outside of the program. The subjects in the control group were also asked not to do any sports activities during the program and to do only their normal daily activities. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine the differences and independent t-test was used to compare the changes of the two groups in pre-test and post-test (∆) and interval confidence of 95% was considered at all stages of the test. Results: The results of two-way ANOVA with repeated measurements showed that there was a significant difference between the groups in the interaction (group × time) in weight, WHR, body fat percentage and a maximum repetition (leg press and chest press) (P <0.05) but this result in BMI changes was not significant (p>0.05). In addition, the results of two-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed that there was a significant difference between the groups in the interaction (group × time) and in the variables of glucose and insulin (P <0.05). Also, comparing the interaction (group × time) using two-way ANOVA test with repeated measures showed that there were a significant difference between the control and training groups in HDL, LDL, TG, TC variables (P <0.05). Also, the results of the two-way ANOVA test with repeated measures showed that in the within group comparison (difference between pre-test and post-test) and in ALT and AST variables, a significant difference were observed in both control and exercise groups (P <0.05). Also, comparing delta changes (pre-test and post-test changes) using independent t-test, the results showed that there were a significant difference between ALT and AST variables between control and training groups (P <0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be said that performing eight weeks of moderate-intensity resistance training can improve metabolic parameters such as glycemic index, insulin resistance, 1RM and body composition index (weight, BMI, WHR) and body fat percentage) in women with T2DM and NAFLD. These results suggest that resistance training can modulate the levels of lipid profile variables and liver enzymes closer to normal by compensating for the destructive effects of type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver in HDL, ALT and AST variables.}, Keywords = {Resistance Training,Body composition,Lipid Profile Indices,Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver,Type 2 Diabetes}, volume = {29}, Number = {2}, pages = {117-129}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {آثار هشت هفته تمرینات مقاومتی بر شاخص های کبد چرب ، نیمرخ چربی و مقاومت به انسولین در زنان دیابتی مبتلا به کبد چرب غیر الکلی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین آثار هشت هفته تمرین مقاومتی بر شاخص‌های ترکیب بدنی، نیمرخ چربی و کبد چرب در زنان دیابتی مبتلا به کبد چرب غیر الکلی اجرا شد. روش­ کار: در این مطالعه 30 زن دیابتی (سن 8 ± 48 سال، قد 2 ± 158سانتی متر، وزن 8 ±76 کیلوگرم) دارای کبد چرب غیر الکلی (درجه دو و سه) شرکت کردند و به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه کنترل (15=n) و تمرین (15=n) تقسیم شدند. گروه تمرین، تمرینات مقاومتی عضلات بالاتنه و  پایین تنه را  به صورت سه ست (70-50 درصد یک تکرار بیشینه، 16-10 تکرار) در هر جلسه و سه جلسه در هر هفته و طی هشت هفته اجرا کردند. از آزمون یک تکرار بیشینه و تکنیک الایزا به ترتیب جهت اندازه گیری قدرت حداکثر عضلات پا و سینه و شاخص‌های نیمرخ چربی و کبد چرب استفاده شد. از روش آماری آنووای دو راهه با  اندازه گیری مکرر جهت تعیین تفاوت‌ها استفاده شد. یافته­‌ها: نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که متغیرهای HDL، ALT و AST  تفاوت معنادارای در گروه کنترل در مقایسه درون گروهی داشتند (05/0P <). همچنین در مقایسه بین گروهی نتایج نشان داد که  تفاوت معناداری در گروه‌های کنترل و تمرین در متغیرهای ترکیب بدن ،نیمرخ چربی و کبد چرب وجود دارد (05/0P <). نتیجه‌­گیری: این نتایج پیشنهاد می­کنند که تمرین مقاومتی می‌تواند از طریق جبران اثرات تخریبی دیابت نوع دو و کبد چرب غیر الکلی در متغیرهای HDL، ALT و AST  سطوح متغیرهای نیمرخ چربی و آنزیم‌های کبدی را به شرایط نرمال نزدیک کند.  }, keywords_fa = {تمرین مقاومتی,ترکیب بدن, نیمرخ چربی,کبد چرب غیرالکلی, دیابت نوع دو}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6799-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6799-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ghadimi, Bahram}, title = {Examining the Relationship between Social Health and Students\' Aggression}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Social issues are social phenomena, including structural conditions and action patterns, which are in the path of social transformations, between the current situation and the desired situation, and the achievement of goals threatens desirable values. One of the important social issues is related to people's health. Today, a large part of diseases (both mental and physical) in developing countries are strongly related to social factors and models. Problems such as poverty, failure in education, living in a poor physical environment, high levels of insecurity in society (such as violence, and accidents), and adverse life events such as separation from parents, job loss, or forced migration are social factors that have a great impact on It has states and mental and social health of people. The importance of the issue increases, social health means the ability to interact with people and the environment to create a satisfactory interpersonal relationship. The ability to communicate honestly with others and manage conflict healthily and ethically during an appropriate and acceptable time is one of the indicators of social health. The concept of social health is a concept that is considered along with the physical and mental aspects of health. Social health is synonymous with the level of performance of the members of society, and health is something beyond the reporting of disease symptoms, the number of diseases, and the functional capabilities of a person. One of the important factors that are important in the social health of people is the topic of aggression in society, which is also the topic of sociologists and psychologists in terms of sociology, because if the level of aggression increases in a society, then the social health will also increase. People are also at risk. Several definitions of anger have been presented by philosophers and sociologists, but two common points can be observed in all of them. The main cause of anger is threats, failures, and obstacles that are put in people's way. The purpose of anger is often defense, war, and destruction. Although anger is a natural and sometimes useful emotion, it also carries risks. When anger is out of control and destructive, it can lead to problems at work, interpersonal relationships, and overall quality of life. Also, the analysis of statistics and information shows that anger has increased in the last few decades and a lot of empirical evidence has shown the destructive effects of anger in human relationships - therefore, according to the stated content and the lack of research related to the relationship between social health and aggression In students, the aim of the present study was the relationship between social health and students' aggression. Methods: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of method, and the statistical population of this research included all students of the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the Islamic Azad University, Sari branch, who were studying in the academic year of 2021-2022. According to the inquiry from the university education unit, the number of statistical populations was equal to 2400 people, and the available sampling method was used to determine the number of statistical samples, which was determined to be 331 people using Cochran's formula. The research tools included three questionnaires on social health by Keyes (2004) and aggression by Zahedifar et al. (2019), both of which were standard questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the demographic variables and SPSS software was used to investigate the research objectives. Results: The research results showed that there is a negative relationship between social health and students' aggression. Conclusion: Health has different physical, mental, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, and social dimensions, and these concepts, while benefiting from common aspects, also have different aspects and are influenced by many factors. Health is a multidimensional concept and the definition of the World Health Organization refers to its three physical, mental, and social dimensions. Physical or biological health is health in the functions of the body and the optimal state of functioning of each cell or body organ in complete harmony with the rest of the body. According to the definition of the US Department of Health and Human Services, mental health is a state of successful functioning of mental processes, efficient activities, effective and productive relationships with people, and the ability to adapt to changes and adapt to favorable conditions. The recent definition is the result of forty years of efforts by experts to provide a comprehensive definition of mental health; not just in the sense of not having a mental illness. Social health is the ability to effectively and efficiently perform social roles without harming others, social health is the assessment of the individual's conditions and work in society. Health is associated with all aspects, including basic human rights and indicators of justice in society. The right to health means having a healthy and productive life with quality, along with an acceptable life span and free from disease and disability. This is everyone's right and the governments are responsible for it. One of the important goals of the health system in every country is to provide, maintain, and improve the health and quality of life of all members of society. To achieve this, the provision of suitable facilities and facilities to ensure the physical, mental, and social health of human beings in all stages of life is considered a basic right. In this research, one of the dimensions (social health dimension) is investigated. Social health includes the levels of social skills, social performance, and the ability of everyone to know themselves as a member of the larger society, and attention is paid to economic and social conditions and personal well-being about the social network. Social health is the relationship between the network of social connections and personal balance and compatibility between the person and the environment. With the transition of societies from traditional to industrial mode, the discussion about the health of people in the society becomes more important. The new century has brought with it new ideas, a serious belief is that a nation cannot be judged solely on its economic growth, but the sense of well-being, mental security, and health in different dimensions (biological, psychological, social, spiritual) are also important. Is. In a stable society, equality, education, health, health, and the enjoyment of basic needs are among the necessities of a society and indicators of its development. Health is a common issue in many cultures. Every society has a special concept of health as part of its culture. Health promotion in society is considered as an indicator of the capability of the social system. This capability is considered in practical terms by evaluating the life of the people in the society. Social factors have a significant effect on the process by which our society organizes its resources to deal with health risks and provide medical care to people, and in this, the role of social factors in a society is of particular importance. Therefore, health is not only a biological matter, social factors are also involved in determining the level of health of people. Social conditions and situations not only increase the possibility of disease or disability but also can draw a certain horizon in terms of disease prevention and health maintenance because health is a necessary condition for fulfilling social roles and humans can be fully active if to make them feel healthy and the society to consider them healthy and to have an effect on the feeling of violence and anger in the society and reduce the level of aggression.}, Keywords = {Social Health, Aggression, Mental Health}, volume = {29}, Number = {2}, pages = {130-137}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی ارتباط بین سلامت اجتماعی و پرخاشگری دانشجویان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: مسائل اجتماعی پدیده­های اجتماعی هستند از جمله شرایط ساختاری و الگوهای عمل که در مسیر تحولات اجتماعی، بین وضعیت موجود و وضعیت مطلوب قرار دارند و دستیابی به اهداف، ارزش­های مطلوب را تهدید می­کند. یکی از مسائل مهم اجتماعی مربوط به سلامتی روانی مردم است. با توجه به تحقیقات در ارتباط با رابطه سلامت اجتماعی و پرخاشگری در دانشجویان، هدف مطالعه حاضر ارتباط بین سلامت اجتماعی و پرخاشگری دانشجویان بود. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از حیث هدف، کاربردی و از نظر روش توصیفی و از نوع همبستگی بوده و جامعه آماری این تحقیق شامل کلیه کلیه دانشجویان دانشکده علوم پزشکی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ساری بود که در سال تحصیلی 1401-1400 مشغول به تحصیل بودند که با توجه به استعلام از واحد آموزش دانشگاه، تعداد جامعه آماری برابر با 2400 نفر بود و از روش نمونه گیری در دسترس برای تعیین تعداد نمونه آماری استفاده شد که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 331 نفر تعیین شد. ابزار تحقیق شامل سه پرسشنامه سلامت اجتماعی کییز (2004) و پرخاشگری زاهدی‌فر و همکاران (1379) بود که هر دو پرسشنامه استاندارد بودند. برای توصیف متغیرهای جمعیت شناختی از آمار توصیفی و برای بررسی اهداف تحقیق از نرم افزار SPSS استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که بین سلامت اجتماعی و پرخاشگری دانشجویان رابطه منفی وجود دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می­توان بیان داشت که حفظ سلامت اجتماعی منجر به کاهش اختلالات روانی مانند خشم و پرخاشگری می­شود و سلامت فقط یک امر زیست‌شناختی نیست و عوامل اجتماعی نیز در تعیین سطح سلامت افراد دخیل می‌باشد. شرایط و موقعیت‌های اجتماعی نه تنها امکان ایجاد بیماری و یا معلولیت را افزایش می‌دهد بلکه می‌تواند افق خاصی را از نظر پیشگیری از بیماری و نیز حفظ سلامت ترسیم نماید، چرا که سلامتی شرط ضروری برای ایفای نقش‌های اجتماعی است و انسان‌ها در صورتی می‌توانند فعالیت کامل داشته باشند که هم خود را سالم احساس کنند و هم جامعه آن­ها را سالم بداند و بر احساس خشونت و خشم در افراد جامعه اثرگذار باشد و سطح پرخاشگری را کاهش می­دهد.}, keywords_fa = {سلامت اجتماعی, پرخاشگری, سلامت روانی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8491-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8491-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mahdavi, Fakhreddin and Bagherpoor, Tahere and Nemati, Nematollah}, title = {The Effect of Eight Weeks of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Hemodynamic Parameters and Blood Lipid Profile in Male Patients 55-70 Years Old CABG Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery}, abstract ={Background & Aims: An increasing number of elderly individuals are now undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Elderly patients, compared with patients of a younger age group, present for surgery with a greater burden of risk factors and reduced functional levels. Short‐term outcomes are hence poorer in them. But symptom relief occurs in most survivors and is accompanied by excellent rates of long‐term survival and a good quality of life. Therefore, an individualised risk–benefit profile must be carefully constructed by clinicians, taking into account several different factors and not just age alone. This review summarises the current concepts of coronary artery bypass surgery from the perspective of the very old. This, unfortunately, is not an easy question to answer. Risk–benefit profiles are individualised, and each elderly patient must be assessed on his or her own merit. There are no universally accepted standards for selection or rejection of patients for surgery. An elderly person with few background illnesses and a good expected quality and length of life would probably stand to benefit from CABG. On the other hand, an octogenarian with several comorbidities and an expected suboptimal quality of life after surgery would probably be best managed conservatively. The greatest risk, however, is in the critically ill elderly patient for whom the CABG operation may be the best of several high‐risk options. Due to the effect of cardiac rehabilitation in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and accidents on the one hand and the high direct and indirect treatment costs imposed on insurance organizations due to drug and surgical interventions on the other hand is covered. Giving a cardiac rehabilitation program due to its high clinical benefits, including reducing blood pressure risk factors and blood lipid profile and increasing the functional capacity of vascular transplant patients, reducing per capita drug use, reducing mortality and increasing life expectancy for the benefit of patients and society It is also in the interest of insurance companies. Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation affect hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile in male patients 55 to 70 years of age with CABG coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Methods: For the present quasi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design, among male patients with an age range of 55 to 70 years, coronary artery bypass graft referring to Sari Heart Center (120 people), 40 people were selected as volunteers and Were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The research variables were measured 24 hours before and 48 hours after the exercises. Also, the experimental group performed rehabilitation exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session for 45-60 minutes. Research variables were assessed using a heart rate monitor, hand barometer and blood sampling. Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Shapirovilk and independent t-tests were used using SPSS software at a significance level of p <0.05 for statistical analysis of data. Results: Before comparing the results of the two groups, the data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test to determine the normal distribution, which showed that the data distribution is normal. Also, according to the assumption of equality of variances based on Levin test, the first row of t-test table was used, which showed that 8 weeks of cardiac rehabilitation has a significant effect on hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile of coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that eight weeks of cardiovascular rehabilitation has an effect on hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile in men 55 to 70 years old by bypass surgery. Coronary artery surgery for the elderly is now safer than ever before, owing to modern surgical techniques and pharmacological breakthroughs. Despite magnified perioperative and postoperative dangers, symptom relief occurs in most patients. Long‐term survival and quality of life are also preserved or enhanced in the majority. Clinicians must understand the normal physiological changes associated with ageing in order to construct a risk–benefit analysis that is specifically tailored to each patient. This analysis should take into account a patient's life expectancy and quality of life both before and after a procedure, and not just age alone. Discrepancies between chronological age and biological age must be dealt with. Further, the physician is expected to anticipate end‐of‐life issues and the potential need for rehabilitation or nursing home placement in the early postoperative period. Most important among all is that these issues must be discussed with the patients and their families. Hence, it is up to the patient and the clinician to explore the potential benefits of an improved quality of living with the attendant risks of the procedure versus alternative treatment. Advanced age alone should not be a deterrent for coronary artery bypass surgery if it has been determined that these benefits outweigh the potential risk. In this study, the findings showed that due to the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the country and the high per capita consumption of drugs and its high costs and the high importance of cardiovascular rehabilitation in reducing cardiovascular risk factors and secondary prevention and reduction Re-stroke in heart patients, including coronary artery bypass grafting, more attention to the issue of cardiac rehabilitation and the establishment of clinics and centers in this regard is necessary. It is hoped that using the results of this study, a clear view on the importance of the impact of these programs on officials and experts to pay more attention to these programs. However, lack of access to all members of society, lack of control over hereditary and psychological characteristics and lack of control over the economic and social conditions of the subjects are some of the limitations of the present study that may affect the results of the study.  }, Keywords = {Cardiac Rehabilitation, Hemodynamics, Blood Lipid Profile, Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting}, volume = {29}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر هشت هفته بازتوانی قلبی بر شاخص‌های همودینامیک و پروفایل چربی خون در بیماران مرد 55 تا 70 ساله جراحی پیوند عروق کرونری CABG}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: طبق گزارش سازمان بهداشت جهانی بیماری­های قلبی عروقی (CHD) شایع­ترین علت مرگ و میر در سطح دنیا می­باشد. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تبیین تاثیر هشت هفته بازتوانی قلبی بر شاخص­های همودینامیک و پروفایل چربی خون در بیماران مرد 55  تا 70 ساله جراحی پیوند عروق کرونری  CABGبود. روش­ کار: برای انجام تحقیق نیمه تجربی حاضر که با طرح پیش آزمون- پس آزمون انجام شد از بین بیماران مرد با دامنه سنی 55 تا 70 سال پیوند عروق کرونری مراجعه کننده به مرکز قلب ساری (120 نفر)، 40 نفر به صورت داوطلب انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه کنترل و تجربی تقسیم شدند. 24 ساعت قبل و 48 ساعت پس از تمرینات متغیرهای تحقیق اندازه­گیری شدند همچنین گروه تجربی به مدت 8 هفته، 3 جلسه در هفته و هر جلسه 45-60 دقیقه تمرینات بازتوانی را انجام دادند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد هشت هفته بازتوانی قلبی بر بهبود شاخص­های همودینامیک فشار خون سیستولی و دیاستولی و ضربان قلب استراحتی و پروفایل چربی خون تأثیر دارد. نتیجه­‌گیری: با توجه نتایج توصیه می­شود بعد از جراحی پیوند عروق کرونر از تمرینات بازتوانی قلبی زیر نظر پزشک استفاده شود.}, keywords_fa = {بازتوانی قلبی, همودینامیک, پروفایل چربی خون, پیوند عروق کرونری}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7392-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7392-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Hoseinpour, Mehrvash and Sahebalzamani, Mohamm}, title = {The Effect of Storytelling Training to Parents on Sleep Disorders of Children Affected by Autism Referred to Tehran Autism Center in 2017}, abstract ={Background & Aims: About one-third of human life is in sleep (2). Adequate sleep plays a vital role in mental and cognitive motor development in children and adults (3). Lack of sleep can have adverse effects on endocrine function, cognitive function, metabolism and inflammatory responses (4). With sleep problems, cognitive and emotional issues such as depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment, learning disability and intellectual development disability (2). Sleep complaints are very common in the normal population and about 37% of people suffer from sleep problems, sleep problems are one of the associated problems in autistic patients (7). Autism spectrum disorders ASD (1) is a type of autism spectrum disorder It is a pervasive developmental disorder that starts before 36 months of age and begins before the age of 3 and its prevalence is estimated to be 5 to 10 cases per 10,000 births. Children with autism are also susceptible to sleep disturbances (8). Due to the high prevalence of sleep problems in children with autism, effective treatment is necessary in these children. Many of the behaviors that fertilizer has with autism such as hypersensitivity to environmental disturbances, repetitive behaviors, difficulty in social understanding, etc. are likely to contribute to sleep disturbances in children. Behavioral approaches improve sleep onset. These approaches include behaviors that make it easier to fall asleep and stay asleep (10). In the process of story therapy, children are trying to become more aware of their feelings and thoughts, face their painful emotions and feelings, and express them throughout the story (11). Recent studies have shown that behavioral interventions that are present in early life. Autistic children are considered as a valuable and effective treatment for behavioral symptoms of autism. Blossom fard and Mazaheri in 2015, a study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of attachment-based storytelling on reducing sleep time problems and improving the child-mother relationship, the results of this study showed that attachment-based storytelling, in addition to being a solution for female routines, showed that attachment-based storytelling, in addition to being a solution for female-born routines, showed that the results of this study were based on attachment-based storytelling. Beth was able to reduce the disturbances of the child's sleep time, leading to a significant improvement in the parent-child relationship as one of the correlatives of sleep problems, so the clinical work of attachment-based storytelling is not only about improving sleep problems, but also for improving the emotional and mental health of the child and their families (18). It is controlling diseases and considering the educational and therapeutic aspects of storytelling that can be used as a valuable and efficient tool for improving life and social skills as well as treatment of sleep disorders, therefore, the researcher has decided to study the effect of storytelling education on sleep disorders of children with autism in order to prove the hypothesis that "teaching storytelling" It is effective for parents to "perform sleep disorders in children with autism" that ultimately provide a successful way of treating with minimal cost and time so that children with autism benefit from reduced sleep problems. Methods: This study is a clinical trial study, in which the research population consists of children with autism and their parents who have a medical record with a definite diagnosis of autism. The sample in this study is parents of children with autism who have records in Tehran autism center in 2018 and meet the inclusion criteria. Researcher after reviewing the records of children with autism, a certain number of them are used. The available method and the sample size were randomly assigned to the intervention group using a pre-test-post-test experimental design with 45 parents in the Autism Society and 45 as the control group. In this stage, sleep disorders were measured using the CSHQ children's sleep habits questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 45 questions, some of which have only diagnostic and therapeutic value and not research, so in scoring it only 33 questions are identified, most of which are scored on likert scale from 1 to 3 and its options are usually (7-5 nights per week), sometimes (2-4 nights per week) and rarely (0-1 nights per week). The score is between 33-99 and the total score is more than 41 indicating sleep disturbances in the child. In Iran, the validity of the instrument in the research of Shoghi, Khanjari, Farmani, and Hosseini (2005) was evaluated by content validity method and its validity was determined by two-week interval testing for 10 children between 11-6 years old, 97.97. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained from two studies, 0.77 and 0.79 (23). The researcher used the treatment method only for the intervention group in five sessions each for 60 minutes and finally obtained the scores of the questionnaire from both intervention and control groups. Results: In describing the characteristics of the research units, the demographic and contextual characteristics of the sample were compared and tested in two groups and the homogeneity of each of these variables was evaluated in the intervention and control groups. Nominal variables were compared and tested using Chi-Square test, precision chi-square (for tables larger than two and expected low frequency) and Fisher's accurate test (for tables two in two and expected low frequency) in both groups. In the inferential statistics section, the main variable, i.e. sleep disorder score in the sample, was compared in the intervention and control groups and in the previous stage with after the intervention, it was compared and tested. Classical tests were used due to the high sample size and according to the central limit theorem in the statistics, which with the increase of the sample size, the average distribution of the sample is close to the normal distribution. For comparing the two groups before the intervention, independent T-test was used for intra-group tests and comparison of two stages before and after the intervention for each group, and finally, using covariance analysis (ANCOVA) by eliminating the effect of pre-test, the effect of storytelling education to parents on sleep disorders of children with autism was investigated. Comparison of sleep disorders in children with autism was done in the intervention and control groups after teaching storytelling to parents and in the control group after the second test using independent T-test. There was a significant difference between the mean score of sleep disorder in the control group and the intervention after teaching storytelling to parents and in the control group after the second test. Conclusion: Table information regarding the research hypothesis about determining the effect of storytelling education to parents on sleep disorders in children with autism indicates that the score of sleep disorder in the intervention group decreased by 5.7 ± 7.3 and in the control group  increased by 0.1 ± 2.1 the independent T-test showed this significant difference (P<0.001). Therefore, based on the data and findings, it can be claimed that the research hypothesis has been confirmed. Comparative diagram of sleep disorder score in children with autism before and after the intervention in the intervention and control groups shows that the difference before and after the intervention in the intervention group is higher than the control group. Comparative diagram of sleep disorder score in children with autism studied Before and after the intervention in the intervention and control groups.  }, Keywords = {Sleep Disorder, Storytelling Training, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Preschool Age}, volume = {29}, Number = {3}, pages = {8-18}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی تاثیر آموزش قصه گویی به والدین بر اختلالات خواب کودکان مبتلا به اوتیسم مراجعه کننده به مرکز اوتیسم تهران سال 1397  }, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: ﺑﺴﯿﺎری از رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎی کودک اوتیستیک ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮوز اﺧﺘﻼل ﺧﻮاب در ﮐﻮدﮐﺎن ﮐﻤﮏ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. با توجه به جنبه تربیتی، آموزشی و درمانی قصه‌گویی این پژوهش با هدف تعیین تأثیر آموزش قصه‌گویی به والدین بر اختلالات خواب کودکان مبتلا به اوتیسم مراجعه‌کننده به مرکز اوتیسم تهران سال 1397انجام شد. روش کار: این پژوهش یک مطالعه مداخله ای با طرح پیش آزمون پس آزمون با گروه شاهد تصادفی بود، نمونه این پژوهش شامل 90 نفر از والدین کودکان اوتیسم هستند که به دو گروه مساوی شاهد و کنترل تقسیم شدند. قبل از شروع آموزش، در هر دو گروه پرسشنامه  CSHQ (Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire)  بررسی عادات خواب کودکان در قالب پیش آزمون اجرا شد، سپس والدین گروه آزمایش در طی پنج جلسه 60 دقیقه‌ای مورد آموزش قرار گرفتند، پس از اتمام جلسات مجددا هر دو گروه با استفاده از مقیاس ذکر شده مورد سنجش قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: نشان داد که آموزش قصه‌گویی والدین در کاهش نشانه های اختلالات خواب کودکان اوتیسم تأثیر داشته است به این ترتیب که نمره اختلال خواب بعد از مداخله نسبت به قبل از مداخله در گروه مداخله 3/7 ± 7/5 کاهش ودرگروه کنترل 1/2 ± 1/0 افزایش داشت. آزمون تی مستقل این تفاوت را معنی‌دار نشان داد (001/0>P). نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که آموزش به والدین بر کاهش نمره اختلال خواب مؤثر بوده است آموزش قصه‌گویی به والدین به‌صورت عملی، اصولی و با امکانات مناسب می‌تواند تاثیرات قابل ملاحظه ی خود را نشان دهد.}, keywords_fa = {اختلال خواب,آموزش قصه گویی,اختلال طیف اوتیسم}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6264-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6264-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Salehpoor, Ghasem and Rahimi, Changiz and Mohammadi, Nurallah and Asadi-Pooya, Aliakbar}, title = {Comorbidity of Sleepiness and Seizures: Evaluation of Cognitive Function, Quality and Severity of Pain and Disease Severity Markers}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Sleep and epilepsy are complex interactions and are completely interdependent, so that some patients experience seizures while asleep or deprived of sleep or when waking up, and for some they occur during the day or night (1). The American Psychiatric Association defines sleepiness as symptoms of excessive quantity of sleep (e.g., extended nocturnal sleep or involuntary daytime sleep), deteriorated quality of wakefulness (i.e., sleep propensity during wakefulness as shown by difficulty awakening or inability to remain awake when required), and sleep inertia (i.e., a period of impaired performance and reduced vigilance following awakening from the regular sleep episode or from a nap) (2). Its prevalence is higher in seizures than in the control group (3, 4) and in different groups seizures have been reported between 31 to 60% (5-7). According to common clinical beliefs, sleep disruption can have a significant effect on memory, as REM sleep or slow-wave sleep is essential for optimal cognitive function (3), and excessive daily sleepiness can increase seizures (8, 9) and pain (10) in patients; However, the exact function of sleep remains unclear, and the findings have not always been consistent. These discrepancies require the conduct of research in which, through a comprehensive look, a large number of parameters related to sleepiness are present in seizures. In other words, the heterogeneity of the previous findings highlights the variability of the course of the disease as a result of the interaction of sleepiness and seizures, which makes it necessary to conduct more research to better understand the problems of patients. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the comorbidity effect of sleepiness and epilepsy on cognitive functions, quality and severity of pain and disease severity markers in patients with epilepsy. Methods: The present research was conducted as a case-control study in 2020 in Shiraz Namazi Hospital. The statistical population of this study included all patients with focal epileptic seizures (temporal lobe epilepsy) (n = 30) and generalized (idiopathic generalized epilepsy) (n = 21) and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (n = 17) in Shiraz. Through their follow-up treatment process, they referred to the epilepsy and seizure ward of Shiraz Namazi Hospital, from which 68 patients with inclusion criteria were selected through purposive sampling method. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, each patient completed a comprehensive list of demographic and clinical variables, the Stanford Sleepiness Scale, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and the Visual Analogue Scale under the supervision of an on-site clinical psychology PhD student. After collecting research data, patients with seizures were divided into two groups with sleepiness (n = 45) and no sleepiness (n = 23) through a cut score equal to or greater than 3 on the Stanford Sleepiness Scale. Data were analyzed using parametric and non-parametric tests in version 24 of SPSS software. Results: Preliminary findings showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups of patients with epilepsy with and without sleepiness in terms of mean age and frequency of antiepileptic drugs (P <0.05); While there was no difference between the two groups in terms of type of seizure, education, gender, marital status and employment status. In order to investigate the effect of sleepiness on cognitive function and components related to pain quality, multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance was used to control age variables and use antiepileptic drugs. The results showed that patients with sleepiness in functions of language, Abstraction, delayed recall, as well as achieving the overall Montreal Cognitive Assessment score performed worse. These patients had higher sensory perception of pain experience, rated their pain higher, scored higher in pain quality, and chose more words to describe their pain (P<0.05). Evaluations of disease severity markers through nonparametric tests also showed that compared to patients without sleepiness, patients with epilepsy with sleepiness have experienced more pain, more seizures, a higher incidence of comorbid physical diseases, a longer history of psychiatric diagnoses, and they have more concomitant use of antiepileptic and psychiatric drugs (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that patients with epilepsy with sleepiness had lower mean scores on some cognitive subscales than their counterparts without sleepiness; However, the two groups did not differ in terms of spatial visual function, naming, attention, and orientation. Using a methodology similar to this study, Vascouto et al. Found that there was no difference between the two groups of patients with seizures with and without sleepiness in most cognitive components such as attention and spatial visual skills; Only from the point of view of the total score of auditory verbal learning, there is a significant difference (11) that is relatively consistent with the present study. Although more research is needed to draw more detailed discussions, the discrepancies in some findings can be explained by differences in the type of patient samples in the two studies and the reduction in attention and performance resulting from sleepiness. The results also showed that patients with epilepsy with sleepiness compared to their counterparts, evaluated the qualitative dimensions of their pain higher and experienced more severe pain. Consistent with these findings, Gutter et al. Found that sleepiness comorbidity in epileptic seizures leads to increased chronic pain in patients (10) and Jaussent et al. Also reported that chronic pain is a significant predictor of sleepiness (12). In this regard, potential underlying mechanisms such as structural and functional changes in the prefrontal cortex (13), anterior cingulate cortex (14), hippocampus (15), amygdala (16), insula (17), subcortical regions (17) and shock spinal cord passages (18); Neural-glial interactions; Abnormalities in autonomic function and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and other biological factors may contribute to the relationship between sleepiness and pain. Finally, the results showed that the frequency of seizures, the presence of comorbidities of physical disease, the history of psychiatric diagnoses and the simultaneous use of antiepileptic and psychiatric drugs in patients with epilepsy with sleepiness were higher than their counterparts. In this regard, Pizzatto et al. (19) and Xu et al. (20) evaluated patients with epileptic seizures and did not find a relationship between daily sleepiness scores and the frequency of seizures. But Lee et al. Showed that the presence of psychiatric symptoms is an independent predictor of sleepiness in patients (21). It seems that sleepiness reduces the ability to control seizures in patients (22) and contributes to their recurrence and worsening of the disease. Disruption of patients' circadian rhythms can also be involved as a consequence of sleepiness; Because circadian rhythms affect the frequency of seizures depending on the epileptogenic region (23,24). According to the findings, measuring sleep habits, sleep hygiene and comorbidity of sleepiness is an unavoidable necessity. In particular, early diagnosis and treatment of comorbid sleepiness and seizures can improve the prognosis and reduce the negative health consequences in patients (25). Lack of objective measurements of sleepiness and self-reported nature of the data are the limitations of the present study. Future studies can complement these findings by using objective measures of sleepiness. Patients with epilepsy with sleepiness have a poorer cognitive and clinical status than their counterparts.}, Keywords = {Sleepiness, Epilepsy, Sleep Disorders, Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures}, volume = {29}, Number = {3}, pages = {19-25}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {کوموربیدیتی خواب‌آلودگی و تشنج: ارزیابی کارکرد شناختی، کیفیت و شدت درد و نشانگرهای شدت بیماری}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: خواب­آلودگی از مهمترین شکایات بیماران مبتلا به تشنج بوده که تعامل پیچیده­ای با یکدیگر دارند. همایندی این دو می­تواند طیف وسیعی از کارکردهای شناختی، تظاهرات درد و شاخص­های بیماری را تحت تاثیر قرار دهد که بسیاری از آنها نیز مبهم باقی مانده است. از این رو، هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی تاثیر همایندی خواب­آلودگی و صرع بر کارکردهای شناختی، کیفیت و شدت درد و نشانگرهای شدت بیماری می­باشد.   روش کار: در یک مطالعه مورد-شاهدی، 68 بیمار مبتلا به صرع (در دو گروه واجد و فاقد خواب­آلودگی) توسط نمونه­گیری هدفمند انتخاب و با استفاده از سیاهه جامع متغیرهای جمعیت­شناختی و بالینی، مقیاس خواب­آلودگی استنفورد، ارزیابی شناختی مونترال، پرسشنامه درد مگ­گیل و مقیاس آنالوگ بصری ارزیابی شدند. داده­ها با استفاده از آزمون­های تی استیودنت مستقل، تحلیل کواریانس چندمتغیره و تک­متغیره با کنترل متغیرهای مخدوش­کننده احتمالی، کای اسکوئر، دقیق فیشر و یومن-وایت­نی تحلیل شدند. یافته­ ها: تحلیل­ها بعد از کنترل متغیرهای مخدوش­کننده نشان داد که بین دو گروه از بیماران مبتلا به صرع واجد و فاقد خواب­آلودگی در مولفه­های زبان، انتزاع، یادآوری با تاخیر، نمره کل مونترال، ادراک حسی درد، ارزیابی درد، نمره کل مگ گیل، فراوانی واژگان و شدت درد تفاوت معنی­داری وجود دارد (05/0>P). همچنین بیماران واجد خواب­آلودگی فراوانی بالاتری را نسبت به همتایان خود در رخداد تشنج، ابتلا به همایندی بیماری جسمی، سوابق تشخیص روانپزشکی و استفاده توامان از AEDها و داروهای روانپزشکی نشان دادند (05/0>P). نتیجه ­گیری: خواب­آلودگی با نقایص شناختی (همچون زبان، انتزاع و یادآوری)، تشدید ادراک درد، افزایش شدت درد و رخداد تشنج و فراوانی بالای بیماری­های جسمی همایند، سابقه تشخیص روانپزشکی و استفاده همزمان از AEDها و داروهای روانپزشکی در ارتباط است.}, keywords_fa = {خواب‌آلودگی, صرع, درد, عملکرد شناختی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6488-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6488-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Jokar, Masoud and Ghalavand, Akbar}, title = {The Effect of Twelve Weeks of Aerobic Interval Training on Liver Complications and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Men with Type 2 Diabetes}, abstract ={Background & Aims: One of the main complications of type 2 diabetes is cardiovascular complications, which greatly increases mortality and reduces the quality of life of these patients. Complications of type 2 diabetes, which are known as cardiovascular risk factors, include dyslipidemia (1, 3) and high blood pressure, which are common diseases in type 2 diabetes (1, 4). Another complication of type 2 diabetes is liver complications (5). Which is associated with cardiovascular risk factors (5, 8) in type 2 diabetes. Despite extensive research to identify the pathological causes of type 2 diabetes, no definitive treatment for type 2 diabetes has been found so far, and the annual death rate from type 2 diabetes and liver disorders due to diabetes due to cardiovascular events is increasing (5). Indicating the need for further research to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in these patients. Exercise is one of the main pillars in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (13), but these patients may be limited in performing continuous aerobic exercise due to overweight and low level of physical fitness (14); For this reason, interval training is recommended for these patients because resting between exercise intervals reduces the cardiac stress caused, leading to metabolic recovery and rebuilding energy systems, allowing for more exercise in one session (18); Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of interval aerobic training on cardiovascular risk factors including cardiovascular and hepatic complications in men with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In the present quasi-experimental study, 20 men with type 2 diabetes were randomly selected from volunteer patients aged 35 to 50 years, sedentary lifestyle (no physical activity in the last six months), no insulin injection, no acute cardiovascular disease, no respiratory disease, and no musculoskeletal disease. Then, they were randomly divided into two groups of aerobic interval training and control. Exercise training intervention in the present study included 12 weeks of aerobic interval training, three sessions per week and each exercise session included 1)10-15 minutes of warm-up, 2) the main exercise program (10-40 minutes aerobic interval training with 5 minute intervals and a rest-to-activity ratio of 1: 1), 3) and 10 minutes of coolingdown. 24 hours before the intervention and 48 hours after the last training session, the research variables were measured in fasting. Paired sample t-test and independent t-tests were used to examine changes within and between groups. All statistical analysis operations were performed at the significant level of P 05 0.05 by SPSS software version 22. Results: The results showed that after the training period there was founded a significant decrease in the levels of HbA1c (P <0.001), triglyceride (P = 0.038), low-density lipoprotein (P = 0.008), alanine aminotransferase (P <0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (P <0.001), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.06) and body fat percentage (P = 0.003) and significant increase in high-density lipoprotein (P = 0.002) And maximum oxygen consumption (P <0.001) was observed compared to the control group, but there was no a significant difference in changes in total cholesterol (P = 0.159), diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.211) and body weight (0.061). = P) between training and control groups. Conclusion: Regarding the chronic effect of regular exercise on glycemic control in diabetic patients, it can be said that aerobic interval exercise has increased glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes by increasing cell sensitivity with insulin-dependent molecular pathways and insulin-independent pathways (19). Also, after the training period, was observed a significant decrease in body fat percentage. The ratio of fat to muscle mass plays an important role in insulin resistance and metabolic disorders (21); therefore, the decrease in HbA1c caused by exercise can be justified in relation to the reduction of body fat percentage. Also, after the training period, a significant improvement in lipid profile was observed in the form of a decrease in triglycerides and LDL and a significant increase in HDL levels. The improvement in lipid profile in the present study may be due to the reduction of insulin resistance and glycemic control in adaptation to periodic aerobic exercise (16). Also, a significant decrease in serum aminotransferases was observed in the exercise group compared to the control group; it can be said that improving insulin resistance in the liver has reduced the accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes, which has resulted in reduced hepatic steatosis and improved liver function in patients. It is reported that body composition and HbA1c levels were associated with NAFLD. Also, after the training period, a significant increase in VO2max was observed compared to the control group. Cardiorespiratory fitness, measured by maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), is related to functional capacity and human function and has been shown to be a strong predictor of disease mortality (27). One of the complications of diabetes is decreased functional ability in patients during exercise, the optimal delivery and use of oxygen means the interaction of various physiological functions, such as pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, cardiac output, muscle blood distribution, aerobic capacity and energy production in skeletal muscle, as well as perception of fatigue (14). It can be said that exercise improves the function of the cardiorespiratory system by increasing the absorption and delivery of oxygen to the active muscles. Also in the present study, a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure was observed compared to the control group. Due to the fact that exercise training can affect vascular function and thus the response to vascular flow, it can increase blood flow to active muscles during exercise and provide the need for muscle oxygen by increasing blood flow, as well as increasing flow. The blood expels the metabolites produced and thus reduces the accumulation of these metabolites in the muscles (4, 28). On the other hand, by reducing insulin resistance in muscle cells, glucose uptake increases and as a result, glycogen stores in muscle cells increase, which can be useful in performing long-term exercise. Improving insulin signaling also leads to better glucose uptake during exercise (27, 29), resulting in better performance in long-term aerobic activity.  }, Keywords = {Type 2 diabetes, Aminotransferase, Aerobic interval training, Cardiovascular risk factors, Glycemic control}, volume = {29}, Number = {3}, pages = {26-36}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثر دوازده هفته تمرینات تناوبی هوازی بر عوارض کبدی و ریسک فاکتورهای قلبی-عروقی در مردان مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: ارتباط پیچیده و چند علتی که تاحدودی ناشناخته می‌باشد بین عوارض کبدی و عوارض قلبی-عروقی ناشی از دیابت نوع 2 وجود دارد. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تعیین اثر تمرینات تناوبی هوازی بر عوارض کبدی و ریسک فاکتورهای قلبی-عروقی در مردان مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 بود. روش کار: در تحقیق نیمه تجربی حاضر 20 مرد مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی انتخاب شدند و به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه تجربی و کنترل تقسیم شدند. تمرینات ورزشی به مدت دوازده هفته، سه جلسه تمرین در هفته و هر جلسه تمرین به مدت90-60 دقیقه تمرین تناوبی هوازی تناوبی اجرا شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل آماری از آزمون های تی وابسته و تی مستقل استفاده شد (05/0 ≥ P). یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که پس از مداخله تمرین، کاهش معنی‌داری در HbA1c (001/0 > P)، تری گلیسرید (038/0 = P)، لیپوپروتئین کم چگال (008/0 = P)، آلانین آمینوترانسفراز (001/0 > P)، آسپارتات آمینوتراسنفراز (001/0 > P)، فشار خون سیستول (06/0 = P) و درصد چربی بدن (003/0 = P) و افزایش معنی‌داری در لیپوپروتئین پر چگال (002/0 = P) و حداکثر اکسیژن مصرفی (001/0 > P) نسبت به گروه کنترل مشاهده شد ولی تغییرات کلسترول تام (159/0 = P)، فشار خون دیاستول (211/0 = P) و وزن بدن (061/0 = P) بین دو گروه تمرین و کنترل معنی‌دار نبود. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج تحقیق حاضر می‌توان گفت که دوازده هفته تمرینات تناوبی هوازی با بهبود ترکیب بدنی، بهبود اختلالات لیپیدی، کبدی و کنترل گلیسمی و همچنین بهبود عملکرد عروقی و قلبی- تنفسی نقش مثبتی در افزایش سلامت بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 دارد.  }, keywords_fa = {دیابت نوع 2, آمینوترانسفراز, تمرین تناوبی هوازی, ریسک فاکتورهای قلبی-عروقی, کنترل قند خون}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7038-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7038-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mojdeh, Meraj and Peeri, Maghsoud and Azarbayjani, Mohammad Ali}, title = {The Effect of Aerobic Training and Tribulus Terrestris Hydroalcoholic Extract Consumption on Muscle Atrophy Indices in Type 2 Diabetic Rats}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases worldwide. The disease affects millions of people around the world and its prevalence is increasing rapidly. Muscle atrophy eventually leads to changes in intracellular signaling pathways that are involved in maintaining a balance between protein synthesis and breakdown. Muscle atrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes reduces muscle function, interrupts daily activities, and reduces the quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and Tribulus terrestris hydroalcoholic extract consumption on Muscle Atrophy Indices in type 2 diabetic rats. Methods: This experimental research was performed with 42 male Wistar rats that were randomly divided into seven groups. Dexamethasone (750 μg/kg/day) was injected intraperitoneally into rats. Rats were type 2 diabetic using peritoneal injection nicotinamide-STZ (60 μg/kg). Rats in supplemented groups received Tribulus terrestris hydroalcoholic extract with doses of 5 and 10 mg per day by gavage method. Aerobic training was performed on a treadmill at a speed of 23 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week for eight weeks. 24 hours after the last training session, rat soleus muscle was collected. 24 hours after the last training session, the mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine [90 mg / kg] and xylazine [10 mg / kg], then a sample of horseshoe muscle tissue was collected. Horseshoe muscle tissue was isolated and after washing with PBS solution was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen (-196 ° C) and then stored at -80 ° C. Concentration of 6-methylguanine using DLdevelop ELISA kit from Canada with detection range of 1000-125 pg / ml, sensitivity 27 pg / ml and coefficient of variation of 10-12%, expression level of Atrogin-1, MURF-1 and MiR-29b was measured by Real-time PCR and PAB horseshoe tissue was measured by immunoassay. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to ensure the normal distribution of variables. Two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to compare the mean changes of the studied factors in the groups. Significance level was considered p≤0.05 in all cases. All statistical operations were performed with SPSS software version 23. Results: The results showed that aerobic training, Tribulus extract and combined intervention of Tribulus extract with aerobic training resulted in a significant decrease in the expression genes of Atrogin-1(p=0.001), MURF-1 (p=0.001) and MiR-29b (p=0.001), as well as a significant increase in methyl guanine (p=0.001) and oxidant-prooxidant balance (PAB) (p=0.001) levels in male wistar rats exposed to dexamethasone. Therefore, administration of Tribulus terrestris extract along with aerobic exercise may be useful and effective due to the antioxidant effects of Tribulus terrestris and aerobic exercise, as well as their effect on the elimination of destructive metabolites and the expression of genes involved in muscle atrophy in diabetes. One of the limitations of the present study is the lack of measurement of other factors related to oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. Measuring signaling pathways such as PKC pathway regulation can also more clearly show the effects of physical activity on the transcription factors involved in skeletal muscle atrophy in people with diabetes. However, more research is needed in this area. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that aerobic exercise significantly reduced the expression of Atrogin-1, MURF-1 and MiR-29b genes as well as significantly increased levels of O-6-methyl guanine-DNA-methyltransferase and oxidant-prooxidant (PAB) balance in rats. Became type 2 diabetic. Diabetes is widely and closely related to oxidative stress due to the intensification of the formation of oxygen free radicals. Various studies have shown that high blood sugar is associated with increased oxidative stress and this leads to many complications of the disease. In summary, the results of the present study showed that aerobic exercise, Tribulus terrestris extract and combined intervention of Tribulus terrestris extract with aerobic exercise reduced the expression of genes involved in muscle atrophy, as well as increased oxidant-prooxidant balance in male Wistar rats exposed to dexa. Metazone. Therefore, according to the results, it seems that the combined intervention of Tribulus terrestris extract with aerobic exercise can help improve the condition during diabetes by reducing the expression of genes involved in muscle atrophy. It is suggested that in the future, a study be conducted on the effect of different doses of Tribulus terrestris extract and exercise on signaling pathways affecting muscle atrophy in type 2 diabetic subjects. It seems that the combined intervention of Tribulus terrestris extract with aerobic exercise can help improve the condition during diabetes by reducing the expression of genes involved in muscle atrophy.}, Keywords = {Diabetes, Aerobic training, Tribulus terrestris, Muscle Atrophy, Oxidative stress}, volume = {29}, Number = {3}, pages = {37-48}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثرات ورزش هوازی و مصرف عصاره هیدروالکلی گیاه خارخاسک بر شاخص های آتروفی عضلانی در رت های دیابتی نوع 2}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: آتروفی عضلات در بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 باعث کاهش عملکرد عضلانی، عدم توانایی انجام فعالیت­های روزمره و کاهش کیفیت زندگی می­شود. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، بررسی تأثیر ورزش هوازی و مصرف عصاره هیدروالکلی گیاه خارخاسک بر شاخص‌های آتروفی عضلانی در رت­های دیابتی نوع 2 بود.   روش کار: در این مطالعه تجربی، 42 سر رت نر ویستار به‌طور تصادفی در 7 گروه قرار گرفتند. دگزامتازون (750میکروگرم بر کیلوگرم در روز) به صورت داخل صفاقی به رت­ها تزریق شد. رت­ها با استفاده از تزریق درون صفاقی نیکوتین آمید-استرپتوزوتوسین (دوز 60 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم)، دیابتی نوع 2 شدند. رت­ها در گروه­های مکمل، عصاره هیدروالکلی گیاه خارخاسک با دوزهای 5 و 10میلی­گرم به ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن در روز به روش گاواژ دریافت کردند. تمرین هوازی روی تردمیل با سرعت 23متر در دقیقه،30 دقیقه در روز، 5 روز در هفته و به مدت هشت هفته اجرا گردید. 24 ساعت بعد از آخرین جلسه تمرینی، حیوانات فدا شده و عضله نعلی موش­ها جمع­آوری شد. یافته‌­ها: نتایج نشان داد که تمرین هوازی، عصاره خارخاسک و مداخله ترکیبی عصاره خارخاسک با تمرین هوازی منجر به کاهش معنی­دار بیان ژن‌های Atrogin-1 (001/0p=)، MURF-1 (001/0p=) و MiR-29b (001/0p=)، همچنین افزایش معنی­دار سطوح متیل گوانین (001/0p=) و تعادل اکسیدانت-پرواکسیدانت (PAB) (001/0p=) در رت­های نر ویستار قرار گرفته در معرض دگزا متازون شد. نتیجه‌گیری: به­نظر می­رسد مداخله ترکیبی عصاره خارخاسک با تمرین هوازی می‌تواند از طریق کاهش بیان ژن­های درگیر در آتروفی عضلانی به بهبود شرایط طی دیابت کمک نماید.  }, keywords_fa = {دیابت, تمرین هوازی, عصاره خارخاسک, آتروفی عضلانی, فشار اکسیداتیو}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6293-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6293-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Naderi, Laleh and BanaeiBorojeni, Jamshid and Kargarfard, Mehdi and Keshavarz, Saee}, title = {The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 and Interleukin-33 in Women with Type 2 Diabetes}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder in which the body becomes insulin resistant and therefore the insulin produced cannot function normally. Among the long-term complications of this disease, the most common cause of death is cardiovascular disease, especially atherosclerosis (2). Researches has shown that the presence of levels of systemic inflammation, independent of glycemic control, contributes to the complications of diabetes, especially cardiovascular disease (3). Interleukin-33 and its receptor (ST2) play an important role in inflammation, infection, and autoimmune diseases. Interleukin-33 is known as "dual cytokine" and acts as a protective and detrimental effect or as a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory factor as well as a nucleus transcription factor that depends on the disease model and cell type (7). Researches has shown that exercise training, with its effect on inflammation, plays a key role in improving inflammatory factors and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes and leads to a reduction in mortality from diabetes and its complications (9). Many studies have reported that exercise has anti-inflammatory effects in diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes and improves metabolic disorders. Among the training methods, most of the studies on the effect of exercise on cardiovascular risk factors used continuous and often long-term aerobic activity in their studies. In contrast, interval training is a training method that requires less time with high intensity and low volume and improves diseases and body composition (10). Methods: The statistical population of the present study consists of women 35 to 50 years with type 2 diabetes in Esfahan that were selected purposefully and divided randomly into two groups of experimental and control. Inclusion criteria included type 2 diabetes, fasting blood sugar above 126 to 250 mg / dL, no history of cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal disease, no drug addiction, no regular exercise during the last 6 months And there were no skeletal abnormalities. To measure the height of the subjects, the SECA model's gauge was used, to calculate the weight of the subjects, the GLMOR brand digital scale was used and to control the heart rate, the polar pacemaker was used. Regarding the measurement of blood variables, ELISA laboratory kit was used to measure serum levels of Suppression of  Tumorigenicity 2  and interleukin 33. Rockport test was also used to estimate the aerobic capacity of patients. diet 24-hour dietary recalls was used to control diet; Anthropometric and physiological measurements of the subjects were performed. Fasting blood sample were taken from the subjects 24 hours before the first session and 48 hours after the last exercise session. The interval Training conducted including 12 weeks, three sessions in a week with 75 to 90% of the maximum heart rate. Also, the collected information was presented in two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results of one-way ANOVA demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the values of anthropometric features at the beginning of the period between groups (P <0.05). This point is a sign of homogeneity of groups. The anthropometric and physiological characteristics of the subjects are shown in Table 1. The results of data analysis using correlated t-test showed that 12 weeks of training had significant effects on body weight loss, Suppression of  Tumorigenicity 2, Interleukin-33 and Vo2max. Also the results of data analysis using ANCOVA showed that serum levels of Suppression of  Tumorigenicity 2 after high-intensity interval training had a significant decrease compared to control conditions. Conclusion: Disorders of lipid and glucose metabolism are characteristic of type 2 diabetes. The link between ST2 circulation and metabolic disorders in diabetes is not yet fully understood. The IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway may be involved in the development of type 2 diabetes through inflammation. Its mechanism is as follows: Interleukin 33 has a protective role against glucose metabolism and obesity in obese mice and a Suppression of  Tumorigenicity 2 for interleukin-33. Binding of the two stimulates the activity of Th2 cells and Th2 increases inflammation by releasing inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, increased levels of Suppression of  Tumorigenicity 2 in diabetes may impair the protective effects of interleukin 33 (20). Analyzes show links between immune status and exercise. Knowing the function of the immune system in the context of exercise and the mechanism regulation of nerve endocrine glands and the physiological significance of these changes is invaluable.  Recent findings show that high-intensity interval training is an useful way to reduce fat and inflammation and cause a negative energy balance (21). Overall, the present study showed that regular interval exercise can alleviate the inflammatory response and Control blood sugar in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, exercise intervention can minimize the incidence of complications associated with type 2 diabetes. As a result, exercise training is widely recommended as a treatment option for these people.   }, Keywords = {Interval training, Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2, Interleukin-33, Type 2 Diabetes}, volume = {29}, Number = {3}, pages = {49-58}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثر تمرینات تناوبی با شدت بالا بر فاکتور مهارکننده تومورزایی و اینترلوکین-33 زنان مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: تمرینات ورزشی دارای اثرات مفید و ضدالتهابی است که موجب سرکوب التهاب سیستمی با درجه پایین در دیابت نوع 2 می‌شود. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثر تمرین تناوبی با شدت بالا بر فاکتور مهارکننده تومورزایی و اینترلوکین-33 در زنان مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 بود.  روش‌ کار: در این پژوهش نیمه تجربی و میدانی، 30 نفر از زنان مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 با میانگین سنی 05/3 ±75/38، شاخص توده بدن 44/1±17/28 و گلوکز ناشتای بالاتر از 126 تا250 میلی‌گرم بر دسی لیتر به‌طور داوطلبانه در تحقیق حاضر شدند و بر اساس مقادیر هموگلوبین گلیکوزیله در دو گروه تمرین تناوبی (15 نفر) و کنترل (15 نفر) قرار گرفتند. گروه تمرین تناوبی تمرینات را به مدت دوازده هفته، سه جلسه در هفته گروه با 75 درصد ضربان قلب بیشینه شروع و تا شدت ۹0 درصد ضربان قلب بیشینه افزایش دادند. نمونه‌های خونی فاکتور مهار کننده تومورزایی و اینترلوکین 33 قبل و پس از 12 هفته تمرین، با روش الایزا اندازه‌گیری شد. به منظور بررسی آماری داده‌ها از آزمون شاپروویلک برای تعیین نرمالیته داده‌ها، از آزمون t وابسته برای  مقایسه میانگین‌های پیش آزمون و پس آزمون متغیرهای مورد مطالعه درون گروه‌ها و از آزمون کواریانس برای مقایسه بین گروه‌ها استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها: نتایج تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون تی همبسته نشان داد که 12 هفته تمرین اثرات معنی‌داری بر فاکتور مهار کننده تومورزایی و اینترلوکین 33 داشته است. مقادیر سرمی فاکتور مهار کننده تومورزایی پس از تمرین تناوبی نسبت به شرایط کنترل، کاهش معناداری داشته است. همچنین در گروه تمرین تناوبی، اینترلوکین 33  در مقایسه با گروه بی تمرین تفاوت معناداری را در پس آزمون نسبت به پیش آزمون نشان داد (05/0≥P). نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج تحقیق حاضر نشان می‌دهد تمرینات تناوبی می‌تواند باعث بهبود سطح گلوکز و کاهش درجه التهاب در بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع دو شود.}, keywords_fa = {تمرین تناوبی, فاکتور مهارکننده تومور زایی, اینترلوکین-33 , دیابت نوع 2}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6506-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6506-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Azizi, Tayyebeh and Amiri, Hasan and Afsharinia, Karim}, title = {Determining the Structural Relationship Model between Parent-Adolescent Conflict with Emotional Disorder with the Dark Triple Mediator Role in Adolescents}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Adolescence is a transitional period from childhood to adulthood during which a great qualitative change occurs in the biological, psychological, and social dimensions of the individual. High school coincides with adolescence with personality development. Almost all psychologists and educational scientists believe that adolescence is the most sensitive, critical, and important period of human development. During this period, the person experiences puberty. It seeks to discover its own identity, seeks independence and detachment from childhood attachments, which is why adolescents often experience the "worst" behavioral "problems" to overcome "crises" and developmental challenges. One of the most important factors in the formation of personality and behavioral characteristics, as well as changes in adolescence, is the family. Adolescents are more reckless, emotional, and erroneous than other age groups to transition from parental control to adolescence, and adolescence, as one of the most challenging periods of human development, can lead to high-risk behaviors and influence factors on high-risk behaviors. During adolescence, situations arise that can lead to increased negative emotional experiences and emotional instability. Because adolescents experience negative emotions in conflict with their parents, adaptive emotion management is essential for mental health. Much research has been done to determine the nature of parent-adolescent conflict, and it is generally believed that one of the causes of emotional maladaptation in adolescents is a conflict between them and parents. But more extensive research shows that this relationship (parent-child conflict and emotional dysfunction) is more complex than being summed up in a simple cause-and-effect relationship. The present study was conducted in this regard and according to the extensive study among these factors, the three dark components of personality were selected to investigate whether a logical model can be drawn for the relationship between parent-child conflict and adolescent emotional with the mediating role of these factors. The researcher hopes that this research will be a step to start extensive studies in this field and an introduction to draw the final map of the relationship between all the effective factors in the relationship between parent-adolescent conflict and the occurrence of emotional dysfunction. Methods: In this survey study, the statistical population included all adolescents aged 14 to 18 in Tehran's District 5 high schools studying in 2018-19. According to statistics obtained from the Tehran District 5 Education Organization, the number of high school students was equal to 55,066 students. To determine the sample size, a Morgan table was used, based on which a sample of 381 people can be selected for a population of 50,000. In this study, to control the sample drop during the study, the sample size was considered equal to 400 people, which included 200 female adolescents and 200 male adolescents. To measure the research data, the parent-adolescent conflict questionnaire, the emotional dysregulation questionnaire, and the dark triple personality questionnaire were used. Results: The results showed that the relationship between parent-adolescent conflict with emotion dysregulation with the role of dark personality triple mediator in adolescents was more than the direct relationship between parent and adolescent conflict with emotion dysregulation and therefore the effect of dark personality triple mediation. It has been meaningful. Also, in fitting the designed model, it was found that because the value of GFI and AGFI index obtained is close to one, and also, the root mean square of the estimation error or RMSEA is less than 0.08 and in the acceptable range, we can say that the model variables Well fitted by data. Conclusion: The results showed that the relationship between parent-adolescent conflict with emotion dysregulation with the role of dark personality triple mediator in adolescents was more than the direct relationship between parent and adolescent conflict with emotion maladaptation and therefore the effect of dark personality triple mediation was significant. In explaining these results, theoretical foundations can be used in this field. The overall structure and dimensions of personality are established in childhood and adolescence and are highly stable over time, and recognizing personality not only helps the individual to take an appropriate and informed stance in interaction with others but also in preventing or taking possible action about the occurrence. Disorders and disorders are also useful. Given the significant individual differences in the use of emotion regulation strategies, emotion regulation seems to be tied to certain dimensions of personality; these individual differences in emotion regulation have been examined to the dimensions of the five personality factors model, including neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and agreement. Explaining the role of gender, although there are important similarities between the components of the dark three personality traits between the two sexes, we must acknowledge the important differences between these components between girls and boys. One of these divergences is related to the fact that the traits of Machiavellianism and anti-socialism have been considered as darker and uglier personality traits of boys than narcissism. However, current research has shown that even though there is a fundamental difference in the quantity and nature of dark personality traits in girls and boys, this variable in both groups significantly plays a mediating role in the parental conflict with adolescents and their emotional dysregulation.  }, Keywords = {Parent-adolescent conflict, Emotional dysregulation, Dark personality trilogy}, volume = {29}, Number = {3}, pages = {59-70}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تعیین مدل رابطه ساختاری تعارض والدین و نوجوان با بدتنظیمی هیجانی با نقش میانجی سه گانه تاریک شخصیت در نوجوانان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: یکی ‌از مهمترین عامل مؤثر درشکل‌گیری شخصیت و ویژگی‌های رفتاری همچنین تغییرات و تحولات دوران نوجوانی، خانواده است. از آنجایی که نوجوان در تعارض با والد خود با هیجان های منفی مواجه می‌شود و مدیریت تطبیقی هیجان‌ها برای سلامت روان ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. پژوهش کنونی با هدف تعیین مدل رابطه ساختاری تعارض والدین و نوجوان با بدتنظیمی هیجانی با نقش میانجی سه گانه تاریک شخصیت در نوجوانان صورت گرفت. روش کار: در این پژوهش پیمایشی، جامعه آماری آن شامل تمامی نوجوانان 14 تا 18 مدارس متوسطه منطقه 5 تهران مشغول به تحصیل در سال 98-97 بود که بر اساس آمار اخد شده از سازمان آموزش و پرورش منطقه 5 تهران، تعداد دانش آموزان مقطع متوسطه برابر با 55 هزار و 66 دانش آموز بود. برای تعیین حجم نمونه از جدول مورگان استفاده شد که براساس آن برای جامعه 50 هزار نفری می توان نمونه ای معادل 381 نفر انتخاب کرد. در این پژوهش برای کنترل افت نمونه در حین اجرای پژوهش، حجم نمونه معادل 400 نفر در نظر گرفته شد که شامل 200 نوجوان دختر و 200 نوجوان پسر بود.  برای اندازه گیری داده های پژوهش از پرسشنامه تعارض والد-نوجوان اسدی یونس و همکاران (1390)، بدتنظیمی هیجانی گرتز و رومر (2014) و سه گانه تاریک شخصیت جانسون و وبستر (2010) استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که نتایج نشان داد رابطه بین تعارض والدین و نوجوان با بدتنظیمی هیجان با نقش میانجی سه گانه تاریک شخصیت در نوجوانان بیشتر از رابطه مستقیم تعارض والدین و نوجوان با بدتنظیمی هیجان بوده و بر همین اساس اثر میانجی گری سه گانه تاریک شخصیت معنادار بوده است. همچنین در برازش مدل طراحی شده مشخص شد چون مقدار شاخص GFI و AGFI به دست آمده نزدیک به یک می‌باشد و بعلاوه مقدار ریشه میانگین مربعات خطای براورد یا RMSEA کمتر از 08/0 و در دامنه قابل قبول است، می توان گفت که متغیرهای مدل به خوبی توسط داده‌ها براز شده است. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد رابطه بین تعارض والدین و نوجوان با بدتنظیمی هیجان با نقش میانجی سه گانه تاریک شخصیت در نوجوانان بیشتر از رابطه مستقیم تعارض والدین و نوجوان با بدتنظیمی هیجان بوده و بر همین اساس اثر میانجی گری سه گانه تاریک شخصیت معنادار بوده است.}, keywords_fa = {تعارض والد و نوجوان, بدتنظیمی هیجانی, سه گانه تاریک شخصیت}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6771-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6771-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {ShaterzadehYazdi, Samaneh and Tavasoliroknabadi, Majid and Athari, Seyyed Hossei}, title = {Comparison of mind therapy maps of gender role and women\'s mental health in different occupations}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Women's employment is one of the most important issues of gender equality and essential for economic development. Which has been accompanied by a significant growth in the social status of women in society (2). However, most working women face a number of challenges with the pressures of work and housekeeping that can be affected by the type of job and its demands (7). Women in different occupations are viewed in such a way that among the general public, characteristics such as sensitive and affection are related to the feminine gender role schemas, and characteristics such as aggression and courage are related to the masculine gender role schemas. Comparatively, it has led to the presence of men in high-powered social roles (management and politics) and the presence of women in low-power social roles (education and care) in jobs (10). On the other hand, women's employment in traditional masculine occupations such as politics exposes them to double anxiety, which is rooted in gender stereotypes and hinders the promotion of women's success in these occupations and endangers their mental health (20). However, according to the World Health Organization statement (2015) on the reduction of psychosocial and occupational stress by 2020, it seems that a full understanding of the mental health of occupational workers, especially women, is necessary (24). So, considering the importance of the role and position of women in the family and society, it seems that employment in occupations that are considered masculine in terms of gender stereotypes can affect the gender role schemes and mental health of women working in these occupations. Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether there is a difference between mental health and gender role schemas in women working in political and non-political governmental organizations? Methods: The present study is a quantitative study. To conduct this research using the formula "Comparison of the average of two societies" among all women working in political governmental organizations(included: Khorasan Razavi Governor's Office, Mashhad Governor's Office, Representation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the North and East of the Country)and women working in  non-political governmental organizations (included: Education, University of Medical Sciences, Welfare and…) in Mashhad in 2020, 114 women working in the political systems and 384 women working in the non-political systems , were selected as a sample. Then Bem sex role inventory (including 30 questions and 3 subscales) and Goldberg general health questionnaire (including 28 questions and 4 subscales) were distributed and collected among the samples. Finally, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and independent t-tests were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups of women working in political and non-political governmental organizations in terms of the mean score of the masculine gender role schemas (p = 0.001). However, there were no significant difference between the two groups of women working in political and non-political governmental organizations in terms of the mean score of feminine gender role schemas and social desirability scale (p>0.05) (Table 1). It was also found that there were a significant difference between the two groups of women working in political and non-political governmental organizations in terms of the mean total score of mental health and the subscales of physical symptoms and anxiety and insomnia (p<0.05). But there were no significant difference between the two groups of women working in political and non-political governmental organizations in terms of mean scores of social dysfunction and depression (p>0.05) (Table 2). Conclusion: The results showed that there were no significant difference between the two groups in terms of mean scores of feminine gender role schemas and social desirability scale. However, the average score of the masculine gender role schemas in women working in political governmental organizations is significantly higher than women working in non-political governmental organizations.it seems that though women's employment and changing their social role from housekeeping to bread-winner in the community and family have been accompanied by increasing independence, self-confidence and strengthening masculine  gender characteristics in both groups of women working in political and non-political governmental organizations, However, women's employment in political governmental organizations that are not commensurate with their gender role (compared to women working in non-political governmental organizations, which is more commensurate with the feminine gender role of women), has further strengthened the reciprocal behaviors of gender stereotypes and the masculine gender role schemas. On the other hand, it was found that women working in non-political governmental organizations have significantly better mental health status than women working in political governmental organizations. It seems that most women working in masculine jobs, receive less support from men due to their limited number of them in these jobs and their lower control and decision-making power, which can greatly affect their mental health.Whereas, women working in feminine jobs often receive more support from both groups of women and men working in these workplaces due to higher control and decision-making power, and therefore, have a better mental health status (35).  }, Keywords = {Gender Role Scheme, Mental Health, Women}, volume = {29}, Number = {3}, pages = {71-82}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه نقشه های ذهن درمانی نقش جنسیتی و سلامت روان زنان در شغل‌های مختلف}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اشتغال زنان در بیرون از منزل به ویژه در مشاغلی که از نظر هنجارهای اجتماعی مردانه محسوب می­گردد با چالش­های مختلفی روبرو است. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر مقایسه طرحواره‌های نقش جنسیتی و سلامت روان در زنان شاغل در ادارات دولتی  بود.  روش کار: این مطالعه کمی بر روی 498 نفر از زنان شاغل در دستگاه‌های اجرایی سیاسی (114 نفر) و غیرسیاسی (384 نفر) شهر مشهد در سال 1399 انجام گردید. روش نمونه‌گیری به ترتیب به روش سرشماری و خوشه‌ای تصادفی بود. ابزار جمع آوری داده ها پرسشنامه سلامت عمومی گلدبرگ (1978) و طرحواره نقش جنسیتی بم (1974) بود. آنالیز داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS و آزمون آماری تی مستقل انجام گردید. یافته ها: نتایج آزمون تی مستقل نشان داد که بین دو گروه زنان شاغل از نظر میانگین نمره طرحواره‌های نقش جنسیتی مردانه (001/0 =p) و میانگین نمره کل سلامت روان تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد (04/0 = p) و زنان شاغل در دستگاه‌های اجرایی سیاسی در مقایسه با زنان شاغل سایر دستگاه‌ها از طرحواره‌های نقش جنسیتی مردانه بیشتری برخوردار هستند و وضعیت سلامت روان پایین­تری دارند. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به نتایج پیشنهاد می­شود راه­کارهای لازم جهت مقابله با کاهش سلامت روان و در نتیجه بالا رفتن راندمان کاری در نظر گرفته شود.}, keywords_fa = {نقشه های ذهن درمانی نقش جنسیتی, سلامت روان, زنان, اشتغال,}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6820-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6820-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Talebian, Fatemeh and Goudarzi, Amirhossein and Salehiniya, Hamid and Yaghoubi, Tahereh}, title = {Relationship between Negative Affect and Mental Health of Nurses in Special Wards of Educational Hospitals Affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Negative Affect is an action occurring when an individual is involved in a mutual interaction, triggered by verbal and non-verbal power in order to make the person to comply with the orders and ultimately, it accompanies with gaining benefits. Negative Affect in workplace in recent years has drawn lots of attention because it results in serious consequences for the individuals and the goals of the organization. For this reason, Negative Affect is viewed as one of the severe forms of organizational and interpersonal misbehaviors in organizational environments. Of such Negative Affect behaviors, we can mention some passive behaviors like: negligence, intentional inattention and active behaviors such as: overt and covert threat. Negative Affect at workplace lowers the staff’s efficiency and performance in the organization since this phenomenon is associated with job dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression, burnout and reduced job commitment. Of course, being exposed to bullying is viewed as a critical source of stress. On the one hand, one of the outcomes of bullying is psychosomatic complaint originating from psychological processes of human beings. Negative Affect is also characterized as a threating factor to the nurses’ health in hospital settings. The findings of a study revealed that by strengthening resilience and hope, it’s viable to control the consequences of encountering bullying on the psychosomatic health of the nurses. As the conducted studies suggest, various factors such as: lack of understanding among fellows and manager, personality traits, major changes in practice bring about bullying. The research by Johnson et al. (2019) suggested that Negative Affect outbreak is high among nurses and as Negative Affect increases, the quality of care provided by the nurses decreases and client’s safety declines and job burnout increases. Since one of the tasks in this profession is to maximally maintain people’s health, thus the nursing staff have to be equipped with maximum level of health. In particular, due to the nature of the ward, the nursing working in special wards are more exposed to the situations like the patients on the verge of death, emergencies and unpredictable conditions, noisy monitoring equipment and conducting clinical and drug administration processes with advanced and efficient devices. Despite the studies performed about hospital workplace related Negative Affect, nothing as exclusive has been discovered so far dealing with bullying association with special wards’ nurses’ mental health. This gap emphasizes the necessity for further studying. Consequently, the current study has been designed and performed pursuing the goal to outline the relationship between Negative Affect and special wards’ nurses’ mental health in the educational hospitals affiliated with MazandaranUniversity of Medical Sciences. Methods: This study is a descriptive-analytical research done as cross-sectional in 2020. The statistical community is made up of all (ICUs, CCUs and dialysis wards) nurses from five educational hospitals of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. The nurses were selected through proportional and simple random methods, which overall resulted in 195 nurses. The data collection consisted of three questionnaires as the demographics, bullying and mental health. A) The demographics questionnaire including age, gender, hospital, marital status, job status and working history. B) Bullying (Negative Affect) questionnaire developed in 2001 and psychometrically assessed in Iran by Salimi et al. (2017). C) General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was developed in 1972 and psychometrically assessed by Tehrani et al. (2011) in Iran and its reliability was reported as 0.93 using Alpha-Cronbach. The ethical considerations observed in the present research involved not requiring the name to be mentioned in the questionnaires, giving the samples information about the research objectives and the optional participation in the study. Having acquired the permit from Ethics Committee of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, the questionnaires were distributed in Google Form in the social networks of the nurses in the study hospitals and after completing and collecting the questionnaires, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS -21 and descriptive statistics indices (frequency distribution tables, mean and standard deviation) and and correlation coefficient (predicting the random variable in terms of another variable) was analyzed. Results: The mean and the standard deviation of Negative Affect imposed on the CCU nurses got the max score as 62.53±14.90 and that of the ICU nurses got the min score as 55.68±15.77 and 72.6% of the participants were exposed to moderate rate of bullying. The mean and standard deviation of the mental health of the CCU nurses got the max score as 33.03 ±8.09 and that of the dialysis wards’ nurses got the min score as 29.11±2.61. Regarding the subscales of the General Health Questionnaire, the social area with a frequency of 93% was identified as the most prevalent disorder and depression with a frequency of 1.6% was detected as the least common disorder. According to the study findings, a significant positive correlation was discovered between Negative Affect and its dimensions and mental health and its dimensions (P≤0.00). Besides, in some cases, the correlation between the mental health dimensions and Negative Affect each other was achieved as poor: the correlation coefficient with social area was gained as 0.875 and with depression area as 0.225. Conclusion: The positive correlation between Negative Affect and mental health indicates that as bullying score increases, the nurses' mental health decreases. Moreover, the findings revealed that the mental health of women and single individuals is more exposed to danger. Since one of the obligations in this profession is to maintain and promote people’s health, then the nursing staff have to be at the maximum level of health so that to be less affected by the consequences of this phenomenon when facing Negative Affect. Therefore, it’s imperative for the medical health system management to develop some programs to lower Negative Affect in nurses’ workplace environment. Regarding the significant relationship existing between Negative Affect and mental health, it can be inferred that by workplace bullying increases , the individuals’ mental health gets impaired .According to the study derived findings about the mental health of women and single individuals, it’s recommended to screen the organizational Negative Affect behavior in the professional health services of the organization, or to develop on-the-job training courses or some courses during their studies at university to increase their mental health and preparedness for Negative Affect behaviors among this group of people so that to be equipped with favorable mental health when encountered with Negative Affect behaviors. Moreover, to determine the proposed approaches’ effectiveness, it’s imperative to develop and conduct an intervention study.  Of the present study limitations, we can report lack of controlling the confounding factors of Covid-19 pandemic effect on nurses’ mental health which results in being cautious about generalizing and interpreting the study findings. Therefore, it’s required to perform extensive studies about Negative Affect and mental health of the nurses in other province located hospitals and also employ other tools such as qualitative approaches like interview in order to boost the accuracy of post-Covid-19 pandemic study findings.}, Keywords = {Negative Affect, Mental Health, Nurse, Bullying}, volume = {29}, Number = {3}, pages = {83-91}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارتباط عاطفه منفی با سلامت روان پرستاران بخش‌های ویژه در مراکز اموزشی و درمانی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: عاطفه منفی یکی از عوامل کاهش کارایی فردی می‌شود و به ‌عنوان یکی از عوامل تهدیدکننده سلامتی پرستاران در محیط‌های بیمارستانی نیز شناخته شد. لذا هدف تحقیق، تعیین ارتباط عاطفه منفی در محیط کار با سلامت روان پرستاران بخش‌های ویژه در مراکز اموزشی و درمانی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران انجام شد. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر به صورت توصیفی مقطعی در سال 1399 بر روی 195 پرستار شاغل در بخش‌های دیالیز، ICU و CCU از پنج بیمارستان آموزشی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران صورت گرفت. نمونه‌گیری با روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده انجام گردید. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها شامل پرسش‌نامه‌ اعمال منفی (NAQ-R) و پرسش‌نامه سلامت عمومی بود. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از آمارهای توصیفی و آزمون‌ه ضریب همبستگی  با استفاده از نرم‌افزار spss نسخه21 استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: بر اساس یافته‌های پژوهش همبستگی مثبت معناداری میان عاطفه منفی و ابعاد آن با سلامت روان و ابعاد آن وجود داشت (00/0p≤). همچنین در برخی موارد همبستگی ابعاد سلامت روان با عاطفه منفی ضعیف، ضریب همبستگی با حیطه اجتماعی 875/0 و با حیطه افسردگی 225/0 به دست آمد. نتیجه‌گیری: همبستگی مثبت بین عاطفه منفی و سلامت روان نشان‌دهنده این است که با افزایش عاطفه منفی، سلامت روان پرستاران نیز کاهش می‌یابد. از انجایی که یکی از وظایف این حرفه، حفظ و ارتقا سلامتی مردم می‌باشد، لذا کارکنان پرستاری باید از حداکثر سلامتی بهره‌مند باشند تا هنگام مواجهه با عاطفه منفی از عواقب این پدیده کمتر آسیب ببینند.}, keywords_fa = {عاطفه منفی, سلامت روان, پرستار, خشونت}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7064-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7064-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {farnyian, Asghar and Naderpour, Babak and Bolandian, Gholam Hosein and Darabi, Ali}, title = {Identify Indicators Affecting Violence among Young People with an Emphasis on Cyberspace}, abstract ={Background & Aims: One of the complex and disturbing issues of current societies that have attracted the attention of many sociologists is the issue of youth violence which is becoming more and more widespread. Violence is one of the social harms that have many harmful physical, psychological, and social effects. Violence not only affects the victim but also indirectly harms others in the community. The increase in the rate of violence and the victimization of violent crimes has increased in recent years, so that it has a major impact on the mortality of young people and adolescents in each country. Today, a large number of young people and adolescents carry firearms to save their lives, which indicates the relative insecurity of society. According to statistics recorded by legal centers, conflict and social violence have been on the rise in the country in recent years, and even this violence has peaked in men during the warmer seasons. Violence is a behavior that is observed in all countries and its victims are added every day and cause anxiety and insecurity of people, especially weaker and more vulnerable groups. The prevalence and increase of all kinds of violence in the society, in addition to the victims, also affect and endanger the social security and mental health of the people. Social media has been so influential in the online and offline lives of Internet users in recent years that forms of social communication have also been influenced by these new media. Introduction The topic of virtual social networks has been the main concern of Internet users in the world and in Iran since 2005 and for this reason, they are called the most powerful online media in the world. The multiplicity, variety of content, and numerous software and Internet capabilities are the features that have made the users of these networks very popular. The power to establish a network system between friends and like-minded users regularly is a feature of these networks. Today, it is mainly used to name websites where people can access other members' information, get to know their interests, share text, audio, and video products, and form interest-based groups. They find common ground with some other members of the base. The growing number of social media visitors reflects the many attractions of virtual communities to attract Internet users. One of the factors influencing violence among young people is the use of social networks. Violence is one of the social harms that have many harmful physical, psychological, and social effects, and the role of cyberspace on it is not known; therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of the role of virtual social networks in reducing violence among adolescents and young people. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted with a mixed approach. The statistical population of the study was the qualitative section of the experts of the university complex of the province and in the quantitative section, the students of the Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, and Allameh Tabatabai University. Using Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected as a statistical sample and selected by available random sampling method. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was assessed as content validity by referring to the opinions of 5 experts and professors of technology. Data analysis was performed using LISREL and SPSS20 software. Results: The results showed that the components of social networks including cultural, social values, communication, and ideological dimensions can be avoided by managing cyberspace policy along with increasing media literacy through integration, identity, civic character development, and student youth adaptation. Provided of violence. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that social networks are effective in reducing violence among adolescents and young students; therefore, attention and planning for social networks is important in reducing crime and violence. In today's world, human life is interconnected with social networks, interconnected and interconnected communication networks have affected all areas, meanings and concepts, and everything in general. Network communication as the "basis of human communication activity" is transforming all human communication. It makes the world indigenous and the canvas global. The term social media is a subset of social media. Social media is a big concept that has emerged with the advent of new communication networks such as the Internet and mobile phones. Social networks are based on the interests of individuals and groups due to the location of the Internet. In fact, social networks are built on public participation. These social networking sites are increasingly drawing people into the online world by providing motivation and purpose to work in media that was previously unattractive. The main focus of these new media technologies is the simultaneous use of online and digital facilities concerning the audience. In this new relationship, the audience's behavior towards the media also changes and changes from a passive audience to an active audience. This two-way relationship creates a new structure in the new generation of media. In the new generation of media, in addition to the linear presentation, programs also have the property of being selected by the audience. Social networking sites have become a global phenomenon, with communities like Facebook having hundreds of millions of users. By creating friendly environments, these websites have brought the possibility of communication and harmony in social life for their users, but in addition to the advantages that social networks have, they have also created negative consequences and many challenges in people's lives. In other words, today, especially in our society, these networks are becoming a threat; these cases require an expert view to identify these threats and take steps to reduce or eliminate them.  }, Keywords = {Virtual Social Networks, Violence, Social Values, Communication}, volume = {29}, Number = {3}, pages = {92-102}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {شناسایی شاخص‌های تأثیرگذار بر خشونت در بین جوانان با تأکید بر فضای مجازی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: خشونت یکی از آسیب‌های اجتماعی است که اثرات زیانبار جسمی، روانی و اجتماعی فراوانی به همراه دارد و نقش فضای مجازی بر آن شناخته شده نیست؛ بنابراین تحقیق حاضر با هدف نقش شبکه‌های مجازی اجتماعی برکاهش خشونت در میان نوجوانان و جوانان انجام گردید. روش کار : این مطالعه تحلیلی-توصیفی با رویکرد آمیخته انجام شد. جامعه آماری تحقیق در بخش کیفی خبرگان مجتمع دانشگاهی ولایت و در بخش کمی، دانشجویان دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی و دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی بودند. با استفاده از فرمول کوکران تعداد 384 نفر به عنوان نمونه آماری تعیین و به روش تصادفی در دسترس انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها مصاحبه نیمه ساختار یافته و پرسشنامه محقق ساخته بود که روایی آن به صورت روایی محتوا و با مراجعه به نظر 5 نفر از خبرگان و اساتید فن بررسی و تأیید گردید. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهای لیزرل و SPSS20 انجام شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد، مؤلفه‌های شبکه‌های اجتماعی شامل ابعاد فرهنگی، ارزش‌های اجتماعی، ارتباطات و ایدئولوژیک می‌توانند با مدیریت سیاست‌گذاری فضای مجازی توأم با افزایش سواد رسانه‌ای از طریق انسجام بخشی، هویت بخشی، پرورش شخصیت مدنی و سازگاری جوانان دانشجو موجبات دوری آن­ها از خشونت را فراهم آورد. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان بیان کرد که شبکه‌های اجتماعی بر کاهش خشونت در بین نوجوانان و جوانان دانشجو مؤثر است؛ لذا توجه و برنامه‌ریزی برای شبکه‌های اجتماعی در کاهش جرائم و خشونت حائز اهمیت است.}, keywords_fa = {شبکه‌های مجازی اجتماعی, خشونت, ارزش‌های اجتماعی, ارتباطات}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6883-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6883-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Hadizadeh, Mohammad and SaffarianHamadani, Saeid and Taghvaeeyazdi, Maryam}, title = {Presenting a Model for Implementing Quantum Skills in Medical Sciences Universities}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The overall objective of this study was to identify the role of quantum management in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in order to present a model. The 21st century coincides with Einstein's theory of relativity, followed by his student Heisenberg, who proposed quantum theory. The message of quantum is that all the components of the universe, the universe, including human beings, are dynamic, conscious, and interconnected beings. Quantum means a moving particle with possible tendencies, and simple one-cause relationships give way to multi-cause and intertwined relationships. The basis of the quantum paradigm is based on complexity, uncertainty and cliché. In fact, the assumptions of traditional management are questionable, because traditional management is assumed to be rational, while the quantum paradigm acknowledges that not only is nothing predictable in the world, but that there is not even enough information to understand the current situation (1). The scientific development of quantum physics and its ability to explain many intangible and complex phenomena led to the use of quantum theory concepts in the form of a new paradigm in management science. This paradigm, while being able to explain many complex organizational concepts, has opened a new perspective on the science of organization and management. The quantum paradigm in management tries to use the rules, concepts and principles of quantum theory in the form of metaphors and guidelines to solve management problems and to describe and explain organizational phenomena (2). Organizations are the cornerstone of today's societies, and management is the most important factor in the life, growth, or death of organizations. A good manager guides the process of moving from the status quo to the desired situation. And at every moment, he is striving for a better future. Therefore, management is the most important issue that should be considered for the cultural, economic, industrial and political growth and excellence of society. In the past, organizational thinking has been profoundly influenced by Newtonian classical thinking. That is, the same traditional management skills that Fayol provided (including planning, organizing, coordinating, controlling, and commanding). These skills were essential to the organizational development of the twentieth century. But in today's fast-paced, complex world, these traditional management skills are useful, but not enough (3). Methods: This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of survey method. The statistical population consisted of all managers and faculty members of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in the number of 492 people. According to Cochran's formula, 217 people were selected as a statistical sample by stratified random sampling method based on scientific rank. Researcher-made Quantum Management Questionnaire: This questionnaire has 36 questions and 7 dimensions or main components including quantum seeing, quantum thinking, quantum feeling, quantum cognition, quantum acting, quantum trusting and quantum being, which is in a 5-point Likert scale (very low, low, medium, high and very high Scored). The face and content validity of the instrument was confirmed by experts and specialists and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.81. SPSS25 and AMOS23 software and structural equation testing were used to analyze the data. Results: The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index was 0.863 and the significance level of Bartlett sphericity test was 0.0009 indicating the adequacy of the number of data for exploratory factor analysis. Based on Varimax rotation, seven dimensions: quantum seeing, quantum thinking, quantum feeling, quantum cognition, quantum acting, quantum trust and quantum being were identified. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the quantum feeling dimension with a standard coefficient of 0.80 had the highest impact on explaining quantum skills. Exploratory factor analysis and determining the factor load of variables and quantum management skills items were performed by Varimax rotation method. Except for items 9, 19 and 36 of the questionnaire, whose communalities coefficient is less than 0.50, the rest of the items have a communalities coefficient of more than 0.50. Using second-order factor analysis, we present an explanatory model of each of the key factors of quantum management skills. To determine the effect of each of the variables and their importance coefficients, second-order factor analysis and standard coefficients were used. To evaluate the adequacy of the model, model fit indicators such as: NFI, GFI, CFI and IFI have been used. All of which are in an acceptable and appropriate level and the SRMR index is 0.093. Conclusion: According to the research results, quantum management plays an essential role in the development of the University of Medical Sciences. It creates a suitable background for the application of this model in the management of the country's educational system. Today, rapid and continuous environmental changes have complexly derailed educational organizations and, consequently, Universities of Medical Sciences. Under such circumstances, managers' ability to plan, organize, direct, and control has become increasingly challenged. Quantum management changes and reverses the view of universities administrators in looking at phenomena from the top down and from the outside in. This is possible by equipping with quantum skills, which include; quantum seeing, quantum thinking, quantum feeling, quantum cognition, quantum acting, quantum trust, and quantum being. In medical sciences universities, due to the complexities of technology and the unstable conditions of the organizational environment, widespread competition, widening gaps, declining quality, globalization of education goals, concerns about preservation of identity, limited resources, etc., maintaining stagnation and preventing change. Management theories are classic, they do not have the desired efficiency. In order to eliminate or reduce inefficiencies, the use of quantum management principles enables managers to look at issues in a consultative rather than traditional way, to think creatively and intuitively, to have active positive emotions, and to be accountable to the organization. And prioritize their community. Trust the working life of staff and faculty. Managers must build a strong communication network between themselves and other people in the organization based on mutual trust and, most importantly, be prepared for any organizational change and create participation and innovation to adapt to the new conditions of the organizational environment.}, Keywords = {Model, Quantum Skills, Medical Sciences University}, volume = {29}, Number = {3}, pages = {103-111}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارائه مدل پیاده‌سازی مهارت‌های کوانتومی در دانشگاه‌های علوم پزشکی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: گسترش و نفوذ علمی فیزیک کوانتوم و قابلیت آن در تبیین بسیاری از پدیده‌های ناملموس و پیچیده موجب شد تا مفاهیم تئوری کوانتوم، در قالب پارادایمی نوین در علم مدیریت، مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. هدف کلی پژوهش حاضر، شناسایی نقش مدیریت کوانتومی در دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران به منظور ارائه مدل بود. روش کار: این پژوهش از نظر روش توصیفی از نوع پیمایشی بود. جامعه آماری آن را کلیه مدیران و اعضای هیات علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران به تعداد نفر492 تشکیل دادند که براساس فرمول کوکران، تعداد 217 نفر با روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقه‌ای بر اساس مرتبه علمی به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. جهت جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته با 36 سئوال استفاده شد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزارهای SPSS25 و AMOS23 و آزمون معادلات ساختاری استفاده شده است. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که براساس چرخش واریماکس، هفت بعد: نگاه کوانتومی، تفکر کوانتومی، احساس کوانتومی، شناخت کوانتومی، عمل کوانتومی، اعتماد کوانتومی و وجود کوانتومی مشخص شدند. نتایج تحلیل عاملی تأییدی نشان داد که بعد احساس کوانتومی با ضریب استاندارد 80/0 بیشترین تأثیر را در تبیین مهارت‌های کوانتومی داشت. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که بکارگیری مدیران دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران از مهارت‌های هفت‌گانه مدیریت کوانتومی، نقش اساسی و مهم در توسعه دانشگاه داشته، زمینه و بستر مناسبی را جهت کاربرد این مدل در مدیریت نظام آموزشی کشور ایجاد می‌کند. همچنین مدل ارائه شده دارای برازش مناسب می‌باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {مدل, مهارت‌های کوانتومی, دانشگاه علوم پزشکی.}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7148-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7148-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Borhani, Fatemesadat and Chinaveh, Mahboobeh and Fereidooni, Sam}, title = {The Effectiveness of Combining Commitment and Acceptance Group Counseling with Reality Therapy on Resilience and Body Image in Infertile Women}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The one of problem that infertile women face is negative social messages about their bodies. (Your body is not able to reproduce). So, people try to control a part of their body to avoid unpleasant emotions and annoying thoughts. This control is achieved through diet, extreme exercise, surgery, makeup, and avoiding social situations. In commitment-based counseling, control is not the solution but the problem itself. Exactly when a person wants to control something, he is not accepting it. Reality-based counseling also suggests that instead of blaming and criticizing one's body (external control), one accepts and respects one's body and does not seek to change it (internal control). Both counseling methods express the concept of control and try not to do it, so the combination of these two methods can be related to creating a favorable body image in infertile women and have a significant effect on their body image. Body image is the perception or mental belief about the appearance and the body in general. Infertile women with poor body image are more likely to have mental health problems, which can affect all aspects of their lives, and cause them to worry about physical attractiveness, overall self-esteem and general health. They suffer from mental disorders, especially emotional problems. Given the importance of mental health and its role in fertility, researchers suggest that the infertility treatment program be accompanied by psychological therapy. Counseling programs include a wide range of counseling approaches, including commitment-based counseling and reality therapy. Act treatment includes exposure-based exercises, language metaphors, and methods such as mental care. The ultimate goal of this treatment is to increase the abundance of valuable living. The main goal in this treatment is to establish the ability to make practical choices between different choices that are more appropriate. Research has also emphasized the effectiveness of group intervention in acceptance and commitment therapy and its important applications on adaptation, stress, anxiety, depression, resilience and psychosocial well-being. On the other hand, group therapy provides an opportunity for patients to come together in a supportive meeting to deal with the impact that the disease has on them. Studies have shown that some psychological interventions improve the health of infertile women. Common therapies that may affect these individuals include group therapy with acceptance and commitment therapy and group therapy with a reality therapy approach.Research has also been done in this area. Among them are Narimani, Alamdari and Abolghasem,,who studied the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy on infertile women's quality of life. Cognitive attachment and flexibility in infertile women, Yaghoubi and Shahabizadeh, who studied the effectiveness of reality therapy training on cognitive emotion regulation strategies of women with experience of infidelity, Rahmanian, Nejad Ali and Oraki. The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Cognitive Regulation of Emotion and Body Image Concern in Women with Overeating, Peterson and Efert , who in their study exposed 217 students to the theory of group therapy selection and counseling, Prinzella,  who in his study examined the interventional effect of reality therapy based on selection theory on PTSD patients, Hoggs, Clark, Klaklo, Dahl and McMillan, who in their research on the effectiveness of commitment-based therapy and acceptance on Examined chronic pain in women. Due to the prevalence and frequency of infertility and chronic infertility, a range of psychological problems for such women in various areas such as body image and resilience. The present study seeks to answer the question of whether the combination of group counseling based on commitment and acceptance with reality therapy is effective on body image and resilience in infertile women? Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental type of intra-subject - between subject and quarterly follow-up with an experimental group and a control group. According to this plan, the subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group and then an experimental operation was performed. First, they were pre-tested and then for the experimental group, a combination of acceptance and commitment group counseling program (ACT) was performed, while the control group did not receive any training. Then, at the end of the training course, post-test was taken from both groups to compare the effect of the combination of acceptance and commitment group therapy (ACT) with reality therapy on the performance of the groups. The statistical population of the present study was all infertile women in Shiraz who had referred to one of the infertility clinics and treatment centers in Shiraz in a period of three months (summer 1398). Among infertile women referred, 30 were selected by convenience sampling. In order to control the effects of demographic, the two groups were matched based on age of 20-45 years. These groups included two experimental groups (combination of act therapy and reality therapy) and a control group. The measuring instruments were Connor and Davidson’s Resilience Questionnaire and Fisher’s Body image questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaires was calculated through face validity and their reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, whose reliability was 0.89 and 0.86, respectively. Descriptive statistics methods were used to estimate the distribution of participants and research variables and inferential statistics such as analysis of covariance were used to compare the means of the experimental and control groups. Results: The results showed that the combination of group counseling based on commitment and acceptance with reality therapy is effective on resilience and body image in infertile women. Conclusion: Due to the fact that infertility causes destructive psychological effects and various social reactions and many psychological problems, adverse social and psychological conditions for infertile women in society are formed. Therefore, using a combination of group counseling based on commitment and acceptance with reality therapy on resilience and body image in infertile women is important.  }, Keywords = {Group Counseling, Commitment and Acceptance, Reality Therapy, Resilience, Body Image, Infertile Women}, volume = {29}, Number = {3}, pages = {112-122}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی ترکیب مشاوره گروهی مبتنی بر تعهد و پذیرش با واقعیت درمانی بر تاب‌آوری و تصویر بدنی در زنان نابارور}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: با توجه به شیوع و فراوانی ناباروری و درگیر شدن فرد نابارور به‌طور مزمن با آن، طیفی از مشکلات روانشناختی برای این‌گونه زنان در حوزه­های مختلفی از جمله راهبرد‌های تنظیم هیجان، تصویر بدن، تاب­آوری و خودکارآمدی می‌شود. لذا پژوهش حاضر در پی پاسخگویی به این سوال است که آیا ترکیب مشاوره گروهی مبتنی بر تعهد و پذیرش با واقعیت درمانی بر تصویر بدنی و تاب­آوری در زنان نابارور مؤثر است؟ روش کار: پژوهش حاضر شبه آزمایشی از نوع درون آزمودنی _ بین آزمودنی با یک گروه آزمایش و یک گروه کنترل می‌باشد. بر اساس این طرح آزمودنی­ها با انتساب تصادفی به یک گروه آزمایش و یک گروه کنترل تقسیم و سپس عمل آزمایشی  اجرا شد. ابتدا پیش آزمون از آن‌ها به عمل آمد و سپس برای گروه آزمایش ترکیب برنامه مشاوره­ی گروهی مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد (ACT) واقعیت درمانی به عمل آمد، در حالی که گروه کنترل هیچ آموزشی دریافت نکرد. سپس در پایان دوره آموزش از هر دو گروه پس آزمون گرفته شد، تا میزان تأثیر ترکیب گروه درمانی مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد (ACT) با واقعیت درمانی بر عملکرد گروه‌ها مقایسه گردد. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر تمامی زنان نابارور شهر شیراز بود که در یک دوره­ی زمانی سه ماهه در تابستان 1398 به یکی از کلینیک‌ها و مراکز درمان ناباروری در شهر شیراز مراجعه کرده بودند. از میان زنان نابارور مراجعه‌کننده، تعداد 30 نفر به صورت در دسترس انتخاب شد. به منظور کنترل اثرات جمعیت ­شناختی، دو گروه بر پایه­ی سن 20-45 سال همتاسازی شدند. این گروه‌ها شامل دو گروه آزمایش (ترکیب درمان اکت و واقعیت درمانی) و گروه کنترل بود. ابزار اندازه‌گیری پرسشنامه‌های تاب‌آوری کانر و دیویدسون و تصویر تن فیشر  بود. روایی پرسشنامه‌ها از طریق روایی صوری و پایایی آن‌ها با استفاده از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ محاسبه گردید که پایایی آن‌ها به ترتیب 89/0 و 86/0 بدست آمد. از روش‌­های آمار توصیفی برای برآورد توزیع شرکت‌کنندگان و متغیرهای پژوهش و از آمار استنباطی مانند تحلیل کواریانس برای مقایسه میانگین‌های گروه آزمایش و کنترل استفاده شد. یافته­ها: نتایج نشان داد ترکیب مشاوره گروهی مبتنی بر تعهد و پذیرش با واقعیت درمانی بر تاب‌آوری و تصویر بدنی در زنان نابارور مؤثر است. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به اینکه ناباروری موجب آثار روانی مخرب و واکنش‌های مختلف اجتماعی و مشکلات عدیده روان‌شناختی می‌شود، شرایط ناگوار اجتماعی و روانی برای زنان نابارور در جامعه شکل می‌گیرد. لذا استفاده از ترکیب مشاوره گروهی مبتنی بر تعهد و پذیرش با واقعیت درمانی بر تاب‌آوری و تصویر بدنی در زنان نابارور حایز اهمیت می‌باشد.}, keywords_fa = {مشاوره گروهی, تعهد و پذیرش, واقعیت درمانی, تاب آوری, تصویر بدنی, زنان نابارور}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6940-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6940-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {MirzapourAlamdari, Mehdi and SharmiAlamdari, Farzaneh and Hasanzadeh, Masoome and MirzapourAlamdari, Fateme}, title = {Predicting Death Anxiety and Quality of Life Based on Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in The COVID-19 Epidemic}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The outbreak of coronary heart disease in December 2019 in Johann, China, has infected the entire world (4). Corona is also widespread in Iran and endangers the physical and mental health of individuals (5). Recent studies have shown that negative emotions (such as anxiety, depression, and anger) increase during a pandemic, while positive emotions such as happiness and life satisfaction decrease (7). Also, the results of Hagh gadam et al. (2016) research in Iran showed that during the pandemic of this virus, many psychological problems such as anxiety and depression in people with increased and mental health of people have been affected by this disease (8). As mentioned, people's anxiety has increased in this critical period and along with this anxiety, death anxiety has also increased in people (9). Death anxiety is a complex concept that includes the fear of death for oneself and others (10). Anxiety about death is defined as an unusual and great fear of death with a feeling of dread of death or apprehension when thinking about the process of dying or what happens after death (14). Levels of death anxiety in individuals can vary due to individual differences and many social factors (15). Given the prevalence of the coronavirus, another important issue that has been addressed is the quality of life of people in the community. Quality of life is recognized as a component of health and is used to evaluate health care plans and anticipate needs related to social and health care (16-17). One of the factors that can be effective in predicting death anxiety is emotional cognitive regulation strategy. The concept of emotional cognitive regulation refers to the methodology of managing emotionally motivated information (21) and the cognitive part of coping, and emotion regulation through thoughts and cognitions has an inevitable relationship with human life. After experiencing stressful events, people are helped to manage their emotions (22). In a study, they stated that people with social anxiety disorder have less self-efficacy in using cognitive reassessment (27). Also, in another study by Qasempour et al. (2012) there is a significant correlation between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and death anxiety (28). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies also affect quality of life. A study showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and quality of life and quality of life can be predicted using cognitive emotion regulation strategies (29). In another study, Rostami et al. (2016) adaptive strategies for emotional regulation have a positive effect on quality of life (30).  There is also a positive relationship between coping strategies with emotion and quality of life (31). identify people prone to psychological disorders at different levels of society in order to maintain the health of these people with appropriate psychological strategies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the Predicting death anxiety and quality of life based on cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the COVID-19 epidemic. Methods: The research design was correlational. The statistical population included all ordinary people in the city of Babylon. The research sample was 200 ordinary people in Babol who were selected based on the call and by available sampling method. Measurement tools included Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-P), Templer Death Anxiety Questionnaire and WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using Pearson torque correlation and multiple regression analysis. Results: The results of regression analysis showed that positive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, ie acceptance, positive refocus, refocus on planning, positive reassessment and taking a total view (β = -0.113) can significantly predict death anxiety. Negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies, namely self-blame, rumination, blaming others, and catastrophe combined (β = 0.104) are significantly able to predict death anxiety, and positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies as a whole (β = 0.164) Are able to significantly predict the quality of life and also negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies as a whole (β = 0.281) are able to predict the quality of life. Conclusion: The results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between positive strategies of emotional cognitive regulation and death anxiety, but there is a significant positive relationship between negative strategies and death anxiety. Here we can refer to the research (39-39). Findings of this study show that positive emotional cognitive regulation strategies are negative and negative emotional cognitive regulation strategies are positively for predicting and explaining anxiety disorders. In fact, people who use negative emotional cognitive regulation strategies are more prone to emotional problems than others. Anxiety is death, and people who use positive emotional cognition are less vulnerable to emotional problems such as anxiety than others. Explaining the effect of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on emotion and anxiety (including death anxiety) Since cognition, emotion, emotion and behavior are completely interacting with each other, cognitive emotion regulation by controlling attention and cognitive consequences of emotion changes cognitive memory function, Decision-making and awareness) and then emotion regulation (28). Explaining this finding, it can be said that positive strategies that are adapted strategies to deal with stressful events improve self-esteem, social competence, etc., in contrast to negative strategies that are not compromised strategies to deal with stressful events cause stress, depression, Other psychological injuries, etc. (41). Another important point is that the use of negative strategies is associated with the lack of proper management of emotions in the face of everyday life events and causes symptoms or developmental disorders such as depression and anxiety. In other words, bias in the interpretation of social environment events leads to erroneous hypotheses about oneself and the social environment, which leads to a negative evaluation of social situations (9). Also, positive strategies have a positive relationship with quality-of-life indicators and negative strategies have a significant negative relationship with quality-of-life indicators, which is consistent with the research of Ramesh et al. (2018) and Craciun (2013) (42, 43). In fact, those with adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies are more skilled and turn stressful events into an opportunity to learn rather than see it as a threat to their safety. Eventually, they develop fewer physiological and emotional disorders. Naturally, their lives will be of a better and higher quality (20). In other words, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, which are an important part of life skills, have a more significant role in improving the quality of life (44). In fact, these strategies are a necessity for life (45) which leads to an increase in quality of life (46). If people learn to manage their emotions and negative emotions and experiences properly, use adaptive strategies in regulating their emotions, they will be able to have a good and effective relationship with others, have progress, social support and consequently a higher quality of life. (47). This study, like other studies, had some limitations, including the fact that in this study, due to the conditions in the community, it was not possible to access the samples in person and the questionnaires were collected online, which may lead to more bias. Also, due to the online nature of the questionnaire, people who were not able to use cyberspace were not included in the research, which limited the generalizability of the results. It seems that cognitive emotion regulation strategies can predict death anxiety and quality of life in the COVID-19 epidemic.}, Keywords = {Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies, Death Anxiety, Quality of Life, COVID-19}, volume = {29}, Number = {3}, pages = {123-133}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {پیش‌بینی اضطراب مرگ و کیفیت زندگی بر اساس راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان در وضعیت همه‌گیری کووید-19}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: با وضعیت همه‌گیری کووید-19 و تغییر سبک زندگی، افراد جامعه دچار اضطراب، ناکامی، ترس و... شده‌اند. پژوهش حاضر باهدف پیش‌بینی اضطراب مرگ و کیفیت زندگی بر اساس راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان در وضعیت همه‌گیری کووید-19 انجام‌شده است. روش کار: طرح تحقیق پژوهش از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه افراد عادی سطح شهر بابل بودند. نمونه پژوهش نیز تعداد 200 نفر از افراد عادی سطح شهر بابل بودند که بر اساس فراخوان و با روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند. ابزار اندازه‌گیری شامل پرسشنامه‌های تنظیم شناختی هیجان (CERQ-P)، پرسشنامه اضطراب مرگ تمپلر و پرسشنامه کیفیت زندگی سازمان بهداشت جهانی بود. تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از روش آماری همبستگی گشتاوری پیرسون و تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه انجام شد. یافته‌ها: نتیجه تحلیل رگرسیون نشان داد راهبردهای مثبت تنظیم شناختی هیجان یعنی پذیرش، تمرکز مجدد مثبت، تمرکز مجدد بر برنامه‌ریزی، ارزیابی مجدد مثبت و اتخاذ دیدگاه مجموعاً (113/0-=β) به‌طور معنی‌داری قادرند اضطراب مرگ را پیش‌بینی کنند و راهبردهای منفی تنظیم شناختی هیجان یعنی ملامت خویشتن، نشخوارگری، ملامت دیگران و فاجعه سازی مجموعاً (104/0=β) به‌طور معنی‌داری قادرند اضطراب مرگ را پیش‌بینی کنند و راهبردهای مثبت تنظیم شناختی هیجان مجموعاً (164/0 -=β)، به‌طور معنی‌داری قادرند کیفیت زندگی را پیش‌بینی کنند و همچنین راهبردهای منفی تنظیم شناختی هیجان مجموعاً (281/0=β) قادرند کیفیت زندگی را پیش‌بینی کنند. نتیجه‌گیری: به نظر می رسد راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان می‌تواند اضطراب مرگ و کیفیت زندگی را در وضعیت همه‌گیری کووید-19 پیش‌بینی نماید.}, keywords_fa = {راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان, اضطراب مرگ, کیفیت زندگی, کووید.-19}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6985-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6985-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Sadeghi, Rahman and Rasekh, Nazanin and NikRavan, Mohammad and Khakcar, Gholamrez}, title = {Provide Treatment Strategies Based on Psycho-Individual Mechanisms Affecting Psychological Competence and Individual Creativity}, abstract ={Background & Aims: One of the most important challenges of today's managers in organizations is the insufficient use of intellectual resources, mental capacity and potential capacities of human resources; In most organizations, the capabilities of employees are not used optimally and managers are not able to use their potential. Certainly, an organization is more successful if it has a capable and committed workforce, because empowerment is one of the newest techniques to increase effectiveness and efficiency by increasing the commitment and organizational citizenship behavior of human resources. However, in general, psychological competence and individual creativity are among the important variables in people's working lives and can play an important role in individual and organizational growth. Researchers believe that these variables are more individual and can be developed through intervention strategies. In this regard, psycho-individual strategies can be one of the effective strategies on the development of psychological ability and creativity of the individual that can provide the field of mental well-being to the field of mastery of job processes. Psychological education generally refers to a set of complementary therapeutic interventions that operate with a systematic, structured and educational approach to the development of mental and psychological aspects. In fact, this method takes steps to create lasting behavioral changes in the target individuals by providing individual and social educational goals. However, in general, considering the job pressures and increasing burnout, as well as psychological problems of employees and reducing innovation and job creativity in organizations, recognizing appropriate strategies for psychological empowerment and individual creativity is noteworthy and important. Therefore, considering the positive effects of psycho-individual mechanisms on various physical and psychological dimensions and research gap in the field of its effects on psychological competence and individual creativity, the aim of this study is to provide therapeutic solutions based on psycho-individual mechanisms on psychological competence and individual creativity. Methods: This research in terms of Purpose is applied and in terms of how to do it is Descriptive correlation type (regression). The statistical population of this research in the qualitative part includes the elites in the field of organizational psychology as well as some selected managers of sports and youth departments. The interview continued until reaching theoretical saturation (10 people). The sampling method was purposeful. The statistical population in a small part includes all the staff of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, of course, except for the service staff who are working in this organization in 1399. The statistical population was equal to 890 people and the number of samples was equal to 500 people, of which 485 questionnaires were returned correctly. In this study, three questionnaires have been used, including a questionnaire of treatment strategies based on psycho-individual mechanisms, researcher-made and based on theoretical foundations and interviews with experts (20 items and four components), Spritzer Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire (1995) (18 items and Five components) and the Creativity Questionnaire Randsip (1979) (30 items). Results: To evaluate the fit of the structural model of the research, several criteria are used, the first and most basic of which are the coefficients of significance t or t-values. If the value of these numbers exceeds 0.95, it indicates the correctness of the relationship between the variables and thus confirms the research hypotheses at the confidence level of 1.96. Of course, it should be noted that the numbers only show the correctness of the relationship and the intensity of the relationship between the variables can not be measured with it. The value of R2 is zero for exogenous or independent variables. In this section, the value of R2 is equal to a strong value for the two variables of the research model of individual creativity and psychological empowerment. Q2 value: This criterion for both dependent variables of the research model is more than 0.15, which indicates that the exogenous variables (independent) are moderate in predicting the dependent variable and the proper fit of the structural model of the research is somewhat burdensome. Another confirms. General Model Fit (GOF): The general model includes both the measurement and structural model parts, and by confirming its fit, the fit of the model is checked. Considering the three values of 0.01, 0.25 and 0.36, which are introduced as weak, medium and strong values for GOF, in both variables, a value greater than 0.36 was obtained, which indicates a strong overall fit of the model. According to the results of structural equation modeling, the T-value of both relationships in the research model is more than 2.58, so at the level of 0.99, therapeutic strategies based on psycho-individual mechanisms on individual creativity and empowerment it is psychologically influential. Conclusion: Reason for the effectiveness of psychological interventions is that psychological training disrupts the processing of dysfunctional thoughts and negative biases due to metacognitive monitoring and the person deals with it more consciously, so this leads to changing defective patterns of thinking and training attention control skills. , Increases the preventive aspect of treatment. Psychological training involves maintaining awareness voluntarily and based on attention to specific topics such as bodily emotions from one moment to the next. HoweverWhen the mind is distracted by thoughts, feelings, sounds, and experiences in general, the content of those experiences is memorized and then attention is slowly but surely turned to specific protected goals. This process is repeated many times. In fact, by using psychological techniques such as conscious breathing practice, it can be used again to return to the present. As in the technique of pervasive observation, thoughts are seen only as an object, not necessarily reality itself, and these factors improve coping and regulation of one's emotions. . However, in general, improving the mental and physical condition of individuals through psycho-individual mechanisms by creating favorable physical and psychological conditions for the individual can lead them to focus on career advancement, personal empowerment and increase creativity and innovation. Psycho-individual mechanisms can improve the process of information processing in the mind and provide the conditions for improving cognitive processes such as attention and memory. However, it is suggested that managers and officials of organizations to benefit from the psychological-individual mechanisms of employees. However, some of the limitations of the present study include the corona virus epidemic and difficult access to the statistical population and limited research background.}, Keywords = {Sports and Youth Departments, Empowerment, Innovation, Iran}, volume = {29}, Number = {3}, pages = {134-144}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارائه راهکارهای درمانی مبتنی بر سازوکارهای روانی- فردی مؤثر بر توانمندی روان‌شناختی و خلاقیت فردی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: توانمندی روان‌شناختی و خلاقیت فردی  از جمله عوامل مهم در بهبود عملکرد شغلی محسوب می شود و راهکارهای بهبود و ارتقاء آن بسیار حائز اهمیت و شایان توجه است و لذا هدف از پژوهش حاضر ارائه راهکارهای درمانی مبتنی بر سازوکارهای روانی- فردی مؤثر بر توانمندی روان‌شناختی و خلاقیت فردی بود. روش­ کار: این تحقیق به لحاظ هدف، کاربردی و از نظر رویکرد آمیخته(کیفی- کمی) می­باشد. در بخش کیفی از روش پدیدارشناسی و در بخش کمی، توصیفی از نوع همبستگی (معادلات ساختاری) است. جامعه­ی آماری در بخش کیفی شامل نخبگان حوزه روان­شناسی سازمانی و مدیران منتخب ادارات ورزش و جوانان می­باشد(نمونه گیری هدفمند) که مصاحبه تا رسیدن به اشباع نظری ادامه یافت (10 نفر). جامعه آماری در بخش کمی شامل کلیۀ کارکنان وزارت ورزش و جوانان البته به‌ جز کارکنان خدماتی در سال 1399است. جامعه آماری برابر با 890 نفر و تعداد نمونه برابر 500 نفر که از این تعداد 485 پرسشنامه به‌صورت صحیح عودت داده شد. در این پژوهش از پرسشنامه راهکارهای درمانی مبتنی بر سازوکارهای روانی- فردی، محقق ساخته و برگرفته از مبانی نظری و مصاحبه با خبرگان، پرسشنامه توانمندسازی روان‌شناختی اسپریتزر (1995) و پرسشنامه خلاقیت رندسیپ (1979) استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: مقدارتی هر دو رابطه موجود در مدل پژوهش بیشتر از 58/2 می­باشند بنابراین در سطح 99/0، راهکارهای درمانی مبتنی بر سازوکارهای روانی- فردی بر خلاقیت فردی و توانمندسازی روان‌شناختی تأثیرگذار است. نتیجه‌گیری: پیشنهاد می­گردد از راهکارهای درمانی مبتنی بر سازوکارهای روانی- فردی به‌منظور توانمندسازی و خلاقیت فردی کارکنان ادارات ورزش و جوانان استفاده نمایند.}, keywords_fa = {ادارات ورزش و جوانان, توانمندسازی, نوآوری, ایران}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7076-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7076-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Borzou, Shiva and Kazemi, Soltanali and Rezaei, Azarmidokht and Javidi, Hojatollah}, title = {The role of family communication model on adolescents\' responsibility with the mediating role of self-efficacy and emotional regulation of secondary students}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Some people who have taken on responsibilities in societies are not responsive to the needs and well-being of others and only consider personal gain and loss. According to this, when a person is responsive to the needs and well-being of others, a value can be called responsibility (1). Therefore, cultivating the value of responsibility in societies can be seen in the life and evolution of human beings.When a person can determine and regulate his thoughts, feelings and behavior and is responsible for his choices and their personal and social consequences, we can name the structure of responsibility (1, 2). As it turns out, the key element of accountability is accountability for choices and the consequences of choices, meaning that one is aware that one's choices belong to oneself (1).In order to create responsibility, it is necessary to pay special attention to educational situations and conditions and certain cognitive and social processes that affect its creation. In the following, various researches are pointed out to determine the characteristics and effective situations in the field of responsibility.As we have seen, it can be inferred that the kind of attitude and relationship that parents have with their children can be effective in their responsibility. Family communication in the family environment is considered in the form of family communication patterns. Family communication patterns; It includes two dimensions, dialogue orientation and compliance orientation (11, 12).A review of the research literature has shown that teaching emotion regulation skills may be part of programs to create and increase responsibility. Emotional knowledge helps regulate emotion. With this in mind, individuals need to develop competencies related to this level in order to apply its knowledge in practice. The ability to regulate emotion helps maintain mood and strategies to improve mood (17). On the other hand, emotion regulation plays an important role in the continuity and health of social relationships (18). Methods: The statistical population of the present study included high school students in Shiraz who were studying in 2010-2011. The sample size includes 352 (163 boys and 189 girls). Participants were selected using a multi-stage random cluster method.In order to collect information about the research variables, three tools of Family Communication Patterns Questionnaire of Koerner & Fitzpatrick(2002) (12), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire of Gross and John (2003) (23) and Accountability Questionnaire of Soroush (1390) (24) were used. Results: As it turned out, dialogue through cognitive reassessment has a significant effect on responsibility (β = 0.16, p = 0.02). In addition, it was found that compliance with cognitive reassessment has a significant effect on responsibility (β = 0.05, p = 0.006). Also, The direct and indirect path of dialogue (mediated by cognitive reassessment) to responsibility and the indirect path of conformity (mediated by cognitive reassessment) to responsibility became significant. Also, it has been found that the coefficient of determining responsibility (R2 = 0.46) is higher than cognitive reassessment (R2 = 0.13) and repression (R2 = 0.07). Eventually, the indicators before modifying the model showed that the model did not have a good fit at first. After making corrections and removing the proposed non-significant paths from the model, the model fits. Conclusion: In the direction of dialogue, the person in his family is able to express his opinions, listen to the arguments of family members and make appropriate arguments himself, using various skills to pursue these topics such as problem solving, effective communication, Gain control of emotions and manage them; Because the individual influences important family decisions and gains the necessary independence. Koerner and Fitzpatrick (2002) also believe that when a person is engaged in dialogue in his family environment, they are able to get acquainted with different opinions according to the arguments that are raised in the family environment in the field of various issues. Also, when there is a warm and friendly atmosphere in the family; One is able to use adaptive strategies to regulate one's emotions and is able to learn a variety of cognitive skills (12). Therefore, one can learn the strategy of cognitive reassessment following this communication style in the family and use it in other situations and situations. When a person uses this strategy in different situations and situations, he believes that his thoughts, emotions and behaviors are under his control and he can look at events from different aspects and perceive them. (23). This confirms that external situations do not affect a person, but it is his thoughts that create behavioral and emotional consequences, in other words, his choices and choices that cause different consequences. . This improves a person's responsibility to others and to himself. Because its main pillar, ie free choice, has taken place (3). Compliance orientation can also pave the way for cognitive reassessment and ultimately increase accountability. It should be noted that according to the results, the calculated indirect effect is very low. However, this effect was calculated to be significant. In the explanation, we need to pay attention to the features of compliance; In the direction of conformity, the person experiences high similarity of attitudes, values and beliefs; It tries to avoid conflicts and debates and to experience mutual dependence with the family. In this orientation, family cohesion is very high and the family has a hierarchy and emphasis is placed on relationships within the family and family interests are of paramount importance (12). All of this emphasizes the need to match one's views with others and emphasizes the interests and values of the family, and therefore, is able to provide a basis for understanding phenomena and events from different perspectives, and one can Use a cognitive reassessment strategy. Finally, the present study found that both dialogue orientation and conformity can increase personal and social responsibility through cognitive reassessment or correct emotion regulation strategies. This means that cognitive reassessment grows in the family components of dialogue and conformity, and this increases responsibility. In high-dialogue families, the arguments that take place lead to the use of positive and adaptive strategies, and also, in harmonious families, because individuals have to control their emotions in order to be consistent. And accept the opinions of others leads to the use of cognitive reassessment strategy because the person in that environment tries to view the phenomenon from a different perspective, and this is possible through cognitive reassessment. This is how responsibility increases.  }, Keywords = {Responsibility,Family communication patterns and emotional discipline}, volume = {29}, Number = {3}, pages = {145-156}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {نقش خانواده در شکل‌ گیری مسئولیت‌ پذیری: بررسی نقش واسطه‌ گری نظم‌ بخشی هیجانی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: مسئولیت‎پذیری مفهوم و اصطلاح مثبت و بسیار مهم است که با درک مستقل ان شخص از خویش و با مفهوم انتخاب رابطه‏ی تنگاتنگ و مستقیم دارد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش میانجی نظم‌بخشی‌ هیجانی در رابطه‏ی الگوهای ارتباطی خانواده با مسئولیت‏پذیری انجام گردید. روش کار: برای انجام تحقیق تحقیق توصیفی و همبستگی حاضر که با روش معادلات ساختاری انجام شد از بین   دانش‏آموزان دوره‏ دوم متوسطه شهر شیراز  352 نفر (163 پسر و 189 دختر) به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. سپس  پرسشنامه‎های الگوهای ارتباطی خانواده کوئرنر و فیتز پاتریک (2002)، پرسشنامه‏ی تنطیم هیجان گروسو جان (2003) و پرسشنامه مسئولیت‏پذیری سروش (1390) توسط آزمودنی­ها تکمیل شد یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد از بین سرکوب و ارزیابی مجدد شناختی؛ ارزیابی مجدد شناختی بین جهت‏گیری گفت‏وشنود و جهت‏گیری همنوایی با مسئولیت‎پذیری نقش واسطه‎گری معنادار دارد. ولیکن، سرکوبی نقش واسطه‏گری معنادار میان الگوهای ارتباطی خانواده و مسئولیت‎پذیری ندارد. نتیجه ­گیری: با توجه به نتایج می­توان بیان کرد که در جهت‏گیری گفت‏‎وشنود و همنوایی باید به فرزندان راهبردهای صحیح تنظیم هیجان آموزش داده شود تا نوجوانان قادر باشند که مسئولیت‏پذیری بیشتری را تجربه نمایند.}, keywords_fa = {مسئولیت ‌پذیری, الگوهای ارتباطی خانواده و نظم‌بخشی هیجانی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7333-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7333-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Alihosseini, Samira and Haghdoost, Aliakbar and Ghalichi, Leila and Goharinezhad, Salime and Mehravi, Bita and Barati, Omid and Eshrati, Babak and Najafimoghadam, Tayebeh and Kabir, Ali and Azedi, Fereshteh and Naserbakht, Morteza and Koohpayezadeh, Jalil}, title = {Reevaluation of Problems and Challenges in Iran University of Medical Sciences, the First Step to an Effective Performance Improvement}, abstract ={Background & Aims: In Iran’s health system, with integration of medical education and ministry of health, medical universities have a variety of responsibilities apart from delivering medical education to university students. Medical universities are playing an essential role in management of the health system. They are in charge of providing the necessary prevention and treatment services in provincial levels, as well as management and oversight of the health services needed by the population. Meanwhile, medical universities are expected to maintain and improve population health through scientific and innovative methods. Although the indicators highlight the success of these universities in many of their tasks, sometimes they fail to fulfil the expected targets. Identifying problems and challenges that hinder universities’ performance and supporting them with innovative problem solving methods can help managers in achieving university goals. Therefore, recognizing and analyzing the university challenges are essential steps that should be taken for the strengthening the university system and empower them to respond more successfully to the existing and future needs and to assure that the university continues its pathway toward growth and development and keeps up the track of achieving its goals. Methods: This study is an applied research project, which has been designed to identify and categorize the challenges that affect the performance of different sectors of Iran University of Medical Sciences. The participants of this qualitative study were experts, managers, directors and officers of different sectors of the university, including faculties, deputies, offices, hospitals and health centers. In the first step, an open-ended questionnaire was developed and evaluated to extract challenges and problems faced by different units in the university. Then, this open-ended questionnaire was distributed and the challenges and problems of different academic and non-academic units of the university were collected through questioning the managers and staff of all units and subunits about the most important challenges they face. For each challenge they mentioned, title of the challenge, description, and the rational of their importance and priority was provided. The process continued until no new themes emerged. At the end of this step, a list of existing challenges and problems along with their description and rational for selection were available. In the next step, the collected concepts were analyzed in order to investigate the limiting role of these challenges on the performance of different units in the university. After organizing the answers and reviewing the suggested items, similar and overlapping items were merged or removed.  Also, challenges that targeted a limited number of units or those targeting people (instead of problems or processes) were removed. In the following step, reviewing and coding was performed and themes were extracted by two independent researchers. Finally, the themes were summarized based on the opinions of different experts and by achieving consensus. At the end of this step, affecting factors were identified, categorized and presented. In the last step, three rounds of focus group discussions were held to evaluate the accuracy of the obtained data. In all steps of the study, in order to benefit from the views of a wide range of experts and managers and officers with different experiences, purposive sampling was performed. The data collection continued until data reached saturation. Content analysis was undertaken to provide a complete understanding of the collected data. For maintaining the ethical considerations, the names of the study units and any reference to specific people and occasions were removed from the reports and texts. Results: we achieved a response rate of 90 percent through multiple reminders and follow ups we sent to unit managers. Based on the responses from units, 215 problems were identified from 38 participating units. The identified problems were categorized into three main themes. Most of the mentioned problems could be categorized under the general theme of lack of evidence-based management. In fact, issues related to lack of evidence-based management was mentioned by almost every participant. This theme includes issues such as Lack of effective monitoring and evaluation systems, and poor frameworks and process flows for applying evaluation results; excessive focus on quantitative approaches for evaluating performance of teams and individuals, and lack of efficient and fair rewarding and punishing systems. The second emerged theme was inefficient bureaucracy, where issues such as legal, managerial, structural and process problems are addresses. Organizational culture was the third extracted theme and defective staff education, communication and motivation, poor workforce performance and attitudes to organization; and insufficient professional commitment were among the most frequently indicated problems. Lack of meritocracy was an issue mentioned across all three themes by participants and was considered as an important determining topic linking all three themes. This topic highlighted lack of predefined approaches for selecting staff at different levels and unclear process of succession in different organizational levels and units. Conclusion: According to the university workforce, the main problems and challenges that hinder university performance are rooted in an environment of interrelated factors which can be categorized mainly in absence of evidence-based management, inefficient bureaucratic structure, undefined and underdeveloped decision-making process at different levels of the organization, and some aspects of the organizational culture that may adversely affect the processes of the organization. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the university’s existing performance management system, is generally hindering the evidence based management, which in turn, results in shaping of an overall ineffective approach to the decision making processes and a rather static organizational status. Moreover, such cultural environment can consequently cause a attitude of resistance versus different efforts toward evidence based management. Finally, it can be concluded that if a sustainable and effective change is intended to occur in the management of the university, the probable concurrent effects of the designed interventions an all three hindering factors should be considered with high caution. This consideration is especially important because it is believed that implementing an evidence based decision making system in an organization requires detailed evaluation of organizational culture and characteristics; and failing to provide these information properly can result in a serious obstacles in success of the interventions.  }, Keywords = {Performance, Improvement, Organizational Culture}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {نگاهی نو به مشکلات و چالش‌های دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران؛ گام اول در مسیر ارتقای عملکرد}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: دانشگاه­های علوم پزشکی کشور به‌عنوان مراکزی برای تفکر و نوآوری متولی تأمین، حفظ و ارتقای سلامت جمعیت تحت پوشش خود و سایر نقاط کشور هستند. مدیران دانشگاه با شناسایی مشکلات و چالش‌ها و با تکیه بر ابزارهای توسعه خلاقیت و حل‌مساله و حرکت به سمت دانشگاه‌های نسل سوم می‌تواند اهداف دانشگاه را محقق کنند. روش کار: این مطالعه یک پژوهش کاربردی است که به ‌روش کیفی در سه مرحله به احصاء و دسته‌بندی چالش‌های عملکردی مراکز و واحدهای تحت پوشش دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران پرداخته است. جامعه مورد بررسی در این پژوهش را خبرگان، مدیران و کارشناسان مراکز مختلف دانشگاه تشکیل دادند. تحلیل داده‌ها به روش تحلیل محتوایی انجام شد. یافته‌ها: مجموع 215 مساله جمع‌آوری شده در 3 محور کلی مدیریت مبتنی بر شواهد، وجود بروکراسی سنگین و فرهنگ سازمانی تقسیم‌بندی شد. پرتکرارترین مشکلات در حوزه مدیریت مبتنی بر شواهد ذکر شد و نقص در شایسته‌سالاری سرفصلی بود که در هر سه محور مورد توجه قرار گرفته‌ بود. فقدان برنامه پایش و ارزشیابی مؤثر، نبود چارچوب مدون برای استفاده از نتایج پایش و ارزشیابی موجود، کمی‌گرایی، نبود سیستم تنبیهی و تشویقی کارآمد، ایرادات قانونی، مدیریتی، تشکیلاتی و فرایندی، مشکلات آموزش، ارتباطات، انگیزش، عملکرد و نگرش نیروی انسانی و ضعف در تعلق سازمانی پرسنل از سایر موارد مهم مورد اشاره بود. نتیجه‌گیری: به نظر می‌رسد که مهم‌ترین مشکلات دانشگاه از منظر کارکنان به صورت مجموعه به هم مرتبطی از محدودیت‌های بوروکراتیک، تصمیم‌گیری‌های فاقد پشتوانه و تاثیرات سوء و متقابل این دو و مشکلات مربوط به  فرهنگ سازمانی نمود می‌یابد و هر نوع تغییری برای رفع این مشکلات باید با در نظر گرفتن اثرات احتمالی آن بر سایر عوامل ذکر شده انجام شود.  }, keywords_fa = {بروکراسی, عملکرد, فرهنگ سازمانی, مدیریت مبتنی بر شواهد}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6137-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6137-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Moslehi, Zahra and Hoseini, Yasin and Farahpour, Nader}, title = {Comparison the Timming of Lower Limb Muscle Activity during Cutting Manuvre between Athletes and Individuals with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction History}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Anterior cruciate ligament rupture is very common in athletes (1). Dysfunction of the musculoskeletal system leads to joint instability in various motor maneuvers, resulting in the introduction of abnormal forces into the anterior cruciate ligament (1). The cutting maneuver is one of the most common movements in various sports (3). During the descent from a height, the contraction of the hamstring muscle causes the tibia to pull back and reduce the amount of shear force applied to the anterior cruciate ligament. In contrast, the quadriceps muscle causes the anterior tibia to move over the femur and apply shear to the with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) (4, 5). In some simulated models, the posterior leg muscles have been introduced as knee stabilizers (5). Usually, the average activity of quadriceps muscles in women is higher than in men (6) and the ratio of hamstring to quadriceps muscle activity in the stop stage of lateral shear maneuver is lower than the lateral movement stage (7). On the other hand, when walking, the timing of hamstring activity before the foot hits the ground is different between men and women (8). Due to the fact that hamstring muscle activity reduces the shear force in the knee joint, the relative decrease in hamstring muscle activity in women is one of the reasons for the higher risk of ACL injury in women than men (8). It is clinically important to evaluate the activity and timing of muscles in various sports movements, including lateral incision (9,10). Because in the cutting manuvre movement, the knee of the support foot is placed in the position of the valgus and this movement is one of the mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury, there is very little information about the function of the knee muscles during this maneuver in athletes (9, 10). One of the limitations of previous research is that researchers often examine the intensity of muscle activity in this movement and no information is available on the coordination and timing of knee muscle activity. The interaction between knee ligament injury and poor muscle function has not yet been well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of lower limb muscle activity in people with a history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction compared to healthy individuals during cutting maneuvers.  Methods: 10 healthy male soccer players participated as a control group and 10 soccer players with a history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction participated as an experimental group in this study. The experimental group underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the technique of two Gracilis-semi- tendinous bundles. Electromyographic activity of tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris with BTS Free EMG 300 device was recorded during cutting maneuvers. Before performing the main tests and recording the data, the subjects were first instructed to run at a speed of 2.5 m / s and perform a cutting maneuver. To perform a cutting maneuver, subjects ran a 5-meter path and then cut the path at a 45-degree angle to the side (left or right). Electromyographic signals with a frequency of 2500 Hz and a bandwidth of 1250 Hz were recorded in computer memory. Later, with a bandwidth filter, signals above 500 Hz and below 10 Hz were removed. A 50 Hz notch filter was also used to remove electrical device signals. The device GAIN was considered equal to 1250. The linear envelope technique was used in the EMG Graphing software environment to obtain the time to start muscle activity. This means that in the Linear envelop diagram, a point of 10% relative to the signal peak of each activity was considered as the beginning of muscle activity. Simultaneously with the recording of electromyographic signals, the kinematic variables of the lower extremities were recorded using the Vicon motion analysis system with 4 T-series cameras and a sampling frequency of 200 Hz. Plug-in-gait marking model was used to track the lower limb and determine the moment of heel contact with the ground (HC) and the moment of toe separation from the ground (TO). Before using this device, the cameras were calibrated using a space of 3 meters long /0 0.9 meters wide × 2 meters high. Camera system data recording and electromyography were simultaneous. For data analysis, first, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of data distribution. All data had a normal distribution. Then, multivariate analysis of variance was used to compare the research variables between groups. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS-23 software and p <0.05 was considered as the significance level. Results: The activity onset of tibialis anterior, medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles was earlier in the experimental group than the control group; (p<0.05). Also, the time to reach the peak of tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius major muscle activity in the experimental group was earlier than the healthy group (p≥0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that in cutting maneuver motion, the moment of onset of tibialis anterior muscle activity in patients with ACL injury was earlier than in healthy individuals. This muscle plays an important role in dorsiflexion and supination of the foot (13, 14). The tibialis anterior plays an important role in dorsiflexion and supination of the foot. Researchers believe that the tibialis anterior muscle is one of the stabilizers of the ankle joint at the moment of the heel's initial contact with the ground when walking and running. Researchers have also shown that the tibialis anterior plays a role in stabilizing the ankle joint in the stance phase of cutting maneuvers (13, 14). This muscle helps maintain the stability of the knee by maintaining tibial stability. (13). Some researchers believe that this muscle stabilizes the ankle joint in the phase of the initial contact of the foot with the ground (19, 20). Changes in the timing and magnitude of muscle activity are considered as a compensatory mechanism in people with ACL rupture (20,21). Early-onset of gastrocnemius muscle activity in people with ACL rupture compared to healthy individuals can be a protective mechanism to maintain knee stability (22). The earlier activity of the gastrocnemius muscles in people with anterior cruciate ligament injury compared to healthy people can be explained by the fact that it is a protective mechanism to maintain the stability and strength of the knee. Muscular responses and the mechanism of joint mechanical behavior are closely related to the time to reach maximum muscle activity (22). These muscular responses may be related to muscle function in maintaining knee joint stability before, during, and after movement. In fact, due to the rupture of the ACL, the joint position and the sense of movement are disturbed and the movement pattern may change. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is associated with changes in lower limb muscle function in terms of onset time. It seems that after the surgery, a new kind of muscular adaptation develops. Further investigation is needed to determine the association between this compatibility and the risk of osteoarthritis or re-rupture. Injury to a joint in the body causes a change in the activity of the muscles around the joint; ACL injury also affects the function of the quadriceps, hamstrings, and twin muscles of the knee joint (18). Evidence suggests that ACL injury affects twin muscle function and strategies (12. This research also has certain limitations. These limitations are that the research results are based on male subjects and due to individual differences between men and women in anatomical and biomechanical characteristics, the generalization of these results to the whole male and female community will be difficult. It seems that differences in size and body size and Q angle of women may show different results.  }, Keywords = {Cutting maneuvers, Anterior Cruciate Ligament, Electromyography}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {10-19}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه زمان‌بندی فعالیت عضلات اندام تحتانی هنگام حرکت برشی‌جانبی بین ورزشکاران با سابقه جراحی رباط متقاطع قدامی و سالم}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: تغییر مسیر ناگهانی هنگام دویدن در بسیاری از ورزش­ها اجتناب ناپذیر است. نقص عملکرد سیستم عصبی-عضلانی در تامین ثبات مفصل در این­گونه مانور­های حرکتی می­تواند منجر به آسیب رباط متقاطع قدامی زانو گردد. هنوز تاثیر متقابل بین آسیب رباط­های زانو و ضعف عملکرد عضلات آن بخوبی تبیین نشده است. هدف این پژوهش بررسی زمانبندی فعالیت عضلات اندام تحتانی در افرادی با سابقه بازسازی رباط متقاطع قدامی در مقایسه با افراد سالم حین حرکت برشی جانبی بود. روش کار: تعداد 10 مرد سالم به عنوان گروه کنترل و 10 مرد با سابقه­ی جراحی رباط متقاطع قدامی به عنوان گروه تجربی از بین فوتبالیست­هایی که حداقل 3 سال سابقه داشتند مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. فعالیت الکترومایوگرافی عضلات درشت‌نی قدامی، دوقلوی داخلی، دوقلوی خارجی، پهن داخلی، پهن خارجی، نیم‌‌‌وتری و دوسررانی با دستگاه بی تی اس فری ای ام جی 300  هنگام حرکت برشی‌جانبی ثبت گردید. جهت تحلیل آماری از آزمون آنالیز واریانس چند متغیره با سطح معنی­داری   05/0˂p استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: شروع فعالیت عضلات درشت­نی قدامی، دوقلوی داخلی و خارجی در گروه تجربی زودتر از گروه کنترل بود؛ (05/0≥p). همچنین زمان رسیدن به اوج فعالیت عضلات درشت­نی قدامی و دوقلوی داخلی در گروه تجربی زودتر از گروه سالم بود (05/0≥p). نتیجه‏گیری: بازسازی رباط متقاطع قدامی با تغییراتی در عملکرد عضلات اندام تحتانی از نظر زمان شروع به فعالیت همراه است. توجه به تغییر در عملکرد عضلات، به مربیان ورزشی و فیزایوتراپیست‌ها جهت ارائه برنامه توانبخشی مناسب برای افرادی با جراحی رباط متقاطع قدامی کمک بسزایی خواهد کرد.  }, keywords_fa = {حرکت برشی‌جانبی, رباط متقاطع قدامی, الکترومایوگرافی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6805-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6805-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Babazadehpahlevanlo, Ali Akbar and Aslankhani, Mohammad ALi and Safania, Ali Mohammad and Doroudian, Ali Asghar and Goodarzi, Mehdi}, title = {Identify and Prioritize the Factors Affecting the Development of Knowledge, Mental Health and Applied Skills}, abstract ={Background & Aims: One of the main pillars of sports education as well as leadership and leadership of the coaching team. The coach is the center of guidance and development of sports in any society. Coaches' efforts are successful when they have the necessary sports knowledge (1). The position and role of coaches and the effects of their performance and personality traits in sports are very important, so that coaches have a significant role in team development, development of technical skills and social and cultural behaviors of players (2). Another important issue in the present era and in the sports environment is the issue of mental health, which has attracted the attention of many researchers. The goal of mental health is to create mental health by preventing mental illness and creating a healthy environment for proper human relationships. According to the World Health Organization, a person's health does not simply include a state of complete physical health; It also includes the dimensions of mental and social health, the ability to communicate appropriately and in harmony with others, change and modify the individual and social environment, and resolve conflicts and personal desires in a positive, just and appropriate way, which is a necessity of coaching (6). The importance of coaching is so great that various researches have been done about it and contradictory results have been obtained. For example, Zare et al. (2019) in their research emphasized the role of coaches in the development of players' skills in all dimensions, especially the development of psychological skills (8). In general, the role and position of coaches is clear to everyone, but what remains an issue in this direction is how to prepare and promote coaches for this serious responsibility. Coaching is one of the most complex sports professions and one of the most effective areas that can lead to the development of sports and training of athletes. Therefore, in this regard, it is necessary to have a suitable system to promote knowledge, mental health and job skills so that trainers can use the most appropriate training courses (scientific and practical) to play their role and responsibilities (10) . Therefore, the researcher seeks to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the development of knowledge, mental health and practical skills. Methods: The present research is quantitative and qualitative in terms of data, applied in terms of purpose, exploratory in terms of field, field data collection in terms of time and time in terms of time period. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative part included sports experts and sports coaching and in the quantitative part were 508 Olympic sports coaches, from which 306 people were randomly selected as a sample. A researcher-made questionnaire prepared by fuzzy Delphi method was used to collect information. The face, content and structure validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by experts in the field of quality, factor analysis and structural equations, respectively. Also, the reliability of the questionnaire in a pilot study on 30 people in the study population and using Cronbach's alpha test in all components was calculated to be more than 0.70. Finally, descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, one-sample t-test and structural equation analysis using SPSS and Expert Choice software were used to analyze the data. Results: The initial estimate of the share of each variable showed that the values of all of them are equal to one. It was also found that the common variance of all items is more than 0.5. Therefore, all variables (items) will remain in the analysis. According to Table 3, 71 items in the present study can be reduced to 11 factors and from the combination of these 71 items, a new structure can be designed based on the factors with the new combination and the data can be analyzed based on that data. Also, Table 3 showed that the contribution of each factor in explaining the variance of 71 items related to the factors affecting the development of applied knowledge and skills for coaching levels in Iran is different and decreasing. Finally, according to the results for level 3 coaches, the highest weight was related to individual factors, education, advertising and media. Also, according to the results for level 2 trainers, the highest weight was related to managerial factors, localization of knowledge and knowledge enhancement. And for level 1 educators, the highest weight was related to talent identification and basic factors, localization of knowledge and managerial factors. Conclsion: Undoubtedly, the growth and development of coaching knowledge in the country on the one hand and its decline and decline on the other hand, is rooted in several factors, which will be difficult to determine the share of each. There is no doubt that the scientific study and identification of the existing problems in this field on the one hand and the efforts of the officials to solve these problems on the other hand will be successful in promoting it as much as possible. However, it should be noted that the research community is made up of experts and qualified trainers in the country and their opinion can really pave the way for success and development of knowledge and practical skills for coaching levels in Iran. Therefore, it seems that paying attention to the opinions of these experts can be one of the best data needed for managers to make decisions regarding the implementation of coaching promotion programs in the country. On the other hand, structural equation modeling also confirms this and shows that the identified factors can be effective in developing knowledge and practical skills for coaching levels in Iran and therefore using the results of this study can further improve the coaching of the field. Various sports in the country was promising.  }, Keywords = {Coach,Mental Health,Ability,Development of Knowledge, Applied Skills}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {20-30}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {شناسایی و اولویت بندی عوامل موثر بر توسعه دانش، سلامت روان و مهارت‌های کاربردی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: یکی از ارکان اصلی آموزش رشته‌های ورزشی و نیز رهبری و هدایت تیم­اند و نقش بسیار مهمی در آموزش، پرورش و رشد ورزشکاران دارند. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر شناسایی و اولویت بندی عوامل مؤثر بر توسعه دانش، سلامت روان و مهارت‌های کاربردی مربیان بود. روش­ کار: جامعه آماری این تحقیق استراتژی آمیخته را در بخش کیفی خبرگان ورزشی و مربیگری ورزشی و در بخش کمی 508 نفر از مربیان رشته‌های ورزشی المپیکی و دارای مدارک بین‌المللی تشکیل دادند. حجم نمونه در بخش کیفی با توجه به اشباع نظری و در بخش کمی بر اساس نرم‌افزار SPSS Sample Power تعداد 306 نفر بود. از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته که به روش دلفی فازی آماده شد برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات استفاده شد. روایی صوری، محتوایی و سازه پرسشنامه به ترتیب توسط متخصصین مربوطه در بخش کیفی، تحلیل عاملی و معادلات ساختاری به تائید رسید. همچنین پایایی پرسشنامه با استفاده از آزمون آلفای کرونباخ در تمامی مؤلفه‌ها بیش از 70/0 محاسبه گردید. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که 11 عامل مؤثر بر توسعه دانش، سلامت روان و مهارت‌های کاربردی برای سطوح مربیگری در ایران شامل آموزش، مدیریتی، دانش­افزایی، عوامل ساختاری، نظارت و کنترل، تجهیزات و تکنولوژی، عوامل حقوقی، عوامل فردی، بومی­سازی، تبلیغات و رسانه و استعدایابی و پایه می­باشد. نتیجه­ گیری: عوامل متععدی بر توسعه دانش، سلامت روان و مهارت‌های کاربردی مربیان تاثیر دارد. نتایج مصاحبه با خبرگان می­تواند در شناسایی و اولویت­بندی این عوامل راهگشا باشد.}, keywords_fa = {مربیان, سلامت روان, توانمندی, توسعه دانش, مهارت کاربردی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6461-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6461-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, Mozhgan and Kazemi, Nasibeh}, title = {The Effect of Exercise on Metabolic Responses, Inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Factors in Women with Gestational Diabetes}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common medical complication of pregnancy and is defined as glucose intolerance or high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), with the onset or first diagnosis during pregnancy. The prevalence of gestational diabetes varies from 1 to 20% and is increasing worldwide as maternal obesity and type 2 diabetes increase (1). Gestational diabetes increases the risk of short-term complications such as preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, macrosomia, hypoglycemia in infants, or hospitalization in neonatal intensive care units, as well as the long-term progression of type 2 diabetes (3). Some risk factors that predispose women to gestational diabetes include overweight and obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), pre-diabetes, gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy, a family history of type 2 diabetes, maternal age and vitamin D deficiency (4). Blood glucose control is a vital factor in counteracting the side effects associated with GDM (5). Peripheral insulin resistance has been shown to help increase GDM-related blood glucose (6). In women with GDM, peripheral insulin sensitivity decreases and beta-cell dysfunction cannot meet the increased insulin needs during pregnancy and thus increase blood glucose (7). Metabolic disorders in GDM may be due to excessive accumulation of adipose tissue due to chronic low-grade inflammation associated with macrophage infiltration and secretion of many inflammatory cytokines. GDM is associated with an imbalance of various inflammatory processes that occur during pregnancy. Cytokines including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) as well as other inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) increase in the female bloodstream of Obese pregnant women and women with GDM. These cytokines are biologically active compounds that participate as mediators in many metabolic pathways and affect the use of energy substrate in the fetus and offspring (8). Gestational diabetes control is based on two different approaches: interventions aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles, such as changes in diet or exercise, and anti-diabetic drug therapy (11). However, it is not clear about the characteristics of the type of exercise needed to better manage gestational diabetes. Findings from clinical and epidemiological studies do not show any maternal or fetal side effects on women with mild to moderate exercise. In fact, pregnant women are now advised to exercise regularly in the absence of medical or delivery complications (12). In the present study, some of the most important pathophysiological aspects of gestational diabetes are investigated and discuss how exercise can bring about some physiological adaptations of GDM. Metabolic changes and the role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in gestational diabetes are examined and attempts are made to elucidate the mechanisms by which exercise can be useful as an adjunctive therapy in improving metabolic conditions and reducing inflammation during gestational diabetes. In view of the above, the present study intends to investigate the effect of exercise activities on metabolic responses and inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in women with gestational diabetes. The aim of this study was to review the effect of exercise on metabolic responses, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in women with gestational diabetes (GDM). Methods: Search performed for studies on the response of metabolic, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors to exercise in gestational diabetes in the reputable databases Springer, Hindawi, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, SID and ISC using the keyword Exercise Training, Metabolic factors (glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin and insulin sensitivity), inflammatory factors (interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and reactive protein C (CRP)) and Anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin-10 (IL-10) were performed. 20 studies of metabolic responses and inflammatory-anti-inflammatory to exercise in women with GDM were reviewed. Results: In studies on metabolic factors, the benefits of exercise were observed to improve glycemic control, optimize fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, reduce glycosylated hemoglobin levels and improve insulin sensitivity in women with GDM. Also, decreased levels of inflammatory markers have been reported in women with GDM. Conclusion: Evidence from randomized controlled trials shows that exercise as a supplement to standard care significantly improves postprandial control for glycemia and lowers fasting blood glucose for women with GDM (85-88). It was also found that people who exercise are prescribed less insulin (86, 89), so exercise is as effective as insulin in maintaining normal glycemia and can be helpful in meeting the need for insulin therapy. These results are clinically important because they show the potential of exercise to help lower acute blood glucose levels to normal. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels also measure long-term glycemic control (2 to 3 months), and exercise appears to improve HbA1c in the long term (87, 88). There is an acceptable physiological explanation for supporting exercise as a therapeutic supplement to improve glycemic control in women with GDM. Insulin administration does not reduce insulin resistance. In contrast, exercise increases insulin by stimulating glucose uptake into muscle by activating intracellular glucose transporters and increasing the use of intracellular fatty acids (50). Also, the amount of glucose consumed is affected by the duration and intensity of exercise. The more intense the exercise, the stronger the effect of lowering blood sugar (92). On the other hand, women with GDM show a greater inflammatory response. If inflammation promotes these adverse pregnancy outcomes, exercise may protect against the anti-inflammatory effect. Regular exercise has been shown to reduce some of the complications and risks of gestational diabetes, the protective effect of exercise in pregnant women is partly due to the reduction of inflammation (93). Exercise stimulates glucose in insulin-independent skeletal muscle. Therefore, less insulin is needed to maintain glycemia, and this appears to be mediated by muscle-derived cytokines. Both mechanisms could explain the lower first-phase insulin response seen in more active women. Inflammatory cytokines may play a protective role on the glucose / insulin axis (39), extending this role to overweight and obese pregnant women. Pregnant women are more likely to have a more pronounced proinflammatory condition due to weight, BMI, and metabolic characteristics, which may affect their response to exercise. In general, it seems that changing the exercise version in the experiments prevents identifying the optimal type of exercise to improve metabolic conditions and reduce inflammation in women with GDM. In general, it can be concluded that aerobic and resistance or combined exercise are similarly effective in improving blood glucose control and reducing inflammation in women with GDM, provided they are similar in terms of exercise characteristics. Future studies should evaluate the effects of exercise combined with other interventions (diet) versus control (standard care-recommendation) on metabolic responses and inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in women with GDM, separate studies determine the effect of each intervention, and the type and severity of prescribed exercise should be considered. It seems that regular participation in exercise training can improve metabolic conditions and reduce inflammation in women with GDM. However, more studies are needed to investigate the effect of exercise, especially on inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in women with GDM.}, Keywords = {Gestational Diabetes, Exercise, Insulin Sensitivity, Inflammation}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {31-48}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر فعالیت‌های ورزشی بر پاسخ‌های متابولیک و عوامل التهابی و ضدالتهابی در زنان مبتلا به دیابت بارداری}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: موفقیت بارداری به کنترل فرآیندهای متابولیک و تعادل بین سایتوکاین­های التهابی و ضد التهابی وابسته است. رژیم غذایی و ورزش اولین گزینه برای پیشگیری و درمان دیابت بارداری است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، مروری بر روی مطالعات انجام شده جهت بررسی تأثیر فعالیت‌های ورزشی بر پاسخ­های متابولیک و عوامل التهابی و ضدالتهابی در زنان مبتلا به دیابت بارداری (GDM) می­باشد. روش کار: مطالعات مربوط به پاسخ فاکتورهای متابولیک، عوامل التهابی و ضدالتهابی به فعالیت‌های ورزشی در دیابت بارداری در مقالات منتشر شده را در Springer، Hindawi، PubMed، Google Scholar، Scopus، SID وISC  با استفاده از کلید واژه­های ورزش، شاخص­های متابولیک (گلوکز، انسولین، هموگلوبین گلیکوزیله و حساسیت انسولین)، عوامل التهابی (اینترلوکین-1 بتا، فاکتور نکروز دهنده تومور (TNF-α)، اینترلوکین-6 (IL-6) و پروتئین واکنشی C (CRP) و عوامل ضدالتهابی (اینترلوکین-10 (IL-10) جستجو کردیم. 20 مطالعه پاسخ متابولیک و عوامل التهابی-ضدالتهابی به ورزش در زنان مبتلا به GDM مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته ­ها: در مطالعات مربوط به فاکتورهای متابولیک، مزایای تمرین جهت بهبود کنترل قند خون، بهینه‌سازی غلظت گلوکز ناشتا و انسولین، کاهش سطح هموگلوبین گلیکوزیله و بهبود حساسیت انسولین در زنان باردار مبتلا به GDM مشاهده شد. همچنین کاهش سطح شاخص­های التهابی در زنان باردار مبتلا به GDM گزارش شده است. نتیجه گیری: به­نظر می­رسد مشارکت منظم در فعالیت‌های ورزشی می­تواند باعث بهبود شرایط متابولیک و کاهش التهاب در زنان باردار مبتلا به GDM شود. با این حال مطالعات بیشتری با بررسی اثر فعالیت‌های ورزشی به ویژه بر عوامل التهابی و ضدالتهابی در زنان مبتلا به GDM  مورد نیاز است.  }, keywords_fa = {دیابت بارداری, فعالیت ورزشی, حساسیت انسولین, التهاب}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6966-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6966-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Zeinali, Sirous and Torkfar, Ahmad and Jamshidain, Lila and Mirhossini, Seyed Mohammad Ali}, title = {Investigating the Effective Factors on Improving The Social-Psychological Adjustment of Students in Sport Environments in The Post-Corona}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Undoubtedly, in sports environments, everyone tries to show their best performance. Therefore, in these environments, in order to achieve success and improve the performance of competition in all age groups, it reaches its highest level (2). One of the problems among student-athletes is their incompatibility with sports environments. This issue, in addition to distorting the sports position of students, also causes problems in their education in different situations (4). Compatibility is so important that various researches have been done in this field. For example, Otto et al. (2019) showed that appropriate sports services improve students' athletic performance while improving individual adjustment in sports environments (9). Adaptation is more important in some situations and eras, including crises. One of the crises that human beings face today and has overshadowed all activities is the prevalence of Quid-19 virus (16). The widespread spread of the virus has raised major concerns worldwide (18). Given the importance of adaptation on the one hand and the impact of corona on psychological and social characteristics on the other hand, the need for social adaptation of students in sports environments in the post-corona era is increasingly understood. The lack of research on adaptation among athletes, especially students in times of crisis, especially the outbreak of coronavirus, has caused major problems for this group of people today. These problems are overshadowed by the culture of sports among students, their distance from sports environments and possibly the decrease in their loyalty and interest in sports. On the other hand, in the post-corona era, students will undoubtedly face problems in social adjustment, which can cause major problems for their presence in sports environments. Therefore, it seems necessary to conduct the present study. Methods: The present study is an applied research that was conducted in the field. Also, the present study was mixed in terms of data collection method, which was performed qualitatively and quantitatively. The statistical population of the present study in the qualitative section included people aware of the subject of the study who were selected as a sample in the qualitative section using purposive sampling method until the theoretical saturation was reached. The statistical population of the quantitative section included all male student-athletes of high schools in Shiraz. According to the available selection, 240 student-athletes were identified and after distributing and collecting the questionnaires, 162 completed questionnaires were analyzed. The research instruments included semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire derived from the output of the qualitative section. It had 28 questions that were scored based on a 5-point Likert scale. Content validity, Syrian and reliability of the questionnaire were also confirmed. In order to analyze the data of the present study, open, axial and selective coding in the qualitative part and structural equation testing in the quantitative part were used. SPSS software was used using SPSS software. Results: After coding, the characteristics extracted from the interviews were identified and summarized. According to the results, motivational, cultural, economic, personal, health and environmental factors are factors that are important for the psychological adjustment of students in the post-corona period, each of which includes several factors (Figure 1). Also, according to the results of the research model, it was found that according to the T-level of each factor, which is higher than 1.96, it can be said that all factors were significantly present in the research model. On the other hand, the results showed that the research model has a good fit. Conclusion: The present study showed that in order to improve students' social adjustment in sports environments in the post-corona period, motivational factors have the most role. Pakpour and Griffiths (2020) identified that re-emergence in post-corona sports environments requires motivational issues. Motivational factors, by attracting students to sports environments in the post-corona period and improving their social relationships, cause their social adjustment to increase appropriately (22). The results showed that cultural and economic factors had an effect on improving the socio-psychological adjustment of students in sports environments in the post-corona period. It seems that cultural and economic factors cause students to be more motivated to participate in sports environments, which affects their behaviors and attitudes and facilitates their social adjustment (21). Another finding showed that individual factors and health-environmental factors are other factors affecting the improvement of students' socio-psychological adjustment in sports environments in the post-corona period. It seems that paying attention to personal and health factors causes public trust to be formed among students regarding sports environments in the first stage, and then the behavioral and mental problems caused by the outbreak of corona virus in the post-corona period are identified and considered (20).}, Keywords = {Corona,The Social-Psychological Adjustment,Sport}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {49-57}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی عوامل موثر بر بهبود سازگاری اجتماعی-روانی دانش آموزان در محیط های ورزشی در دوران پساکرونا}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: یکی از مشکلات موجود در میان دانش آموزان ورزشکار، عدم سازگاری آنان با محیط‌های ورزشی است. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر بررسی عوامل موثر بر بهبود سازگاری اجتماعی-روانی دانش آموزان در محیط‌های ورزشی در دوران پساکرونا بود. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از نظر روش گردآوری داده­ها آمیخته بود که به صورت کیفی-کمی انجام شد. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر در بخش کیفی شامل افراد آگاه به موضوع پژوهش و در بخش کمی شامل تمامی دانش آموزان ورزشکار پسر دبیرستان­های شهر شیراز بود. ابزار پژوهش شامل مصاحبه­های نیمه­ساختارمند و پرسشنامه محقق ساخته­ تشکیل شده از خروجی بخش کیفی بود. این پرسشنامه دارای 28 سوال بود که روایی محتوایی، روایی سوری و پایایی مورد تایید قرار گرفت. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از کدگذاری باز، محوری و انتخابی در بخش کیفی و از آزمون آماری معادلات ساختاری در بخش کمی استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که عوامل شناسایی شده در قالب 5 دسته عوامل انگیزشی، فرهنگی، اقتصادی، فردی و بهداشتی-محیطی دسته­بندی شدند. همچنین مشخص شد که در میان عوامل شناسایی شده، عوامل انگیزشی بیشترین تأثیر را بر بهبود سازگاری اجتماعی دانش­آموزان در محیط‌های ورزشی در دوران پساکرونا دارند. نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج نشان دهنده تأثیر کرونا بر شرایط روحی دانش­آموزان بوده و به نظر می­رسد انگیزه آن‌ها را بیشتر تحت تأثیر قرار می­دهد که به برنامه­ریزی منظم جهت کاهش آثار منفی کرونا نیاز است.}, keywords_fa = {کرونا, سازگاری اجتماعی-روانی, ورزش}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6638-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6638-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Falahati, Sina and Hakakzadeh, Mina and Porranjbar, Moham}, title = {Analyzing The Mental Health Challenges of Individuals to Participate in Leisure Sport Activities}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Today, physical education and sports have found their true place in the world and its importance in building the human body and soul has been proven. Exercise is the most effective and important program for enriching leisure time and can be a useful tool to deal with various deviations. New research shows that exercise and physical activity in leisure time, even among people in whom athletes increase self-confidence. The benefits of sports activity have been well documented in recent years. Exercise may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, help with weight management, improve personal mood, and promote physiological health. In the past, researchers and scientists have conducted population-based or experimental studies to reap the health benefits of physical activity. These facts confirm that common physical activity includes a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and colon cancer, strong bones, weight management, increased energy, less anxiety, and a sense of well-being. Exercise and physical activity is a valuable tool that today fills most of the leisure time of millions of people around the world. Leisure time is a good and desirable opportunity to engage in sports. Over the past 15 years, people's knowledge of the benefits of physical exercise has increased, and fitness programs have developed at the community level, and recreational and leisure sports have grown unpredictably. In fact, today the people of the world are motivated to participate in sports activities to gain health, well-being, vitality and avoid diseases. Today, on the other hand, sport has become so widespread that experts call it the "small world in society." According to experts, sport shows the values, structure and driving force of society and reflects social characteristics. However, there is insufficient evidence available on the psychological challenges to improving leisure activities. Given the research gap in this area; Conducting the present study can provide valuable evidence for the development of leisure activities. In other words, the present research can be used to develop scientific evidence; Provide a practical path to participate in leisure sports activities. The development of leisure activities such as exercise can provide conditions for improving the mental health of individuals by improving their physical and mental condition. Due to the lack of comprehensive research on improving the mental health of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities, the process of improving the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities has encountered major problems. In a way, the research gap on the mental health challenges of people to participate in sports activities in leisure time is clear. This gap has led to a lack of operational strategies to address the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities. This issue has led to the design and implementation of the present study with the aim of challenging the mental health of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities. Therefore, the main question of the present study is what are the psychological health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities? Methods: The present research is based on an applied purpose and is a hybrid method. To solve the problem of psychological health challenges of individuals to participate in sports activities in leisure, a combined approach is used. This approach was performed in the research using a combination of two sets of qualitative and quantitative approaches. The tools of the present study included a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. In the qualitative part of the research, interviews were used to identify the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities. The output of the qualitative section led to the formation of a researcher-made questionnaire. In other words, the research questionnaire was the output of the qualitative section, which was designed according to the principles of the qualitative section. The questionnaire consisted of 23 questions that examined the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities. The validity of this questionnaire was examined by reviewing the opinions of academic experts. Also, its reliability after calculating Cronbach's alpha was 0.88.The statistical population of the research in the field of recognizing factors consisted of experts in the field of sports activity and institutionalization, which includes sports management specialists, executives and managers of cultural and sports departments, managers of sports organizations, sociologists familiar with sports, veteran coaches, veterans, people They were familiar with cultural activities in sports (N = 11). The sampling method was purposeful in the first statistical population. These individuals were identified as a research sample due to theoretical saturation. In other words, sampling in the qualitative section continued until new content was added to the information obtained. This caused theoretical saturation in sample number 11. In the second part, compiling and designing the model and testing it, the statistical population of the study consisted of young people throughout Tehran who went from sports activities to leisure activities to sports activities, which due to their unlimited number throughout Tehran and 384 people were considered using Morgan table. In order to analyze the qualitative part, open, axial and selective coding was used. Also, in a small part, descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the research data. In the descriptive statistics section, frequency and percentage were used. Also, in the inferential statistics section, the structural equation method was used. The whole process of data analysis was performed in SPSS and AMOS software. Results: Ualitative results of the study showed that the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities included 23 cases. These challenges include not responding to people's tastes, lack of personal support for sports, lack of awareness of sports capabilities, lack of proper quality of life, poor life expectancy, lack of personality fit with sports, lack of perfectionism, irrational beliefs, Inadequate personal styles, poor communication skills, lack of mental stubbornness, low desire to participate in sports, low motivational beliefs about sports, personality disorders, low self-esteem, emotional fatigue, anxiety, lack of environment, lack of environmental attractiveness, lack of environmental attractiveness, Environmental deterrents were in the areas of sports, social phobia, inadequate social support, and inadequate social acceptance. Smirnov clomograph test was used to evaluate the normality of research data. According to the results of these indicators, it was found that the data of the present study had a natural distribution.As the results of the table above show, all the identified challenges have a significant effect on the level of significance with respect to the T level which is higher than 1.96. In general, the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities were identified in three categories: individual challenge, mental challenge and environmental challenge. Thus, individual challenges include not responding to people's tastes, lack of individual support for sports, lack of awareness of sports capacity, lack of proper quality of life, poor life expectancy, lack of personality fit with sports, lack of perfectionism , Irrational beliefs of individuals, inappropriate individual styles and communication skills were inappropriate. On the other hand, mental challenges included lack of mental stubbornness, low desire to participate in sports, low motivational beliefs about sports, personality disorders, low self-esteem, emotional fatigue and anxiety. Environmental challenges also included environmental incompatibility with individual needs, lack of environmental attractiveness, environmental deterrents in the field of sports, social phobia, inadequate social support and inadequate social acceptance. Conclusion: In general, the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities were identified in three categories: individual challenge, mental challenge and environmental challenge. This issue has been mentioned in various researches.Lack of attention to these challenges has caused the process of impact of these challenges in mental, personal and environmental dimensions to be still evident. According to the results of the present study, it is suggested that while paying attention to the existing challenges, conditions be created to improve individual education in order to improve sports skills and create mental capacities among individuals. It is also suggested that by improving the environmental situation, conditions be provided to improve environmental issues in attracting people to leisure sports activities.}, Keywords = {Mental Health, Leisure Time, Sport}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {58-66}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تحلیل چالش‌های سلامت روانشناختی افراد برای مشارکت در فعالیت‌های ورزشی در اوقات فراغت}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اهمیت مشارکت در فعالیت‌های ورزشی در اوقات فراغت باعث شده است تا تمامی ابعاد مربوط به این مساله از جمله چالش‌های سلامت روانشناختی مورد بررسی و مطالعه قرار گیرد. تحقیق حاضر با هدف تحلیل چالش‌های سلامت روانشناختی افراد برای مشارکت در فعالیت‌های ورزشی در اوقات فراغت طراحی و اجرا گردید. روش کار: روش تحقیق حاضر آمیخته می‌باشد. جامعه آماری تحقیق در بخش کیفی شامل متخصصان مدیریت ورزشی، مجریان و مدیران بخش‌های فرهنگی ورزشی، مدیران سازمان‌های ورزشی، متخصصان جامعه شناسی آشنا با حوزه ورزشدر ورزش (11= تعداد) می‌باشد. در بخش کمی، جامعه آماری تحقیق متشکل از افراد جوان در سراسر شهر تهران که از فعالیت‌های ورزشی در گذراندن اوقات فراغت به فعالیت‌های ورزشی می‌پردازند در نظر گرفته شد با توجه به نامحدود بودن تعداد آن‌ها در سراسر شهر تهران و با استفاده از جدول مورگان 384 نفر در نظر گرفته شد. کلیه روند تجزیه و تحلیل داده های تحقیق حاضر در نرم افزارهای SPSS و AMOS انجام شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج کیفی تحقیق نشان داد که چالش‌های سلامت روانشناختی افراد برای مشارکت در فعالیت‌های ورزشی در اوقات فراغت شامل 23 مورد بود. به صورت کلی چالش‌های سلامت روانشناختی افراد برای مشارکت در فعالیت‌های ورزشی در اوقات فراغت در سه دسته چالش فردی، چالش ذهنی و چالش محیطی مشخص گردید. نتیجه‌گیری: توجه به چالش‌های شناسایی شده شامل چالش فردی، چالش ذهنی و چالش محیطی و کنترل این چالش‌ها می‌تواند زمینه جهت بهبود وضعیت مشارکت افراد جهت حضور در فعالیت‌های ورزشی در اوقات فراغت را فراهم نماید.}, keywords_fa = {سلامت روان‌شناختی, اوقات فراغت, ورزش}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7024-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7024-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Karami, Mohsen and Yosefi, Bahram and SadeghiBoroujerdi, Saei}, title = {Promoting Employee Health Through Organizational Support and Psychological Capital}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The World Health Organization defines health as complete physical, mental, and social health, and not merely the absence of disease. The organization also defines mental health as a state of well-being in which the individual recognizes his or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, works productively, and is beneficial to his or her community. Paying attention to the concept of health and well-being as an influential aspect on the individual and social performance of individuals is an approach that is considered by many researchers today. Today, paying attention to the signs of emotional well-being such as happiness and well-being, life satisfaction and lack of negative factors such as anxiety and frustration are factors that should be considered in people's lives. Communication between employees and managers does not only come from money, services and information, but also from personal and emotional resources such as approval, respect and support. The amount of support that the organization shows over time and creates a sense of obligation and compensation in employees, which can increase and increase the efficiency and effectiveness and, in fact, the productivity of the organization. Lack of organizational support for individuals leads to lack of emotional growth and adaptation and objectivity of individuals and as a result, dependence on the organization and proper performance is presented at an undesirable level, which ultimately leads to ineffectiveness and efficiency and development of the organization in today's competitive world. It seems that the study of the variables of employee health promotion, perceived organizational support and attention to psychological capital, while clarifying the situation in the study community, can create valuable information about the ability of employees in the study community to create a Provide us with new insights into the physical education officials and administrators of the country and strategies to increase emotional cohesion and engage more of them with the goals of the organization. Another reason for the importance of this research is that it seems that by conducting such research and obtaining more information, sports managers, like managers of other organizations, by correctly and timely identification of how employees are able to work and organizational support and effective consequences on employee productivity. And be aware of the psychological capital of their employees to take significant steps to achieve organizational goals and increase effectiveness. Employees of sports and youth departments due to their important role in increasing the health and well-being of young people in society. They should always have mental health as well as positive behavior that can inject positive spirit into young people and adolescents, encourage them to engage in sports activities and strive to maintain physical and mental health. Therefore, having a positive social capital in this group of employees is necessary and important. Given this, the need for such research is felt more than ever. On the other hand, many researches related to psychological capital, organizational support and health promotion of employees have been done in different organizations, but no research has been found to investigate the effect of perceived organizational support and psychological capital on health promotion in sports and youth employees. Therefore, the concepts of organizational support, psychological capital and its impact on improving the health of employees are of considerable importance, so that increasing attention to these issues increases the commitment and efficiency of the organization; Therefore, considering the importance of the issue and the necessity of doing it, this study intends to investigate the effect of organizational support and psychological capital on improving the health of employees among employees of sports and youth departments in Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Hamedan and Ilam provinces. Methods: This research was descriptive-correlational and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study consisted of all employees of physical education departments in the western provinces of the country (390 people), data were collected from total sampling; After distributing and collecting the questionnaires, 350 questionnaires were analyzed. Goldberg and Hiller (1970) General Health Questionnaire, Eisenberger et al.'s (1986) Perceived Organizational Support Questionnaire (Lutanz's Psychological Capital Questionnaire) (2007) were used to collect data. The combined method with PLS was approved. To determine the normality of the variables, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and to analyze the data, Pearson correlation matrix test and to test the research hypotheses, the technique of partial least squares and factor load were used. GOF, Tenenhaus et al. (2004) were used to examine the fit of the overall model, which controls both parts of the measurement and structural model. Results: Demographic results show that out of a total of 350 statistical samples included in this study, 208 (59.52%) were male and another 142 (40.48%) were female respondents. Also, 51 people have diplomas (14.62%), 54 people have master's degrees (15.38%), 170 people have bachelors (48.71%), 45 people have master's degrees (12.90%), 30 people have doctorates (8.39%). Findings showed a positive and significant direct effect on the components of psychological capital and its dimensions and perceived organizational support by promoting employee health. The results of regression analysis also showed that psychological capital and perceived organizational support are able to predict the ability to do work. Conclusion: Perceived organizational support as one of the job resources has a positive relationship with health promotion and can as a positive source improve the ability to do work (health promotion) in employees of sports and youth departments because perceived organizational support, wide changes in employees' attitudes toward their jobs. It plays and as a result has positive organizational behavior consequences. Employees will show more enthusiasm for their job if they feel that their commitment and perseverance towards their job is being taken into account and supported. Finally, from the results of this study, it can be concluded that in the employee community, the use of programs to increase the psychological capital of employees can lead to promoting job motivation and improving their health. It also increases the supportive attitude within organizations and, consequently, the employees' perception of being supported, their ability to do work and their enthusiasmIn general, improving the health of employees is very important for organizations and based on the results, increasing organizational support and psychological capital can provide the basis for improving the level of health in employees, and therefore managers and officials of organizations should plan in this regard.}, Keywords = {Promote Employee Health,Organizational Support, Psychological Capital}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {67-75}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارتقای سلامتی کارکنان با اثر حمایت سازمانی و سرمایه‌های روان‌شناختی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: مفاهیم حمایت سازمانی، سرمایه‌های روان‌شناختی و تأثیر آن بر ارتقای سلامتی کارکنان از اهمیت قابل‌توجهی برخوردار است، لذا هدف از انجام پژوهش بررسی اثر حمایت سازمانی و سرمایه‌های روان‌شناختی بر ارتقای سلامتی کارکنان در ادارات ورزش و جوانان غرب کشور بود. روش کار­: این تحقیق از نوع توصیفی – همبستگی بود. جامعه آماری تحقیق را کلیه کارکنان ادارات تربیت‌بدنی استان‌های غرب کشور تشکیل می‌داد (390 نفر)، داده‌ها از نمونه‌گیری کل شمار جمع‌آوری شد؛ که پس از توزیع و جمع‌آوری پرسشنامه‌ها، 350 پرسشنامه مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. جهت جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامه سلامت عمومی گلدبرگ و هیلر (1970)، پرسشنامه حمایت سازمانی ادراک‌شده آیزنبرگر و همکاران (1986) و پرسشنامه سرمایه روان‌شناختی لوتانز (2007) استفاده گردید که روایی پرسشنامه‌ها با استفاده از AVE (میانگین واریانس استخراج‌شده) و پایایی آن‌ها به شیوه ترکیبی با PLS مورد تائید قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: یافته‌ها اثر مستقیم مثبت و معنادار در مؤلفه‌های سرمایه‌های روان‌شناختی و ابعاد آن و حمایت سازمانی ادراک‌شده با ارتقای سلامت کارکنان را نشان داد. همچنین نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون نشان داد که سرمایه‌های روان‌شناختی و حمایت سازمانی ادراک‌شده، قادر به‌پیش بینی توان انجام کار، می‌باشند. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی ارتقای سلامت کارکنان اهمیت زیادی برای سازمان ها دارد و بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده، افزایش حمایت سازمانی و سرمایه روانشناختی می تواند زمینه ارتقاء سطح سلامتی را در کارکنان فراهم آورد و لذا مدیران و مسئولین سازمان‌ها می‌بایست در این زمینه برنامه ریزی نمایند.}, keywords_fa = {ارتقای سلامتی کارکنان, حمایت سازمانی, سرمایه روان‌شناختی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7090-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7090-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Asghari, Babak and Fahiminezhad, Ali and Morsal, Bagher and Lotfi, Heydar}, title = {Measurement of Noise Pollution in Indoor Pools with Emphasis on the Health of Users (Case study: Mashhad City)}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Although sound waves are considered as an essential factor in human life, but in some cases and in special circumstances, hearing these sound waves is not very pleasant and exposure to annoying sounds too much will cause hearing loss in humans. (1). Noise pollution is defined as the emission of any kind of noise and excessive vibration in open spaces and is one of the examples of damage to the environment (2); So that it will have very clear effects on human health and ecosystems (3). In addition to the negative impact on the auditory system, noise as a stressful source will also affect the human heart and arteries and stimulate the nervous system, cause anxiety and increase mental health problems (7). Environmental conditions have a significant impact on how sound is emitted. However, after a period of exposure to noise, man becomes accustomed to those conditions; But again, noise pollution is a cause of fatigue and reduces the capacity of human work, both in mental jobs and in simple physical jobs. On the other hand, noise pollution affects the mental state of people and causes problems in adapting to their work environment and even the community and family; the result will be a reduction in productivity and productivity (10). Gyms and swimming pools are poorly sounded environments due to the lack of sound-absorbing materials, noisy sports activities, the simultaneous presence of many users, and the heavy use of whistles for communication. As a result, physical education educators not only suffer from prolonged stress and strain, but are also exposed to noise-induced hearing loss. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully analyze all the factors that can affect the noise in these environments, in order to provide guidelines for officials and planners for stress management and hearing protection programs (11). The present research is an applied research that has been done by networking method. The purpose of this study was to measure noise pollution in indoor pools with emphasis on the health of staff and users of indoor pools in Mashhad. Methods: The sound level was measured as an equivalent level by the portable device and software Decibel X version 2020 and was compared with the sound standard (OSHA-90 dBA). Measurements Calculated the parameters of sound pressure level (SPL), average sound level (LP) ̅), continuous sound equivalent level (Leq) and individual daily dose of LAEp, d in 3 shifts. Results: The lowest sound pressure level in the first turn was 76.5 dB and the highest pressure level in the second turn was 97.7 dB. The average sound pressure level increases with the change of time from morning (11 am) tonight (8 pm). The average sound level in indoor pools is equal to 78.4 dB and the level is equal to 85.42 and the individual daily dose of LEp, d personnel and users is 92.45 and 87.15 dB, respectively. The permissible noise exposure time was estimated at 1 hour and 30 minutes for users and 5 hours for personnel, indicating that users were 30 minutes and personnel 3 hours more exposed to noise pollution than allowed. Conclusion: In the indoor pools of Mashhad, staff and users are exposed to high noise pollution and the possibility of physical and psychological injuries is high. Existing sound levels are higher than international and national standards and indicate that the use of engineering management principles is necessary to reduce the sound level in indoor pools. Swimming is one of the most popular sports activities. Diving in water, the whistling of coaches and saviors, moving equipment, the sound of music playing, athletes talking, emotional screams, etc. all provide the ground for raising the sound level. Accordingly, the prolonged or frequent presence of an athlete in an environment with high noise levels, can increase the risk of injuries due to noise pollution and may even reduce his efficiency. The results of the present study showed that the sound level in the shifts in which men were present was not much different from the shifts of women. Also, in the morning sports times (11/15/11), the sound level was significantly lower than in the evening (17-17-17), which is probably due to the smaller number of athletes in the morning compared to the evening.  In general, the absence of the above conditions has caused an increase in the sound level in the selected indoor pools. Of course, there was no significant difference in terms of sound level in different areas of Mashhad and in this regard, there can be no difference in terms of sound level published in indoor pools based on zoning in Mashhad. This research is methodologically consistent with the research conducted by Taheri et al. (1398) (32). But; their results cannot be generalized and compared with each other, because the environment studied in this study was closed space. However, the results are to a large extent consistent with the results of studies of Bahmanpour et al. (2011), Mafi et al. (2009) (28, 11). Comparison of the average sound level in the indoor pools studied with international standards shows that most of the measured pools (except pools 9 and 10) have a lower average sound level than the NIOSH, OSHA and ACGIH standards. However, all the pools studied have a sound level higher than the standard of the Environmental Protection Agency, as well as the standard of leisure centers and parks in the United Kingdom (which is equal to 55 decibels). They also differ from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) standard of 55-65 decibels. On the other hand, the allowable exposure to the sound level in the studied pools for athletes is 1 hour and 30 minutes, which is basically 30 minutes less than the current time. In other words, at present, athletes are exposed to sound levels for about 30 minutes longer than allowed. Also, for employees (management and employees) the allowable limit of 5 hours was set, which is basically 3 hours less than the current situation. Therefore, due to the sound level in swimming pools, personnel should be present in the pool environment for 3 hours less so as not to be exposed to high sound levels.  }, Keywords = {Noise Pollution, Equivalent Noise Level, Athletes' Health, Indoor Pools, Mashhad City}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {76-90}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {سنجش آلودگی صوتی در استخرهای سرپوشیده با تاکید بر سلامت پرسنل و کاربران (مورد مطالعه شهر مشهد)}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: هر چند امواج صوتی به عنوان یک عامل ضروری در زندگی انسان محسوب می‌شوند، اما در بعضی شرایط خاص، قرار گرفتن بیش از حدمجاز در معرض صداهای آزار دهنده، سبب افت شنوایی در انسان خواهد شد. لذا، سنجش آلودگی صوتی در حفظ سلامت افراد نقش بسزایی دارد. روش کار: هدف تحقیق، سنجش آلودگی صوتی در استخرهای سرپوشیده با تاکید بر سلامت پرسنل و کاربران استخرهای سرپوشیده شهر مشهد بود. تراز صوتی به صورت تراز معادل توسط دستگاه پرتابل و نرم‌افزار Decibel X نسخه 2020 اندازه‌گیری و با استاندارد صوتی (OSHA-90 dBA) مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت. اندازه‌گیری‌ها در 3 نوبت به محاسبه پارامترهای تراز فشار صوت (SPL)، میانگین تراز صوتی(LP )،‌ تراز پیوسته معادل صدا (Leq) و دز روزانه فردی LAEp,d پرداخت. یافته‌ها: کمترین تراز فشار صوت در نوبت اول برابر 5/76 دسی‌بل و بیشترین تراز فشار در نوبت دوم برابر با 7/97 دسی‌بل بود. میانگین تراز فشار صوت متناسب با تغییر ساعت از صبح (11 صبح) به سمت شب (8 عصر) افزایش می‌یابد. میانگین تراز صوت در استخرهای سرپوشیده برابر با dB 4/78 و تراز معادل 42/85 و دز روزانه فردی LEp,d پرسنل و کاربران به ترتیب برابر 45/92 و 15/87 دسی‌بل است. مدت زمان مجاز مواجهه با صدا برای کاربران 1ساعت و 30دقیقه و برای پرسنل 5 ساعت برآورد شدکه نشان می‌دهد کاربران 30دقیقه و پرسنل 3 ساعت بیشتر از حد مجاز در معرض آلودگی صوتی هستند. نتیجه‌گیری: در استخرهای سرپوشیده شهر مشهد، پرسنل و کاربران در معرض آلودگی صوتی بالایی قرار دارند و احتمال آسیب‌های جسمی و روانی زیاد است. تراز‌های صوتی موجود، از استانداردهای جهانی و ملی بالاتر بوده و حاکی از آن است که بهره گرفتن از اصول مدیریت مهندسی برای کاهش تراز صوت در استخرهای سرپوشیده الزامی است.  }, keywords_fa = {آلودگی صدا, تراز معادل صوت, سلامت ورزشکاران, استخرهای سرپوشیده, شهر مشهد}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7104-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7104-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Gheyasvandian, Mojgan and Akbari, Maryam and Godarzi, Mahmood and Moradi, Omi}, title = {The effectiveness of model of acceptance and practice based on early maladaptive schemas with the mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties on improving the quality of life of mothers of exceptional children}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Having an exceptional child in the family often causes irreparable damage. The vulnerability of the family to this injury is sometimes so great that the family is severely damaged in terms of mental health. Quality of life is a broad concept that encompasses all aspects of life, including health. The term, which is also used in a variety of political, social, and economic contexts, is often used in medical research and is considered by most experts to have different dimensions: physiological, social, physical, and even spiritual. Acceptance and practice therapy has six central processes that lead to psychological flexibility. These six processes are: acceptance, failure, self as context, present communication, recognition of values and action, acceptance and practice therapy Its purpose is not to make a direct change in the client, but to help the client to relate to his or her experiences in different ways and to be able to fully engage in meaningful and value-based loss that seems to be able to help mothers of exceptional children. ; However, and in general, according to the presented principles, mothers with mentally retarded children have many challenges in quality of life and mood that these factors may affect the family structure as well as family relationships and marital issues. Cause problems for them in these areas. Therefore, appropriate solutions to improve the perception of quality of life and mood of mothers with mentally retarded children can improve the family environment. However, considering the research gap in the effectiveness of the acceptance and practice approach based on early maladaptive schemas on the quality of women with exceptional children, this study seeks to determine whether the causal model of acceptance and practice based on primary maladaptive schemas with a mediating role Does the difficulty in regulating emotion improve the quality of life of mothers of exceptional children fit the experimental model? Methods: This research is both an experimental-field research that was performed by pre-test and post-test with the control group and also by correlation-modeling method. The statistical population includes all mothers with children with mental and physical disabilities in Kermanshah. 30 sample males were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups. Admission-based treatment interventions were performed on the experimental group in one of the exceptional children's schools twice a week in 90-minute sessions for eight sessions. Data collection tools included Weir et al.'s (1996) Quality of Life Questionnaire, the Hertzgertz and Roemer (2004) Difficulty in Emotional Adjustment Questionnaire, the Young (2005) Adaptive Schema Scale (2005), and the Bond et al. (2017) Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. In this study, covariance in SPSS software and structural equations in PLS software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results show that the condition of non-alignment is met. The second criterion for evaluating the internal model is the path coefficients, which in order to examine their significance, the self-management procedure has been used. The results indicate that disconnection and rejection have a positive and significant effect on the difficulty of emotion regulation; Impaired self-control has a positive and significant effect on the difficulty of emotion regulation; Orientation has a positive and significant effect on the difficulty of emotion regulation; Listening has a positive and significant effect on the difficulty of regulating emotion; Impaired limitation has a positive and significant effect on the difficulty of emotion regulation; Disconnection and rejection have a positive and significant effect on action and acceptance; Impaired self-government has a positive and significant effect on action and acceptance; Orientation has a positive and significant effect on practice and acceptance; Listening has a positive and significant effect on practice and acceptance; Impaired constraints have a positive and significant effect on action and acceptance, and the difficulty of regulating emotion has a positive and significant effect on action and acceptance. Also, based on the obtained results, the indirect effect of disconnection and rejection on action and acceptance is significant with the role of a difficult mediator in emotion regulation; The indirect effect of impaired self-regulation on action and acceptance is significant with a difficult mediating role in emotion regulation; Another indirect effect of direction on action and acceptance is significant with a difficult mediating role in emotion regulation; Another indirect effect of listening is significant on action and acceptance with a difficult mediating role in emotion regulation, and another indirect effect of impaired constraint on action and acceptance with a difficult mediating role in emotion regulation is significant. Also, the interaction between the group and the quality of life test is not significant. In other words, the data support the hypothesis of homogeneity of regression slopes (p = 0.188 and F = 1.830). Also, after adjusting the quality of life test pretest scores, there was no significant difference between the effects of the experimental and control groups (sig = .001 and. Therefore, the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the two groups is rejected and it is concluded that the education program based on the causal model of action and acceptance has been effective on the quality of life of mothers with exceptional children. Conclusion: The goal of acceptance and practice therapy is to create more psychological flexibility. Psychological resilience refers to the ability to change or perpetuate behavioral classes of action that contribute to valuable goals. Because it is not possible to eliminate or displace the language processes that cause human problems, the goal is to bring these processes into contextual control. These processes are related to the change of central language processes that interfere with psychological flexibility. Acceptance and practice treatment interventions can be performed through any of these processes. In acceptance and practice therapy, no action is taken to reduce, change, avoid, suppress or control private experiences (thoughts and feelings). Rather, clients learn to reduce the impact of unwanted thoughts and feelings through the effective use of pervasive consciousness.}, Keywords = {acceptance and practice causal model,Emotion regulation difficulties, Quality of life}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {91-101}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی اثربخشی رویکرد پذیرش و عمل بر اساس طرح‌واره‌های ناسازگار اولیه با نقش واسطه‌ای دشواری‌های تنظیم هیجان بر ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی مادران کودکان استثنایی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: به نظر می‌رسد درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و عمل می‌تواند بر مادران کودکان استثنایی کمک کند، لذا هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی اثربخشی رویکرد پذیرش و عمل بر اساس طرح واره های ناسازگار اولیه با نقش واسطه‌ای دشواری‌های تنظیم هیجان بر ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی مادران کودکان استثنایی بود. روش‌ کار: پژوهش به روش همبستگی- مدل یابی انجام شد. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه مادران دارای کودکان کم‌توان ذهنی و کم‌توان جسمی شهر کرمانشاه می‌باشد، 30 نغر نمونه به شیوه‌ی هدفمند انتخاب‌شده و به‌طور تصادفی به دو گروه تقسیم شدند. مداخلات درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و عمل روی گروه آزمایش دریکی از مدارس کودکان استثنایی فرایند هفته‌ای دو بار در جلسات 90 دقیقه‌ای طی هشت جلسه برگزار شد. ایزار جمع آوری اطلاعات شامل پرسشنامه کیفیت زندگی ویر و همکاران(1996)، پرسشنامه دشواری در تنظیم هیجانیگرتز و روئمر(2004)، مقیاس طرح‌واره‌های ناسازگار یانـگ (2005) و پرسشنامه پذیرش و عمل بوند و همکاران (2017) بود. یافته‌ها:  نتایج به‌دست‌آمده حاکی از آن است که قطع ارتباط و طرد، خودگردانی مختل، جهت مندی، گوش بزنگی، محدودیت مختل بر دشواری تنظیم هیجان تأثیر مثبت و معناداری دارد؛ قطع ارتباط و طرد و خودگردانی مختل، جهت مندی و گوش بزنگی بر عمل و پذیرش تأثیر مثبت و معناداری دارد. برنامه آموزش مبتنی بر مدل علی عمل و پذیرش بر کیفیت زندگی مادران دارای کودکان استثنائی مؤثر بوده است. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این پژوهش می‌تواند در راسنای بهبود حالات خلقی و روانشناختی و ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی مادران کودکان استثنایی مورد استفاده و بهره برداری قرار گیرد.}, keywords_fa = {مدل علی پذیرش و عمل, دشواری‌های تنظیم هیجان, کیفیت زندگی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7134-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7134-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Baharestani, Sanaz and Amini, Naser and Keikhosrovani, Moloud and Azadi, Shahdokht and Mirzaei, Kamr}, title = {Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Sex Enrichment Training on Marital Relationship Beliefs, Expression and Sexual Activity in Women with Marital Conflicts}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The family is one of the most important social institutions based on marriage. The issue of marriage is one of the most fundamental issues of human society and the first sprouts of communication between generations appear in the family. Emotional relationships, love, affection, and empathy in the family ensure the mental health of individuals and the upliftment of human beings. But one of the biggest social problems in today's human society is family conflicts; therefore, addressing the issue of marital conflict to achieve prevention strategies is one of the most important necessities of family education. Marital conflict can be defined as the dissatisfaction of at least one couple with the relationship, which increases rapidly. The existence of marital conflicts between couples is inevitable and conflicts in couples' relationships are one of the consequences of harm in the family and a common phenomenon. Although the family gives its members a sense of security and peace, marital conflicts weaken relationships, increase marital problems, and do not meet the natural needs of couples. On the other hand, couples' expectations towards marriage and married life play an important role in marital conflicts, and the problems that arise through marital conflict cause irreparable damage to the family body. As a result, the need to strengthen family life and its stability and durability is the type of attitude and interaction of couples with each other, and communication beliefs are among the factors that affect the relationship between couples. Awareness and knowledge of couples of their role in creating a healthy and fruitful relationship are of particular importance; But sometimes, after a while, a couple or both of them may have doubts about the depth and shape of their relationship; Because they do not see the necessary harmony in the psychological distances between the beliefs of marital relations (their expectations from life) and the realities of their marital life, and they feel frustration and marital exhaustion. However, one of the most damaging factors that threaten marital life and its stability is that irrational and romantic beliefs enter the couple's life after marriage. Research has shown that high levels of irrational communication beliefs are associated with low levels of marital satisfaction. One of the biggest social problems in today's society is family conflicts; therefore, addressing the issue of marital conflict to achieve prevention strategies is one of the most important necessities of family education. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of sex enrichment training on marital relationship beliefs, expression, and sexual activity in women with marital conflicts. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 50 women with marital conflicts were selected by the purposive sampling method and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Eight 90-minute sessions were held for the experimental group for 4 weeks and the control group did not receive any intervention during this period. Participants were measured by the Barati and Sanai (1996) Marital Conflict Questionnaire, the Idelson-Epstein (1982) Communication Beliefs, the Halbert Sexual Index (1992), and the Rosen et al. (2000) Sexual Performance Index. Results: The results of analysis of covariance, repeated measures test, and Bonferroni post hoc test showed that the scores of marital relationship beliefs among the experimental group decreased significantly, but in the control group there was no significant decrease and the scores of expression and sexual activity among The experimental group had a significant increase, but in the control group there was no significant increase, so there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups. The follow-up results also showed that the effect of educational intervention was still stable. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that sex enrichment training has a significant effect on marital beliefs, expression, and sexual activity in the experimental group who received the educational intervention, compared with the control group who did not receive educational intervention Significant changes were experienced in the dependent variables and also the follow-up results showed that the effect of educational intervention in the experimental group was still stable. Therefore, the hypotheses were confirmed. As a result, based on the evidence of the present study, this educational program can be used to improve the beliefs about marital relationships and the sexual expression and sexuality of women with marital conflicts. The Sex Enrichment Training Program helps couples reduce their communication problems by teaching them expressive speaking and listening skills. According to experts, in the approach of enriching sex, change and improvement are the results of the clients' own work, and the clients can overcome problems by acquiring special skills. As a result, in this training program, people are taught skills that can help people to achieve a healthy and happy life. Marital life combined with sexual intimacy requires skills that people in the family may not learn. In this training, conflict resolution skills and conversation skills are taught, and this training causes good couples to learn to listen and establish a good relationship with each other. This good listening skill reduces the couple's misunderstanding. In fact, enriching marital education leads to the growth of the marital relationship in a positive direction. People are also taught the skills to focus on their emotions and the feelings of their husbands, which results in the promotion of sexual intimacy and the ability to express sexual needs and desires by women and ultimately increase their sexual expression. The main limitation of this study is the taboo nature of sexual issues in society, and for this reason, some participants were cautious in their answers. Therefore, it is suggested that other researchers use this type of research with other effective intervention strategies on marital relationship beliefs, expression, and sexual activity in women with marital conflicts.  }, Keywords = {Sex Enrichment Education, Marital Relationship Beliefs, Sexual Expression, Sexual Functionality, Marital Conflict}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {102-112}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی اثربخشی آموزش غنی سازی رابطه جنسی بر باورهای روابط زناشویی، ابرازگری و کنش وری جنسی در زنان دارای تعارضات زناشویی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: پرداختن به موضوع تعارض زناشویی به منظور دست یافتن به راهبردهای پیشگیری، یکی از مهمترین ضروریات آموزش خانواده است. لذا هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی اثربخشی آموزش غنی‌سازی رابطه جنسی بر باورهای روابط زناشویی، ابرازگری و کنش‌وری جنسی در زنان دارای تعارضات زناشویی بود. روش کار: در این پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی تعداد 50 نفر از زنان دارای تعارضات زناشویی به روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل تقسیم شدند. برای گروه آزمایش 8 جلسه 90 دقیقه ای به مدت 4 هفته برگزار شد و گروه گواه در این مدت هیچ مداخله‌ای دریافت نکردند. شرکت کننده‌ها توسط پرسشنامه‌های تعارضات زناشویی براتی و ثنایی (1375)، باورهای ارتباطی  ایدلسون و اپستین (1982)، شاخص احقاق جنسی هالبرت (1992) و شاخص عملکرد جنسی زنان روزن و همکاران (2000) سنجیده شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که نمرات باورهای روابط زناشویی درمیان افراد گروه آزمایش، کاهش معناداری پیدا کرده است ولی در گروه گواه این کاهش معنادار وجود نداشته است و نمرات ابرازگری و کنش وری جنسی درمیان افراد گروه آزمایش، افزایش معناداری پیدا کرد ولی در گروه گواه این افزایش معنادار وجود نداشت؛ در نتیجه تفاوت معناداری بین دو گروه آزمایش و گواه وجود دارد. همچنین نتایج پیگیری نیز نشان داد که اثر مداخله آموزشی همچنان پایدار بود. نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس شواهد پژوهش حاضر می­توان از این برنامه آموزشی جهت بهبود باورهای روابط زناشویی و ابرازگری و کنش وری جنسی زنان دارای تعارضات زناشویی استفاده کرد.  }, keywords_fa = {آموزش غنی‌سازی رابطه جنسی, باورهای روابط زناشویی, ابرازگری جنسی, کنش وری جنسی, تعارضات زناشویی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7430-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7430-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Gholami, Farideh and baghooli, Hossein and barzegar, Majid and Kouroshnia, Maryam}, title = {Explaining the Role of Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism in Borderline Personality Disorder}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Patients with borderline personality disorder are known to have a clinically relevant heterogeneity in relation to severity of the disease and specific features, such as rage, rejection sensitivity, personality organization, or depression. There is little information about the importance of pathological narcissism for borderline patients (1). The limited evidence may be due in part to methodological difficulties in identifying Narcissistic clinical manifestations, which reflects disagreement among experts about this structure (2, 3). DSM diagnostic classifications appear as clusters of symptoms rather than being developed by a predetermined theory. The results are familiar but ambiguous. Classification is not effective enough. Among the dimensional models proposed to DSM to describe personality disorders, Kernberg's theory of object relations can be observed. For personality disorders, Kernberg eliminates these problems by shifting attention from borderline personality disorder to borderline personality organization (BPO). He places pathological narcissism on the subgroup of borderline personality organization. This conceptualization is a purely developmental theory, an explanation of the features of interpersonal relationships and defense mechanisms, and even including recommended therapies/treatment methods (4) A review of narcissistic descriptions based on clinical personality theories reveals that two types of vulnerable and grandiose narcissism are two areas of narcissistic personality disorder malfunction(5). Vulnerable narcissism is characterized by low self-esteem, self-criticism and devaluing , shame, social rejection sensitivity and isolation, Entitlement Rage, hiding the Self (6-8). Borderline personality disorder and vulnerable narcissism, although known as distinct structures but different qualitative structures, are interrelated (9). In fact, the characteristics of vulnerable narcissism may indicate a more general personality pathology similar to borderline personality disorder (10, 11). Methods: The present study is descriptive and it has used of structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis. In this study, 102 women and 58 men who had consulted to were client psychiatric clinics in Shiraz participated and received a BPD diagnosis of by a psychiatrist. Patients were selected by convenience sampling and voluntary selection from among those who had consulted to these centers. Explaining the principle of confidentiality of information, patients signed the consent form and then, completed the questionnaire under the supervision of a psychologist present at the center. Enterance requirements were/ to be eligible to apply included having over the age of 18 and at least holding a diploma, no use of psychiatric drugs, no experience of psychosis and mania, no significant medical problems, no mental retardation and no heavy drug use. Two questionnaires of borderline personality disorder and pathological narcissism questionnaire were used to assess the characteristics of psychopathology. Borderline Personality Disorder Questionnaire: The borderline personality disorder questionnaire was developed by Leichsenring in 1999(12) in order to assess borderline personality traits in clinical and non-clinical samples and is answered as yes or no. The questionnaire is essentially a 53-item scale based on the Kernberg concept of borderline personality organization as well as the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Pathological narcissism questionnaire: The Pincus’ pathological narcissism scale is a 52-item measurement tool that scores based on the 6-point Likert scale from " Not at all like me " to " Very much like me ". This tool measures the two dimensions of grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism and has 7 dimensions or components including: contingent self-esteem (CSE), Self-Sacrificing Self-Enhancement (SSSE), Exploitativeness (EXP), Hiding the Self (HS), Grandiose Fantasy (GF), Devaluing (DV), and Entitlement Rage (ER). Results: Fit indicators show that all indicators are in the desired range, so the structural model of the research is approved. Findings showed that the variables of vulnerable narcissism have a positive and significant effect on fear of intimacy (0.37), damaged reality testing (0.55), primary defense mechanisms (0.62) and identity difiussion (0.69). Also, the grandiose narcissistic pathway coefficient with fear of intimacy (0.71), damaged reality testing (0.64), primary defense mechanisms (0.38) and identity disorder (0.26) is positive and significant. In other words, vulnerable narcissism and grandiose narcissism predict the dimensions of borderline personality disorder. Conclusion: In this study, pathological narcissism, a recent German version of the scale showing that the vulnerable and grandiose type is associated with borderline disorder was assessed (1, 13). Research shows that great grandiose and vulnerable traits in personality disorders are commonly reported together (14). This research is consistent with the studies of Miller, 2008 and Euler and Stubby, 2018 Kampe et al. 2021(1, 10, 15). In Melanie Klein's theory, the concept of envy and the mechanism of splitting has been used. Envy is one of the most primitive and fundamental emotions. Envy is a two-way relationship that aims to seize the whole goodness that can be pulled out of the object regardless of the consequences. This can lead to the destruction and contamination of its good. Envy wants to be as good as object, but when this is considered impossible, it tries to tarnish the goodness of the object in order to eliminate the source of these envious feelings. Due to the sources of excessive threat to the child's environment, the mechanism of the primary splitting which is vital to the child's development and is associated with the idealization of the good object, destroyed and the very good source on which the baby depends on growth is attacked and lost. As a result, the possibility of obtaining good introspection is eliminated, and what is internalized is only the bad part of the object. The ego will inevitably be damaged. In this case, a gap is created between the person and the object, and this vulnerability may lead to a person turning away from one’s grandiose narcissistic traits from any connection and intimacy. Kernberg, 1976 emphasizes confronting or exposure to the patient's pathological defenses that weaken the ego and reduce its ability to reality testing. Vulnerable narcissism is negatively correlated with the use of mature defenses. From pathological perspective, defense mechanisms in narcissism are perceived as a developmental consequence of early experiences of rejection and devaling by the child's primary caregivers (15, 16). Instability in identity and narcissistic traits are significantly related to eachother (17); The grandiose narcissist has a relatively accurate view of oneself. If failure occurs due to the loss or frustration of the love object, because of the connection between one’s self-image and one's image of the object, Object-focused aggression will also have targeted oneself. Aggressive devaluation of the object leads to self-humiliation and degeneration of self-esteem, and the loss of self-esteem leads to latent narcissistic conflict. Regression to the previous stages of development causes the person's emotional fluctuation in loving parents with absolute power and despair of the love objects and is seen in the form of disturbances in the identification, inability and feeling of emptiness in the borderline or psychotic person. The main essence of narcissistic personality is the existence of a deficit in its structure, which arises from the incompleteness of the process and the coherence and integration of grandiose self and ideal object in ego reality-focused structure. The patient is not fully aware of the pathological nature and state of consciousness and this is due to the feeling of incompleteness and imperfection of his reality and the world around the self. This constant narcissistic structure in borderline disorder suffers from psychological incoherence and resorts to delusions and even illusions to cope with the unbearable feeling of splitting and loss of ideal objects (18).}, Keywords = {Grandiose Narcissism, Vulnerable Narcissism, Borderline Personality Disorder}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {113-124}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تبیین نقش خود‌شیفتگی آسیب‌پذیر و خودشیفتگی بزرگمنشانه در اختلال شخصیت مرزی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بیماران مبتلا به اختلال شخصیت مرزی با یک ناهمگونی بالینی در رابطه با شدت بیماری و ویژگی‌های خاص، مانند خشم و افسردگی شناخته می‌شوند. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تبیین نقش خود­شیفتگی آسیب‌پذیر و خودشیفتگی بزرگ­منشانه در اختلال شخصیت مرزی بود. روش کار: برای انجام پژوهش توصیفی حاضر که با روش مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری و تحلیل عامل تاییدی  انجام شد، 102 زن و 58 مرد مراجعه‌کننده به کلینیک­های روان‌پزشکی و روانشناسی در شهر شیراز به صورت در دسترس به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شده و پرسشنامه­های خودشیفتگی مرضی پینکاس و اختلال شخصیت مرزی لیشنرینگ را تکمیل کردند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد متغیر خودشیفتگی آسیب­پذیر بر ترس از صمیمیت (37/0)، واقعیت­آزمایی آسیب دیده (55/0)، مکانیزم‌های دفاعی اولیه (62/0) و آشفتگی هویتی(69/0) تاثیر مثبت و معناداری دارد.  همچنین مشخص شد بین خودشیفتگی بزرگ­منشانه با ترس از صمیمیت (71/0)، واقعیت آزمایی آسیب­دیده (64/0)، مکانیزم­های دفاعی اولیه (38/0) و آشفتگی هویتی (26/0) تاثیر مثبت و معنادار دارد. نتیجه ­گیری: با توجه به نتایج تحقیق پیشنهاد می­شود مسئولین و متخصصین به متغیرهای خودشیفتگی آسیب­پذیر و خودشیفتگی بزرگ­منشانه توجه ویژه­ای داشته باشند.  }, keywords_fa = {اختلال شخصیت مرزی, خود شیفتگی بزرگمنشانه, خودشیفتگی آسیب پذیر}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7433-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7433-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ghanbari, Fatemeh and Naziri, Ghasem and Omidvar, Banafsheh}, title = {The Effectiveness of Mentalization-Based Treatment on Empathy among children with Attention Deficit- Hyperactivity Disorder}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the developmental neurological disorders, which is associated with significant disorders in developmental, cognitive, emotional, and educational issues. Mentalization-based therapy enhances the ability of ADHD children to empathize by increasing the reflective function of one’s own and others’ mentalizing capacity and improve the ability to see through the perspective-taking and understanding of one’s own and others' feelings under the influence of ego functions reinforcement. From the theory of ego psychology and object-relations approach, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a disorder in ego functions (executive functions, inability to regulate emotions, problem-solving, etc.) and the development of a coherent senseof self in relation to others. These children have serious problems in interpersonal relationships, and failure and the dyad of frustration and anger are characteristic of their relationships (1). According to Fonagyet al. (1996), mentalization is a psychological process that facilitates explicit and implicit meaningful interpretation of one's own and others' actions, desires, thoughts, and intentions(2, 3). Mentalization is the result of secure attachment and relationship with the early caregivers. Metallization-Based Therapy (MBT) was originally developed by Bateman and Fonagy for adult patients with borderline personality disorder in the 1990s; but in recent years, this treatment has been used for a wide range of disorders, including childhood disorders. Its purpose is to improve the mentalization skills (understanding of the inner world, point of view and feelings, and one's own desiresand others’ intentions or theory of mind) in the child and the parent. The present study aimed to test the effectiveness of this treatment on the empathic function of children with ADHD, considering there are some deficits in empathic functionsduring developmental lines of such children. Methods: The present study is an experimental study of a one-factor design with three groups of Repeated Measures. The study sample consisted of 60 children (30 girls and 30 boys) with school-age ADHD (6- to 12-year-old) who were selected by targeted sampling. These children first received an initial diagnosis by a psychiatrist and then were assessed by psychologists for entry and exit criteria using the K-SADS-PL DSM-5 diagnostic interview form. The participants’ parents completed EQ-SQ questionnaire in three stages (pre-test, post-test, and follow-up), describing their child. Participating children were randomly assigned to three intervention groups including pharmacotherapy with methylphenidate, MBT-C, and combined method. The interventions lasted for 36 sessions and a follow-up session was held again three months after the end of the treatment. To analyze the data, Repeated Measures ANOVA and Bonferroni Post Hoc tests were used. All participants signed an informed consent form for ethical considerations. Results: MANOVA results showed that in the intergroup effect test between the three interventions (pharmacotherapy, MBT-C, combined method), there was a significant difference (P <0.001) in the empathy variable. The result of the intragroup effect test was also significant (P <0.001). In addition, the results of the Post Hoc test in efficacycomparisons for the two-way between the three interventions showed that mentalization-based therapy and combined method were significantly different from the pharmacotherapy group; And its effectiveness in improving empathy in children with ADHD was confirmed. There was no significant difference in effectiveness between MBT-C group and combined method (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The results confirm that mentalization-based therapy increases the level of empathy in children with ADHD. Mentalization-based therapy is a process-oriented therapy that uses plays to enhance mentalization and introspection, trying to teach and improve the reflective function, thinking, and mentalization capacity of children's mentalization and empathetic companionship and curiosity about the relationship with the child's inner experiences by the parents. Thus, MBT-C can be an effective intervention to improve empathy capacity in children with ADHD by focusing on the interaction of the inner and outer worlds and the regulation of emotions and interpersonal relationships. Data analysis of the present study showed that mentalization-based therapy was effective on empathy in children with ADHD and there was a significant difference between the three interventions of combinedintervention, MBT-C, and pharmacotherapy with methylphenidate in the empathy variable. And combinedintervention and MBT-C were more effective than pharmacotherapy on empathy in children with ADHD. Midgley et al. (2013) stated that the goal of Mentalization-Based Treatment for children (MBT-C) plants the seeds of curiosity and genuine empathy that create an atmosphere full of "emotional oxygen" for both the child and the parents so that they can face the pleasures and experience the challenges of life during the therapy(4). Taylor (2012) also utters that simple mentalization efforts such as support and empathy are effective in treating cases where there is high arousal in children (such as the emotional experiences seen in children with ADHD) (5). Given that mentalization-based treatment seeks to improve children's capacity for reflective functions, thinking, and mentalization, as well as educating reflective functions and practiceempathetic companionship and curiosity about the child's inner experiences to parents, it increases the effectiveness of treatment for ADHD children. Mentalization-based treatmentby use of play builds a powerful medium (for both the child and the parent and therapist) to explore relationships, to learn about the world of feelings, and to discover a psychological voice for oneself as a child. From a mentalization perspective, play is a form of social learning, as all kinds of experiences in daily life are rehearsed, changed, and completed, and integrated into the child's behavioral repertoire through this medium.  }, Keywords = {Mentalization-based Treatment, Attention Deficit- Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Empathy}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {125-134}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی درمان مبتنی بر ذهنی سازی بر همدلی کودکان مبتلا به اختلال کم توجهی/ بیش‌فعالی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اختلال کم­توجهی/ بیش­فعالی (ADHD) یکی از اختلالات عصبی رشدی است که با اختلال قابل­توجهی در حوزه­های رشدی، شناختی، هیجانی و تحصیلی همراه است. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر اثربخشی درمان مبتنی بر ذهنی­سازی  بر همدلی کودکان مبتلا به اختلال کم­توجهی/ بیش­فعالی بود. روش کار­: برای انجام تحقیق کاربردی و نیمه آزمایشی حاضر از بین کودکان مبتلا به اختلال کم­توجهی/ بیش­فعالی (6 تا 12 سال) شهر شیراز به صورت هدفمند 30 پسر و 30 دختر به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شده و پس از انجام پیش‌آزمون‌ها اعم از مصاحبه نیمه­ساختاریافته K-SADS-PL، تکمیل پرسشنامه همدلی­بهر-تحلیل­بهر (EQ-SQ) و فرم رضایت آگاهانه، به صورت تصادفی به 3 گروه درمان مبتنی بر ذهنی‌سازی، درمان دارویی با متیل‌فنیدیت، درمان ترکیبی تقسیم شدند. سپس آزمودنی­های هر گروه 36 جلسه مداخله مربوط به خود را دریافت کرده و پس از خاتمه درمان و مجددا سه ماه پس از درمان به منظور پیگیری پرسشنامه‌ها تکمیل شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد درمان مبتنی بر ذهنی­سازی بر همدلی کودکان مبتلا به ADHD اثربخشی معناداری (001/0>P، 31/13=F) داشت و درمان ترکیبی و MBT-C در مقایسه با دارو درمانی اثربخشی پایدارتری بر همدلی این کودکان داشت.   نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج تایید کننده تاثیر درمان مبتنی بر ذهنی­سازی و درمان ترکیبی بر سطح همدلی کودکان مبتلا به ADHD می­باشد. اما درمان ترکیبی با تمرکز بر تعامل دنیای درونی و بیرونی و تنظیم عواطف و روابط بین‌فردی می‌تواند مداخله‌ای اثربخش­تری برای بهبود ظرفیت همدلی در کودکان مبتلا به ADHD  باشد.}, keywords_fa = {درمان مبتنی بر ذهنی‌سازی, اختلال کم‌توجهی/ بیش‌فعالی, همدلی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7436-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7436-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {mafakheri, mehrab and mansori, Kamyar and Salehi, Ali and akbarian, Mohsen and Saeidi, Narges}, title = {Assessment of Psychometric Properties of Life Events Checklist (LEC) in Patients with Chronic Pain}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Due to the international pain association, pain is usually defined as sensory and emotional experiences associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Chronic pain: pain with unknown etiology that lasts for more than 6 months after the lesion has healed and leads to emotional distress and increased use of resources in health care systems (1). Studies conducted among the Iranian population indicating that pain is a common phenomenon (2). and also, in some groups of patients, especially patients with experience of trauma and patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (3). The literature indicates that the experience of trauma can be considered as a predisposing factor in many diseases with chronic pain (4).in addition people who experienced trauma were more likely to develop physical, psychosomatic, and psychological disorders. And this issue, in the absence of the necessary precautions, leads to huge financial and psychological costs among the affected population for recovery and treatment (9,10). According to researches, in our country, Iran, less attention has been paid to the experience of trauma in the research. Also, there is no proper tools for screening these patients to use it for early assessment and identification of injured patients. In this regard, the Life Events Checklist (LEC) tool was developed and evaluated in accordance with the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (LEC). The tool consists of 17 items and is designed to assess exposure to potentially traumatic events based on diagnostic criterion A for PTSD in accordance with the DSM-5 (9). Therefore, the researcher had two options to build a new tool or translate existing tools from the original language into Persian and determine its validity and reliability and cultural adaptation to his country and society. Methods: The method of study is a cross-sectional descriptive and validation research. The statistical population of the study consisted of all patients that suffer from chronic pain. The sample size was determined by considering at least 300 participants for studies based on confirmatory factor analysis (15) and also using Krejcie and Morgan chart (16). The sample size was 350 participants. Three chronic pain clinics (chronic pain clinic, chronic pain clinic of Imam Khomeini, chronic pain clinic of Dr. Shariati hospital) were selected in Tehran. Due to the prevalence of COVID-19 to reduce the risk of transmission of the disease, an online questionnaire was designed to send links to the participant's cellphones, and after the necessary explanations, the individuals completed the questionnaires if they were satisfied. Inclusion criteria include age over 18 years, diagnosis of chronic pain by a chronic pain specialist, literacy and exclusion criteria include disagreement with the research conditions and having any physical disability that prevents participation in the study. Data collection was done with a life events checklist that contains 17 phrases which scored on a 6-point scale. To prepare the tool, first, items of the questionnaire was translated into Persian by two master's degree students in psychology. The validity of the content was then assessed by a faculty member in psychology. In the next step, the items were returned to English by a senior English language expert who had not previously read the original version of the questionnaire, and then the original version and the translated version of the questionnaire were reviewed by psychologists to prevent semantic difference in it. After the final version was prepared, the questionnaire was distributed among 36 participants with chronic pain as a pilot and the desired problems in some items were resolved. All participants were given written letter consent including a brief explanation of the objectives, research method, and principle of confidentiality and anonymity. After obtaining consent, participants were asked to complete a package of self-report questionnaires including a life event checklist scale, a chronic pain catastrophe scale, chronic pain self-efficacy, and life satisfaction. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 25 and LISREL software version 8/8. In order to analyze the data from descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage) as well as Cronbach's alpha method and retest test to examine internal consistency, the correlation of life events checklist scale with DASS-21 questionnaires and chronic pain catastrophe To assess convergent validity and the correlation of this questionnaire with chronic pain self-efficacy and life satisfaction questionnaires was used to assess divergent validity. Confirmatory factor analysis of LISREL version 8/8 was used for construct validity. Exploratory factor analysis was also used to determine the frequency of factors. Results: The results showed that the phrases had good internal consistency and diagnostic power, except for the seventeenth question, which was excluded from the questionnaire. The correlation of the phrases with the total score varied from 0.27 for phrase 16 to 0.66 for phrase 4 and 14, Cronbach's alpha for the whole scale was equal to 0.86, which indicates the acceptable internal consistency of this instrument. The rate of retesting the questionnaire with a sample of 40 individuals in a period of 3 weeks was equal to 0.85, which is an acceptable score. Also, by considering the KMO value equal to 0/85 and rejecting the null hypothesis in the Bartlett sphericity test (p = 0.000, df = 136, x2 = 1786.27), The results showed that the conditions are ready for factor analysis. Primary analysis indicated four factors. The Scree diagram also supported the four-factor structure. The results related to factor loads show that all expressions have a common variance and a factor load greater than 0.46, in total, the four factors explain 0.56 variance. In the study, RMSEA between 0.8 and 0.10 indicates acceptable model and 0.95 CFI≥ indicates good model fit (27). According to the obtained results and the number of indices after using CFI (comparative fit index) correction indices value 0.95 GFI (goodness of fit index) value 0.90 and (normed fit index) NFI value 0.93 and also index the standardized root error of the mean squares of the RMSEA approximation is 0.7 and the degree of freedom x2 / df is less than 3, all indicating the relative suitability of the model after reformation. Conclusion: Findings of the study indicated that the Persian version of the scale has an acceptable internal consistency in a sample of chronic pain patients. The findings were consistent with the results of Matt Gray et al., In which Cronbach’s alpha was reported in the study (18). The findings consistent with the study of Halip Bae et al., In whose study Cronbach's alpha was reported 0.66 (12). Another study conducted in South Korea were inconsistent with our findings. In explaining this issue, the concept of culturally oriented trauma can be well justified. In other words, the phenomenon of trauma has a cultural aspect and it is the cultural beliefs of a society that determine the traumatic nature of an event (29, 30). In general, according to the results it can be concluded that the checklist of life events in the Iranian sample with chronic pain is valid and the LEC scale has acceptable psychometric properties. Therefore, therapists and specialists in the field of mental health can use this screening tool in research to diagnose and evaluate trauma in order to prevent or reduce consequences and pathological symptoms.  }, Keywords = {Validity and Reliability, Confirmatory Factor Analysis,Life Events Checklist,Chronic Pain}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {135-149}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارزیابی ویژگی‌های روانسجی چک لیست وقایع زندگی (LEC) در بیماران درد مزمن}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: با توجه به اهمیت تروما و شیوع بالایی آن در بیماران درد مزمن ساخت ابزاری مناسب  برای غربالگری تجربه‌ی ترما در میان بیماران درد مزمن امری اساسی و ضروری به نظر می رسید. بنابراین هدف پژوهش حاضر تعیین ویژگی‌های روانسنجی چک لیست وقایع زندگی در نمونه‌ی بیماران درد مزمن ایرانی بود. روش کار: در این مطالعه 309 نفر زن و مرد از بیماران درد مزمن شهر تهران که 18 سال به بالا و توانایی درک زبان فارسی داشتند به روش نمونه گیری در دسترس مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. برای بررسی روایی همگرا از پرسشنامه ی 21-DASS و فاجعه آفرینی و برای بررسی روایی واگرا از پرسشنامه ی خودکارآمدی درد مزمن و مقیاس رضایت از زندگی استفاده شد. همچنین برای تعیین پایایی از روش همسانی درونی به شیوه ی آلفای کرونباخ و برای تعیین روایی سازه از تحلیل عاملی تاییدی به کمک نرم افزار لیزرل نسخه ی  8/ 8 و تحلیل عامل اکتشافی استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: ضریب آلفای کرونباخ برای نمره کل مقیاس 86/0 درصد بدست آمده و همچنین نمره بازآزمایی آن در نمونه ی 40 نفره به فاصله‌ی 3 هفته برابر با 85/0 دردصد بود. چک لیست وقایع زندگی همبستگی مثبت و معنی داری با پرسشنامه‌ی DASS-21 و پرسشنامه‌ی فاجعه آفرینی درد مزمن نشان داد و همبستگی منفی و معناداری با پرسشنامه ی خودکارآمدی درد مزمن و رضایت از زندگی داشت. همچنین نتایج تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی چهار عامل را شناسایی کرد و تحلیل عامل تاییدی نشان داد ساختار چهار عاملی از برازش مناسبی برخوردار است. نتیجه‌گیری: تجربه‌ی تروما می‌تواند باعث مشکلات روانشناختی زیادی شود. نسخه‌ی ایرانی چک لیست وقایع زندگی اعتبار و روایی مطالوبی را نشان داد و می‌توان از آن به عنوان یک ابزار غربالگری کوتاه و معتبر برای سنجش تروما  استفاده کرد.}, keywords_fa = {روایی و اعتبار, تحلیل عامل تاییدی, چک لیست وقایع زندگی, درد مزمن}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7018-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7018-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Holakouee, Ainaz and Ghasemzadeh, Sogand and Arjmandnia, Ali Akbar}, title = {The Effectiveness of unified protocol of trans-diagnostic treatment on Adolescent Anxiety and maternal parenting methods}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Anxiety disorders and depression are the most common emotional disorders in adolescence, which in addition to the direct costs they impose on the community health and care system, also have indirect costs (functional decline) that are higher than other psychological disorders. Allocates the amount to itself (4). One of the most interesting aspects of anxiety disorders is the subtle interaction that exists between hereditary and environmental factors that cause these disorders (5). For this reason, paying attention to the family environment is very important in explaining and treating anxiety disorders. Each family uses special methods for individual and social upbringing of their children, which are called parenting methods. These methods are patterns of child rearing that are formed from the normal interaction of parents and their response to children's behavior (7). Since the mother's communication pattern plays an important role in the child's emotional and social development in the future and can improve children's behaviors, it seems that training sessions for parents to manage emotions in interaction with children can improve parents' skills. Equip them with good upbringing, and in these circumstances, parents can better behave decisively towards their children by setting constructive rules in the family and managing their negative emotions (10). In the meantime, integrated meta-diagnostic therapy in response to the limitations of cognitive-behavioral therapies such as the failure of these therapies to improve a significant portion of patients, the existence of multiple guidelines and treatment plans for each disorder and confusion in choosing the appropriate patient guidelines Has been (14). The main goal of integrated meta-diagnostic therapy is for individuals to acquire skills that can effectively manage their negative emotions (15). Given the above and the impact of anxiety on adolescents' personal, family and social lives and the imposition of heavy costs on the individual and society on the one hand, finding a way to reduce the negative effects of anxiety on the other hand and because reviewed research No research has been found on the subject at home or abroad. The researcher seeks to answer the question of whether an integrated transdiagnostic treatment program affects anxious adolescents and their mothers' parents. Methods: To conduct the present quasi-experimental research, which was conducted as a pre-test-post-test with the experimental and control groups, among all anxious adolescent girls in the age range of 12-15 years in the first grade of high school in Tehran in the 98-99 academic year, 20 Paying attention to the entry and exit criteria from one of the schools in Tehran were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Then the therapeutic stages of an integrated meta-diagnostic approach, including five main stages of treatment (emotional awareness based on mood 2. cognitive flexibility 3. emotional avoidance and behaviors caused by emotion 4. awareness and tolerance of bodily feelings and 5. endogenous and situational emotional exposure) ( 16). And 12-16 sessions and ranged approximately 50 to 60 minutes weekly. Also, to collect data, the Spence Anxiety Questionnaire was used to assess the anxiety of children aged 8-15 years old in 1997 and the Arjmandnia Parenting Methods Questionnaire 24 hours before and 48 hours after the intervention. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis (MANCOVA). Results: The results of descriptive statistics of children's anxiety showed that the mean obtained for the experimental group in the pretest is 142.70. With a decrease of 16.07 points in the experimental group, the average score in the post-test has reached 126.63. Regarding the effect of intervention on anxiety, the results of analysis of covariance showed that the integrated meta-diagnostic treatment program had a significant effect on reducing adolescent anxiety (F = 59.5). The average score for the experimental group in the pre-test is 27.53. With an increase of 3.96 points in the experimental group, the average score in the post-test has reached 31.49. Also in the component of authoritative behavior: the average achieved for the experimental group in the pre-test is 8.74. With an increase of 4.67 points in the experimental group, the average score in the post-test has reached 13.41. Finally, in the component of parental dependence: the average achieved for the experimental group in the pre-test is 9.53. With a decrease of 3.55 points in the experimental group, the average score in the post-test has reached 6.48. Regarding the effect of intervention on parenting, it was found that the value of Pilay effect is 0.72 and the value of Lambeda Wilkes is 0.28, both of which are significant at the level of P 0.0 0.01. Therefore, the dependent variables (parenting components) of the experimental and control groups are significantly different from each other. Finally, the results of univariate analysis of covariance on the components of parenting show that the value of F obtained in the two components of authoritarian behavior and parental dependence is significant at the level of P 0.0 0.01. Therefore, the difference between the experimental and control groups is significant in these components. Considering that in the component of authoritative behavior, the mean post-test score of the experimental group increased compared to the pre-test and in the component of parental dependence, there was a decrease in the component, so it can be said that integrated meta-diagnostic treatment program increased authoritarian and dependent behavior. reduces; But the effect of the independent variable on democratic parenting was not significant. Conclusion: In general, meta-diagnostic therapies are an emotion-focused meta-diagnostic and cognitive-behavioral therapy that can be used for a wide range of emotional disorders using emotion regulation skills (22). Emotional response management is the core of transdisciplinary practices and seeks to teach individuals to recognize their emotional responses, modify and regulate their emotional habits to reduce the severity of emotional trauma (23). The use of negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies is associated with mental health problems. Among the negative strategies, self-blame, mental rumination and catastrophic captivity, strong correlation with negative emotions such as depression, anxiety, anxiety (24). In summary, to alleviate the problems associated with anxiety, researchers consider the use of cognitive-behavioral and emotional components in therapy necessary (17) and integrated programs have been used to identify multiple problems and benefit from cost-effective multiple therapies; But if these programs are not effective, it is necessary to reduce the anxiety, should consider the cognitive-emotional schemas of individuals and eliminate cognitive distortions, emotional schemas (24).  }, Keywords = {Adolescent, Anxiety, Parenting Methods, Transdiagnostic Treatment}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {150-159}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی برنامۀ یکپارچۀ درمان فراتشخیصی بر اضطراب نوجوانان و فرزندپروری مادران آن‌ها}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: دورۀ نوجوانی از مهم­ترین دوره­های رشدی هر انسانی است. از سویی ریشۀ بسیاری از مشکلات نوجوانان در چارچوب خانواده شکل می‌گیرد. هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر تعیین اثربخشی برنامۀ یکپارچۀ درمان فراتشخیصی بر نوجوانان مضطرب و فرزند پروری مادران آن‌ها بود. روش­ کار: برای انجام پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی حاضر که با طرح پیش‌آزمون - پس‌آزمون انجام شد از بین دانش­آموزان دورۀ اول متوسطۀ شهر تهران در سال تحصیلی 99-98 و مادران آن­ها که مشکلات اضطرابی آنها با استفاده از مصاحبۀ تشخیصی بالینی و نیز نسخۀ خودسنجی نوجوانان آخنباخ و رسکولا مشخص شده بود، 20 نفر به صورت در دسترس انتخاب و بطور تصادفی به دو گروه کنترل و آزمایشی تقسیم شدند. سپس گروه آزمایشی 12-16 جلسه و هر جلسه 50 الی 60 دقیقه درمان فراتشخیصی را دریافت کردند. 24 ساعت قبل و 48 ساعت بعد از مداخله هر دو گروه پرسشنامه­های اضطراب اسپنس و شیوه‌های فرزند پروری ارجمندنیا را تکمیل کردند. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس تک متغیره  و چند متغیره استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که بین گروه آزمایش و کنترل در اضطراب نوجوانان و مهارت‌های فرزندپروری مادران تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد (01/0P≤) و برنامۀ یکپارچۀ درمان فراتشخیصی موجب افزایش معنادار کاربرد مهارت‌های مدیریت اضطراب نوجوانان و شیوه‌های فرزند­پروری مادران آن‌ها شده است. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج استفاده از درمان فراتشخیصی جهت کاهش اضطراب نوجوانان و فرزندپروری مادران آنها توصیه می­شود.}, keywords_fa = {اضطراب, درمان فراتشخیصی, شیوه‌های فرزند پروری, نوجوان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7465-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7465-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {HemmtianKhayat, Davood and Nejat, Hamid and Samari, Ali Akbar and Ormaz, Ehs}, title = {Comparison of the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy and compassion therapy on anxiety, disturbance tolerance and emotional regulation in Covid-19 survivors}, abstract ={Background & Aims: During an outbreak of a disease such as coronary heart disease, fear of disease and fear of death, along with disruption of daily activities, cause people to become involved with disease anxiety (1). Anxiety about Covid-19 is common, and seems to be due to the fact that it is largely unknown and confusing to people about the virus. Fear of the unknown reduces the perception of safety in humans and has always been anxious for humans. About Covid-19 This lack of scientific information also exacerbates this anxiety (2). Turbulence tolerance, on the other hand, is defined as the capacity to experience and tolerate negative psychological states. Disorder may be the result of cognitive or physical processes, but it manifests as an emotional state that is often characterized by a desire to act to alleviate the emotional experience (3). Therefore, increasing the tolerance of turbulence can help improve the mental health of people, especially the survivors of Quid-19 disease. In addition, it seems that the inability to regulate emotion during threatening and anxious situations can also be an important factor in coronary anxiety. The importance of the subject is such that psychologists define emotion regulation as the process of initiating, maintaining, and modifying one's experience and expression of emotions (4). Due to the above, anxiety control and emotion regulation are very important for survivors of coronary heart disease, so researchers are looking for a way to improve the psychological condition of these people. In this regard, one of the new therapies that treat the third wave. It is well known and has attracted the attention of many psychologists in recent years, it is a dialectical behavior therapy. Which is a cognitive-behavioral method that was first used to treat borderline disease and its core is emotion (6). Also, another new treatment method is compassion therapy. Self-compassion as a way to reduce anxiety associated with mental disorders. Compassionate therapy can play a protective role against depression, anxiety and repressive thinking. This treatment can develop self-compassion and reduce self-critical burden of depression, anxiety and stress, suppress negative thoughts and emotions, and emotional regulation. And be self-controlled. Self-compassion is defined as a three-component construct including kindness to oneself versus self-judgment, human commonalities versus isolation, and mindfulness versus increasing assimilation (8). Considering the above, the effect of corona on anxiety and cognitive regulation of emotion on the one hand, the importance of using a method to control and reduce these symptoms in coronary survivors on the other hand, contradiction in research results and lack of research Research variables Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether there is a difference between the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy and compassion therapy on anxiety, tolerance of turmoil and emotional regulation in survivors of Covid-19 disease or not? Methods: The present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control and test groups. The population of the present study consisted of the survivors of coronary heart disease victims in Mashhad who were members of social networks in the spring and summer of 1399. Inclusion criteria included 3 to 10 months after the death of a family member due to corona, having at least a diploma, not undergoing psychological treatment, not taking psychiatric drugs and no stressful events such as divorce and death of loved ones in three months In the past, being 30 to 60 years old and not having a history of divorce and exclusion criteria included missing more than one session and canceling further cooperation. The questionnaires were designed and provided to the subjects through social networks (Telegram, WhatsApp and Instagram channels) so that people who want to participate in the research can answer the questions. A total of 60 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly replaced in three equal groups (10 pairs in each group). The intervention groups were trained in 10 sessions of 90 minutes separately with dialectical therapy and compassion therapy methods and the control group was placed on a waiting list for training. In this study, data collection tools are: 1. Demographic information questionnaire, 2. Corona anxiety questionnaire (Alipour et al., 1399) (14), 3. Emotional regulation questionnaire (Graz and Roemer, 2004) (15), 4. Turbulence Tolerance Questionnaire (Simmons & Gaher, 2005) (3), 5. Dialectical Behavior Therapy Protocol and 6. Compassion-Based Therapy Protocol. Finally, descriptive statistics (table and graph) and Shapiro-Wilk tests, analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc using SPSS software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the statistical significance of Wilkes's lambda test was less than 0.05 and was therefore significant. Therefore, it can be found that there is a significant difference between the groups of dialectical therapy, compassion therapy and control in at least one of the variables of coronary anxiety, disturbance tolerance and emotional regulation. Therefore, according to the above results, there are conditions for using multivariate analysis of covariance. On the other hand, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference between the intervention methods in all three variables of coronary anxiety (CS), perturbation tolerance (DT) and emotional regulation (ER). The results of post hoc test showed that both dialectical and compassionate therapies significantly reduced coronary anxiety, increased turbulence tolerance and increased emotional regulation in comparison with the control group. Also, dialectical therapy was more effective in reducing coronary anxiety, increasing turbulence tolerance and increasing emotional regulation compared to compassion therapy. Conclusion: In general, the results showed that: Dialectical therapy significantly reduced coronary anxiety, increased disturbance tolerance and increased emotional regulation. Compassion therapy significantly reduced coronary anxiety, increased turbulence tolerance, and increased emotional regulation. Dialectical therapy is more effective than compassionate therapy in reducing coronary anxiety, increasing turbulence tolerance, and increasing emotional regulation. The findings of the present study are consistent with some of the results of research by Soler et al. (2009) who concluded that dialectical behavior therapy is effective in improving anxiety and emotional instability (16). Also, the results of the present study confirm some of the findings of the study of Steele et al. (2011) who found that dialectical behavior therapy reduces anxiety symptoms (17). In addition, the findings of the present study, along with some of the results of research by Wang et al. (2020) who found that compassion therapy is effective in conceptualizing emotional responses (18). Is consistent. On the other hand, the results of the present study confirm some of the findings of the study of Richard and Ser (2015) who found that dialectical behavior therapy is effective in improving anxiety (9). Also, the findings of the present study are consistent with some of the results of Modarres Gharavi (2011) that receiving dialectical behavior therapy is effective in significantly increasing anxiety tolerance.  }, Keywords = {Anxiety, Turbulence Tolerance, Emotional Regulation, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Compassion Therapy}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {160-168}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه اثربخشی درمان‌های رفتار درمانی دیالکتیکی و شفقت درمانی بر اضطراب، تحمل آشفتگی و تنظیم هیجانی در بازماندگان بیماری کووید- 19}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: با توجه به لزوم بهبود سلامت روان بازماندگان ویروس کرونا و عدم انجام مطالعات کافی در این حوزه، هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر مقایسه اثربخشی درمان­های رفتار درمانی دیالکتیکی و شفقت درمانی بر تحمل آشفتگی، نگرانی و تنظیم هیجانی در بازماندگان بیماری کووید- 19 بود.  روش­ کار: برای انجام تحقیق نیمه­تجربی حاضر که  با طرح پیش­آزمون و پس­آزمون با گروه­های کنترل و آزمون انجام شد از بین بازماندگان جانباختگان بیماری کرونا در شهر مشهد که در بهار و تابستان 1399 در شبکه­های اجتماعی عضو بودند، 60 نفر با روش نمونه­گیری در دسترس انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی به سه گروه تقسیم شدند. سپس پرسشنامه­های اضطراب کرونا (علیپور و همکاران، 1399)، 3 تنظیم هیجانی (گراتز و رومر، 2004) و تحمل آشفتگی (سیمونز و گاهر، 2005) در پیش آزمون از طریق شبکه­های اجتماعی (کانال تلگرام، واتساپ و اینستاگرام) در اختیار آزمودنی­ها قرار داده شد سپس گروه­های مداخله 10 جلسه 90 دقیقه­ای به تفکیک با روش­های درمان دیالکتیکی و شفقت درمانی آموزش دیدند و مجددا پرسشنامه­ها را تکمیل کردند. نهایتا داده­ها با روش­های تحلیل کوواریانس چندمتغیری و آزمون تعقیبی بونفرونی تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد دو روش درمان دیالکتیکی و شفقت درمانی باعث کاهش معنادار اضطراب کرونا، افزایش تحمل آشفتگی و افزایش تنظیم هیجانی شدند. همچنین روش درمانی دیالکتیک از اثربخشی بیشتری برخوردار بود. نتیجه­ گیری: با توجه به نتایج استفاده از دو نوع روش و مخصوصا روش دیالکتیک جهت بهبود وضعیت روان­شناختی بازماندگان بیماری کرونا توصیه می­شود.  }, keywords_fa = {اضطراب, تحمل آشفتگی, تنظیم هیجانی, رفتار درمانی دیالکتیکی, شفقت درمانی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7526-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7526-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Sammehr, Vahid and FarshbafManisefat, Farnaz and Khademi, Ali and Shabani, Rahim}, title = {A Comparative Analysis of the Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Hypnotherapy on Reduce Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions of Adolescents with Oppositional Defiant Disorder}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Coping Disorder is a type of destructive behavior disorder in childhood and adolescence that includes a set of behaviors based on stubbornness, disobedience, inattention, hostility, resentment, arguing, and trying to upset others. One of these important components in these children is interpersonal cognitive distortion. . It is defined as very exaggerated, rigid, irrational and absolute beliefs about the nature of relationships, and the relationship of people with others. People with confrontational disobedience disorder experience individual and interpersonal cognitive distortions and are part of aggressive behaviors. These people are the result of these distortions. There is a strong relationship between cognitive distortions and extrinsic disorders, with high levels of cognitive distortions being associated with high levels of extrinsic problems. Therefore, in the treatment of people with confrontational defiant disorder, this variable also needs clinical attention. . Interventions based on cognitive behavioral therapy have a significant effect on reducing the symptoms of defiant disobedience disorder and is one of the most important components in the field of hypnotherapy. However, although research reports suggest that these two therapies may be effective in reducing adolescent distortion with coping disobedience disorder, it has not yet been addressed. Given these cases, the present study in a quasi-experimental study addresses the question of whether there is a difference between cognitive-behavioral therapy and hypnotherapy in terms of effectiveness in reducing cognitive distortions in adolescents with confrontational defiant disorder? Methods: The study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a one-month follow-up period. The statistical population of this study included all high school students of the first period (seventh, eighth, ninth) in Urmia city who had symptoms of confrontational disobedience disorder who were studying in the educational schools of this city in the academic year 1400-1399. Among them, students suspected of having symptoms of confrontational defiant disorder were purposefully selected using the help of school principals and teachers and examined by a psychologist using a structured clinical interview to accurately diagnose the disease. After identifying these adolescents, their parents were interviewed and asked to respond to Aachenbach's behavioral checklist of their children's behaviors. They were selected from among the 75 people who were interviewed, 51 (17 for the cognitive-behavioral therapy group; 17 for the hypnotherapy and 17 for the control group) and after completing the research tools in the pre-test stage, they were randomly selected. Groups were placed. Then, the cognitive-behavioral therapy group was intervened according to the standard protocol of Houghton et al. However, the members of the control group did not receive any intervention and after one month, a follow-up test was performed. At the end of the sessions, the research scales were used again. SPSS software version 22 and repeated measures analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Results: In the studies, cognitive distortion in the cognitive-behavioral therapy group had a significant reduction both in the post-test and in the follow-up stage compared to the control group. While in the hypnosis group, there is no significant difference in any of the three stages, because in this study, repeated measures analysis of variance is the basis of the analysis. Mouchley and Looney's value can be said to hold the assumptions of repeated analysis of variance . . Then, the effects of hypnotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy on cognitive distortion in adolescents with coping disobedience disorder in the post-test and follow-up stages were discussed. By referring to the significant level values that this value is less than 0.01, which shows a significant difference in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages. Also, considering the effect of the group, it was observed that the significance level of this test is less than 0.01, which indicates the difference between the two treatment groups in reducing interpersonal cognitive distortion . Therefore, it can be said that the rate of cognitive distortion in the two groups has changed differently and between the two groups in terms of power to reduce cognitive distortion is different. As can be seen, the course of hypnosis treatment has not had much effect on the rate of cognitive distortion in the post-test and follow-up phase, while this effect is significant through the course of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Conclution: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and hypnotherapy on reducing interpersonal cognitive distortion in adolescents with confrontational disobedience. has done Because the main philosophy of cognitive and behavioral therapy is to reduce distortions and cognitive errors, and this treatment has been able to be effective in both stages of post-test and follow-up in this area. In the sessions, using direct and indirect questions and interaction with adolescents, a list of problems and types of dysfunctional and distorted cognitions was presented to confirm or disapprove them, and thus the list of the most important cognitive distortions of each client in the form of Separately extracted and with the help of the therapist and by examining these distortions in the context of their own real life, they have a more logical view of the facts around them and evaluate the facts with more analysis. Although in the present study and in the intervention sessions, the cognitions of cognitive distortion were also discussed and these skills were taught, but in general, cognitive distortions seem to be resistant to change through indoctrination and hypnotherapy and to direct treatments. The more they respond the better. One of the limitations of this study is the coronary conditions that caused parents and adolescents to have serious doubts about attending face-to-face meetings. Meetings were held online at the height of the Corona crisis.  }, Keywords = {Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Adolescents, Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions, Hypnotherapy}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {169-178}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه اثر بخشی درمان شناختی رفتاری و هیپنوتیزم درمانی بر تحریف شناختی بین فردی در نوجوانان با اختلال نافرمانی مقابله ای}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: تحریف شناختی یکی از مشکلاتی است که در  نوجوانان دارای اختلال ناغرمانی مقابله­ای به وضوح دیده می‌شود، لذا مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی مقایسه­ای اثربخشی درمان شناختی رفتاری و هیپنوتراپی بر کاهش میزان تحریف شناختی نوجوانان دارای اختلال نافرمانی مقابله­ای انجام شد. روش کار: این پژوهش در قالب طرح کارآزمایی بالینی با پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون و دوره پیگیری یک ماهه اجرا شد. از میان دانش­آموزان دختر و پسر  دوره اول متوسطه شهرستان ارومیه، با تشخیص اختلال نافرمانی مقابله­ای که در سال تحصیلی 1400-1399 مشغول به تحصیل بودند، 51 نفر به شکل هدفمند در سه گروه (17 نفر درمان شناختی رفتاری، 17 نفر هیپنوتراپی و 17 نفر کنترل) به شکل تصادفی جایگذاری شدند. سپس گروه شناختی رفتاری و هیپنوتراپی براساس پروتکل­های استاندارد مداخله­ای  تحت مداخله قرار گرفتند. ابزارهای این پژوهش شامل: سیاهه رفتاری نسخه والدین آخنباخ و مقیاس تحریف­های شناختی بین فردی حمام چی بود. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها، آزمون تحلیل واریانس اندازه­گیری مکرر استفاده شد. یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد که بین درمان شناختی رفتاری و هیپنوتراپی بر کاهش تحریف­های شناختی بین فردی؛ تفاوت معناداری وجود داشت به این صورت که هیپنوتیزم درمانی بر کاهش این تحریف­ها اثربخشی ندارد، این در حالی است که درمان شناختی رفتاری از این منظر اثربخشی  قابل توجهی بر هیپنوتیزم درمانی دارد (127/0>P، 84.13 F= ). نتیجه­ گیری: به درمانگران توصیه می­شود در کار با نوجوانان دارای اختلال نافرمانی مقابله­ای که تحریف­های شناختی بین فردی دارند از رویکرد درمانی شناختی رفتاری بهره بگیرند.  }, keywords_fa = {درمان شناختی- رفتاری, اختلال نافرمانی مقابله‌ای, نوجوان, تحریف شناختی,هیپنوتیزم.}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7587-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7587-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Pormenati, Mohsen and Havil, Fatholah and Delaramnasab, Mojtab}, title = {The Effect of Exercise on Some Metabolic Side Effects and Psychological Characteristics of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Diabetes is a chronic progressive disease that has physical, metabolic, social and psychological challenges and increases the risk of concomitant mental health problems (1). Accelerated macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes are due in part to increased metabolic side effects such as elevated cholesterol and LDL (4). In this regard, research has shown that there is a close relationship between fat percentage, body mass index and insulin concentration (5). Because the challenges of diabetes affect many aspects of patients' daily lives and their families, psychosocial assessment and treatment is a vital part of comprehensive diabetes care. The diabetic must accept that he or she may have diabetes-related complications; The patient should consider themselves an important member of the diabetes care team, not the person being cared for by the treatment team. Emotional stress can cause behavior change so that the other person does not follow their own diet, exercise, and treatment (6). For this reason, researchers have long used various methods to reduce the negative effects of diabetes, so that the effect of physical activity in the treatment of type 2 diabetes has long been known (7). Although a lot of research has been done in this field, but there is a big difference between the results of research (8). Regarding the treatment of mental problems of diabetic patients, considering that the use of sedatives and other drugs is always associated with many side effects, and today in the global medical system, more efforts are made to prevent and treat diseases without the use of drugs. It seems that participating in a regular and codified exercise program can play a major role in reducing the effects of diabetes, improving mental health and reducing the negative psychological effects of diabetes. Due to the conflicting results of research, researchers are trying to use different training methods to get the best results, so it seems necessary to design new protocols and study their impact on various factors. Also, considering that there is little research that in addition to examining the effect of aerobic exercise on metabolic side effects has examined the effect of these exercises on psychological factors in diabetic patients, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether pyramidal aerobic exercise on cholesterol, HbA1c, LDL, affect anxiety and stress in type 2 diabetic patients? Methods: For the present quasi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design, 30 patients with type 2 diabetes in Zabol city were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into two groups. The research method was that 24 hours before and 48 hours after the last training session from the beginning of the research, the research variables in the pre-test were measured using blood sampling and Beck Anxiety and Stress Questionnaires. The training protocol in the present study included 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each training session included 45-60 minutes of pyramidal aerobic training in 3 stages. The volume of each training interval based on the intensity of training and the ability of the subjects started from light intensity in the first interval and increased in each interval. Resistance was also calculated using the reserve heart rate of each individual using the caronene formula (20). In order to observe the principle of overload, the training time was started from 15 minutes and reached 35 minutes in the eighth week. To divide the time in each interval, the total training time was divided into 3 parts; In the first 1.2, light exercise was performed (50-35% of the reserve heart rate). In the second interval, the training, which included the remaining 2.3 of the training time, was performed with an intensity of 50-65% of the reserve heart rate. The rest time between each interval was 3 minutes. Finally, descriptive statistics (tables and graphs) and Shapiro-Wilk tests, paired t-test and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis of data. Results: The results showed that after 8 weeks of pyramidal aerobic training, cholesterol, LDL, HbA1c, depression, anxiety and stress in the experimental group were significantly reduced in the post-test compared to the pre-test. However, in the post-test control group, this value increased compared to the pre-test, but was not statistically significant. The results were compared with the control group to ensure that the decrease in research variables was due to the present research protocol. Control can be confidently reported that the changes were due to the training protocol. Concluson: Findings of this study showed that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise significantly reduced total cholesterol, HbA1C, LDL, anxiety, depression and stress in patients with type 2 diabetes. In the above explanation, it can be said that research has shown that muscle contraction has an insulin-like role and sends a large amount of glucose into the cell to be used for energy production. 33 Muscle contraction increases membrane permeability to glucose, possibly due to an increase in the number of glucose transporters in the membrane. Exercise (Glut4) increases plasma in trained muscles, which improves Glut4 levels of insulin on glucose metabolism (28). In the above explanation, it can be said that physical activity in women increases the level of progesterone and this increase reduces psychological symptoms such as anxiety. In general, physical activity seems to improve mood symptoms, including anxiety, by the mechanism of action on cerebral endorphins (34). Physical activity increases the efficiency of the mind, the feeling of freshness and health, and provides a good mental attitude to life, provides mental health. Women are more affected by the psychological factors of physical activity than men and their sense of well-being increases more than men (35). Research has shown that anxiety and stress are caused by a lack of self-confidence in people. As Farad's social interactions increase in team sports, their self-esteem improves and self-confidence increases. On the other hand, team sports reduce stress and anxiety. Although self-confidence was not examined in the present study, it may be one of the mechanisms related to the findings of the present study.}, Keywords = {Type 2 diabetes, Exercise, Metabolic complications, Psychological characteristics}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {179-187}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر تمرینات ورزشی بر برخی عوارض جانبی متابولیک و ویژگی های روانشناختی بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: دیابت یکی از بیماری‌های متابولیک و شایع است که علاوه بر هزینه­های زیاد تأثیرات روانی بسزایی نیز بر جای می­­گذارد. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تبیین تاثیر تمرینات ورزشی بر برخی عوارض جانبی متابولیک و ویژگی­های روان­شناختی بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 بود. روش­ کار:  برای انجام تحقیق نیمه تجربی حاضر که با طرح پیش­آزمون-پس ­آزمون انجام شد از بین بیماران دیابتی نوع 2 ساکن شهرستان زابل به روش نمونه­گیری در دسترس 30 نفر انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه تمرین (سن: 94/6±70/38 سال: شاخص توده بدن 77/1±10/29 کیلوگرم بر مترمربع) و کنترل (سن: 52/7±45/40 سال: شاخص توده بدن 67/1±09/28 کیلوگرم بر مترمربع) تقسیم شدند. سپس آزمودنی­های گروه تمرین 8 هفته، 3 جلسه در هفته و در 3 اینتروال با سیستم هرمی بدین ترتیب پروتکل مورد نظر را انجام دادند که در اینتروال اول تمرین با 35-50 درصد ضربان قلب ذخیره، اینتروال دوم با 50-65 درصد و در اینتروال سوم با 65-80 درصد اجرا شد. جهت جمع­آوری داده­ها از نمونه­گیری خون، و تکمیل پرسشنامه­ DASS21 استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد تمرین هوازی هرمی بر استرس، اضطراب، افسردگی، کلسترول، LDL و HbA1c در بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 تاثیر معنی­داری دارد. بطوریکه میزان متغیرهای تحقیق در پس آزمون نسبت به پیش آزمون کاهش معنی­داری یافت. نتیجه­­ گیری: با توجه به نتایج تحقیق حاضر استفاده از تمرینات اینتروال زیر نظر متخصص جهت کاهش آثار منفی روانی و متابولیکی بیماران دیابتی توصیه می­شود.  }, keywords_fa = {دیابت نوع 2, تمرین ورزشی, عوارض متابولیک, ویژگی‌های روان‌شناختی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7517-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7517-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Fathi, Gona and Akbari, Maryam and Moradi, Omid and Abdollahi, Fardi}, title = {The Effectiveness of Educational Differentiation, Mothers Empathy and Child- Parent Relationship on Separation Anxiety Disorder}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Separation anxiety is known as one of the most fundamental and fundamental fears in human beings that separation anxiety does not disappear with growth and maturity; Rather, it is less visible in adulthood than other psychological problems and often appears alongside other pathologies or some of them. Separation anxiety is predictable in children entering school for the first time, but the diagnosis of this disorder is made when excessive anxiety is disproportionate to the level of development and when separating from the attached person. Separation anxiety disorder is a mental disorder in which a person becomes very anxious due to being away from home or from people with whom they have a lot of emotional attachment. This disorder can cause severe disorders in various aspects of life (such as academic or social performance). Other research has also shown that fostering a healthy parent-child relationship can promote a child's psychological development and prevent psychological damage during his or her lifetime. The type of parental relationship and their interaction with children can have a significant impact on how anxiety disorders develop in children. In most theories of child and adolescent development, the importance of mothers' behavior has been considered. Among mental disorders, anxiety and depression were the most studied disorders in the area of mother-child relationships. Therefore, parental management training is a type of psychological intervention for clinical problems in the field of child and adolescent psychotherapy with the aim of training parental management in reducing the problems of children and adolescents. This program has caused cognitive-emotional change of parents and mutual change of child behavior and has led to increasing parents' awareness of how to deal with children, the skill of controlling emotions against children's behavior and setting appropriate rules and regulations at home. The purpose of this research was to determine the Effectiveness of training differentiation, mother's empathy and child- Parent relationship on separation anxiety disorder students. Methods: The research method was applied research and was a kind of pre-posttest Quasi-experimental design with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of the Mothers with daughters with separation anxiety disorder syndrome whose child / children in one of the preschool centers in Kermanshah. 60 of them were randomly assigned into two groups of 30 experimental and control groups. Differentiation, empathy, child- Parent relationship was conducted on the experimental group in 8 sessions of 80 minutes. The research data were collected through separation anxiety disorder Hahn, Hajinlian, Eisen, Winder & Pincus (2003) questionnaire. Then the hypotheses were tested using spss software. Results: According to According to the obtained results, it can be said that the training differentiation, mother's empathy and child- Parent relationship can provide the basis for reducing separation anxiety disorder students. Conclusion: Separation anxiety is known as one of the most fundamental and fundamental fears in human beings that separation anxiety does not disappear with growth and maturity; Rather, it is less visible in adulthood than other psychological problems and often appears alongside or part of other pathologies. Separation anxiety is predictable in children entering school for the first time, but the diagnosis of this disorder is made when excessive and disproportionate anxiety occurs when separating from the attached person. Separation anxiety disorder is a mental disorder in which a person becomes very anxious due to being away from home or from people with whom they have a lot of emotional attachment. This disorder can cause severe disorders in various aspects of life (such as academic or social performance). The fourth revised text, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) classifies separation anxiety as a disorder that is first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence. Disproportionate anxiety disorder in the DSM-5 is divided into two types: the first type, separation anxiety disorder, starting in the DSM-5, has been reported as disproportionate in dealing with being away from home or being separated from those on whom the child is dependent. Adult (ASAD) and another type starting in childhood (CSAD), researchers have confirmed the importance of parental factors in trying to identify the factors affecting child separation anxiety (Khorshidvand, Rahimian Booger and Talepsan 2015 and Pirzadi 2018). In this regard, Ingelberg and Ssuberg (2005) showed that positive parental behavior reduces child anxiety. Arab, Al-Kashki, and Hadwin (2015) showed that childhood separation anxiety disorder is a definite factor in predicting ADHD in adulthood. And the findings of Kern, Renault, Kendall, Wood, and Stork (2017) suggest that when a parent fails to recognize and respond appropriately to a child's emotions, the child, because of his or her role modeling, is able to recognize and manage his or her emotions. Loses and easily becomes anxious.  }, Keywords = {Differentiation, Empathy,Child- Parent Relationship, Separation Anxiety Disorder}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {188-196}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی آموزش تمایز یافتگی، همدلی مادران و رابطه والد-کودک بر اختلال اضطراب جدایی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اضطراب جدایی به عنوان یکی از اساسی‌ترین ترس‌ها در انسان شناخته شده است، بنابراین پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین اثربخشی آموزش تمایزیافتگی، همدلی مادران و رابطه والد-کودک بر اختلال اضطراب جدایی انجام شده است. روش کار: در این تحیق شبه ‌آزمایشی، جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل تمامی مادران دارای کودکان دختر دارای نشانگان اختلال اضطراب جدایی بود که کودک/ کودکان آن‌ها در یکی از مراکز پیش دبستانی شهرستان کرمانشاه مشغول به تحصیل بودند که برابر با 380 نفر بود که 60 نفر از آنان به طور داوطلبانه در تحقیق شرکت کردند و در دو گروه 30 نفری آزمایش و کنترل تقسیم شدند. تمایزیافتگی، همدلی مادران و رابطه والد-کودک بر روی گروه آزمایش در 8 جلسه و هفته­ای دو جلسه و هر جلسه 80 دقیقه اجرا گردید داده‌های پژوهش از طریق پرسشنامه استاندارد اختلال اضطراب جدایی هان، هاجلینیان، ایسن، وندر و پینکاس (2003) جمع‌آوری گردید. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از روش اماری تی وابسته استفاده گردید. یافته ها: یافته‌های تحقیق نشان داد، بسته آموزشی طراحی شده بر اساس تمایزیافتگی، همدلی مادران و رابطه والد-کودک بر اختلال اضطراب جدایی تأثیر معنی‌داری دارد (001/0 = p). نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج به‌دست‌آمده می‌توان گفت که آموزش اثربخشی آموزش تمایزیافتگی، همدلی مادران و رابطه والد-کودک می‌تواند زمینه کاهش اختلال اضطراب جدایی را فراهم آورد.  }, keywords_fa = {تمایزیافتگی, همدلی, رابطه والد-کودک,اختلال اضطراب جدایی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6898-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6898-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Shahraki, Touran and Nakhaeemoghadam, Maryam}, title = {Investigating Endocrine and Metabolic Complications in Obese Children Referred to The Endocrinology Clinic of Ali Asghar Zahedan Hospital}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Obesity, which is defined as a body mass index above the 95th percentile (according to age and sex), is a chronic disease whose prevalence in adults, adolescents and children is increasing and is currently considered a It is considered a global epidemic. In many societies, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased during the last 2 decades. In the United States, the lifetime risk of overweight and obesity in each person is 50% and 25%, respectively. Analysis of the results of studies in 144 countries of the world shows that in 2010, about 43 million preschool children were overweight or obese, of which 35 million are from developing countries and 92 million children are at risk of being overweight. Also, overweight and obesity in preschool children has been increasing rapidly, from 2.4% in 1990 to 6.7% in 2010, and it is expected to reach 9.1% in 2020, i.e. reach 60 million children. Obesity is a multifactorial disease that is caused by various genetic and environmental factors. As the first place where a child grows, the family is important from various dimensions. Several studies that have been conducted in the field of factors related to obesity in children have indicated the important role of parents in the occurrence of obesity in children. Heredity on the one hand and behavioral and nutritional patterns on the other hand justify this relationship. There is strong evidence that shows that the family lifestyle and eating habits formed in the family play an important role in the type of nutrition and the child's weight; In addition, the mother's obesity probably affects how she responds to the child's needs. In many studies, parental obesity, especially maternal obesity, has a direct relationship with child obesity, and in some studies, it is known to be the most important factor related to childhood obesity. Obesity in children is associated with an increase in morbidity in childhood, so that outpatient visits, hospitalizations and the need for treatment are more in obese children than in non-obese children. In addition, childhood obesity is associated with various complications. These obesity complications include metabolic complications (increased risk of type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hepatic Steatosis, gallstones, increased blood insulin, impaired glucose tolerance test), respiratory and cardiac complications (asthma, sleep apnea, cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy, sudden death), orthopedic diseases (degenerative joint disease, slipped epiphysis of the femoral head) and other complications such as proteinuria, infertility, cancer, obesity in adolescence, depression, anxiety and discrimination in the social and work environment. On the other hand, obese children who remain obese in adolescence may become severely obese in adulthood, such that 80% of adolescents who are obese remain obese in adulthood. Abdominal obesity is more common in adolescent girls than in adolescent boys, which is associated with a higher chance of diabetes. Considering the very high prevalence of obesity and the various complications caused by it, and also considering that the studies conducted in the field of metabolic and endocrine complications of obesity in Iran are few, in this study we intend to further investigate the metabolic and endocrine complications in Let's go to the endocrinology clinic of Ali Asghar Hospital in Zahedan. Methods: The inclusion criteria in the study population include obese children aged 5 to 18 years who were referred to the endocrinology clinic of Ali Asghar Hospital in Zahedan in 2015. Exclusion criteria are unwillingness to participate in the study, mental retardation or having Syndromic diseases, history of chronic disease, or taking medication. Descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation, and frequency were used to describe the data. Also, to analyze the data, the statistical tests of Student's T, Chi-square, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used. Results: In this study, 60 children with obesity were investigated, 52% were boys and 48% were girls. The average age of the studied children was 9.9 ± 3.0 years (with a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 17 years). 5.8% of the children had a BMI between the 85-95th percentile for age and sex, and 94.2% of them had a BMI above the percentile. They had 95% for age and sex. In this study, 57% of children had fatty liver in ultrasound (45% grade 1 and 12% grade 2) and 43% were normal. Conclusion: Independent T-test showed that mean FBS, AST, and ALT in boys are significantly higher than in girls. Other parameters were not significantly different in boys and girls. In this study, 57% of the children had a fatty liver ultrasound and 51% of the studied children had precocious puberty. Also, the results showed that 91% of children had normal FBS, 54% normal cholesterol, 33% normal HDL, 73% normal LDL, 40% normal triglyceride, 96% normal AST, 73% normal ALT, 85% normal HbA1C, 30% They had normal insulin, 85% normal TSH, 94% normal T4 and 22% normal vitamin D. The results of the study showed that there are more metabolic complications such as fatty liver and endocrine complications such as Hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia are more common in obese children. Therefore, first of all, it is recommended not to gain a lot of weight in children. If a child is overweight, the endocrine and metabolic effects of obesity should be investigated to be treated faster.  }, Keywords = {Endocrine, Metabolic, Obese}, volume = {29}, Number = {4}, pages = {197-204}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی عوارض اندوکرین و متابولیک در کودکان چاق مراجعهکننده به کلینیک غدد بیمارستان علی اصغر زاهدان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: چاقی یک بیماری مزمن است که در حال حاضر به عنوانی یک اپیدمی جهانی در نظر گرفته می‌شود. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی عوارض اندوکرین و متابولیک در کودکان چاق مراجعه کننده به کلینیک غدد بیمارستان علی اصغر زاهدان انجام پذیرفت. روش کار: معیارهای ورود در جامعه مورد مطالعه شامل کودکان چاق 5 تا 18 ساله مراجعه کننده به کلینیک غدد بیمارستان علی اصغر شهر زاهدان در سال 1395 بود. معیارهای خروج عبارتنداز عدم تمایل به شرکت درمطالعه، عقب افتادگی ذهنی یا داشتن بیماری های سندرمیک، شرح حال بیماری مزمن یا مصرف دارو. در این مطالعه تعداد 60 کودک مبتلا به چاقی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که 52% آزمودنی­ها پسر و 48% دختر بودند. میانگین سنی کودکان مورد مطالعه 0/3 ± 9/9 سال (با حداقل 5 و حداکثر 17 سال) بود. 8/5% کودکان BMI بین صدک 95-85% برای سن و جنس و 2/94% آن­ها BMI بالاتر از صدک 95% برای سن و جنس داشتند. در این مطالعه 57% کودکان در سونوگرافی کبد چرب داشته (%45 گرید یک و 12% گرید 2) و 43% نرمال بودند. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد که در کودکان چاق عوارض متابولیک مانند کبد چرب بیشتر وجود دارد و عوارض اندوکرین مانند هیپرانسولینمی و هیپرلیپیدمی نیز بیشتر دیده­ می‌شود. بنابراین اگر کودکی وزن بالایی داشته باشد، عوارض اندوکرین و متابولیک چاقی در وی بررسی گردد تا سریعتر درمان شود.  }, keywords_fa = {اندوکرین, متابولیک, چاق}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7648-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7648-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Rezaii, Elahe and Haghayegh, Sayed Abbas}, title = {Structural Modeling of Relationship Between Disease Stigma and Social Anxiety by Considering the Mediating Role of Family Function in Patients with Epilepsy}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Epilepsy is one of the most common and chronic neurological diseases that can cause many psychological problems for people with this disease. Epilepsy is transient changes in brain function due to excessive and hyper-synchronous nervous activity that may lead to uncontrolled body movements or changes in the level of consciousness. Social anxiety disorder is defined as an extreme or unreasonable fear of being in social situations. The presence of comorbid mental disorders, especially social anxiety disorder in people with epilepsy, along with the patient's dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about epilepsy, affect adaptation skills and the ability to cope with the problems of this chronic disease. General characteristics of epilepsy cause maladaptive coping strategies, high levels of anxiety, fear of being in public, and increased vulnerability of the epileptic person to social anxiety disorder.  Family function denotes family ability to adapt to the changes made during life, solving contradictions and conflicts, solidarity between members and success in disciplinary patterns, observing the limits of individuals and the enforcement of the laws and regulations governing this institution with the aim of protecting the whole system. Family functioning refers to the family's ability to adapt to changes in life, Resolving contradictions and conflicts, Solidarity between members, and respect for boundaries. People with epilepsy receive the most treatment in the community from the family as the primary caregiver, which is the most important component of social support that is an important protective effect in the relationship between illness and health. Although there have been researches aimed at investigating the anxiety of patients with epilepsy or research aimed at investigating the stigma of epilepsy, the relationship between epilepsy and the stigma of the disease and social anxiety has not been investigated, considering the important role of the family, especially in the form of structural equations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between disease stigma and social anxiety considering the mediating role of family function in patients with epilepsy. Methods: The study design was descriptive-correlation and the study population include all epileptic patients were referred to clinics and hospitals of Isfahan in 2018. After obtaining a code of ethics and coordinating with the education and protection departments of hospitals, 117 patients with epilepsy- based on specialist physician's diagnosis- selected by convenient sampling which evaluated by the questionnaires of Stigma Scale for, Social Phobia Inventory and Family Function Assessment. In selecting the research sample, the inclusion criteria were conscious satisfaction and the right to cancel the continuation of the research and the ability to read and write, and also the exclusion criteria was Failure to complete the questionnaire questions. The mentioned sampling started from the beginning of April 2018 and continued for 3 months. In selecting the research sample, the inclusion criteria were 1- informed consent and the right to withdraw from the research, 2- the ability to read and write, and the exit criteria of not completing the questionnaire questions were considered. The mentioned sampling started from the beginning of May 2017 and continued for 3 months until the end of July. The data were analyzed by using Structural Modeling in Smart PLS. 3.2.8. Results: Path analysis has been used to investigate the mediating role of family functioning components in the relationship between disease stigma and social anxiety. Considering the non-significance of Shapiro-Wilk test values, it can be said that the distribution of the studied scales was normal. Path analysis has been used to investigate the mediating role of family functioning components in the relationship between disease stigma and social anxiety. All fitness indicators of the most assumed models are above the desired value and are at a good level, which indicates a good fit of the model. The results confirmed the mediation role of the components of problem solving, roles, affective responsiveness and behavioral control among the epileptic patients (p<0.05), however the mediating role of the components of communication, affective involvement and general family functioning not significant in the relationship between disease stigma and social anxiety in patients with epilepsy (p>0.05). But in general, the mediating role of family functioning variable was not approved (p>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be said that the stigma of epilepsy as a chronic disease can cause anxiety and social isolation in these patients, which can lead to a wide range of disorders and problems such as depression, inability to make friends and academic and professional failure. However, family functioning can reduce the negative emotional burden of the disease and the social problems that result from it, especially in areas such as emotional support and problem solving. Research in this area can also have therapeutic implications and clarify the need for specific treatment plans for this group of patients and their families for mental health policy makers and it can be effective in reducing the problems caused by the disease and their other negative consequences, which allocates a large part of human and financial resources. According to results, the disease stigma increase social anxiety in patients with epilepsy, but family function could be mediate this effect. Due to the fact that the research method was descriptive correlational, as a result, it is not possible to infer causal relationships from the findings of this study; Also, due to the limited sample population and from the place where sampling was available, therefore, he acted more cautiously in generalizing the findings. It is suggested that future researches investigate this model using random sampling to increase the internal validity of the research. It can be effective to prepare a psychological profile and identify and screen people who are exposed to family problems and psychological injuries and prioritize training and psychological interventions for them.It can be said that the stigma of epilepsy as a chronic disease can cause anxiety and social isolation of these patients, which itself can create a wide range of disorders and problems such as depression, problems in making friends. Finding and failing academically and professionally; however, family functioning, especially in areas such as emotional support and problem solving, can reduce the negative emotional burden of this disease and the resulting social problems.}, Keywords = {Family functioning, Stigma, Social anxiety, Epilepsy}, volume = {29}, Number = {5}, pages = {1-15}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مدل‌یابی ساختاری رابطه‌ استیگمای بیماری با اضطراب اجتماعی با توجه به نقش واسطه‌ای عملکرد خانوادگی در بیماران مبتلا به صرع}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: صرع به‌شدت بر زندگی افراد مبتلا به آن تأثیر می‌گذارد و با کاهش سلامت جسمی و روانی آنان موجب بروز اختلالات روان‌پزشکی می‌شود. صرع یکی از بیماری‌های شایع و مزمن نورولوژیکی است که در عین­حال می‌تواند مشکلات روان­شناختی زیادی برای افراد مبتلا به این بیماری ایجاد کند. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی رابطه استیگمای بیماری با اضطراب اجتماعی در بیماران مبتلا به صرع با توجه به نقش واسطه­ای مولفه­های عملکرد خانوادگی بوده است. روش کار: طرح پژوهش حاضر از نوع پژوهش­های توصیفی به شیوه معادلات ساختاری بوده است. 117 بیمار مبتلا به صرع-بر اساس تشخیص پزشک متخصص- به شیوه نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شده و به وسیله پرسشنامه­‌های مقیاس استیگمای صرع، پرسشنامه هراس اجتماعی و پرسشنامه ابزار سنجش خانواده مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. نمونه‌گیری ذکر شده از اوایل اردیبهشت ماه 1397 آغاز و تا آخر تیرماه به مدت 3 ماه ادامه داشت. داده­ها با استفاده از روش مدل­یابی ساختاری تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: شاخص‌های برازندگی اکثر مدل‌های مفروض بالاتر از مقدار مطلوب و در سطح خوبی قرار دارند که این مقدار حاکی از برازش خوب مدل است. نتایج حاکی از تایید نقش واسطه­ای تعدادی از مولفه‌های عملکرد خانوادگی شامل حل مسئله، نقش‌ها، پاسخگویی عاطفی و کنترل رفتاری در رابطه استیگمای بیماری با اضطراب اجتماعی در بین بیماران مصروع بود (05/0>p). اما نقش میانجی مولفه‌های ارتباط، آمیزش عاطفی و عملکرد کلی خانواده در رابطه استیگمای بیماری با اضطراب اجتماعی در بین بیماران مصروع معنادار به دست نیامد. نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده، استیگمای بیماری می­تواند اضطراب اجتماعی بیماران مبتلا به صرع را افزایش دهد ولی برخی از مولفه­های عملکرد خانوادگی می توانند این تاثیر را تعدیل کنند.}, keywords_fa = {عملکرد خانوادگی, استیگما, اضطراب اجتماعی, صرع}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6096-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6096-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Tavakoli-Yaraki, Masoumeh and Salimi, Vahid and Shahsavari, Zahr}, title = {Evaluation of the Effect of Proteasome Inhibitor (MG132) in Regulating Cell Death, Apoptosis, Caspase Activity, the Amount of Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Breast Cancer Cell Line (MCF-7)}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Breast cancer imposes a great burden of cancer-related mortality and morbidity in women worldwide. Scientific efforts are in progress to improve the efficiency of current therapeutic strategies and reduce chemoresistance (1). Due to the fact that the homeostasis of cancer cell growth is dependent on the balance between cell proliferation and cell death, the emerging role of pro-apoptotic agents to promote apoptosis and attenuate cancer cell evasion from apoptosis has opened up promising cancer therapeutic approaches (2). On the other hand, the process of protein breakdown, which involves the loss of toxic, incorrectly folded, or accumulated proteins play a critical role in normal cell fate. The protein breakdown is mainly implemented by the proteasome system that breaks the proteins into short peptides and their constituent amino acids and transfer them to the cytoplasm to reuse in the synthesis of new proteins (3). If protein breakdown is disrupted, the accumulation of incorrectly folded proteins leads to errors and induction of apoptosis (4). Due to the great importance of proteosomes for cells, inhibition of their function has been proposed as a way to induce apoptosis in cancer cells (5). MG132 has been considered as a proteosome pathway inhibitor and postulated to regulate cancer cell growth and death, recently (6). It has been proposed that MG132 synergized with bevacizumab and/or cisplatin to inhibit cancer cell proliferation by triggering reactive oxygen species generation (6-8). However, the lack of sufficient evidence regarding the relevance of MG132 on breast cancer cell growth provoked us to unravel the possible effect of MG132 and its underlying mechanism in breast cancer. Thus, this study is designed to elucidate the effect of MG132 on growth regulation and induction of apoptosis by emphasizing the role of caspases, reactive oxygen species, and mitochondria in MCF-7 cancer cells. Methods: In this study, the human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 which pathologically originated from invasive carcinoma of the ducts of the breast was obtained from Pasture Institute of Iran and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum, 100 U/ml of penicillin and 100 µg/ml of streptomycin and maintained at 37 ºC, 5% CO2 and 100% humidity in the incubator. Cells were treated with different concentrations of MG132 (0.5, 1, 5, and 10 μmol) at incubation times of 12, 24, and 48 hours. The cytotoxic effect of MG132 on MCF-7 growth was investigated using MTT assay and the results were expressed in terms of the percentage of viable cells relative to the control. Annexin-V-FITC staining and PI staining were used to diagnose early and late apoptosis using flow cytometry. The level of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) was investigated using JC-1 lipophilic dye and its accumulation in mitochondria, which is associated with fluorescence emission and change of emission from green (520 nm) to red (590 nm). The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after treatment with different concentrations of MG132 was performed using a fluorescence probe dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). To evaluate the possible involvement of caspases, the activity of caspase 3 and caspase 8 was examined by the ELISA method. To determine the specificity and accuracy, all experiments were repeated at least three times. The non-parametric one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dennet’s post hoc test and Tukey´s post hoc test were applied for analysis of differences using Graph Pad Prism version 7 (Graph Pad Software, San Diego California) Results: Based on data, a significant reduction in the percentage of viable breast cancer cells (MCF-7) was detected following treatment by MG132 that was occurred in a dose and time-dependent manner. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with 5 μmol and 10 μmol of MG132 for 48 hours reduced cell viability by about 40% and 50%, respectively. Annexin-V and PI double staining method was applied to evaluate whether the cytotoxic effect of MG132 was related to the induction of apoptosis. According to the protocol, annexin-V positive, PI negative cells accounts as early apoptotic cells and annexin-V positive, PI-positive cells account for late apoptotic cells. Decreasing the percentage of viable cells after treatment with 5 and 10 μmol of MG132 after 48 hours has increased the percentage of early apoptotic cells. The percentage of early apoptotic cells was 15% after treatment with 5 μmol of MG132 and 30% after treatment with 10 μmol of MG132. Also, due to the considerable role of the caspase cascade as executors of apoptosis, the activity of caspase 3 and 8 was assessed. A significant increase in the caspase-3 activity was observed after treatment with 10 μmol of MG132 in MCF-7 cells.  Also, the level of caspase-8 activity in the mentioned time showed a significant increase in both 5 and 10 μmol of MG132 indicating that the MG132-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells occurred in a caspase-dependent manner. Based on the results of this study, a significant increase in the intracellular ROS level of MCF-7 cells was observed while cells were treated with 5 and 10 μmol of MG132 for 48 hours. Increases in intracellular ROS levels indicate MG132-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells is associated with the induction of oxidative stress. Also, reduced mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm) reflects mitochondrial impairment and accounts as a hallmark of apoptosis (9). Our data showed that treatment of MCF-7 cells with 1, 5, and 10 μmol of MG132 for 48 hours, reduced the mitochondria membrane potential significantly, indicating the fact that MG132 influences mitochondria to induce apoptosis in breast cancer. Conclusion: The data presented in this study revealed that MG132 inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells and induces apoptosis by activating caspases 3 and 8, increasing intracellular ROS level, and decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). Also, our results showed a significant difference in the effect of MG132 on the mentioned assays in untreated (control) breast cancer cells compared to the treated cells and the observed effects on the treated cells depending on the concentration of MG132. These results emphasize the effective role of inhibiting the proteosome system through MG132 in stopping the proliferation of MCF-7 cells and inducing apoptosis and the potential of this combination to design more effective therapies in controlling the growth of breast cancer cells.  }, Keywords = {MG132, Apoptosis, Cell Death, Breast Cancer, Caspase}, volume = {29}, Number = {5}, pages = {16-30}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی تاثیر مهارکننده پروتئازوم (MG132) در تنظیم مرگ سلولی، آپوپتوز، فعالیت کاسپازها، میزان گونه‌های فعال اکسیژن و پتانسیل غشای میتوکندری در رده سلولی سرطان سینه (MCF-7)}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: MG132  به عنوان مهارکننده مسیر پروتئوزوم در تنظیم احتمالی مرگ سلول‌های سرطانی مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. این مطالعه با هدف روشن کردن اثر احتمالی MG132 بر تنظیم رشد و القای  آپوپتوز با تاکید بر نقش کاسپاز‌ها، گونه‌های فعال اکسیژن و میتوکندری در سلول‌های سرطانیMCF-7  طراحی شده است. روش کار: مطالعه حاضر از نوع مطالعات علوم پایه و در سطح سلول می‌باشد. برای این منظور، سلول‌های MCF-7 در گروه‌های تیمار با  غلظت‌های مختلف MG132 (0.5، 1، 5 و 10 میکرومول)  در زمان‌های انکوباسیون 12، 24 و 48 ساعت قرار گرفتند. اثر سمیت سلولی MG132 بر رشد MCF-7  با استفاده از روش MTT بررسی گردید. رنگ آمیزی Annexin-V-FITC و رنگ آمیزی PI برای تشخیص آپوپتوز اولیه و تاخیری  با استفاده از فلوسیتومتری استفاده گردید.  سطح پتانسیل غشای میتوکندری Δψm)) با استفاده از رنگ لیپوفیل  JC-1 تغییر رنگ و جذب نوری حاصل از آن،  تشکیل گونه‌های فعال  اکسیژن  (ROS) با استفاده از پروب فلورسنس 2′,7′ -dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) و فعالیت کاسپاز‌های 3 و 8  به روش الایزا مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. برای تجزیه و تحلیل و مقایسه داده‌ها از تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه ناپارامتریک (ANOVA) با آزمون تعقیبی Dennet و آزمون تعقیبی توکی با استفاده از نرم افزار GraphPad Prism استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها: بر اساس نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه،  MG132 باعث ایجاد القای مرگ سلولی در حالت وابسته به دوز و زمان در سلول‌های سرطانی MCF-7 گردید. کاهش درصد سلول‌های زنده پس از تیمار با غلظت‌های 5 و 10 میکرومول از MG132 پس از 48 ساعت منجر به افزایش درصد سلول‌های آپوپتوزی اولیه و نیز افزایش فعالیت آنزیم‌های کاسپاز 3 و کاسپاز 8 در این سلول‌ها گردید. همچنین نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که القای آپوپتوز در سلول‌های MCF-7 بدنبال تیمار با MG132 با افزایش معنی دار تولید ROS درون سلولی  (01/0P<)  و نیز کاهش قابل توجه پتانسیل غشای میتوکندری (001/0P<) همراه است. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج مطالعه حاضر بر نقش موثر مهار سیستم پروتئوزوم ازطریق MG132 در توقف تکثیر سلول‌های MCF-7 و القای آپوپتوز و پتانسیل این ترکیب برای طراحی روش‌های درمانی مؤثرتر در کنترل رشد سلول‌های سرطانی سینه تاکید دارد.}, keywords_fa = {MG132, آپوپتوز, مرگ سلولی, سرطان سینه, کاسپاز}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7268-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7268-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Rakhshanizade, Abdolali and Banaeifar, Abdolali and Hajrasouli, Masoud and Arshadi, Saj}, title = {The Effect of A Resistance Training Course on Drp1 Level in Heart Tissue of Obese Rats with Type 2 Diabetes}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Diabetes is the most common cause of renal diseases, new cases of blindness, and non-traumatic amputation. Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases among Type 2 diabetic patients is four times more than other individuals of a society (4). Diabetic cardiomyopathy is the deterioration of performance and morphology of myocardium which results from disturbances of glucose hemostasis in the diabetic condition and occurs independently from coronary disease. In the cell level, diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by hypertrophy of the heart cells, fibrosis, and apoptosis (5). Shortage of energy in the heart muscle is related to the commencement and development of different heart diseases including the conditions observed during insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes (6). In the condition of insulin resistance, the power of heart muscle declines to use glucose as the source of energy. This change in the preferred substrate has a vital role in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy (7). Mitochondria are highly congested in the heart and occupy 30 percent of heart cells, and produce over 90 percent of intracellular ATP which is consumed by heart (8). Therefore, many studies, nowadays, have focused on the mitochondrial function disorder as a causative factor for metabolic disorders and heart diseases which are connected with insulin resistance.  Mitochondria are dynamic organelles which continuously change their morphology in response to intercellular conditions through fusion and fission, and a change in the balance of these processes affects different biological events including cell division, apoptosis, autophagy, and metabolism (9). Mitochondrial fission is mainly controlled by the protein which is connected to cytoplasmic dynamin GTPases 1 (Drp1) (10).   To the best knowledge of the researchers of the present study, there are few studies which particularly show the direct relationship between cardiac mitochondria fission, insulin resistance and diabetes type 2. However, it is well known that the main contributor which triggers diabetic cardiomyopathy is the oxidative stress resulted from hyperglycemia (11). Makino et al. in a different but related model showed that mitochondria fragmentation in the cardiac endothelial cells which were obtained from the heart of diabetic rats resulted in an increase in the level of Drp 1 (15). Sports and exercises are prescribed as a part of therapeutic methods for heart disease patients since these activities decrease heart risk factors, protect myocardium and improve heart performance (18). Exercises are also suggested as a non-medicinal therapy for type 2 diabetic patients because they have numerous benefits including improvement of insulin sensitivity and weight loss (19-21). The present experimental study was designed aiming to investigate the effect of one course of resistance training on the fasting levels of blood glucose and insulin also Drp1 in the cardiac tissue of type-2 diabetic obese rats.  Methods: In order to conduct the present study, initially 14 Wistar male rats with an average age of 10 weeks and average weight 220 ± 20 were obtained from Pasteur Institute of Iran. The rats were then randomly divided into two groups of control (7 rats) and resistance training (7 rats). To induce diabetes type 2, the rats were initially fed a high-fat diet. After the rats reached the required weight, they were made diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (25 ml / per kg of weight).  Resistance training protocol: the rats in the resistance training group participated in an 8-week resistance training program (5 sessions a week) starting at the 18th week. Each session included 5 sets; and each set consisted of 4 repetitions of carrying a weight through the ladder with rest intervals of 2 minutes between sets and 30 seconds between repetitions. The applied exercise load was as follow: First week: 30 percent of the body weight, Second week: 40 percent of the body weight, Third week: 50 percent of the body weight, Fourth week: 60 percent of the body weight, Fifth week: 70 percent of the body weight, Sixth week: 80 percent of the body weight, Seventh week: 90 percent of the body weight, Eighth week: 100 percent of the body weight (24). All the animals were anesthetized by the intraperitoneal injection of mixture of Ketamine 10% with the dose of 50 mg per kg of weight and Xylazine 2% with the dose of 10 mg per kg of weight. The rats were anesthetized 48 hours after the last training session and in a nocturnal fasting status. After the anesthetization was fully done, the chest of the animal was incised using a scalpel and blood samples were directly collected from the heart of the animal. It should be mentioned that all steps of the present research were conducted based on the by-law of “Research Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University” with the ethical code of IR.SSRC.REC.1398.043. The Drp1 gene expression level was measured using Real time – PCR. The software of SPSS 16 was employed for data analysis. Kolmogorov- Smirnov test was used to examine the normality of data distribution.  Independent T-test was employed to examine the difference between the groups. p≤0.05 was considered significant. Results: The results of the present study showed that resistance training caused a reduction in the blood glucose level of the rats in the experimental group compared to the diabetic control group rats (p≤0.001). Blood insulin level in the trained diabetic rats was significantly higher compared to the rats in the control diabetic group(p≤0.01). Expression of the Drp 1 gene was significant lower in the experimental trained rats compared to the rats of the control diabetic group (p≤0.001). Generally, the results of the present study revealed that one course of resistance training can decrease blood glucose level by improving lowered insulin levels. Also, resistance training can lead to a balance in the biogenesis by negative regulation of mitochondrial over-fission. Conclusion: According to the findings of the study, diabetic patients are recommended to take resistance training under the supervision of the physician to reduce obesity and diabetes complications.  }, Keywords = {Type 2 diabetes, Resistance training, Insulin, Dynamin related protein 1, Rats}, volume = {29}, Number = {5}, pages = {31-40}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر یک دوره تمرین مقاومتی بر سطح Drp1 در بافت قلب رت‌های چاق مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: شکافت میتوکندری قلبی با مقاومت به انسولین در دیابت نوع دو نقش اساسی دارد. هدف از انجام تحقیق تجربی حاضر بررسی تاثیر یک دوره تمرین مقاومتی بر سطح Drp1 در بافت قلب رت­های چاق مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 بود. روش کار: برای انجام این تحقیق 14 سر رت نر ویستار 10 هفته­ای از مرکز انستیتو پاستور ایران تهیه شده و به طور تصادفی به دو گروه کنترل و تمرین مقاومتی تقسیم شدند. ابتدا رت­ها هشت هفته رژیم غذایی پرچرب دریافت کرده و پس از رسیدن به وزن مطلوب با تزریق STZ (25 میلی­لیتر بر کیلوگرم وزن بدن) دیابتی شدند. پروتکل تمرین مقاومتی شامل 5 جلسه، هر جلسه 5 ست 4 تکراری در هفته اول با 30 درصد وزن بدن شروع شده و در هفته هشتم به 100 درصد وزن بدن رسید. میزان بیان ژن Drp1 با استفاده از روش Real time – PCR اندازه­گیری شد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از آزمون t مستقل در سطح معنی­داری P<0.05 استفاده شد. یافته­‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که تمرین مقاومتی باعث کاهش سطح گلوکز خون در مقایسه با گروه دیابتی کنترل شد (001/0≥p). سطح انسولین خون رت­های دیابتی تمرین­کرده در مقایسه با گروه کنترل دیابتی به طور معنی­داری بیشتر بود (01/0≥p). بیان ژن Drp1 در گروه دیابتی تمرین­کرده در مقایسه با گروه دیابتی کنترل کاهش معنی­داری نشان داد (001/0≥p). نتیجه­‌گیری: با توجه به یافته­های تحقیق استفاده از تمرینات مقاومتی جهت کاهش عوارض چاقی و دیابت با مشورت پزشک به افراد دیابتی توصیه می­شود.  }, keywords_fa = {دیابت نوع 2, تمرین مقاومتی, انسولین, پروتئین مرتبط با داینامین-1, رت‌های صحرایی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6020-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6020-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Shajari, Farzaneh and Aghayousefi, Alireza and Agahheris, Mojg}, title = {The Effect of Coping Therapy on Stress in Women with Type 2 Diabetes}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic disorders in the world, which has been increasing at an alarming rate since the start of the 21st century, driven by health determinants (1). Characteristics of this medical disorder are hyperglycemia, impaired metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins accompanied by a complete defect or partial use of insulin in the body (2). According to the report of the World Health Organization, the report in 2016 was equal to 10.3% in the adult population of Iran, which was 9.6% for men and 11.1% for females (5). Approximately 4.2 million adults aged 20–79 years are estimated to die as a result of diabetes and its complications in 2019. This is equivalent to one death every eight seconds. Almost half (46.2%) of deaths associated with diabetes among the 20–79 years age group are in people under the age of 60 years- the working-age group. Globally, there are more deaths associated with diabetes in women (2.3 million) than in men (1.9 million) (7). On the other hand, about half of the cases of diabetes in the world are unknown, and annually more than 1 million people in the world and 38 thousand people in Iran die due to complications of diabetes (8). In Iran, as a developing country where people are transitioning from a rural and active lifestyle to an urban one, the incidence of diabetes is also increasing day by day. In fact, with the lifestyle of apartment living, the prevalence of fast food and low nutritional value, sedentary lifestyle, weight gain, environmental stress in Iran, diabetes statistics are increasing. Evidence shows that about 5.5 million people in Iran have diabetes and it is estimated that by 1404, one in seven Iranians will develop diabetes (9). Given that numerous studies have been conducted in the field of Cognitive Therapy in the field of health and diabetes, but so far, no research has been done before to evaluate the effectiveness of the approach of Cognitive (Coping Therapy) on stress in female patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, to estimate the validity of Coping therapy, it is necessary to do more research is needed. So, the purpose of this study is to investigate. The effectiveness of Coping Therapy was on stress in female patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The design of this research is a semi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test in an experimental group, and a control group with follow-up. in this research, intervention methods as an independent variable in two levels of intervention were based on Coping therapy and non-intervention and stress variables along with its 9 subscales were considered as dependent variables. The statistical population of this study consisted of all women with type 2 diabetes referred to Resalat Tehran Medical Laboratory and considering that the present study, among all diabetic patients, only to type 2 diabetic women referred to Resalat Tehran Medical Laboratory, for that reason study prototyping was available. Therefore, in this study, after public announcement through random phone calls among the patients of the Laboratory, while conducting an exclusive interview and obtaining written consent to participate in the study, among 35 women 35 to 65 years old volunteered and available, according to inclusion criteria: Willingness to cooperate with the project, age range 35 to 65 years, having type 2 diabetes, having diabetes for more than one year, higher education diploma, no pregnancy and lactation, no insulin use, no other physical illness (by visiting patients by a physician), no disabling psychological disorders (with a diagnostic interview by a clinical psychologist based on DSM-5), 30 persons in 2 groups of 15 were randomly selected and assigned as participants in two groups of CT and control, which for It is also desirable to predict the subject's decline. After the drop among subjects, this number reached 23 persons and considering that 4 persons from the Coping therapy group and 3 persons from the control group according to the exclusion criteria: insulin consumption, pregnancy, physical illness Other than diabetes, having psychological disorders, not attending two consecutive sessions, and reasons such as air pollution and relocation and refusing to participate in the study were excluded from the study. Therefore, intervention and data analysis were performed with 11 patients in the CT group and 12 patients in the control group. Candidates were assessed using the McCubbin Stress and Life Change Questionnaire as a pre-test. Intervention by a protocol of complete package of Coping Therapy by Aghayousefi 2001 (27), adapted from Lazarus and Folkman's 1984 theories of stress and coping (28), introduced and invented; and their effectiveness has been confirmed in Aqhayousefi's research (27, 29), used to manage stress. In the CT treatment program, the first session was devoted to the introduction of protocol, pre-test implementation, 1 month after the last session of post-test, and 3 months later to the follow-up test, and the subjects underwent Coping therapy for 8 weeks. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software version 24, and after examining the concepts of the test, the repeated measures analysis of variance test was increased. Results: Findings from changes in the scores of CT and control groups in stress variables and its 9 subscales showed that changes in total stress scores and stress subscales due to financial pressures and stress due to illness and nursing of family members in the treatment group compared to the control group is significant P<0.05. Therefore, therapeutic coping has been effective in reducing the overall stress index. The two subscales of financial pressures and stress caused by the disease and the difference were significant compared to the control group P<0.05. There were no significant differences between the other coping scales of treatment and control under stress scales (P>0.05). Conclusion: The study showed that Coping therapy was capable to reduce the overall stress score and lead to a reduction in stress subscales (stress due to financial pressures and disease stress).}, Keywords = {Coping Therapy (CT), Stress, Diabetes}, volume = {29}, Number = {5}, pages = {41-52}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر مقابله درمانگری بر استرس در زنان مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: دیابت یکی از بیماری‌های متابولیک و شایع است که علاوه بر هزینه‌های زیاد تأثیرات روانی بسزایی نیز بر جای می‌گذارد. هدف این پژوهش تعیین اثر بخشی مداخله مقابله درمانگری (CT) بر استرس در بیماران زن دیابتی نوع 2 بود. روش کار: این مطالعه یک طرح نیمه‌آزمایشی بود، که با طرح پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون و پیگری در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل اجرا شد. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه بیماران زن دیابتی نوع 2 مراجعه‌کننده به آزمایشگاه طبی رسالت واقع در شهر تهران بود، که به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس 23 نفر به صورت تصادفی در گروه آزمایش و کنترل گمارده شدند. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامه استرس و تغییرات زندگی مک‌کابین 1991 استفاده گردید. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از تحلیل واریانس با اندازه‌گیری مکرر استفاده شد. یافته‌‌ها: نتایج حاصل از یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که مقابله درمانگری در کاهش میزان شاخص کلی استرس نسبت به گروه کنترل به طور معناداری مؤثر بوده است (01/0˂p)، و در میزان زیر مقیاس‌های استرس ناشی از فشارهای مالی، استرس ناشی از بیماری و پرستاری از اعضای خانواده نیز تفاوت معناداری بین گروه مقابله درمانگری و کنترل وجود دارد (04/0˂p)، (007/0˂p). نتیجه‌گیری: مطالعه نشان داد که مقابله درمانگری توانست نمره کل استرس و استرس ناشی از فشارهای مالی، استرس ناشی از بیماری و پرستاری از اعضای خانواده را در بیماران زن دیابتی نوع 2 کاهش دهد، بنابراین پیشنهاد می‌گردد از مقابله درمانگری برای کاهش استرس بیماران دیابتی استفاده گردد.  }, keywords_fa = {مقابله درمانگری, استرس,دیابت}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7241-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7241-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {NooriSangdehi, Samane and SaffarianHamedani, Saeid and Taghvaeeyazdi, Maryam}, title = {Investigating the Dimensions of Social Capital in Medical Universities (Case Study: Mazandaran)}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Today, the health system is experiencing uncertain conditions in developed and developing countries. These conditions have been created in developing countries due to financial instability and lack of development and achievement of health standards, and in developed countries due to lack of achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. In the last three decades, health care organizations, especially hospitals, have been transitioning from traditional to new methods. In today's world, health perspectives have a broader perspective and special attention has necessarily been paid to non-medical determinants of health. Each of these determinants, by themselves or through their influence on each other, strongly affects the state of health and causes injustices in the state of health. Social capital is one of the social determinants of health that has attracted much attention. The concept of social capital has been introduced as a multidimensional concept in the social sciences and is influential in many areas of society and has found a special place in the foundations related to development, so that some consider it a missing link in development. Arguing that people with high social capital are more inclined to live healthier and happier lives and to participate in social activities in communities. Social capital is often described as an intangible asset that can be a source of competitive advantage, value creation, and employees' desire to prioritize organizational interests over individual interests. Instead of emphasizing formal oversight and providing economic incentives, social capital increases flexibility in the organization and improves performance by emphasizing identity, organizational trust, and teamwork. Social capital is not a single issue; Rather, there are various types of categories that have two features in common; One is that they all involve an aspect of social construction, and the other is that they facilitate certain actions of the people who put them within the structure. Social capital, neither in individuals nor in the physical means of production; Rather, it is formed and developed in social relations. Social capital in fact refers to common ideals, social harmony and cohesion, trust, honesty and mutual respect of individuals towards each other, observance of values and norms and ethical principles, avoidance of any pretense in behavior. Social capital is one of the characteristics of social organizations that has been introduced to facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit and can be effective in fostering society and increasing social participation. Social capital theory describes the social resources in the workplace that enable employees to be effective in addition to influencing the resources available in the workplace. Social capital is very important for the strength of communities. In the past, many communities accepted social capital as the foundation and principle in their organizations, and social capital acted not only as the only social security network, but also as social support, which was clearly present in communities with Economic adequacy has been shown. Social capital is one of the social determinants of health that has attracted much attention. Therefore, in the present study, it seeks to study the dimensions of social capital in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and thus helps to expand the boundaries of existing knowledge in this field. Methods: This research is mixed-survey in terms of method. The study population in the qualitative section included the president of the university, managers of the department, the director and managers of the eight vice-chancellors of the university and the dean of nine affiliated faculties of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, approximately 45 people, and in the quantitative part included the staff of the University of Medical Sciences. The number of health services in Mazandaran and its affiliated colleges was 2016. In the qualitative part, sampling was done by snowball sampling method and 20 people were selected and in the quantitative part, it was done by sampling multi-stage relative classes with Cochran's formula and 323 people. In this study, due to the fact that the data collection method was a researcher-made questionnaire, which consisted of two parts, including general questions and specialized questions (including 30 items). Delphi technique was used to analyze the data in the qualitative part and the structural equation method (SEM) and AMOS software were used in the quantitative part. Results: The results showed that the standard factor coefficient dimension of participation in the organization in explaining social capital, equal to 0.46, sense of security and trust equal to 0.71, identity equal to 0.75, requirements and expectations equal to 0.65, Empathy with the work environment is equal to 0.70, social cooperation in the real and virtual world is equal to 0.75, and the P-value is less than 0.05, the result that, from the perspective of those present in the study, these variables in explaining capital Are socially effective. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that today social capital plays a much more important role than physical and human capital in organizations and communities and is cohesive between individuals and groups and organizations with social capital. Organizations with strong ties, shared norms and beliefs, trust and cooperation can be defined.  }, Keywords = {Social Capital, Empathy, Social Cooperation, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, volume = {29}, Number = {5}, pages = {53-63}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی ابعاد سرمایه اجتماعی در دانشگاه‌های علوم پزشکی (مطالعه موردی: مازندران)}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: سرمایه اجتماعی، یکی از تعیین­کننده­های اجتماعی سلامت است که توجه زیادی را به خود جلب نموده است. لذا در پژوهش حاضر به دنبال بررسی ابعاد سرمایه اجتماعی در دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران بوده و از این طریق به گسترش مرزهای دانش موجود در این حوزه کمک می­نماید. روش کار: این تحقیق از نظر روش، آمیخته- پیمایشی می‌باشد. جامعه مورد بررسی در بخش کیفی شامل ریاست دانشگاه، مدیران حوزه ریاست، ریاست و مدیران معاونت­های هشتگانه دانشگاه و ریاست نه دانشکده وابسته) دانشگاه علوم پزشکی استان مازندران به تعداد تقریبی 45 نفر بود و در بخش کمی شامل کارکنان ستاد دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی مازندران و دانشکده­های زیرمجموعه، به تعداد 2016 نفر بود. در بخش کیفی، نمونه­گیری به روش نمونه­گیری گلوله برفی صورت پذیرفته و 20 نفر انتخاب گردیدند و در بخش کمی، به صورت نمونه­گیری طبقه­ای نسبی چندمرحله­ای با فرمول کوکران و به تعداد 323 نفر بود. در این پژوهش با توجه به این که روش گردآوری اطلاعات از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته استفاده شد که این پرسشنامه شامل دو بخش شامل سوالات عمومی و سوالات تخصصی (شامل 30 گویه) بود. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها در بخش کیفی از تکنیک دلفی استفاده گردید و در بخش کمی از روش معادلات سارختاری (SEM) و نرم افزار AMOS استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که ضریب عاملی استاندارد بعد مشارکت در سازمان در تبیین سرمایه اجتماعی، برابر با 46/0، احساس امنیت و اعتماد برابر با 71/0، هویت برابر با 75/0، الزامات و انتظارات برابر با 65/0، همدلی با محیط کار برابر با 70/0، همکاری اجتماعی در دنیای واقعی و مجازی برابر با 75/0، بوده و مقدار P-Value کمتر از 05/0 است، نتیجه اینکه، از دیدگاه حاضرین در تحقیق، این متغیرها در تبیین سرمایه اجتماعی موثر هستند. نتیجه ­گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که امروزه سرمایه اجتماعی، نقشی بسیار مهمتر از سرمایه فیزیکی و انسانی در سازمان­ها و جوامع ایفا می­کند و انسجام بخش میان افراد و گروه­ها است و سازمان­های دارای سرمایه اجتماعی را می­توان سازمان­هایی با پیوندهای محکم، هنجارها و باورهای مشترک، اعتماد و همکاری تعریف کرد.}, keywords_fa = {سرمایه اجتماعی, همدلی, همکاری اجتماعی, دانشگاه‌‌های علوم پزشکی مازندران}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6938-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6938-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Negabi, Fateme and Naghibi, Saeed and Mardalizade, Haniye and Soori, Rahm}, title = {The Effect of Physical Activity on Serum Oxytocin Levels and Depression During Pregnancy and Postpartum in Female Mice}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Mothers experience hormonal changes and mood disorders during pregnancy. Oxytocin plays a central role in the nervous system in both directions of the mother-infant relationship. In the mother's body, this hormone is normally present in the hormonal cycle and is released from the posterior pituitary gland, and also plays an important role during vaginal stimulation and delivery by acting on receptors (3). The onset of depressive symptoms in the first two weeks after delivery is directly related to a decrease in plasma oxytocin levels during pregnancy, which impairs the emotional adjustment of mother and baby (42). Since physical activity leads to stress in the body and improves blood circulation in the heart and blood vessels, which stimulates the posterior pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin; Exercise can increase oxytocin levels in pregnant women (5). There are drug restrictions for mothers in the treatment of depression during pregnancy and postpartum. Postpartum depression is a condition characterized by persistent experiences of sadness or decreased ability to experience pleasure, irritability, low self-esteem, and overt anxiety (2). Depression in pregnant women is a threat not only to the health of the mother, but also to the health of the baby. Depressive disorders may affect the baby from the embryonic stage, and may also affect the delivery process and the mother-baby relationship in later years. It is important to note that even regular walks that are low-intensity exercise during pregnancy can significantly reduce depressive symptoms in pregnant women (17). Physical activity can also have a positive effect on depressive disorders. After exercise, endorphin levels rise, which is responsible for a more positive and happy mind. While depression reduces the levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine or dopamine, their concentration increases with physical activity (8). There is a sudden increase in body size and weight during pregnancy, while physical activity prevents overweight or obesity (11). Therefore, today, exercise for women during pregnancy and after is emphasized by experts (6). According to the American Congress of Midwifery, pregnant women can exercise for 30 minutes or more a day with moderate intensity during pregnancy, but not every day of the week, if there is no ban. High-intensity exercise is not recommended during pregnancy due to insufficient studies on the level of intensity (1). However, it should be borne in mind that for the safety of pregnant women and children, all activities should be performed in consultation with a gynecologist. If the type of physical activity is carefully selected and whether it is done under supervision or without supervision (optional exercise), statistically significant results will be achieved in reducing depressive symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise on serum oxytocin levels and depression during pregnancy and postpartum in female mice. Methods: This study is an experimental study that was performed in the laboratory on mice and is applied in terms of purpose. Sixty healthy female NMRI mice with an approximate age of 80-90 days and weighing 22-25 g were prepared from Pasteur Institute of Iran and kept in light conditions for 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness at a temperature of 23 ± 1 °C. Adequate food was provided to them. NMRI mice, after two weeks of adaptation, were given one male for each female to mate, and they were placed in a cage several times to obtain the required number of pregnant mice. Then, the next morning, the vaginal plaque was checked as a pregnancy indicator. Thus, 40 female mice became pregnant and these mice, in which vaginal plaque was seen, were considered as the first day of pregnancy and the animals were transferred to separate cages. Inside the cage of each pregnant animal were two rotating wheels for exercise. By the end of the study, the rotating wheels were inside the animal cage. In this study, animals were divided into four groups to measure depression and oxytocin levels during pregnancy and postpartum. There were 10 NMRI mice in each group. Group 1: Active female mice were tested for behavioral and hormonal disorders during pregnancy. Group 2: Active female mice underwent behavioral and hormonal tests in the post-pregnancy period. Group 3: Active female mice were tested for behavioral and hormonal measures during pregnancy. Group 4: Active female mice underwent behavioral and hormonal tests in the post-pregnancy period. Active group exercise was optional. Exercise and non-exercise rats in the pregnant group on the 18th day of gestation and exercise and non-exercise rats in the postpartum group were evaluated on the 7th day postpartum. First, each mouse was exposed to another unfamiliar mouse and gently placed in the opposite corners of a 20 × 80 × 80 cm square box and examined for 7 minutes. The amount of time animals spend interacting with each other is considered an indicator of depressive behavior. After behavioral assessments, deep anesthesia was performed with ketamine (50 mg / kg) and xylazine (5 mg / kg). The animal's breast was then dissected and blood was drawn from the heart. The vials containing blood were placed on an ice pack for 30 minutes, then centrifuged at serum at 2000 RPM for 15 minutes and stored at -20 ° C. Serum oxytocin levels were measured based on the method in the RayBiotech Co. kit using ELISA technique. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of data distribution. Levin test was used to evaluate the homogeneity and homogeneity of variance of dependent variable between different samples. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc test was used to evaluate the differences between the groups. All statistical tests were performed at the significance level of P <0.05 by SPSS software version 22. Results: The results showed that the mean changes of oxytocin during pregnancy and postpartum were significantly different between active and inactive groups. The results of the depression test showed that the duration of visit of mice between the active and inactive groups during pregnancy was not significantly different, but in the postpartum period in the active group, a significant change was observed .The test was based on social interaction, meaning that the longer the interaction, the better, and shows that depression is improving. Conclusion: Based on this study, it can be concluded that physical activity reduces the symptoms of depression during pregnancy and can be a safe preventive treatment. Physically active women have a lower risk of depression than inactive women. Physical activity also indirectly stimulates the secretion of oxytocin, which can reduce the symptoms of depression in the postpartum period. On the other hand, oxytocin secretion during pregnancy also has an advantage. It should also be noted that the introduction of physical activity during or before pregnancy does not always protect a pregnant woman from developing depression or does not affect its course during pregnancy. This indicates the existence of multifactorial dependence, where physical activity is only one component. It is difficult to determine the release of central oxytocin in humans, and the exact mechanism of the link between oxytocin and depression has not yet been determined, and these studies are mostly derived from animal studies. Overall, oxytocin is involved in the cause of depressive symptoms in the postpartum period and more research should be done on the neurological and endocrine aspects.  }, Keywords = {Depression, Exercise, Oxytocin, Postpartum, Pregnancy}, volume = {29}, Number = {5}, pages = {64-74}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر فعالیت بدنی بر سطوح هورمون اکسی توسین سرمی و افسردگی در دوره بارداری و پس از زایمان در موش های ماده}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: مادران در دوره بارداری دچار تغییرات هورمونی و اختلال در خلق و خوی می‌شوند. از طرفی در درمان افسردگی در دوره‌ی بارداری و بعد زایمان برای مادران محدودیت دارویی وجود دارد. هدف از این پژوهش تأثیر فعالیت ورزشی بر سطوح هورمون اکسی توسین سرمی  و افسردگی در دوره بارداری و پس از زایمان در موش‌های ماده بود. روش کار: 40 موش ماده سالم نژاد NMRI با سن تقریبی 80-90 روز و وزن 22-25 گرم به چهار گروه جهت سنجش افسردگی و هورمون اکسی توسین در دوره بارداری و پس از زایمان تقسیم شدند. فعالیت ورزشی گروه فعال به صورت اختیاری بود. مدت زمان ملاقات موش‌ها با هم دیگر به عنوان شاخص تست افسردگی بود. جهت بررسی نرمال بودن توزیع داده­ها از آزمون شاپیرو-ویلک، استفاده شد. کلیه آزمون­های آماری در سطح معنی­داری 05/0 > P و توسط نرم ­افزار SPSS نسخه 22 انجام شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد میانگین تغییرات اکسی توسین در دوران بارداری و  پس از زایمان بین گروه‌های فعال و غیرفعال تغییر معنی‌داری دارد. نتیجه تست افسردگی نشان داد که مدت زمان ملاقات موش‌ها بین گروه فعال و غیرفعال در دوره بارداری تغییر معنی‌داری ندارد اما در دوره پس از زایمان در گروه فعال، تغییر معنی دار مشاهده شد. نتیجه‌گیری: فعالیت بدنی علائم افسردگی در دوران بارداری را کاهش می‌دهد و می‌تواند نوعی درمان پیشگیرانه باشد. فعالیت بدنی می‌تواند موجب تحریک ترشح اکسی توسین شود که علایم مربوط به افسردگی در دوران پس از زایمان را نیز کاهش می‌دهد.  }, keywords_fa = {افسردگی, اکسی توسین, بارداری, پس از زایمان, ورزش}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7356-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7356-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {KoohiAchachlooi, Farhad and SeyedAmeri, Mir Hassan and Kashif, Seyed Mohamm}, title = {The Effect of Psychological Factors on Motivation of Children\'s Participation in Sport}, abstract ={& Aims: Regular sports participation has beneficial effects on physical, mental and social health. Also, it has positive effects on the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases, physical appearance, increase self-concept and external credibility, reduce suicidal ideation and significantly increase life expectancy (3). It is clear to all that increasing sports participation at the community level can lead to the development of health, economic and social issues (5). Sports capacities in different groups have been fully discussed and emphasized (6). Although children's motivation to participate in sports has been a common area of research, but so far, no purposeful and comprehensive effort has been made to improve the scientific evidence on the factors involved in children's motivation to participate in sports (9). There is widespread agreement that the main goals of children's sports are to provide innate experiences, motivate and maintain interest so that they tend to continue playing throughout their lives (14-11). Motivation is defined as all the internal motivations of behavior, whether born or acquired, conscious or unconscious (15). Although the reasons for participation in physical activity are very complex, but motivation is one of the most important factors that stimulate and maintain participation in physical activity (16). Motivation is a psychological concept that motivates a person to a desirable goal and is considered as a psychological force that includes the intention and direction of performing a particular behavior (17). Understanding the root causes that motivate children to engage in physical activity has been a very fundamental issue (18,19).  Sports participation is associated with many psychological and social benefits, beyond the benefits of physical activity, including improved self-control and emotional regulation (23). Various psychological factors can affect children's participation and motivation (24, 25). Participating in sports activities increases self-confidence among individuals. On the other hand, increasing self-confidence in turn increases self-esteem. Self-esteem is the degree of approval, approval, acceptance and value that a person feels towards himself (26). Social relationship takes place with different goals, including emotional, intellectual, value or traditional, and one of the situations in which the establishment of social relations and interactions has a special meaning is sports (29). Mousavi (2020) has investigated the relationship between support and social security with the participation of women in sports in Yasuj. Social support and its components had a positive and direct relationship with sports participation (33). The results of Arianpour et al. (2015) showed that there is a significant relationship between self-efficacy, family social support and friends' social support with sports participation of athletes with disabilities. Lack of attention to the psychological factors affecting the motivation of children's participation in the sport of volleyball has caused that today a suitable platform in the sport of volleyball in identifying and attracting children in this sport is not created. On the other hand, the uncertainty of psychological factors affecting the motivation of children's participation in volleyball has caused the capacity of the existing psychological structure in individual and environmental areas to improve the motivation of children's participation in volleyball. This has led to a full understanding of the research gap on the impact of psychological factors on children's motivation to participate in volleyball. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of psychological factors on motivation of children's participation in sport. Methods: The statistical population of this study is all children aged 9 to 11 years in Urmia that there was no complete information in this regard. According to the Cochran sample size formula in the conditions of uncertainty of the statistical population, 384 people were identified as the research sample. To collect data, the questionnaire of psychological factors of Bafandeh et al. (2020) and the questionnaire of motivation for sports participation of Gil et al. (1983) were used. In order to analyze the data of the present study, the structural equation method was used. The whole process of data analysis was performed in SPSS and PLS software. Results: The results showed that mental health, social interactions, social support, self-efficacy and self-esteem have a significant effect on motivation to participate in sports. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that mental health, social interactions, social support, self-efficacy and self-esteem have a significant effect on the motivation of children's sports participation in volleyball. Clancy et al. (2017) found that psychological issues play an important role in the development of sports participation (17). Also, Fry and Moore (2019) pointed out that paying attention to children's psychological issues can provide the ground for their participation in sports (19). Paying attention to psychological issues can guide people's decisions and this issue can seriously affect children's attitudes. Beliefs mean enjoyable, time consuming, friends and family members predicted intention and behavior in sports participation. Lack of self-confidence and self-efficacy in performing a skill, low understanding of competence and the need to feel competent lead to withdrawal from exercise (39). Based on the findings, it is concluded that psychological factors of mental health, social interactions, social support, self-efficacy and self-esteem significantly predict sports participation among children. According to the research findings, family, friends and other people who are in contact with children need to increase their participation in physical activities with their support and increase self-efficacy. Therefore, when the family takes care of the children and respects their sports desires and admires, loves and loves them, the person understands this support and continues to participate in activities. Sports are aroused. According to the results, the higher the self-esteem among children, the higher the motivation for their athletic progress. It can be said that self-esteem is a factor in psychological development in children and plays a significant role in the flow of thought, feelings, values and goals and motivates the development of sports among children. Social interactions among children positively lead to a desire to continue and participate in sports activities (42). Social interactions enhance exchanges between members or children, and exchanges between children in different groups have a positive effect on their behaviors and motivate them to participate in sports activities. Psychological issues such as mental health, social interactions, social support, self-efficacy and self-esteem can be important in creating a suitable mental environment in children for their presence in sports environments. The present study is limited to children of all children aged 9 to 11 years in Urmia, so generalization of results should be done with caution. Finally, it is suggested that people be made aware of the extent of their participation in physical activity, of what they really are at that level, be Action. Based on the results, it is necessary that psychological factors affecting the motivation of children's sports participation be considered by officials and experts in order to improve the mental and physical health of children in addition to increasing sports participation.}, Keywords = {Sport Participation, Motivation, Psychological}, volume = {29}, Number = {5}, pages = {75-86}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر عوامل روانشناختی موثر بر انگیزش مشارکت کودکان در ورزش}, abstract_fa ={پژوهش حاضر با هدف تاثیر عوامل روانشناختی موثر بر انگیزش مشارکت کودکان در ورزش طراحی و اجرا گردید. جامعه آماری این تحقیق  کلیه کودکان 9 تا 11 ساله ارومیه می باشد که اطلاعات کاملی در این خصوص وجود نداشتزمینه و هدف: شرکت در ورزش و سایر فعالیت‌های بدنی از سنین پایین برای کودکان مهم است تا زمینه‌ای برای تعامل جسمی مادام العمر در تجارب ورزشی سالم ایجاد کنند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تأثیر عوامل روان‌شناختی مؤثر بر انگیزش مشارکت کودکان در ورزش طراحی و اجرا گردید. روش کار: جامعه آماری این تحقیق  کلیه کودکان 9 تا 11 ساله ارومیه می‌باشد که اطلاعات کاملی در این خصوص وجود نداشت. بر حسب فرمول حجم نمونه کوکران در شرایط نامشخص بودن جامعه آماری، تعداد 384 نفر به عنوان نمونه تحقیق مشخص شدند.  جهت گردآوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامه­ پرسشنامه عوامل روان‌شناختی بافنده و همکاران (1399) و پرسشنامه انگیزش مشارکت ورزشی گیل و همکاران (1983) استفاده­ گردید. به منظور تحلیل داده‌های تحقیق حاضر از روش معادلات ساختاری استفاده گردید. کلیه روند تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌های تحقیق حاضر در نرم‌افزارهای SPSS  و PLS انجام گرفته بود.   یافته­ها: نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که سلامت روان، تعاملات اجتماعی، حمایت اجتماعی، خودکارآمدی و عزت نفس تأثیری معنادار بر انگیزش مشارکت ورزشی دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج لازم است که عوامل و فاکتورهای روان‌شناختی مؤثر بر انگیزه مشارکت ورزشی کودکان مورد توجه مسئولان و متخصصان امر قرار گیرد تا بتوان علاوه بر افزایش مشارکت ورزشی، سلامت روانی و جسمانی کودکان را بهبود بخشید. توجه مسئولان و متخصصان امر قرار گیرد تا بتوان علاوه بر افزایش مشارکت ورزشی، سلامت روانی و جسمانی کودکان را بهبود بخشید. . بر حسب فرمول حجم نمونه کوکران در شرایط نامشخص بودن جامعه آماری، تعداد 384 نفر به عنوان نمونه تحقیق مشخص شدند.  ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات در پژوهش حاضر پرسشنامه های استانداردی بود که روایی و پایایی آن مورد بررسی قرار گرفته بود. به منظور تحلیل داده های تحقیق حاضر از روش معادلات ساختاری استفاده گردید. کلیه روند تجزیه و تحلیل داده های تحقیق حاضر در نرم افزارهای SPSS  و PLS انجام گرفته بود.  نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که سلامت روان، تعاملات اجتماعی، حمایت اجتماعی، خودکارآمدی و عزت نفس تاثیری معنادار بر انگیزش مشارکت ورزشی دارد.}, keywords_fa = {مشارکت ورزشی, انگیزش, روان‌شناختی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7214-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7214-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {AboutalebiAdargani, Kamal and Moshkelgosha, Elham and Askari, Ahmadrez}, title = {Identify the Factors Affecting the Psychological Empowerment of Managers}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Organizations today must be run in a highly competitive environment that is accompanied by amazing developments. In such situations, managers do not have much opportunity to control employees and must spend most of their time and energy identifying the external and internal environment of the organization and leave other day-to-day tasks to employees. Employees can perform their tasks well when they have the necessary skills, knowledge, and ability and know the goals of the organization well. The tool that can help managers in this regard is the empowerment process. Club management in professional sports has undergone numerous changes in recent years. Changes in the rules, increasing the number of people interested in management (such as investors, sponsors, members, supporters and the media, etc.), and the community's demand for greater transparency in management are among the most important of these factors. On the other hand, professional sports clubs in highly variable and complex domestic and international environments face many challenges such as limited and ending financial resources, increasing tasks and activities, solving rapid changes in technology, and the influx of different management ways to improve the club's situation. One of the most effective ways to achieve a competitive advantage in the current situation is to make the managers of professional sports clubs more efficient. The role of top managers in the success of the club seems to be important. In a review of 36 Brazilian football clubs, one of the effective factors in the financial and sports success of the club's management performance was introduced. Managers of professional sports clubs are no longer the cost manager and managers of a competition; Rather, like the managers of enterprises, they should seek to create a strong organizational and economic structure and work in space with the idea of increasing revenues, reducing costs, transparent financial system, efficient financial management, increasing profitability, increasing market share and gaining new markets. Competitiveness, success in competition, improving the quality of products and services in terms of their specific characteristics, and these characteristics have made the management of professional sports clubs a heavy and complex responsibility. Empowerment is a process that helps to continuously improve performance by developing and expanding the capabilities of individuals and teams. The goal of empowerment is to create an organization composed of committed and enthusiastic employees who perform their job duties because they both believe in and enjoy it. Also, the purpose of human resource empowerment is to use the potential capacities of human beings to develop organizational added value, strengthen the sense of self-confidence and overcome individual disabilities. In other words, the purpose of empowerment is to provide the best intellectual resources related to any area of the organization's performance. Managers can play a decisive role in the organization due to their impact on the behavior of subordinates and related people, therefore, the importance, role, and impact of managers, and their empowerment should be a priority in the organization's programs. The proposed models in the field of empowerment have mostly examined the empowerment of employees and the empowerment of managers, especially senior managers of the organization has been neglected despite its great importance because until there are no capable managers in the organization, there is no basis for strengthening the identified components of employee empowerment. A comprehensive look at the structure and processes in professional sports clubs in Iran shows that despite efforts to train managers, it still seems that the current management structure and methods in the study community are based on traditional views, these views and Methods In the current changing conditions, as it should be, it has not been able to provide a suitable platform for empowering the managers of professional sports clubs in Iran. Many sports managers enter the field of sports with minimal expertise and only because they are connected to political currents or centers of power. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to level the relationships between the empowerment components of the managers of professional sports clubs in Iran. Methods: The statistical population of this study included 10 experts and faculty members (sports management) of universities, managers of professional sports clubs, and researchers in the field of job empowerment who were purposefully selected. To level, the empowerment components of the managers of professional sports clubs in Iran, the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) technique was used with the help of MATLAB software. For this purpose, in this study, the expert judgment system has been used and a questionnaire has been distributed in pairs between groups of experts in terms of effectiveness and impact on each other. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through the face and content validity and the alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the research, the value of which was estimated to be 0.86. Results: The findings showed that in examining the relationships between research components, the factors that had high penetration but low dependence are: (human factors), (organizational factors), (environmental factors) and (facilities and capabilities) and criteria. Which had weak influence and dependence are: (organization) and AS (comprehensive support) and variables that had weak influence but strong dependence are: (effective communication), (management style), (personal desire), (Professional empowerment) and (psychological empowerment). Finally, using the MICMAC technique, the variables were analyzed in terms of conductivity and dependence. Conclusion: According to the results, the empowerment of managers in professional sports can be interpreted as follows: Human and organizational factors are necessary reasons for the formation of a special approach to the empowerment of managers of professional sports in Iran. In fact, by improving the necessary skills of managers, increasing the level of managers' trust, not being afraid of losing power, having a proper organizational system such as planning, rewarding, promotion, training to empower managers, and also having a proper organizational monitoring and control system is a combination of There are human and organizational factors that lead to the formation of approaches such as human resource empowerment, managerial specialization and having clear goals. Finally, the special approach of empowering professional sports managers with effective communication strategies and management methods including manager communication with professional sports experts, knowledge of management styles, knowledge of different management styles of professional club management in the world, ability to choose the appropriate management style are combined. The managerial desire of the manager and the creation of special organizational units of a professional sports club as intervening conditions and in the presence of comprehensive support of the club and appropriate physical facilities of professional sports in the club, professional empowerment, and psychological empowerment will be formed as consequences. Management style was leveled as one of the influential factors in this study. Many professional sports club managers choose the wrong management style that does not suit the club's conditions, absolute bureaucratic or absolute human relations styles are not always appropriate, and a competent manager should be able to choose the right management style to suit the circumstances.  }, Keywords = {Leveling, Manager Empowerment, Sports Clubs}, volume = {29}, Number = {5}, pages = {87-99}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {شناسایی عوامل موثر بر توانمندسازی روانشناختی مدیران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: توانمندسازی روانشناختی فرایندی است که در آن از طریق توسعه و گسترش قابلیت افراد و تیم‌ها به بهبود و بهسازی مستمر عملکرد کمک می‌شود، لذا هدف این تحقیق شناسایی عوامل موثر بر توانمندسازی روانشناختی مدیران بود. روش کار: جامعه آماری این تحقیق شامل 10 نفر از خبرگان و اعضای هیئت‌علمی (مدیریت ورزشی) دانشگاه‌ها، مدیران باشگاه‌های حرفه‌ای ورزش و محققان در زمینۀ توانمندسازی شغلی بودند. در این پژوهش، از سیستم قضاوت خبرگان استفاده شده است و پرسشنامه­ای بصورت زوجی از لحاظ تاثیر پذیری و تاثیرگذاری بر یکدیگر مابین گروهی خبره توزیع گردید. روایی پرسشنامه نیز از طریق روایی صوری و محتوایی مورد تائید قرار گرفت و برای سنجش پایایی تحقیق از ضریب آلفای استفاده شد که مقدار آن 86/0 برآورد شد. یافته‌ها: یافته­ها نشان دادند در بررسی روابط مولفه­های تحقیق، عواملی که دارای قدرت نفوذ بالا اما وابستگی پایین بودند، عبارتند از: (عوامل انسانی)، (عوامل سازمانی)، (عوامل محیطی) و (امکانات و قابلیت­ها). نتیجه‌گیری: به‌طورکلی در پایان می‌توان گفت که سطح بندی توانمندسازی مدیران باشگاه‌های حرفه‌ای ورزش ایران درک بهتری از توانمندسازی مدیران در باشگاه‌های حرفه‌ای ورزش ایران ارائه می‌دهد. با توجه به نقش و اهمیت ورزش حرفه‌ای در جامعه و محبوبیت آن در دنیا توانمندسازی مدیران به‌عنوان یکی از اثربخش‌ترین، ابزارهای سودمند در ارتقای سطح کیفی و افزایش اثربخشی فعالیت‌های باشگاه‌ها تلقی می‌گردد.  }, keywords_fa = {سطح بندی, توانمندسازی مدیران, باشگاه‌های ورزش, مدل‌سازی ساختاری تفسیری}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7428-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7428-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Zargar, Taybeh and Rynne, Steve}, title = {The Effect of Social Responsibility on the Psychological Preparation of People to Participate in Activities Related to Sports and Health}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Physical activity and participation in sports activities is an integral part of life and every human being turns to sports participation according to their specific characteristics and abilities. The decrease in physical activity and activities in daily life, which is caused by the development and expansion of facilities and amenities and new ways of life, makes the need for sports and physical education more and more urgent. Therefore, continuous and regular physical activity in this regard seems necessary. In this regard, one of the factors that can pave the way for participation in sports activities is social responsibility. Evidence suggests that people who are socially responsible for physical education and sports activities are more likely to participate in sports activities. One of the most important ways to pay attention to physical education activities is to raise awareness and social responsibility of individuals. Awareness of people's social responsibility is related to proper planning and progress of physical education and helps officials and planners to pay the necessary attention based on attitudes and social responsibility in appropriate departments. The growth and development of any society and country depend on the efficient and desirable performance of organizations and institutions and consequently the efficient and desirable performance of people working in these organizations. When there is interdependence and interrelationship between individuals and different elements of an organization, responsible organizational behavior, responsibility, ethical commitment, and organizational behavior are realized, which paves the way for short-term and long-term goals. Many organizations today are accused of failing to meet their responsibilities for the results of their activities. Food, clothing, housing, work, lifestyle, government, education, health, recreation, and even the religion of the people are influenced by the decisions and actions of these organizations. In general, organizational liability experts believe that large corporations with high profits are morally obligated to allocate some of their revenue to the community, employees, and global problems. Social responsibility is generally defined as a set of activities that individuals in a social organization voluntarily perform as effective and useful members of society and the organization. Today, the issue of social responsibility is not just a prominent topic of research; It is presented in the form of a collective mission and value declarations. In this decade, social responsibility has emerged in the form of expanding the field of study, formerly called urban education and citizenship. This new concept is much broader. Despite many problems and doubts in practice, the ability to pay attention to organizational social responsibility has intensified in recent decades. Globalization has led to the expansion of the complexity of the functions of dominated companies in less developed countries. Organizational social responsibility is the need for voluntary organizational commitment to the issues that society expects from individuals. A person fulfills his social responsibility when he fulfills his legal, economic, moral, and altruistic responsibilities; that is, to act with the least responsibility that the law has required of him. Intrapersonal, family, and social factors affect participation in activities related to health and sports, and increasing psychological preparation has a positive effect on participation in activities related to health and sports. Therefore, the purpose of studying the effect of social responsibility on the psychological preparation of people to participate in activities related to sports and health. Methods: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of descriptive method. The statistical population of the study consists of all employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth and its number was announced as 420 people after inquiring about recruitment. The sample size was 123 people were selected through the random sampling method through the Krejcie Morgan table. In this study, two standard questionnaires were used, which are as follows. To collect data, the psychological questionnaire of Sonnens et al. (2010) and the Ahmadi Social Responsibility Questionnaire (2009) were used. Pearson correlation and linear regression statistical methods were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between social responsibility subscales on psychological preparation (p = 0.001). Conclusion: In general, considering the positive relationship between social responsibility and the psychological preparation of people to participate in activities related to health and sports, officials must teach social responsibility to people to participate in activities related to health and sports. To use. The social skills of officials have all their effect on whether or not people are involved in sports activities through psychological preparation. In general, the evidence shows that cognitive engagement in complex and difficult tasks that require skill resources such as having the skills to have the mental fitness and health that these skills are trained more than in other environments. And it will get the opinion of officials who have these skills themselves. The behavior of officials and their level of social responsibility can lead to increased psychological preparation in individuals. Explaining the relationship between social commitment and acceptance of the consequences of behavior with the psychological preparation of people, it can be said that people who have high social commitment and acceptance of the consequences of behavior, more ability, and growth of their health and personal identity are safe in them. To; As a result, people who perceive high psychological control and self-esteem will be more involved in the conflict factor dimension, which emphasizes personalization and constructive participation, and will participate more in sports activities. It can also be said that the presence of officials in social skills creates a positive attitude towards sports activities and more psychological preparation in people; Because the officials who encourage and educate the people, bring up responsible people who act according to their creativity and desires to do sports activities or any activity. The limitations of this research should be stated that since the research has been conducted on all employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, care should be taken in extending the results to other samples. Due to the low research background, it is suggested that researchers in future research examine the relationship between research variables in other samples. Also, descriptive research is of correlation type, so it is suggested to use other research methods such as qualitative and experimental methods.}, Keywords = {Social Responsibility, Psychological preparation, Sports activity}, volume = {29}, Number = {5}, pages = {100-107}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر مسئولیت اجتماعی بر آماده سازی روانشناختی مردم جهت شرکت در فعالیت‌های مرتبط با ورزش و سلامتی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: عوامل درون فردی، خانوادگی و اجتماعی بر شرکت در فعالیت‌های مرتبط با سلامتی و ورزشی اثرگذار هستند و افزایش آماده سازی روانشناختی تأثیر مثبت بر شرکت در فعالیت‌های مرتبط با سلامتی و ورزشی دارد. بنابراین هدف مطالعه تأثیر مسئولیت اجتماعی بر آماده سازی روانشناختی مردم جهت شرکت در فعالیت‌های مرتبط با ورزش و سلامتی بود. روش کار: جامعه آماری این پژوهش توصیفی- همبستگی، شامل کلیه کارکنان وزارت ورزش و جوانان است و تعداد آن 420 نفر بنا بر استعلام از کارگزینی اعلام گردید. حجم نمونه از طریق جدول کرجسی مورگان تعداد 123 نفر، به روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی انتخاب شدند. به منظور جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامه‌های روان‌شناختی سوننز و همکاران (۲۰۱۰) و پرسشنامه مسئولیت اجتماعی احمدی (1388) استفاده گردید. از روش آماری همبستگی پیرسون برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها استفاده شد. یافته‌­ها: یافته‌ها نشان دادند بین خرده مقیاس‌های مسئولیت اجتماعی بر آماده سازی روانشناختی رابطه مثبت و معناداری وجود دارد (001/0=p). نتیجه گیری: به طور کلی با توجه به رابطه مثبت بین مسئولیت اجتماعی بر آماده سازی روانشناختی مردم جهت شرکت در فعالیت‌های مرتبط با سلامتی و ورزشی، لازم است مسولین از شیوه­های آموزش مسئولیت اجتماعی به مردم برای شرکت در فعالیت‌های مرتبط با سلامتی و ورزشی استفاده کنند.}, keywords_fa = {مسئولیت اجتماعی, آماده سازی روانشناختی, فعالیت‌ ورزشی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7452-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7452-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {dana, Amir and SafarkhanMoazeni, Ahmad and SafarkhanMoazeni, Jaber}, title = {Biological Experience of the Psychological Effects of COVID-19 Disease in Iranian Professional Athletes}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Mental health plays a very important role in individual relationships and its importance is shown in how family relationships and social activities and other aspects of life (1). The study of psychological issues in sports has a long history and researchers in sports have always tried to find evidence in this regard (6). Among the psychological domains and dimensions, some variables play a more important role among athletes and overshadow their athletic performance (7). This is due to the important role of psychological issues in the performance of athletes. Another thing that seems to affect psychological characteristics is physical condition and illness. One of these diseases is COVID-19, which the World Health Organization announced in 2020 that this virus is similar to the Sars virus (this virus existed between 2002-2003 and left about 8000 cases of infection and 800 deaths). and MERS virus (this virus was reported in 2012, which caused about 2,500 infections and 800 deaths) (8). The widespread spread of this virus has caused major concerns worldwide (9). Another thing that seems to affect psychological characteristics is physical condition and illness. One of these diseases is COVID-19, which has caused disorders in people's lives due to economic, social, occupational and psychological problems (10). Meanwhile, professional athletes have also experienced major problems in their training during the COVID-19 virus crisis. This will undoubtedly have a negative effect on them mentally and will cause them to malfunction in the future. The uncertainty of the condition of some of the psychological effects of COVID-19 virus has led to the lack of evidence regarding the status of professional athletes in terms of psychological effects following the outbreak of COVID-19 virus. Therefore, the researcher is trying to answer the question: What are the psychological effects of COVID-19 disease in Iranian professional athletes? Methods: To conduct this research, which was carried out with a phenomenological qualitative method, 13 professional athletes in individual sports in the country and using purposive sampling method, 13 people were selected as a sample in the qualitative section. Then, in order to collect data from them, semi-structured interviews were conducted and coding was done in both primary and secondary forms. Results: After the interviews, the initial codes were identified that 24 codes in three dimensions of mental effects including codes (increased stress, reduced mental health, obsessive-compulsive disorder, increased anxiety, decreased attention, prevalence of depression, formation of mental fatigue, disorder) Fear, psychosis, creating negative emotions, frustration), behavioral effects including codes (creating obsessions, creating problems with sleep quality, decreased mood, insecure decision making, increased violence, decreased interpersonal emotions) and social effects including Codes (collectivism, low social skills, poor athletic performance, reduced capital, social distrust, extreme isolation and family conflicts). The significance coefficient of each code is given in Table 1. In general, the uncertainty and low predictability of this disease not only threatens people's physical health, but also affects people's mental health, especially in terms of emotions and cognition. Long-term negative emotions reduce people's immune function and destroy the balance of their normal physiological mechanisms. People may overreact to any illness, which leads to avoidance behaviors. Also, uncertainty about the future situation causes cognitive dissonance and insecurity, and when people feel the risk of illness, they behave in a conservative and cautious manner (18); However, this issue had not been carefully investigated among professional athletes, especially among professional athletes in Iran. On the other hand, one of the works that was seriously considered in the present research, and it seems that it was not seriously considered in other researches, is the social works. Social effects such as phobias, low social skills, low sports performance, reduction of social capital, social mistrust, severe isolation and family conflicts have been identified as one of the problems caused by the disease of COVID-19, which shows that It is important to pay attention to this issue among professional athletes. It seems that the fear and anxiety caused by the spread of the Covid-19 virus, along with the lack of a strong information and awareness system among professional athletes, have caused mental, behavioral and social problems in this regard. Conclusion: The prevalence of COVID-19 virus as a key issue has been able to affect all aspects of human beings. Due to the spread of this virus, all people, including athletes, have been affected from different angles. From an individual perspective, athletes suffer from physical and mental problems that can cause long-term side effects. In other words, the general condition of the athletes showed that their anxiety condition is more acute than depression. Athletes' anxiety about the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus does not seem to be as good as other people in the community, and given that the virus has not been around the world for a long time, it can lead to depression. It is not in them (7). On the other hand, social effects such as phobia, low social skills, low athletic performance, reduced social capital, social distrust, extreme isolation and family conflicts have been identified as one of the problems caused by COVID-19 disease, which indicates It is important to pay attention to this issue among professional athletes. It seems that the fear and anxiety caused by the outbreak of COVID-19 virus, along with the lack of a strong information and awareness system among professional athletes, has caused mental, behavioral and social problems in this regard today. On the other hand, the epidemic of this virus and the lack of serious attention of clubs to control the negative effects of this virus has been able to create problems among athletes in the mental, behavioral and social fields. According to the findings of the research, it is suggested to group and screen the athletes based on their psychological status to recognize the different statuses of the athletes. Also, by creating a database regarding the various dimensions of the COVID-19 virus among athletes, he improved the sufficient information and knowledge regarding the COVID-19 virus and professional athletes; And by strengthening the athletes' immune system, he reduced the anxiety and stress of professional athletes in dealing with the COVID-19 virus. Finally, by holding training courses to improve mind management skills, he promoted the knowledge and skills of professional athletes in dealing with existing conditions.  }, Keywords = {COVID-19, Psychology, Biological experience, Professional athletes}, volume = {29}, Number = {5}, pages = {108-116}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تجربه زیستی آثار روان‌شناختی بیماری کووید-۱۹ در ورزشکاران حرفه‌ای ایران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: ورزشکاران حرفه‌ای در طی بروز بحران ویروس کووید-19 دچار مشکلات عمده‌ای جهت تمرینات خود شده‌اند. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تجربه زیستی آثار روان‌شناختی بیماری کووید-۱۹ در ورزشکاران حرفه‌ای ایران بود. روش کار: برای انجام این تحقیق که با روش کیفی پدیدارشناختی انجام شد، از بین ورزشکاران حرفه­ای کشور در رشته­های ورزشی انفرادی و با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری هدفمند 13 نفر به عنوان نمونه در بخش کیفی انتخاب شدند. سپس جهت جمع­آوری داده­ها از آن‌ها مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته انجام شد و کدگذاری به دو صورت اولیه و ثانویه انجام شد. یافته‌ها: مطابق با نتایج کدگذاری باز 24 کد باز به عنوان آثار روان‌شناختی بیماری کووید-19 در ورزشکاران حرفه‌ای ایران مشخص گردید. همچنین مشخص شد که آثار روان‌شناختی بیماری کووید-19 در ورزشکاران حرفه‌ای ایران شامل سه دسته شامل آثار ذهنی، رفتاری و اجتماعی می­باشد. نتیجه­‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج تحقیق پیشنهاد می­شود جهت بهبود عملکرد ورزشکاران به ویژگی­های روان‌شناختی توجه شود.}, keywords_fa = {کووید-19, روانشناختی, تجربه زیستی, ورزشکاران حرفه‌ای}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6716-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6716-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Goudarzi, Amirhossein and Keykhosrovani, Moloud and Deyreh, Ezat and Ganji, Kamr}, title = {The Effectiveness of Emotional Therapy on Marital Boredom and Moral Commitment in Divorced Couples}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Marriage is the most important contract in every person's life. People get married for different reasons. In addition to sexuality, which is one of the primary issues, love, economic security, protection, emotional security, feeling of peace and escape from loneliness are some of the factors that lead to the tendency to get married. Many couples start their married life with high intimacy, but over time, this intimacy becomes difficult. Ellis says newlyweds are less likely to think that their love may fade at some point, and that's when boredom begins. In a frustrated marriage, one or both couples, while experiencing feelings of separation from their spouse and diminished interests and relationships, have significant concerns about the increasing destruction of the relationship and the progression to separation and divorce. Marital boredom is a gradual decrease in emotional attachment to the spouse, which is accompanied by feelings of alienation, apathy and indifference between couples to each other and the replacement of negative emotions instead of positive emotions, and as a result, negative emotions take over and lose. Giving initial enthusiasm leads to emotional attachment, commitment, and eventually boredom. Non-marital commitment is one of the effective factors in creating divorce between couples. Because one of the important characteristics of successful and long-term marriages is the existence of marital commitment, in fact, among the various human interactions, commitment is the most important qualitative aspect of a relationship. Adherence to the marriage covenant is also very important as a lasting mechanism and is one of the characteristics of successful and long-term marriages. Today, various approaches to couple therapy and family therapy have been developed with the aim of reducing conflicts and communication disorders between couples. The goal of couple therapy is to help couples cope better with current problems and learn more effective ways to communicate. However, researchers believe that couple therapy requires movement beyond existing therapies. Although meta-analyzes confirm that different treatments for couples' disorder have statistically and clinically significant consequences, other research findings show that a large percentage of couples fail to benefit from them. They eat or get worse some time after the usual treatments. So far, no research has specifically evaluated the effectiveness of this intervention on the components involved in couples' satisfaction with the marital relationship. In addition, the research conducted so far has usually been done on a couple (women or men), which is a generalization. Conflicts data. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of this type of treatment on the two components of marital boredom and couples' moral commitment on men and women seeking divorce. Methods: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method, it is a quasi-experimental in which the pre-test-post-test design with control group and follow-up stage was used. The present study with the code IR.BPUMS.REC.1399.106 was approved by the ethics committee of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all couples seeking divorce in Malayer in 1398. The statistical sample consisted of 30 pairs that were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental (15 couples) and control (15 couples) groups. Criteria for entering the study were the complete consent of the couple to participate in the study, as well as the ability to attend regular sessions, not to use psychiatric drugs during treatment, and in the case of psychotherapy or medication, at least 6 months have passed. In addition, at least one year must have passed since their marriage and they have filed for divorce, while the couples participating in the study were matched in the experimental and control groups in terms of age range, level of education and economic status. After identifying the sample group, research tools were provided to both groups and the results were considered as a pretest. In the next stage, the subjects in the experimental group underwent 12 one-hour sessions of emotion therapy intervention (Table 1). In the last step, the research tool was used again as a post-test and finally the collected data were analyzed using multivariate covariance statistical method. Research instruments included Pineas Marital Boredom Questionnaire (2003), Adams and Jones (1997) Moral Commitment Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed at both descriptive and inferential levels. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and SPSS-22 software were used to test the research hypotheses. Results: In the descriptive findings of the research samples, the mean age of the experimental group was 35.86 ± 4.42 and the control group was 32.60 ± 7.03. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the research variables between the control and experimental groups (P <0.05) and the score of the experimental group in the post-test and follow-up stages was significantly improved. Conclusion: The results of data analysis showed that there was a significant difference between marital boredom of experimental and control couples. In other words, emotional therapy reduced the marital boredom of the experimental group. Also, the results of the analysis of research data showed that there was a significant difference between the marital commitment of the experimental and control groups. In other words, emotional therapy led to an increase in marital commitment of the experimental group. Since this research has been done on couples seeking divorce in Malayer city, so caution should be exercised in generalizing the results. Another limitation of the present study was the reliance on data from the self-report questionnaire that in this style of data collection, the participant is likely to have difficulty expressing their emotions and cognitions, so it is suggested to increase statistical power and reliability of the findings to collect information from methods. Use as an interview or qualitative study. The results of the present study can be generalized and applied in different situations by considering the said limitations. It is also recommended that counselors provide reality therapy training courses for couples at risk of divorce. In general, based on the results of the study, it can be stated that emotional therapy is effective on the components of marital boredom and moral commitment in couples seeking divorce, and this type of intervention can be used in counseling and treatment of couples, especially couples with conflict.}, Keywords = {Emotion-focused therapy, Marital Burnout, Ethical Commitment}, volume = {29}, Number = {5}, pages = {117-126}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی درمان هیجانمدار بر دلزدگی زناشویی و تعهد اخلاقی در زوجین متقاضی طلاق}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: امروزه رویکردهای گوناگون زوج­درمانی و خانواده­درمانی با هدف کاهش تعارضات و آشفتگی ارتباطی میان زوجها به وجود آمده است. لذا هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی تأثیر درمان هیجان­مدار بر دلزدگی زناشویی و تعهد اخلاقی زوجین متقاضی طلاق بود. روش کار: روش پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی با طرح پیش­آزمون- پس­آزمون با گروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش را کلّیه­ی زوج‌های متقاضی طلاق شهر ملایر درسال 1398 تشکیل می‌دادند که با روش نمونه‏گیری در دسترس 30  زوج انتخاب گردیده و به‏طور تصادفی در دوﮔﺮوه آزمایش و کنترل جایگزین شدند. برای جمع­آوری داده­ها از پرسشنامه‏ی دلزدگی زناشویی پاینز (2003) و پرسشنامه تعهد اخلاقی آدامز و جونز (1997) استفاده شد. گروه آزمایش تحت 12 جلسه­ی یک ساعته مداخله درمان هیجان­مدار قرار گرفتند. داده­ها از طریق آزمون آماری کوواریانس چندمتغیری مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته ­ها: نتایج حاصل از یافته­ها نشان داد که در متغیرهای پژوهش بین گروه کنترل و آزمایش تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد (05/0P<) و نمره گروه آزمایش در مرحله پس­آزمون و پیگیری به طور معناداری بهبود یافته بود. نتیجه­ گیری: براین اساس می­توان بیان نمود که درمان هیجان­مدار بر مولفه­های دلزدگی زناشویی و تعهد اخلاقی در زوجین متقاضی طلاق مؤثر بوده و می­توان از این نوع مداخله در مشاوره و درمان زوجی به ویژه زوجین دارای تعارض استفاده نمود.}, keywords_fa = {درمان هیجان‌مدار, دلزدگی زناشویی,تعهد اخلاقی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6545-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6545-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ghadimi, Bahram}, title = {Modeling the Mediating Role of Students\' Mental Health in the Relationship between Students\' Social Health and Aggression}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Social and civil were always considered and one of the indicators of youth growth and improving their health is one of the main goals of general health policies in different countries in this field. Since the beginning, health has been a topic that many efforts have been made to improve. Health is vital and important in life, and keeping a person healthy is essential. The condition of playing social roles etc. And illness violates this necessary condition. In general, there are two different approaches to defining health, are: the disease-based approach: which approach is limited by the presence or absence of disease in different physical and mental categories, and the health-oriented approach, in which health is defined as A state of enjoying a high degree of goodness is defined. The World Health Organization defines health as a state of physical, mental, and social completeness, not merely the absence of disease. This concept of health has long been defined by relying on the opposite point, that is, disease, but currently, the World Health Organization defines health as the absence of disease or defects and as a type of physical-psychological-social well-being. Researchers believe that individual well-being and comfort differ from physical and mental health. According to their opinion, social health is considered a part of the pillars of health status and can be a function of it. Social health is the evaluation and understanding of a person's functioning in society and the quality of his relationships with other people, relatives, and social groups of which he is a member. One of the important factors that are important in the social health of people is the topic of aggression in society, which is also the topic of sociologists and psychologists in terms of sociology, because if the level of aggression increases in a society, then the social health will also increase. People are also at risk. Anger is an emotion that has different effects on human life. This excitement is beneficial for human survival and facilitates adaptive responses, especially fight or flight responses when faced with danger. Nevertheless, uncontrollable anger not only helps human survival but can also threaten his life. Regarding the definition of mental health, two definitions are taken into consideration: in the first definition, mental health means mental health, and it is meant to show a positive state and mental health, which can be used to create a valuable system in terms of creating mobility, progress and evolution. Help on an individual, national, and international level. When mental health is recognized, action is taken to achieve it and the way to personal and social evolution returns. Therefore, according to the stated content and the lack of research related to modeling the mediating role of students' mental health in the relationship between students' social health and students' aggression, the present study aims to answer the question of whether students' mental health is in the relationship between students' social health and students' aggression. It has a mediator role and what is its structural model? Methods: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of method, and the statistical population of this research included all students of the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the Islamic Azad University, Sari branch, who were studying in the academic year of 2001-2001. According to the inquiry from the university education unit, the number of statistical population was equal to 2400 people, and the available sampling method was used to determine the number of statistical samples, which was determined to be 331 people using Cochran's formula. The research tools included three questionnaires: social health by Keyes (2004), aggression by Zahedifar et al. (2019), and mental health by Goldberg (1972), all three of which were standard questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the demographic variables and SPSS software and Pls software version 3 were used to check the research hypotheses. Results: The research results showed that there is a relationship between social health and aggression with the mediating role of student's mental health. Also, there is a relationship between social health and mental health, between mental health and aggression, and between social health and aggression of students. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that paying attention to social health is an important factor in the category of society society, which deals with the mental health of people, so paying attention to the category of social and mental health people can The title is a controlling factor of aggression in society. The concept of social health is less similar to the physical and mental dimensions of health; but along with physical and mental health, this type of health is also one of the three basic pillars of most definitions of health. In part, this is because social health refers to both the characteristics of society and the characteristics of individuals. Society is healthy when there is equal opportunity and access for everyone to basic services and goods so that the members of the society can function fully as citizens. Indicators of community health may include the rule of law, equality in wealth, participation in decision-making, and levels of social capital. People's social health refers to the level of well-being and comfort about how to be with others, how other people react to the person, and how the person interacts with social institutions and social customs. The concept of mental health is one of the central and important topics of psychology, which has emerged by researchers in the field of psychology in recent decades as a result of changing the level of mental and mental health of a person, and tries to use methods and views. Scientifically, the presence of positive components in various dimensions of human life will be more colorful and impressive. Mental health is considered to be a sensitive issue and a fundamental factor in the survival of every human being. Successful people on the path of learning have a higher level of psychological well-being, and by focusing on improving learning and mental health, they control the level of anger and aggression and keep negative emotions away, in this way, mental health they will have mutual benefits, so that they have a more ethical and coherent approach and control their emotions. On the other hand, according to Maslow, one of the characteristics of self-actualized people who have complete mental health is altruism. These people have a deep sense of empathy and love towards all humans and at the same time, they are ready to help humanity. They consider themselves members of a family, that is, the human race, and they feel brotherhood towards each member of this family; what puts a person on the path of avoiding violence? These people love other human beings like an older brother or sister. They may be depressed or angry at the stupid, despicable, or cruel behavior of others, but they quickly understand and forgive. However, people who have less mental health are often confused and unstable in moral issues and fluctuate between right and wrong depending on the situation. However research has shown that direct aggression not only does not reduce the need for aggression but harming another increases the aggressive's negative feelings toward the victim, which may lead to more aggression. Aggression reduces the attractiveness of the person being aggressive and increases the possibility of aggressive behavior. It is the avoidance of violence that leads a person to the mental health of the individual and, as a result, to the greater health of society.}, Keywords = {Social Health, Aggression, Mental Health}, volume = {29}, Number = {5}, pages = {127-136}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مدل‌یابی نقش میانجی سلامت روانی دانشجویان در رابطه بین سلامت اجتماعی و پرخاشگری دانشجویان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: ارتقای سلامت روحی و روانی و مشارکت فعال افراد در رفتارهای اجتماعی همیشه مورد توجه قرار داشت و یکی از شاخص­های رشد جوانان و ارتقای سلامت آن­ها توجه به موقله سلامت اجتماعی و روانی می­باشد. بنابراین پژوهش حاضر با هدف مدل یابی روابط ساختاری سلامت اجتماعی و پرخاشگری با نقش میانجی سلامت روانی دانشجویان انجام گرفت. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از حیث هدف، کاربردی و از نظر روش توصیفی و از نوع همبستگی بوده و جامعه آماری این تحقیق شامل کلیه کلیه دانشجویان دانشکده علوم پزشکی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ساری بود که در سال تحصیلی 1401-1400 مشغول به تحصیل بودند که با توجه به استعلام از واحد آموزش دانشگاه، تعداد جامعه آماری برابر با 2400 نفر بود و از روش نمونه گیری در دسترس برای تعیین تعداد نمونه آماری استفاده شد که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 331 نفر تعیین شد. ابزار تحقیق شامل سه پرسشنامه سلامت اجتماعی کییز (2004)، پرخاشگری زاهدی‌فر و همکاران (1379) و سلامت روان گلدبرگ (1972) بود که هر سه پرسشنامه استاندارد بودند. برای توصیف متغیرهای جمعیت شناختی از آمار توصیفی و برای بررسی فرضیه­های تحقیق از نرم افزار SPSS و نرم افزار Pls نسخه 3 استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که بین سلامت اجتماعی و پرخاشگری با نقش میانجی سلامت روانی دانشجویان رابطه وجود دارد. همچنین بین سلامت اجتماعی و سلامت روانی، بین سلامت روانی و پرخاشگری و بین سلامت اجتماعی و پرخاشگری دانشجویان رابطه وجود دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می­توان بیان داشت که توجه به سلامت اجتماعی به عنوان یک عامل مهم در مقوله جامعه و اجتماع می­باشد که با سلامت روحی و روانی افراد سروکار دارد لذا توجه به مقوله سلامت اجتماعی و روانی افراد می­تواند به عنوان یک عامل کنترل کننده پرخاشگری در جامعه باشد.}, keywords_fa = {سلامت اجتماعی, پرخاشگری, سلامت روانی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8492-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8492-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {saeedi, amin and Jalalifar, Fatemeh and karimi, leila and Mirzaei, Sepideh and Raei, Mehdi and Daneshi, Salm}, title = {Interpretation of chest CT scan of patints with COVID-19 in Imam Khomeini Hospital of Jiroft University of Medical Sciences from December to March 2019}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Along with laboratory testing, chest CT scans may be helpful to diagnose COVID-19 in individuals with a high clinical suspicion of infection. Due to their availability and rapid turnaround time, the role of chest computed tomography (CT) scan is growing for early diagnosis of patients with COVID-19. However, due to the low efficiency of viral nucleic acid detection as well as low specificity of chest CT scan for detecting COVID-19 pneumonia, this method shows incomplete clinical performance for proper COVID-19 disease diagnosis. Due to the highly contagious nature of the  Coronavirus 2019 and the importance of early detection of the disease, a limited number of nucleic acid test kits, such as rRT-PCR and the possibility of false-negative rRT-PCR results, chest CT scan as a non-invasive method, it can be a highly accurate tool for early detection of suspected COVID-19 cases. The purpose of this study was the Interpretation of chest CT scan of patints with COVID-19 in Imam Khomeini Hospital of Jiroft University of Medical Sciences from December to March 2019 Methods: This research is a retrospective study that was conducted with the aim of interpreting CT scans of the chest in patients with covid-19 in Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences from March 2018 to June 2019. After obtaining permission from the ethics committee of the university, the researcher appeared in the research environment according to the pre-determined schedule for sampling. The desired data were extracted from the patients' files and recorded in a questionnaire form that was designed for this purpose. The criteria for entering the study included cases whose demographic information, clinical and laboratory data were complete and the positive PCR test along with chest CT imaging findings were available in the file, the exclusion criterion was the presence of low quality chest images. The data were extracted from the hospital information system based on clinical electronic medical records. including demographic information including age, sex, level of education and data related to the underlying disease, disease symptoms (cough, fever, phlegm, shortness of breath, chest pain, etc.) and the frequency of imaging findings in the chest CT scan that They were examined and evaluated according to age, gender, level of education, clinical symptoms, underlying disease and based on lymphopenia and lymphocytosis. and chest CT scan report of patients with COVID-19, which was available in the PACS system of this hospital, were evaluated. In this way, all the CT images of the chest by a radiologist as well as a lung specialist who were not aware of the clinical and laboratory data of the patients, in terms of the types of findings include, Patchy ground glass opcification, diffuse ground glass opacification, Air space opacity, Consolidation, pleural effusion, Atelectasis, Bronchiectasis, Fibrotic change, Cavitation, Lymphadenopathy. And the distribution of conflict was investigated as peripheral, central, bilateral, and unilateral. Results: The highest number of people with Covid-19 were in the age range of 30 to 59 years and men. In CT scan findings, the highest CT scan imaging findings as well as the highest mortality rate in patients were PGGO view (63.3%) and peripheral and bilateral involvement and the lowest frequency was related to Cavitation findings. In the examination of CT scan findings, PGGO and peripheral and bilateral involvement were the most frequent and Cavitation was the least frequent. Also, the findings of PGGO, Peripheral and Bilateral in the CT scan of the people who died had the highest frequency. In none of the imaging findings of the chest scan, there was no statistically significant relationship with the level of education, the level of education and death of patients due to COVID-19 . There was no significant difference between gender and the findings of PGGO  and Cavitation and peripheral involvement and Bilateral , but between the findings of DGGO and gender and there was a significant relationship between Bronchiectasis and gender. In general, the results showed that there is no significant relationship between gender and death of patients due to COVID-19. In terms of symptoms, the findings showed that there is no significant relationship between the symptoms of myalgia, chest pain, loss of sense of smell and taste, and digestive symptoms and CT scan findings, but between the feeling of weakness and Peripheral involvement, there was a statistically significant difference between the decrease in level of consciousness and the finding of Pleural effusion and the finding of CavitationP, and in general, a statistically significant relationship was observed between the death of patients and myalgia and the decrease in level of consciousness. Conclusion: Among findings of this research, the symptoms of cough, fever, shortness of breath, and headache were present in most of the patients. In line with this finding, Kazemini and colleagues also concluded in their study that fever and cough are two important factors in identifying patients with Covid-19 is high . In this study, CT scan findings in the form of PGGO, Peripheral and Bilateral had the most frequency, which was also reported in a study that at the time of the onset of the disease, the findings of PGGO and Bilateral distribution were the most frequent in CT scans of patients . The reason that the lesions have a marginal distribution and are not limited to certain parts of the lung lobes can probably be due to the small size of the virus, which has a greater tendency to deposit in the peripheral lobes of the lung and thus cause damage to the epi The telium becomes alveolar and affects several adjacent lobules . Also, according to Wei li et al.'s study, GGO is the most common chest CT imaging manifestation in pneumonia caused by the corona virus, which indicates that the pneumonia of COVID-19 mainly includes interstitial secretions. This means that the pathological mechanism of the disease is secondary to the expansion and congestion of alveolar capillaries and interstitial edema in the interlobular septum . unlike COVID-19, in SARS, most cases of lung involvement are unilateral. In the present study, the findings of Air space opacity and Consolidation imaging were also found to be of high frequency compared to other findings, in the study of SONG et al., it was also reported that GGO image is more frequent in young people and Consolidation image is more frequent with increasing age. This issue is also evident in the present study, so that Consolidation was less frequent at ages less than 30 years compared to ages 30-59 years. Consolidation is one of the characteristics of CT in patients with COVID-19, which is a sign of disease progression, Pan et al. found that consolidation is rare in the early stages of the disease. Consolidation begins to appear with the progress of the disease and gradually becomes the main imaging feature. Therefore, the analysis of chest CT imaging can help the doctor in identifying the early stages or the progress of the disease. By identifying the common findings in chest CT scan in people with coronavirus, based on appropriate epidemiological and demographic characteristics, COVID-19 cases can be identified in a timely manner and immediate preventive measures can be taken. Therefore, due to the accuracy of this diagnostic tool and its rapid results, CT imaging should be at the forefront of COVID-19 screening tools and easy access to it in different areas compared to rRT-PCR kits should be provided.  }, Keywords = {CT scan, COVID-19, Coronavirus, Iran}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی تفسیر سی تی اسکن قفسه سینه بیماران مبتلا به کووید-19 بیمارستان امام خمینی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جیرفت از اسفند 98 تا خرداد 99}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: با توجه به اهمیت تشخیص زودهنگام این بیماری، تصویربرداری توسط سی تی اسکن قفسه سینه به عنوان یک روش غیر تهاجمی می‌تواند  ابزاری با دقت بالا برای تشخیص زودهنگام موارد مشکوک باشد. روش کار: در این مطالعه گذشته‌نگر، داده‌ها شامل مشخصات دموگرافیک و یافته‌های سی تی اسکن قفسه سینه از 224 بیمار با تست PCR مثبت برای 19 COVID- از اسفندماه 1398 تا خردادماه 1399 از بیمارستان امام خمینی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جیرفت جمع آوری شد و در یک پرسشنامه طراحی شده ثبت شد و برای ارزیابی داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 18 استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: بیشترین تعداد افراد مبتلا به کووید-19 در رده سنی 30 تا 59 سال و مردان بودند. در بررسی یافته‌های سی تی اسکن، بیشترین یافته تصویربرداری سی تی اسکن و هم‌چنین بیشترین میزان مرگ در افراد مبتلا، نمای PGGO و درگیری به‌صورت Peripheral و Bilateral و کمترین فراوانی مربوط به یافته  Cavitation بود.  نتیجه‌گیری: با شناسایی یافته‌های شایع در سی تی اسکن قفسه سینه در افراد مبتلا به  کروناویروس، می‌توان موارد COVID-19 را به موقع شناسایی  نمود و اقدامات پیشگیرانه فوری را انجام داد. بنابراین با توجه به دقت این ابزار تشخیصی و نتایج سریع آن، باید  تصویربرداری CT در خط مقدم ابزارهای غربالگری COVID-19 قرار گیرد  و سهولت دسترسی گسترده  به آن در مناطق مختلف فراهم گردد.  }, keywords_fa = {سی تی اسکن, کووید-19, کرونا ویروس, ایران}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6916-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6916-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Alizadeh, Sajjad and Baserisalehi, Majid and Bahador, Nim}, title = {Evaluation of the Possibility of Chromosomal and Plasmid-Dependent Antibiotic-Transferable Genes in Acinetobacter Genomic Isolates Isolated from Clinical Specimens and genotype}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen and a component of gram-negative, aerobic, and non-fermentative gram-negative bacteria, which is found in the form of cocci or coccobacilli. Because these bacteria have few nutrients to grow, they can survive long periods in adverse conditions, on dry surfaces, as well as in aquatic environments. Acinetobacter is probably known as gram-negative bacteria on the surface of the genus. These organisms are difficult to stain and are often mistaken for gram-positive. Among the gram-negative bacteria that cause nosocomial infections (especially in the intensive care unit of the ICU), Acinetobacter species have received a great deal of attention over the last three decades (1-3). Acinetobacter baumannii OmpA binds to the host epithelium and mitochondria, causing mitochondrial dysfunction and swelling that is followed by the release of cytochrome c, leading to the formation of apoptosis, all of which contribute to cell apoptosis. OmpA, the most abundant surface protein in the pathogen, is also involved in complement resistance and biofilm formation. Key stress survival strategies and the potential for important virulence factors help increase bacterial survival inside and outside the host (1, 4). Most chromosomal AmpC beta-lactamases are found in Enterobacter, Serachia, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and, Citrobacter species. These enzymes belong to the C ambler classification and include the genes cmy, fox, mox, dha, acc, mic, family / related bil / lat (cit and act, mir (related to the ebc family)). They are (5). It is noteworthy that at tigecycline resistance levels in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, its efficacy may be increased during treatment with tigecycline if the drug is exposed for a short time. Recently, mutations in the trm gene, encoding methyltransferases, have been associated with decreased tigecycline sensitivity in one Acinetobacter baumannii strain (6). Most strains of Acinetobacter baumannii are resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, anti-staphylococcal penicillins, broad-spectrum cephalosporins (except ceftazidime and cefepime), tetracycline,and, tetracycline. MDR resistance in Acinetobacter strains has become a global and growing problem. In previous studies in Iran, the rate of multidrug resistance has been more than 60% (7). Methods: A total of 240 clinical samples (including blood, urine, sputum, respiratory secretions, urine, wounds, skin, etc.) were collected from patients admitted to different wards of Dey Hospital in Tehran. Samples were collected from patients who had been hospitalized for at least three days and had acquired the infection in a hospital setting and were transferred to a microbiology laboratory for evaluation. For initial isolation, clinical specimens were cultured linearly in McConkey Agar and Bloodagar media containing 5% sheep blood and incubated at 37 ° C for 24-48 hours (9). After the incubation period, the cultures were examined for macroscopic characteristics (appearance of the colonies) and microscopy using a hot staining technique. Then gram-negative bacilli were analyzed using biochemical tests. In order to extract the plasmid, the extraction kit made by Sina Clone Company, Iran was used. First, a colony of each isolate cultured on Müller-Hinton agar medium (manufactured by Merck, Germany) was inoculated with 5 ml of Luria Bertani Broth culture medium (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and stored for 13 hours in Incubated at 39 ° C. Then, the plasmid extraction steps were performed using the Cinnagen kit protocol. It should be noted that the resulting plasmids were stored at -20 ° C until PCR. Results: According to the results in Table 6, the higher the number of isolates containing mox gene, the more antibiotic resistance is observed. In fact, a significant relationship was found between the presence of this gene and antibiotic resistance. For colistin, which had the lowest resistance ratio of this antibiotic, fewer isolates had this gene. (Significance level 0.563) A semi-sensitive to colistin isolate containing both ox mox. Genes. One of the semi-sensitive isolates containing cefpeme contained only dha and no semi-susceptible isolates contained cit gene (significance level 0.853). With 1, 5 and, 14 isolates containing dha, cit and mox genes (significance level 0.802) (Table 6). Conclusion: Previous studies have shown that resistance to various antibiotics is on the rise. For example, studies by Wang et al. (23) and Esmoliako et al. (24) in recent years have shown that most strains were sensitive to amikacin, ampicillin, sulbactam, ceftazidime, cefpime, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, piperacillin, tazobactam. . In contrast to the present study, which found a 98.3% resistance to ampicillin and the highest resistance among all antibiotics studied, Karimi et al. reported a sensitivity of 91.6% to ampicillin in 2020. Consistent with the results of the present study, the results of the study of money changers and colleagues (2019) in Shahrekord have also shown a high prevalence of resistance to carbapenems, impenem 78% and meropenem 44%. In this study, Acinetobacter baumannii had the highest resistance to cefipime and ceftazidime (100%) and the lowest resistance to tobramycin and meropenem (22). In the study of Karimi et al., The resistance to meropenem was 83.3% and to ceftazidime was 93.3%. (19) Salehnia et al. In their study showed 100% resistance to cefpeme (7). According to the antibiogram results of the present study and also the results of the mentioned studies, to date, some strains of Acinetobacter baumannii have become resistant to all common antibiotics used, which greatly limits the treatment of these infections. The only effective antibiotic used to treat infections associated with this bacterium is colistin, which is also increasing its resistance. In general, the findings of the present study indicate an increase in antibiotic resistance compared to previous studies. This high prevalence of resistance is due to the unnecessary prescription of antibiotics and the lack of appropriate infection control tools. This is very important in identifying antibiotic resistance genes. In addition, the selection of appropriate antibiotics based on antibiogram plays an important role in treating and preventing the spread of drug resistance. The results show a high percentage of MOX genes that are directly related to antibiotic resistance, however, the presence of these genes and their relationship with antibiotic resistance need further investigation. The high resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii to antibiotics was very worrying because it is difficult to control and treat this bacterium. The only effective antibiotic used to treat infections associated with this bacterium was colistin, which is also increasingly resistant.}, Keywords = {Antibiotic resistance, Multidrug resistance, AmpC beta-lactamases, Acinetobacter baumannii}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {12-25}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارزیابی حضور ژن‌های انتقالی مقاوم به آنتی‌بیوتیک‌های وابسته به پلاسمید در جزایر ژنومی اسینیتو باکتر بومانی جدا شده از نمونه‌های کلینیکی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اسینتوباکتربومانی یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل عفونت­های بیمارستانی است. توانایی فوق‌العاده­ در کسب مقاومت دارویی در مقابل طیف وسیعی از آنتی‌بیوتیک‌ها را دارد. سویه‌های مقاوم به چند دارو MDR و تولیدکننده بتالاکتاماز AmpC این باکتری، عامل بیماری‌های عفونی جدی در بخش‌های مختلف بیمارستانی و در افراد بستری می‌باشد و درمان این عفونت‌ها به علت مقاومت گسترده نسبت به داروهای ضد میکروبی با مشکلات جدی مواجه است. هدف از مطالعه تعیین الگوی مقاومت آنتی‌بیوتیکی اسینتوباکتر بومانی و بررسی احتمال وجود ژن‌های کروموزومی و پلاسمیدی مقاوم به آنتی‌بیوتیک‌ها در جزایر ژنومی این باکتری بود. روش کار: در این مطالعه 60 ایزوله از گونه‌های اسینتوباکتر بومانی از نمونه­های بالینی جمع‌آوری شد. آزمون حساسیت ضد میکروبی با استفاده از روش دیسک دیفیوژن و روش PCR برای شناسایی ژن‌های کروموزومی و پلاسمیدی مقاوم به آنتی‌بیوتیک‌ها (dha، cit و mox) انجام شد. یافته­ ها: بیشترین مقاومت در آمپی‌سیلین (3/98 %) و کمترین مقاومت در کولیستین (%35) بود. مقاومت بیش از 90% در 12 آنتی بیوتیک از 15 آنتی بیوتیک مشاهده شد.60 ایزوله 34/98% نسبت به بیش از 8 آنتی بیوتیک مقاوم بودند و فقط یک نمونه به همه حساس بود. فراوانی ژن‌های dha، cit و mox به ترتیب 1 (%2)، 7 (%12) و 27 (%46) بود. 24 ایزوله (%40) برای هر سه ژن منفی بودند. فراوانی ایزوله­های حاوی ژنهایmox  با مقاومت آنتی­بیوتیکی رابطه مستقیم داشت (05/0 P≤). نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج نشان دهنده درصد بالای فراوانی ژنهایmox  است که با مقاومت آنتی­بیوتیکی رابطه مستقیم دارد، با این حال حضور این ژنها و رابطه آنها با میزان مقاومت آنتی­بیوتیکی نیاز به بررسی بیشتری دارد. مقاومت بالای اسینتوباکتر بومانی به آنتی­بیوتیکها بسیار نگران کننده بود، زیرا کنترل و درمان این باکتری را مشکل می­سازد. تنها آنتی­بیوتیک موثر قابل استفاده در درمان عفونت­های مرتبط کولیستین می‌باشد که مقاومت به آنهم در حال افزایش است.}, keywords_fa = {مقاومت آنتی‌بیوتیکی, مقاومت چند دارویی, بتالاکتاماز AmpC, اسینتوباکتر بومانی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6634-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6634-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Naderi, Malihe and Talebi, Somayeh and Buyzan, Asiye and YousefiNojookambari, Neda and Yazdansetad, Sajj}, title = {The Interaction of Cell-Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) in the Development of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma: The Molecular Aspects of Leukemogenesis}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Adult T-cell leukemia (ATLL) is a type of invasive T-cell malignancy that develops after a long-term chronic infection with the lymphotropic T-cell virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The disease typically produces skin lesions of variable kinds, some of which can be similar to Sezary lesions; hypercalcemia with lytic lesions of bones; lymphadenopathy; diagnostic morphology of leukemic cells with lobulated nuclei; and an extremely aggressive clinical course. ATLL also almost always involves the mature CD4+ T-cells. Also, HTLV-1 causes other diseases and mild immune deficiency even in the absence of malignancy besides ATLL. These include the fatal neurologic disease tropical spastic paraparesis (now known as HTLV-associated myelopathy), uveitis and iritis, peripheral neuropathies, and arthritis. All of these diseases could be autoimmune, but their exact mechanisms are not yet known. HTLV-1 was the first human retrovirus to be discovered and it was isolated in 1980 from a cell line of a cutaneous T-lymphocyte lymphoma. HTLV-1 has an ancient origin in the form of simian T-cell leukemia virus 1, different strains of which can be found in African and Asian primates. The virus is not found in American primates. The HTLV-1 virus has a single strand of RNA for its genome and primarily targets the T-cells of the immune system. Phylogenetic analyses have led to the naming of four major types of HTLV-1, each with its own geographic focal areas: Cosmopolitan subtype A (endemic in Japan and found in the Caribbean, Central, and South America, North and West Africa, as well as the Middle East); Central African subtype B; Australia-Melanesian subtype C; and Central African/Pygmies subtype D. Subtype C is the most divergent of the four subtypes, likely reflecting the opportunity for evolution in geographically isolated areas of the Pacific. Antibody tests developed to detect the immunological response to infection with HTLV-1 have been used to investigate the population distribution of infection, modes of transmission, and associations with other diseases. As with other human retroviruses, including most notably HIV, the presence of antibodies in a person is understood to be synonymous with infection, and is lifelong. HTLV-1 infection is a neglected disease despite affecting around 15 million people worldwide and it is the causative agent for two diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy / tropical spastic paraparesis. Simultaneous infection by HTLV-I and the etiology of their pathogenic and disease outcomes have become a global health matter over the past 10 years. Three main methods of virus transmission have been confirmed: 1- mother-to-child transmission: Mother-to-child transmission can be produced through the placenta, perinatally that are uncommon, or by breastfeeding. Nonetheless, evidence suggests that most cases of mother-to-child transmission are produced by ingestion of breast milk. Cell-free virions are not usually detected in breast milk, thus transmission by infected cells is much more plausible. In fact, different types of cells that are found in breast milk such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and epithelial cells of mammary glands can be susceptible to HTLV-1 infection. 2- sexual transmission, mainly from man to woman: Few studies are done about the most frequently affected gender. The initial studies suggested that female to male transmission of HTLV-1 was much more frequent than male to female transmission, but later studies have shown that this difference is not as significant as previously thought, and male to the female transmission could play a more important role. Sexual transmission requires entry through a mucosal barrier, the virus could be transmitted through damaged or infected mucosa or transcytosis across epithelial cells. Consequently, male to female transmission is more efficient in cases of men with a history of penile sores or ulcers. However, the semen also contains several cells that could be infected by HTLV-1, such as CD4+ T-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells that can have a role in sexual transmission. Regarding female to male transmission, in women infected by HTLV-1, infected cells have been frequently detected in cervical inflammatory secretions and cervix carcinoma. Some of the data obtained studying other retroviruses have been extrapolated to HTLV-1. However, not all this information can be faithfully extrapolated to HTLV, and therefore, further investigations are needed to achieve more accurate data. 3- blood cell components: Blood transmission can occur by transfusion of whole blood or cellular blood products and in the context of needle sharing among intravenous drug users. In the case of blood transmission, passing across a mucosal barrier is not needed, and infected cells can transmit the virus directly by cell-to-cell transmission or by cell-free transmission to dendritic cells. As we saw previously with other routes of transmission, cell to cell transmission is also the most effective way to transmit the virus by blood. A study that compared viral transmission following transfusion of plasma from individuals with different human retroviruses showed that seroconversion occurred in 89% of the individuals who received plasma from HIV-1 infected individuals, but in none of those who received plasma from HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 infected individuals. Several studies suggest that individuals who acquire HTLV-1 by blood are more prone to develop inflammatory disorders, while individuals who acquire the virus during breastfeeding are more likely to develop T cell malignancies. In addition to some factors that can modify this likelihood, such as the age of infection, amount of virus, and immune response, this implies that the mechanism of infection could affect different cell populations and it could be a determinant to develop an inflammatory disease or cancer. A person can be infected with HTLV-I by direct contact with certain body fluids from an infected person. Its prevalence greatly varies in different regions of the world and even in different communities within one restricted region. The virus tends to remain in families due to its routes of transmission. Therefore, the vertical mitotic transmission plays an important role in the persistence of HTLV-I infection. Complex retroviruses such as the HTLVs have an extra gene or several extra genes, but these genes are not oncogenes and cannot be found in normal cellular DNA. The extra gene or genes may cause growth promotion and/or increase of genetic instability. In HTLV-1, the Tax causes growth promotion and increases genetic instability. Mathematical modeling of within-host viral infection has witnessed significant development. Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells proliferate faster than susceptible CD4+ T cells and silent HTLV-infected cells. This leads to an increase in proviral load. In HTLV-I infection, CTLs also play an effective role in controlling the infection. CTLs can recognize and kill the Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells moreover, they can reduce the proviral load. Since there is no available antiviral, treatments that can completely eliminate HTLV-I from the body, then this virus, can lead to fatal diseases. HTLV-I is a retrovirus that infects the susceptible CD4+ T cell and destroys its functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the progress made over the last 30 years in the recognition of HTLV-1 infection, cloning, gene expression, and its resulting cell transformation, as well as methods to prevent human T-cell lymphotropic virus infection and cellular lymphoma/leukemia T cells. Methods: Systematically, we searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct databases using the following keywords: Leukemia, Lymphoma, ATLL, HTLV-1, and transmission. Conclusion: HTLV- infections are considered a neglected disease nowadays, and despite recent advances in chemotherapy, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT), and supportive care, the prognosis of patients with ATLL is one of the weakest among hematologic malignancies. Prenatal screening for HTLV-1 should be performed in endemic areas with accurate information and advice. The development of a safe and effective vaccine can be an important tool in protecting vectors against ATLL. As a result, research to avoid infection and associated diseases focused on the development of effective treatments or vaccines against the virus is needed. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of recently uncovered information on the molecular basis of leukemogenesis in ATLL and HTLV diseases.}, Keywords = {Leukemia,Lymphoma,ATLL,HTLV-1,Sexual Transmission}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {25-37}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {برهمکنش سلول - ویروس لنفوتروپیک سلول T نوع I (HTLV-1) در پیشرفت لوکمی/ لنفوم سلول‌های T بالغین: جنبه‌های مولکولی لکوموژنسیس}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بیماری لوکمی/ لنفوم سلول T بزرگسالان (ATLL) نوعی بدخیمی سلول‌های T تهاجمی می‌باشد که پس از عفونت مزمن طولانی مدت با ویروس نوع 1 لنفوتروپیک سلول‌های T (HTLV-1) ایجاد می‌شود. سالانه 10 تا 20 میلیون نفر در دنیا به این بیماری مبتلا می­شوند و علی‌رغم میزان بالای عفونت، تنها 5-2 درصد افراد آلوده به HTLV-1 به ATLL مبتلا می‌شوند. سه راه اصلی برای انتقال ویروس اثبات شده است: (الف) انتقال مادر به فرزند از طریق شیر دادن، (ب) انتقال جنسی و عمدتاً از مرد به زن و (ج) اجزای سلولی خون. مطالعه حاضر، با هدف بررسی پیشرفت‌های صورت گرفته در طول 30 سال گذشته در شناخت عفونت HTLV-1، همانندسازی، بیان ژن­های بیماریزایی، تغییر شکل سلول متاثر از فعالیت ویروس و نیز روش­های درمانی، پیشگیری از عفونت ویروس و لنفوم-لوکمی سلول‌های T انجام شده است. روش ­کار: تدوین مطالعه مروری سیستماتیک حاضر، بر اساس استراتژی جستجوی پیشرفته و استاندارد واژگان کلیدی شامل Leukemia، Lymphoma، ATLL، HTLV-1 و لکوموژنسیس در پایگاه­های اطلاعاتی PubMed، Springer، Scopus، Medline، Google Scholar،Science Direct  و Web of Science انجام گردید. نتیجه ­گیری: علی‌رغم پیشرفت‌های اخیر در شیمی­درمانی، پیوند سلول‌های بنیادی هماتوپوئتیک آلوژنیک (alloHSCT) و درمان‌های حمایتی، پیش­آگاهی بیماران مبتلا به ATLL یکی از ضعیف‌ترین‌ پیش­آگاهی­ها در بین بدخیمی‌های هماتولوژیکی می‌باشد. غربالگری پیش از تولد برای HTLV-1 باید در نواحی اندمیک با ارائه اطلاعات و مشاوره دقیق به کار گرفته شود و از طرفی توسعه و تکامل یک واکسن ایمن و مؤثر می‌تواند یک ابزار مهم در حفاظت ناقلین در برابر ATLL باشد.}, keywords_fa = {لوکمی, لنفوم,ATLL,HTLV-1, انتقال جنسی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7259-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7259-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Movahedi, Erfaneh and Saberipirouz, Mahdi and Moradi, Sedigheh and Golgiri, Fatemeh and Khamseh, Jahanbakhsh and Eskandari, Moh}, title = {Common Patterns of Thyroid Function Tests and Their Reasonable Request}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Thyroid disorders including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are common condition in the world and the right diagnosis and treatment are important. Now a days screening for thyroid dysfunction recommend only in a specific situation, thus unnecessary tests could have undesirable outcomes such as improper sampling and costs related to long-term follow-up which could affect patients and health system. (5-10. Except for cases of inappropriate doing thyroid function tests, it should be noted that TSH measurement alone has a high sensitivity for the initial investigation and diagnosis of thyroid diseases (7, 10) so, in context of abnormal TSH it is necessary to measure other thyroid hormones. It is worth mentioning that in the case of hospitalized patients, thyroid laboratory disorders are more common without the presence of thyroid gland homeostasis disorder (11), which shows the necessity of paying more attention to the target population in requested examinations. Therefore, according to the importance of the subject, the present study investigated the request patterns of thyroid function tests and the logical cases of their request in Tehran's Firouzgar Hospital affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences, during the second 6 months of 2017. In this cross-sectional study, 484 inpatients for whom each of the Thyroid function tests was requested selected as a sample by census and included in the study. The samples included in the study were evaluated by clinical evaluation and history taking with the aim of finding the indications for thyroid test request, and if it is possible to diagnose thyroid function disorders in the next stage of the requested tests in terms of compliance with the algorithms and instructions The existing one was checked. Finally, if the laboratory tests lead to the final diagnosis, the proportionality of the requested functional test with the final diagnosis is checked. Methods: In this study, the definition of essential thyroid tests included the patients who have a known thyroid disease based on previous history or hospital records and clinical examinations, or there is a high clinical suspicion for their thyroid disease, it is reasonable to perform TSH & T4 & T3RU or TSH & FT4 tests. SPSS version 24 software was used for statistical analysis of data. Results: The average age of the participants in the study was 54.2 years with a standard deviation of 17 years and 59.4% were female. In total requested tests the most patients 101 (20.7%) were hospitalized in the neurology department and the least patients 2 (0.4%) were from the toxicology ward. Out of a total of 488 patients for whom thyroid tests were requested, only 259 patients were found to have a specific reason for requesting these types of tests based on the clinical records, history or clinical examination, and 99 patients (38.2%) were hypothyroid. TSH was requested for 477 patients, and the mean TSH was 3.583. Out of a total of 69 patients whose treatment status changed, 27 patients (39.1%) had an increase in the treatment dose. The most patients whom TSH was requested without indication, most cases (26.3%) were admitted to the neurology department. The most common pattern of requesting thyroid tests in people participating in our study was the combination of TSH, T3, T4. In this study, 69 patients out of 488 patients for whom thyroid tests were performed treatment was changed. Out of 194 patients who had a logical reason to request thyroid tests based on their previous history of thyroid diseases or current examination and history, only 54 patients, equivalent to 27.83%, have undergone treatment change. Conclusion: The purpose of this study was to examine the patterns of requests for thyroid function tests and to determine the logical cases of their requests in Firozgar Hospital in a period of 6 months. Considering that hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have a significant prevalence in the world and also due to the high prevalence of iodine deficiency in our country, thyroid diseases are also common. Since the symptoms of thyroid diseases are mostly non-specific and shared with other diseases, it is better to avoid unnecessary sampling and related problems, including high cost, the need for long follow-up and the patient's and family's concern about the results. As a result of the tests, the measurement of thyroid function tests should be used only in reasonable cases and with a suitable pattern. There is no need to check thyroid tests in all hospitalized patients who are unrelated to thyroid diseases. In general, it seems that the measurement of thyroid tests in logical cases and with the correct pattern has positive results for the patient and health system. In the current study, thyroid tests were requested for 488 patients, compared to the study of Small et al., it can be said that the sample size of our study was slightly smaller than that study. (11) About 60% of the studied patients were women, which can indicate that thyroid tests are more common in women than in men, regardless of whether the request is reasonable or unreasonable. In terms of average age, it can be stated that thyroid tests are performed at different ages of people, although the average age in this study was 54 years, but a wide standard deviation of 17 years was also observed among patients. Regarding the frequency of unnecessary requests, T3 with 99.2%, TSH with 60.6%, and T4 with 59.4%, T3RU with 59%, and Anti TPO Ab with 38% had the highest to lowest amount respectively. It should be noted that all requests for fT3 and fT4 tests were unnecessary. In our study, the most number of cases for whom thyroid tests were requested were hospitalized in the departments of neurology, endocrinology, neurosurgery, and neurology ICU, respectively. It seems that this amount can be reduced if endocrinologists are consulted about the indication of requesting thyroid tests. The most common request patterns for thyroid function tests were TSH&T4&T3 with 69.87% and TSH&T4 with 15.57% respectively. In the study of Roti et al., the most common requested pattern with 56% was the combination of TSH, T3, T4, and for this reason, the two studies are similar (10). was requested, 27.83% of them had a change in their treatment procedure, which is higher compared to the study of Mr. Small et al., where only 2% of patients had a change in treatment (11). In our study, among the patients whose test results were in favor of changing the treatment or starting of thyroid medication or increasing the dose of drugs was the most common case with 39.1%. In this study, among patients who had a history of thyroid problems, TSH and T4 tests were reported as the most frequently performed tests among these people. In general, based on the obtained results, it seems that requesting all thyroid indicators at the same time is a common finding. It can also be added that the unusual patterns of requesting thyroid function tests, multiple cases of requesting thyroid function tests, and the non-optimal contractual TSH threshold level cause unnecessary requests for thyroid function tests. One of the most important limitations of this type of study is that the algorithms and instructions are different in different field of medicine and the way of requesting thyroid function tests may be different between two medical specialties. Another limitation of this study is the lack of sufficient previous studies. One of the final suggestions can be the point that cases of inappropriate requests for thyroid hormones in free hormones are taken at the same time as taking total hormone levels, which are the most suitable places for intervention to reduce cases of inappropriate requests for thyroid function tests. It is also suggested that studies with a larger sample size and a longer follow-up period be conducted in the future.  }, Keywords = {Thyroid Tests,Unnecessary requests for diagnostic tests,Request template for diagnostic tests,Hospitalized patients}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {38-47}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی الگوهای درخواست تست‎های عملکرد تیروئید و تعیین موارد منطقی درخواست}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: درخواست نامتناسب تست‎های تیروئیدی امری مسئله‎ساز است. به جز موارد درخواست نابه‎جای تست‎های عملکرد تیروئید، باید به این نکته توجه کرد که سنجش هورمون TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)  به تنهایی حساسیت زیادی برای افتراق موارد کم‎کاری و پرکاری تیروئید از موارد با عملکرد طبیعی این غده را دارد. پژوهش حاضر به بررسی الگوهای درخواست تست‎های عملکردی تیروئید و موارد منطقی درخواست آن‎ها پرداخته است. روش کار: تعداد 488 بیمار که در بازه زمانی مهر تا اسفند سال 1397 در بیمارستان فیروزگر بستری و تست‌های تیروئیدی برای آن‌ها درخواست شده بود، وارد این مطالعه مقطعی شدند. نمونه‎ها با ارزیابی بالینی و اخذ شرح‌حال با هدف یافتن ضرورت درخواست تست تیروئید بررسی شدند. در صورت محتمل بودن تشخیص اختلالات عملکرد تیروئید در مرحله بعد آزمایشات درخواستی از نظر انطباق با الگوریتم‎ها و دستورالعمل‎های موجود بررسی شدند. نهایتاً در صورت منتهی شدن بررسی‎های آزمایشگاهی به تشخیص نهایی، متناسب بودن تست عملکردی درخواستی با تشخیص نهایی بررسی شد. یافته‌ها: میانگین TSH T4 (Thyroxine) و T3 (Triiodothyronine) بیماران به ترتیب برابر  mlU/L58/3،     µg/dL 68/7 و  nmol/L 61/1 بود. در مورد فراوانی درخواست‌های غیرضروری، T3 با 2/99% ، TSH با 6/60% ، و T4 با 4/59 % به ترتیب بیشترین تا کمترین فراوانی را به خود اختصاص دادند. تمامی درخواست‌های تست‌های fT3 (Free,Triiodothyronine) و fT4 (Free,Thyroxine) غیرضروری بودند. بیشترین علت‌های ضروری که آزمایشات تیروئیدی درخواست شده بود به ترتیب هیپوتیروئیدی، آدنوم هیپوفیز و Congestive heart failure (CHF) جبران نشده بودند. شایع‌ترین الگوهای درخواست تست‌های عملکرد تیروئیدی به ترتیب TSH،T4وT3با 87/69% و TSH و T4 با 57/15% بودند. نتیجه‌گیری: این مطالعه نشان داد که درخواست هم‌زمان تمام شاخص‌های تیروئیدی امری شایع است و الگوهای نامتعارف درخواست تست عملکرد تیروئید، موارد متعدد درخواست این تست‎ها و در نظر نگرفتن سطح TSH طبیعی، باعث درخواست غیرضروری تست‎های عملکرد تیروئید می‎شود؛ بنابراین، بر اساس این نتایج پیشنهاد می‌شود که اندازه‌گیری تست‌های عملکردی تیروئید فقط در موارد منطقی و با الگوی مناسب انجام شود و از درخواست هم‌زمان همه تست‌های تیروئیدی در مرحله اول خودداری شود.  }, keywords_fa = {تست‌های تیروئیدی, درخواست‌های غیرضروری تست‌های تشخیصی, الگوی درخواست تست‌های تشخیصی, بیماران بستری}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6746-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6746-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Nalchi, Masoumeh and Daraei, Mehri and Pourhosseini, Ebrahim}, title = {Analysis of the Components of the Conflict and Anger Control Model of the Managers of Medical Universities of Iran}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Conflict is considered as an inevitable and integral part of organizational life that occurs in the organization for various reasons. Conflict resolution solutions and strategies in organizations are very diverse and each has its strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, the best solution to resolve the conflict of any organization is the solution that is designed according to the characteristics of the organization at the required time and place. Anger control and conflict resolution are communication skills that most people lack. One of the most important reasons for people's unhappiness and dissatisfaction with life is that they do not have a good relationship with each other and cannot manage their conflicts. Anger is one of the main emotions of human beings and sometimes it is a cover for other emotions. In fact, part of the anger that people experience is secondary excitement. Anger, if it is the primary emotion, can be rooted in frustrations, deprivations, punishments, and childhood threats. Therefore, it can be said that anger is one of the human emotions that can be expressed verbally or non-verbally. By controlling anger, you can solve problems and misfortunes with a better feeling and build stronger relationships with others. Anger can only turn into a destructive feeling if left unchecked and have dire consequences in one's life. Conflict resolution strategies and strategies in organizations are very diverse and each has its strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, the best solution to resolve the conflict of any organization is the solution that is designed according to the characteristics of the organization at the required time and place. Universities of medical sciences as an organization and institution consisting of a set of vice chancellors, departments, and employees and pursuing a variety of goals are no exception to this and may be subject to organizational conflicts at any time. Considering the effect of conflict on the quantity and quality of medical universities performance, staff efficiency, achievement of university goals and success, conduct this study to identify the causes of conflict, types and levels of conflict in medical universities in order to design a model. Comprehensive and integrated in resolving these conflicts is essential so that the university management can resolve its organizational conflicts based on this model, improve the performance of the organization and ensure the sustainable life of the organization. A review of studies on conflict and anger management shows that this issue is less discussed in medical universities. Also, because medical universities are one of the most important government organizations in the country, the existence of anger and conflict can have devastating effects on the performance of the organization and the university process in general, this research is important. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the components of conflict control and anger of medical university administrators. Methods: The present study is objective in terms of purpose; and in terms of nature, it is a descriptive-survey research that was done using a mixed exploratory approach. The statistical population in the present study is experts in the field of medical sciences. Statistical sample was obtained by non-probability sampling in three steps. The research tools consist of three parts: 1. The first research tools are library studies by which the indicators of conflict management of the directors of medical universities were identified. 2- The second tool of the research is a semi-structured interview in the form of open-ended questions (15 questions) which were completed by 15 experts in the field of medical sciences, conflict management indicators of the managers of medical universities. 3- The third research tool is a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire that was extracted from the results of the previous two tools. The research method in this section is the Delphi technique. Results: Based on the results obtained from three Delphi rounds, 9 main components and 72 sub-components were finally selected as indicators of conflict management in medical universities. The main components of conflict management are: negotiation, cooperation, use of the suggestion system, avoidance, confrontation, flexibility and compromise, control, adaptation and change in relationships. Conclusion: Managers of organizations, especially medical universities in the country to resolve conflict in the organization, first assess the conditions and situation as well as the severity of the conflict and use one of the conflict resolution methods. Compromise and flexible methods are recommended for further conflict problem. Based on the obtained results, it is suggested that the managers of organizations, especially the medical universities of the country, to resolve the conflict and anger in the organization, first assess the situation and also the severity of the conflict and anger and use one of the methods to solve Use conflict and anger. Methods that are compromising and flexible are recommended for more conflict problems, and other methods such as dominating or firing employees are best used if compromise is not possible.}, Keywords = {Delphi Technique, University of Medical Sciences, Conflict Management, Anger Control}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {48-59}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تبیین مدل تعارض و کنترل خشم در مدیران دانشگاه‌های علوم پزشکی ایران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: تعارض و خشم به عنوان جزئی اجتناب ناپذیر و لاینفک از زندگی سازمانی قلمداد می‌شود که به علل مختلف در سازمان رخ می­دهد. راه‌حل‌ها و استراتژی‌های حل تعارض و خشم در سازمان­ها، بسیار متنوع بوده و هر یک دارای نقاط قوت و ضعف هستند. لذا، هدف از تحقیق حاضر، تبیین مدل تعارض و کنترل خشم در مدیران دانشگاه‌های علوم پزشکی ایران به روش کیفی می­باشد. روش کار: مطالعه حاضر از نظر ماهیت از نوع تحقیقات توصیفی- پیمایشی است. جامعه آماری در پژوهش حاضر، خبرگان حوزه علوم پزشکی می­باشند. نمونه آماری توسط نمونه گیری غیراحتمالی و در سه مرحله بدست آمد. ابزارهای پژوهش شامل مطالعات کتابخانه­ای، مصاحبه نیمه ساختار یافته به صورت سوالات باز (15 سوال) و پرسشنامه در طیف لیکرت 5 امتیازی است که از نتایج دو ابزار قبل استخراج گردید. روش تحقیق در این بخش، تکنیک دلفی است. یافته­ها: بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده از سه دور دلفی، 9 مولفه اصلی و 72 مولفه فرعی در نهایت به عنوان شاخص­های کننترل تعارض و خشم در دانشگاه­های علوم پزشکی انتخاب شدند. مولفه­های اصلی مدیریت تعارض عبارتند از: مذاکره، همکاری، استفاده از نظام پیشنهادات، اجتناب، رویارویی، نرمش و سازش، کنترل، تطبیقی و تغییر در روابط. نتیجه‌گیری: مدیران سازمان­ها به ویژه دانشگاه­های علوم پزشکی کشور برای حل تعارض و خشم در سازمان، ابتدا شرایط و موقعیت و همچنین میزان شدت تعارض را سنجیده و از یکی از روش­های حل تعارض استفاده نمایند. روش­هایی که با سازش و نرمش هستند برای مشکل تعارض بیشتر توصیه می­شود.}, keywords_fa = {تکنیک دلفی, دانشگاه علوم پزشکی, مدیریت تعارض, کنترل خشم}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6953-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6953-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Shirdel, Saeedeh and Shirazi, Elham and Ahmadzad, Masoud and Alavi, Kaveh and Jalali, Amirhossein and Tahmasbi, Leil}, title = {Evaluation of Validity and Reliability of The Pediatric Symptom Check List (PSC) Aged 4 to 11 Years in The children of The Staff of Hospitals\' Tehran City (Iran Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran Psychiatric Institute and Hazrat-Rasoul Hospital)}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Most of the emotional disorders and behavioral problems due to the unbalanced and changing situation of the family and social life have affected different groups of children and adolescents. Family  Health problems and deficiencies, displacement of social groups and pressures caused by them, unreasonable population growth, rampant migration and displacement, widespread poverty and addiction, depression, aggression, and the glories of the absence of a guardian in many families, as well as the long-term ignorance of children's parents about the problems they face, Experience and do not update and Lack of sufficient knowledge  about how to manage these issues and many other important issues, have caused the emotional and behavioral disorders of children in this century to reach an unprecedented extent. Therefore, several screening questionnaires around the world have been designed to Screen children in terms of psychosocial and emotional problems and the validity and reliability of the questionnaires have been confirmed. Methods: This study was a test (questionnaire) in which the questionnaires were completed by mothers of children aged 4-11 years, one of whose parents worked in the centers of Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Iran Psychiatric Hospital, and HazratRasoul Hospital. Sampling was selected by a simple non-random sampling method (sample available). Samples were selected from mothers who themselves or their spouses working in Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Iran Psychiatric Hospital, and Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital. According to the number of questions in the questionnaire (18 questions), 180 samples were needed to examine the factor structure of the questionnaire. Also, 30 samples were selected from 180 samples to check the reliability of the retest according to the mother's desire and the possibility of attending the retest (which also requires identification of the individual).The PSC questionnaire included questions that focused on internal and external problems and impaired concentration in children and adolescents.The questionnaire has 17 items that are scored under the three headings of "never", "sometimes" and "often". A question has also been added to the questionnaire that includes suicidal ideation and previous suicide attempts. A value of zero was considered for the title "never", a value of one was considered for the title "sometimes" and a value of two was considered for the title "always". By adding the total points, the total score was calculated. Items by the questioner A blank was considered equal to zero. If three or more questions in the questionnaire were not answered, the questionnaire would be removed from the study. The total score was calculated from 0-36. Scores were categorized into three categories: internalized problems, externalized problems, and concentration disorders. The positive items of each category included the total score of each item, which was more than 7.7.5, respectively. Simultaneously with the above questionnaire, SDQ and CSI-IV questionnaires were given to mothers to complete. SDQ Questionnaire is a screening questionnaire of abilities and problems among children and adolescents aged 4-16 years, which is completed by parents and completed by adolescents for the age group of 11-16 years. The questionnaire also provides information on whether the child has problems in these areas and if so, what functional impairments have led to them. This questionnaire was prepared by psychiatrists in the United Kingdom for early screening of psychiatric problems as well as the abilities of children and adolescents. SDQ questionnaire is available on websites and has been translated into 80 living languages of the world. The duration of the questionnaire is about 5-10 minutes and includes 25 questions. All versions of this questionnaire ask about 25 attributes, some positive and some negative. These 25 items are divided into 5 scales. Emotional symptoms (5 items), Behavior problems (5 items), Hyperactivity / Attention Deficit Disorder (5 items), Communication problems related to peers (5 items), Homosexual friendly behaviors (5 items). Another questionnaire used to identify psychiatric disorders in the world is the CSI-IV questionnaire.it was the gold standard test for comparing the results. The parent form of this questionnaire has 98 questions and the teacher form has 87 questions. The disorders that are screened are as follows: Child coping disorder, Behavioral disorder Generalized anxiety disorder, Social phobia, Separation anxiety disorder, Major depressive disorder and Depression, Schizophrenia is a pervasive growth disorder, asperger's, vocal and motor tics.  The time to complete the questionnaire is about 10 minutes. Results: After translating the questionnaire into Persian and reviewing its content and face validity by 16 psychiatrists and clinical psychologists working in the field of children and adolescents, the results were as follows: They had 94%. Face validity was also checked by the relevant team, which obtained a total of more than 95% of the total face validity questions. In the face validity assessment conducted by ten mothers participating in the project, a total of more than 87% validity was obtained. The reliability indices of the questionnaire and its dimensions were also analyzed and internal consistency or Cronbach's alpha was calculated, which was suitable for all questions and each area separately and more than 0.7. The reliability of the quantitative retest test for 30 participants using the coefficient Spearman correlation was analyzed, which in all cases showed a high correlation. The similarity between the diagnosis was assessed by PSCA tool with SDQ and CSI-VI tools separately using Kappa statistical test, which had diagnostic similarity in ADHD. The similarities between the diagnosis of mood disorders and anxiety by PSCI tool with SDQ and CSI-VI were also examined, according to which PSC was significantly successful in distinguishing SAD (Social anxiety disorder) from CSI-VI questionnaire and emotion disorder from SDQ. There was a significant similarity between the diagnosis of externalizing disorder of PSC with ODD of CSI-VI and the conduct of SDQ. Finally, the similarity between the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders was examined. Due to the lack of a total score in the CSI-VI questionnaire, this study was performed only on PSC and SDQ. Based on this, PSC was able to identify disorders as much as SDQ. Conclusion: The Persian version of PSC is suitable for early assessment and screening of psychiatric disorders in schools, clinics, and primary health care.}, Keywords = {Validity, Reliability, lLst, Symptoms, Children}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {60-72}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارزیابی روایی و پایایی سیاهه علایم کودکان (PSC) سنین 4 تا 11 سال در فرزندان کارکنان برخی بیمارستان‌های شهر تهران (بیمارستان‌های روان‌پزشکی ایران، بیمارستان حضرت رسول و انستیتو روان‌پزشکی تهران)}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: با توجه به شیوع اختلالات رفتاری و هیجانی در کودکان، پرسشنامه‌های غربالگری متعددی در اقصی نقاط جهان جهت غربالگری از لحاظ مشکلات روانی اجتماعی و هیجانی طراحی شده و روایی و پایایی پرسشنامه‌ها نیز تایید شده‌اند. هدف این مطالعه نیز بررسی روایی و پایایی نسخه ترجمه شده به فارسی پرسشنامه سیاهه علایم کودکان PSC می‌باشد. روش کار: ابتدا پرسشنامه PSC به زبان فارسی ترجمه و توسط 16 تن روان‌پزشک و روانشناس حیطه اطفال روایی صوری و محتوایی آن تایید شد. در مرحله بعد در اختیار 180 نفر از مادران شاغل در بیمارستان‌های روان‌پزشکی ایران، حضرت رسول و انستیتو روان‌پزشکی تهران قرار گرفت. سه هفته بعد از تکمیل نیز تعداد 30 نفر از مادران جهت بررسی پایایی آزمون، مجدداً پرسشنامه را تکمیل کردند. هم‌زمان با PSC دو پرسشنامه CSI-VI و SDQ (که قبلاً روایی و پایایی نسخه فارسی آن‌ها بررسی و تایید شده است) نیز تکمیل شد و از نتایج آن‌ها به عنوان استاندارد جهت بررسی نتایج آزمون PSC استفاده شد. پرسشنامه PSC شامل سؤالاتی بود که بر روی مشکلات درونی و بیرونی شده و اختلال تمرکز در کودک و نوجوان متمرکز شده است. یافته‌ها: نسخه فارسی پرسشنامه PSC از روایی صوری و محتوایی بالایی برخوردار بوده و پایایی آزمون و همسانی درونی بالایی داشت. قدرت غربالگری در سه حیطه مشکلات بیرونی شده، درونی شده و اختلال توجه نیز مناسب بود. نتیجه‌گیری: نسخه فارسی PSC جهت سنجش و غربالگری زودرس اختلالات روان‌پزشکی در مدارس و کلینیک‌ها مناسب می‌باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {سیاهه, روایی, پایایی, کودکان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6982-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6982-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {HajiMotalebi, Elahenaz and Assadiannarenji, Somayeh and Goleyjanimoghadam, Rez}, title = {Association of (-1082 A/G) (rs1800896) Promoter Region of Human IL-10 Gene Polymorphisms with Psoriasis Vulgaris in The West of Mazandaran and East of Guilan Provinces Using ARMS-PCR Technique}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with an immunogenetic background that is prevalent among ethnic groups. The prevalence of this disease varies from region to region; and it is reported to affect 2-4% of the population in Western countries. While in Asian and some African countries, the lowest prevalence rate (between 0.3 to 1.2% in China) has been reported. On the other hand, in the Scandinavian and Caucasian populations, this rate reaches 11%. In Iran, its prevalence is between 1.3% to 2.5% (1-3, 5, 7). IL-10 is a cytokine produced primarily by monocytes and lymphocytes. The gene encoding IL-10 is located on the long arm of chromosome 1. The promoter region is highly polymorphic, with 3-point mutations including: single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at positions: –1082 (G/A), –819 (C/T) and –592 (C/A) (4, 12, 13, 14). The association between interleukin-10 gene rs1800896 polymorphism and susceptibility to psoriasis has been investigated in several studies, but with contradictory findings. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the possible links between –1082(G/A) polymorphism of the IL-10 gene and psoriasis in cases from the north of Iran. The results of this study can be used to find biomarkers that are used in personal medical science for the early diagnosis of diseases and are highly regarded by the scientific community today. Methods: This case-control study was performed on 50 patients and 35 healthy individuals in the west of Mazandaran and east of Guilan province. Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood samples and genotyping was performed by means of the amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) method. This method is based on the design of specific pairs of allele primers and the amplification of the desired allele. To amplify the region containing the mutation, two primer pairs can be used, designed for mutated alleles and natural alleles, respectively. All primers used were designed using Gene Runner and Oligo7 software based on the IL-10 gene sequence on chromosome 1. After selecting the primers, their sequences were compared with the sequences of the human genome in the Gene Bank database. In the primer design, in addition to the 3′ terminal mismatch, at the third end of 3′ primers, a base was changed to ensure that the primer did not bind to the opposite allele.The results were validated using the DNA sequencing method. To perform this reaction, a vial containing 25 µl of Master Mix, 2µl of each primer; and 5 µl of DNA was used and reached to 50µl by adding 16µl of distilled water. The mix was then placed in a thermocycler with a annealing binding temperature of 61.5 ° C to perform the polymerase chain reaction. After PCR, qualitative analysis was performed using 2.5% agarose gel; and the rest of the PCR products with Reverse primer were sent to taq-Copenhagen (Denmark) for PCR Sequencing. The submitted sequence analysis was performed using Chromas software and the known mutations in the samples were confirmed. Data were analyzed using the chi-squared test. A logistic regression test was used to eliminate the effect of possible interfering factors and odd ratios (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: AA, AG, and GG genotypes and A and G alleles were examined in patients with psoriasis. The genotypic distribution of the patient and control groups was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. PCR products were analyzed on 2.5% agarose gel using a DNA marker with a molecular weight of 100 bp. The results of statistical studies showed that the studied groups did not differ significantly in terms of gender and age. The frequency percentages of AA, AG and GG genotypes were 82%, 18% and 0% in the control group and 56%, 32% and 12% in the patient group, respectively. This difference is significant at the level of 0.05 (p = 0.014). Also, the frequency of A and G alleles in the control group were 91% and 9%, respectively, and in the patient group were 72% and 28%, respectively. Therefore, this difference is significant at the level of 0.05 (p = 0.002). The results showed that there is a significant difference in the frequency of alleles between the two groups; so the G allele is detected more in people with psoriasis than healthy group and in terms of genotypic distribution, the GG genotype in the psoriasis group is more than the controls. Also, due to the fact that this significant difference may be related to interfering and in Fisher's exact test, these factors were not controlled, so logistic regression was used to remove these factors. The results showed that even after matching and eliminating the interfering factors, there were still significant differences between the genotypes. Therefore, a significant relationship is observed between rs 1800896 rs polymorphism of interleukin 10 gene and susceptibility to psoriasis. Conclusion: We conclude that IL-10 gene polymorphism (rs 180096) is likely to increase the risk of susceptibility to psoriasis in western Mazandaran and eastern Gilan. According to various studies, it can be seen that one of the reasons for explaining the contradictory results could be that these studies have been conducted on different populations around the world. Another possible reason is that the regulation of IL-10 varies in different cell types (T cells, B cells, and macrophages) and with different stimuli. In addition, transcriptional levels and IL-10 protein levels may differ due to post-transcriptional regulation of IL-10 gene expression. Other causes of different results in the study of gene polymorphisms include different gene pools, molecular methods used; and the size of the study population. Using the right sample size for each type of disease phenotype can better reflect the true effect of the polymorphism on the characteristics of that disease (1, 13,15, 44). More research is needed focusing on different populations to reach a definitive overall conclusion about this relationship. Also; studies should be conducted in a larger group of patients as high as possible and on all polymorphisms of this gene in order to validate these findings.}, Keywords = {Psoriasis, Interleukin-10, Polymorphism, ARMS PCR}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {73-88}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارتباط پلی مورفیسم ناحیه پروموتر (rs1800896) (-1082 A/G) ژن IL10 انسانی با بیماری پسوریازیس ولگاریس در غرب مازندران و شرق گیلان با استفاده از تکنیک ARMS-PCR}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: پسوریازیس، نوعی بیماری مزمن التهابی پوستی چند عاملی و با زمینه‌ایمونوژنتیکی است که در بین جمعیت‌ها و قومیت‌های مختلف شیوع دارد. اینترلوکین 10 یک سایتوکاین ضد التهابی است که توسط منوسیت‌ها، لنفوسیت‌ها و سایر سلول‌ها تولید می‌شود. چندین مطالعه که به بررسی ارتباط بین پلی مورفیسم rs1800896 ژن اینترلوکین 10 و حساسیت پذیری به بیماری پسوریازیس پرداخته‌اند، نتایج ضدو نقیضی را نشان دادند؛ بنابراین هدف مطالعه اخیر، بررسی ارتباط بین پلی مورفیسم -1082G/A ژن IL-10 و پسوریازیس در شمال ایران می‌باشد. روش کار: در این مطالعه مورد-شاهدی، تعداد 50 نمونه خون تام افراد مبتلا به پسوریازیس در غرب مازندران و شرق گیلان که بیماری آنان توسط پزشک متخصص تایید شده بود و نیز تعداد 35 نمونه خون تام افراد سالم به عنوان گروه کنترل که تمام شرایط گروه کنترل را دارا بودند، از آزمایشگاه‌های مناطق ذکر شده جمع‌آوری گردید. بعد از استخراج DNA نمونه‌ها، به کمک روش ARMS-PCR، ارتباط بین ژنوتیپ‌های AA، AG و GG در ژن IL-10 با احتمال ابتلا به پسوریازیس تعیین شد. به منظور تایید صحت انجام کار از تکنیک تعیین توالی استفاده شد. معنی‌دار بودن تفاوت در فراوانی آللی و ژنوتیپی بین دو گروه با آزمون مربع کای دو بررسی گردید. به منظور حذف اثر عوامل مداخله گر احتمالی از آزمون رگرسیون لجیستیک استفاده شد و Odds Ratio در محدوده اطمینان (95%) CI محاسبه گردید. 05/0˂p به عنوان مقدار سطح معنی‌داری در نظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها‌: نتایج حاصله نشان داد تفاوت معناداری در میزان بروز این آلل‌ها بین دو گروه مورد مطالعه وجود دارد، بطوریکه آلل G در افراد مبتلا به پسوریازیس بیشتر از افراد سالم می‌باشد و از نظر ژنوتیپی، ژنوتیپ GG در افراد مبتلا به پسوریازیس در مقایسه با افراد سالم بیشتر است؛ بنابراین می‌توان نتیجه گرفت، ارتباط معناداری بین پلی مورفیسم rs 1800896 ژن اینترلوکین 10 و استعداد ابتلا به بیماری پسوریازیس در غرب مازندران و شرق گیلان وجود دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: پیشنهاد می‌شود برای حصول اطمینان بیشتر و نتایج قابل تعمیم، بررسی در مناطق مختلف ایران و با جامعه آماری تا حد ممکن بالاتر و نیز بر روی تمام پلی مورفیسم‌های این ژن انجام شود.}, keywords_fa = {پسوریازیس, اینترلوکین 10, پلی مورفیسم,ARMS-PCR}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6964-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6964-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Fasihiyan, Moein and Taheri, Maryam and Ebrahim, Khosrow and Nourshahi, Maryam}, title = {Review of The Effect of Different Types of Exercise on Cellular-Molecular Changes of Neurons in The Rehabilitation Period after Ischemic Stroke}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Many studies have shown that after ischemic stroke, survivors experience motor dysfunction, memory impairment, and cognitive problems. Exercise is an effective and widely used factor in rehabilitation strategy to improve cognitive recovery and motor control following ischemic conditions caused by stroke, which is effective by increasing signaling pathways related to neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, etc. Recognizing and examining these factors as a result of exercise can be a principled solution to prescribe the most efficient and effective training method for the faster recovery of people suffering from stroke. Stroke is a type of injury related to blood vessels in different levels of the brain. A clinical study of people who had a stroke showed that over several years after the stroke, people who had different types of exercise in their rehabilitation program showed good functional results in neurological rehabilitation, but in groups Without exercise, most people developed aggravated neurological disorders, with mortality in this group being much higher than in the other group. Lack of blood supply to nerve cells in the CNS causes neurological and cognitive disorders, in which all parts of the nerve cell such as the cell body, axons, axonal terminus, and dendritic cavity in the penumbra region Deprived of blood affects the healing processes of various therapies, often involving neurogenesis and angiogenesis, which regenerate damaged cells in neural circuits. The neuroplasticity process in the central nervous system is divided into two parts: structural and functional changes, which have the ability to adapt to learning processes, and cognitive memory following neurological damage, which are dynamic processes that a number of centers Different parts of the central nervous system will undergo numerous changes and interactions. However, by natural mechanisms, the body produces simultaneous changes after ischemic brain injury, but these changes are not sufficient to reverse and repair the damage. In normal conditions or in conditions of brain injuries, rehabilitation can be created as a dynamic process in the nervous system with the aim of adapting to different conditions. Recently, exercise has been considered an effective and practical factor to increase cognitive function and motor function in rehabilitation conditions that increase dendritic branching and axonal myelination through neuroplasticity processes such as increased neural activity and postsynaptic stimulation ability. These phenomena can occur after a stroke. Due to the importance of recognizing and examining the effective factors in the rehabilitation period after stroke, exercise in recent years has shown a very effective role in improving the physical and cognitive condition of these patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the effective mechanisms in the neurogenic and angiogenic process and also to inhibit apoptotic processes due to exercise as effective factors in improving motor function and cognitive ability after stroke. Methods: To conduct this study, search the Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science databases on the effect of various types of exercise on neuronal molecular and cellular changes in the post-ischemic stroke rehabilitation period from 2005 to 2021. Mainly in the title, abstract of articles, and keywords in the studied articles, the words, Ischemic stroke, Rehabilitation, Endurance training, cognitive training, Neuroplasticity, were searched. The inclusion criteria for the selected papers were to be published in Latin in international and prestigious journals, and in general to be about the effect of exercise on molecular cellular signaling in the post-stroke rehabilitation period. Finally, based on the standard principles and the title of the articles, the title of the present study was done with 65 articles Results: In this review, we discussed recent studies on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of exercise-induced neuroplasticity and Neuroprotective after stroke, analyzed the type of exercise rehabilitation. Studies from 2005 to 2021 have shown that exercise, depending on the type, can inhibit nerve cell-degrading factors and rehabilitate them, as well as the formation of new neurons in the penumbra region with cellular and molecular changes specific to neurogenesis. In general, among the various training methods, high-intensity interval training had more advantages, which was also very important considering the time to start training after a stroke. Finally, it was found that the types of exercise in post-stroke rehabilitation will vary greatly based on the type of exercise that should be used based on the type and amount of stroke, in order to determine the exact effects of different types of exercise, more research is needed in the future. Conclusion: It seems that one of the effective strategies in designing exercises for rehabilitation and recovery disorders caused by stroke is to use incremental methods in duration and intensity levels that start with very low-intensity exercises and increase the intensity of exercises over time.}, Keywords = {Ischemic stroke, Rehabilitation, Endurance training, cognitive training, Neuroplasticity}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {89-104}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مروری بر تأثیر انواع تمرینات ورزشی بر تغییرات سلولی-مولکولی نورون‌های عصبی در دوره توان‌بخشی پس از سکته مغزی ایسکمیک}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بازماندگان پس از سکته مغزی، دچار اختلالات حرکتی، ضعف حافظه و مشکلات شناختی می­شوند. ورزش می­تواند استراتژی مناسبی برای توان‌بخشی این بیماران باشد. هدف از این مطالعه مروری، بررسی مطالعات گذشته در خصوص اثر محافظتی و تمایز پذیری عصبی انواع تمرینات ورزشی در دوره توان‌بخشی پس از سکته مغزی ایسکمیک می­باشد. روش کار: جهت یافتن مقالات با محوریت تأثیر انواع تمرینات ورزشی بر روی سلول­های عصبی آسیب­دیده پس از سکته مغزی، از بانک‌های اطلاعاتی و وبگاه‌های متعدد از جمله: Google Scholar، PubMed، Web of Science و Scopus استفاده شد. سپس با در نظر گرفتن معیارهای ورود و خروج، فرآیند مرور، غربالگری و حذف اطلاعات تکراری و غیر مرتبط، کلیه مقالات در بازه زمانی سال‌های 2005 تا 2021 انتخاب و در نهایت 65 مقاله مرتبط با موضوع، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته­ها: با توجه به بررسی­های صورت گرفته در خصوص تأثیر انواع تمرینات ورزشی در بازه­های زمانی مختلف پس از سکته مغزی، تمرینات ورزشی مختلف، تغییرات متفاوتی را در سلول­های عصبی ایجاد می­کنند که این اثرات وابسته به زمان شروع تمرینات پس از سکته مغزی و نوع تمرینات ورزشی، می­باشند. نتیجه­گیری: بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده در مطالعات، تمرینات ورزشی با شدت کم در فاز حاد تا یک هفته پس از سکته مغزی و تمرینات با شدت بالا در فاز مزمن، بیش از یک هفته پس از سکته مغزی، بیشترین تأثیرات آنابولیک را در سلول­های عصبی آسیب‌دیده خواهند داشت که در این زمینه می­توان استراتژی­هایی مانند ورزش­های با شدت و مدت فزاینده را در نظر گرفت البته نیاز به بررسی­های بیشتر در این زمینه وجود دارد.}, keywords_fa = {سکته مغزی ایسکمیک, توان‌بخشی, تمرینات استقامتی, تمرینات شناختی, تمایز پذیری عصبی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7141-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7141-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Damiri, Hamid and Zare, Amaneh and KarimNia, Amin and Sharafzadeh, Mohammad Hossei}, title = {Evaluation of Levels of Speech Disorders in the Agrammatic’s Persian Speakers}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Chomsky (1981)'s theory of governance and referentiality, which distinguished between superstructure and deep construction, was considered as a candidate for describing syntactic disorders in grammatical aphasia speech. Depth is a surface that contains the lexical features of sentence structures and thetaic relations between these structures. The structure is derived from the depth of motion by kinematic moments. Role nuclei and their projections are of special importance in derivation. Match markers are time and state that are associated with lexical constructs such as verbs and nouns. Role structures such as complement and auxiliary verbs are produced in their original position, the role nuclei. Role nuclei and their identifiers are the landing sites of structures. Which have moved from their position in the depths of construction. Many studies have shown that the omission and replacement of mere adjectives is one of the main signs of grammatical production speech. Linguistic disorders caused by brain damage are categorized as generalized aphasia. Patients with disabilities have different language abilities depending on which area of their brain is damaged. Damage to the broca area usually leads to a disorder that has several symptoms, the first and most obvious of which is poor production. The second characteristic of Broca's aphasia is the regular omission and substitution of sounds, which is called relative phonological aphasia (also called motor aphasia). The third characteristic of Broca's aphasia is a defect in the ability to construct morphological and syntactic patterns. The most common of these symptoms is the loss of most sub-categories, such as prepositions and adjectives, as well as adjectives. Broca's aphasia is also associated with deficiencies in syntactic knowledge. Although patients seem to understand language well as long as they can rely on their knowledge of word meaning and pragmatics, they do not seem to be able to. Use syntactic knowledge in interpreting sentences. As mentioned earlier, this language center not only controls production but also plays a vital role in word formation and sentence construction. The Broca area seems to deal mainly with the structural and organizational aspects of language and is therefore responsible for the production rules governing the creation of sound patterns as well as the morphological and syntactic rules governing the construction of words and groups. Research shows that language is a complex cognitive skill that plays a vital role in human cognition, so it is directly related to other cognitive skills and should not be evaluated alone. In patients with aphasia, disorders in cognitive skills such as attention, memory. they cause disorders in language functions and if left untreated, they can delay the healing process of language disorders. Injury or disorder in the Broca area of the left hemisphere of the brain leads to different levels of speech disorders. The present study focuses on the domain of Inflection; tense and agreement in verbs produced by Persian agrammatic aphasics. Two main objectives are considered in this research. 1. Is the construction of a morphological structure preserved in the speech of grammar? 2- Are the grammatical errors produced in the speech of Boka people (grammars) as a result of a disorder (a disorder) the selection of role categories in the linguistic productions of Persian grammatical individuals by observing the behavior and performance of the verb definition? Methods: The present study is a field, descriptive and analytical research. First, the researcher prepared a list of Broca aphasia patients to collect the desired data and referred to Neyriz Martyrs Hospital and with the help and assistance of a neurologist, reviewed the patients' medical records and CT scans. He has been performing his tests on the site of the brain lesion for 6 months. However, during these tests, he also faced some problems, including the fact that the number of sick men was higher than that of women. Sometimes patients died during treatment or suffered other serious injuries. Due to the medications they were taking and the special care taken to treat these patients, it was not possible to interview the researcher at any time; Therefore, sometimes the tests were performed in several stages and in a short time. In this research, data analysis is presented in the form of tables and graphs. This study was performed on 6 patients who were referred to Shohada Hospital in Neyriz, Fars province in 2019. The subjects were 35-80 years old, with at least elementary education, monolingual, Persian-speaking and right-handed. Data collected by Persian Aphasia Tests. This issue is analyzed in the theoretical framework of generative grammar, Pollock’s (1989) Split INFL Hypothesis, Friedmann and Grodzinsky’s (1997) Tree Pruning Hypothesis and also Chomsky's Minimalist Program (1992). Results: The findings suggest that Friedmann and Grodzinsky’s syntactic tree pruning hypothesis (1997) does not have the explanatory adequacy to describe this disorder. Moreover, Persian agrammatic aphasics omit verb inflectional markers while showing no tendency to substitute morphemes. Observation of verb conjugation errors shows that 6 subjects tend to omit the current time and match markers. Cognitive studies have shown that the specific characteristics of each language determine the patterns of elimination and substitution observed in brain-injured patients. Since Persian is also an analytical language and usually by removing a grammatical word, the root of the word can be alone. It is conceivable as a word, so the removal of restricted monosyllables is conceivable and the replacement of one monosyllabic with another is not expected. According to the statistical data of Table 7, substitution errors rarely occur in the speech of prescriptive patients and include only 12% of misstatement errors, while 88% of errors are omission of morphologies. In short it can be stated that the result C. The present tense in Table 7 is a testament to the fact that prescriptive patients follow the rules of well-constructed vocabulary in their language. Conclusion: In general, patients with Persian dyslexia suffer from speech disorders in various dimensions, which indicates that a cognitive-linguistic method should be developed to improve their speech abilities. The findings of the research can be discussed from different axes. According to the findings of the analysis of the data produced by patients with grammatical dysfunction, grammatical insufficiency was observed in their speech. By reviewing and analyzing the data, we found that adjective morphemes have limited application time and correspondence in their speech, and this finding is consistent with the results of research on the limited use of these morphemes. This study claims that the origin of this disorder Production is associated with limitations of processing capacity. That is, it activates slowly and slowly affects its lexical units. Therefore, it is better to look at grammatical disease as a computational disorder than a conceptual disorder. They face problems. Due to lack of access to syntactic knowledge, patients resort to adaptation as a strategy, thus eliminating the vocabulary units that had a problem processing. In fact, patients call aphasia a processing disorder, ie their ability to link information. Syntactically and affect morphology. Therefore, a cognitive-linguistic method should be used to assess linguistic abilities in grammars.  }, Keywords = {Agrammatic aphasia, Syntactic tree pruning, Minimalism, Agreement, Tense}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {105-114}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی سطوح اختلالات گفتاری در بیماران دستورپریش فارسی زبان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: امروزه مشکلات گفتاری بیماران دستورپریش فارسی‌زبان به عنوان یک مسئله مهم و جدی مورد توجه محققان قرار گرفته است. این مسئله سبب گردیده است تا تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی سطوح اختلالات گفتاری در بیماران دستورپریش فارسی‌زبان طراحی و اجرا گردد. روش کار: جهت انجام این تحقیق توصیفی و تحلیلی که به صورت میدانی انجام شده است، 6 بیمار دستور پریش که در سال 1398 به بیمارستان شهدای نی ریز در استان فارس مراجعه کرده‌اند، انتخاب شدند. آزمودنی‌های بیمار همگی 35-80 ساله، دارای تحصیلات حداقل ابتدایی، تک‌زبانه و فارسی‌زبان، راست‌دست بودند. داده‌های مورد نظر به وسیله آزمون‌های زبان پریشی فارسی مطابق با الگوی گرادزینسکی و فرید من (1997) جمع‌آوری شده‌اند. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌های تحقیق حاضر از آمار توصیفی و استنباطی استفاده گردید. در بخش آمار توصیفی از فراوانی و درصد استفاده شد. همچنین در بخش آمار استنباطی از آزمون کای اسکوئر استفاده گردید. کلیه فرایند تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌های تحقیق حاضر در نرم‌افزار SPSS انجام گردید. یافته‌ها: یافته‌های تحقیق نشان داد که بیماران دستور پریش فارسی در درک کلمات و واژگان عملکرد مطلوب‌تری به نسبت تولید آنان کلمات داشتند. به صورتی که عملکرد این بیماران در بیان کلمات دچار مشکلات اساسی بود. نتیجه‌گیری: به صورت کلی بیماران دستور پریش فارسی دچار اختلالات گفتاری در ابعاد مختلف می‌باشند که این مسئله نشان می‌دهد که می‌بایستی روشی شناختی-زبانی جهت بهبود توانایی‌های گفتاری آنان ایجاد گردد.}, keywords_fa = {دستور پریشی, درخت نحوی کوتاه شده, کمینه‌گرایی, مطابقه, زمان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7052-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7052-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Abedi, Iraj and Abdi, Negar and Naserpour, Mozaffar and Rabbani, Masou}, title = {Evaluation of the Relationship between Quantitative Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) Values in Diffusion-Weighted Images of the Prostate with Glisson Score Values in Pathology Specimens after Prostatectomy}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men and the second leading cause of death in all countries of the world. According to the US statistics, about 27% of men in the United States were diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2014, and 10% will die of cancer. Over the past decades, prostate cancer management has reached a point where the degree, stage, and location of cancer determine the type of treatment. Treatment for prostate cancer depends on the spread of cancer at the time of diagnosis. Several clinical trials, including the digital rectal examination (DRE), biochemistry such as prostate-specific Antigen (PSA), and pathology such as ultrasound-guided biopsy (TRUS) are used to assess the size and spread of prostate cancer. However, these tests alone are not enough and reliable to diagnose and stage prostate cancer. In addition to the above methods, there are extensive imaging techniques for the diagnosis and staging of prostate tumors. Initially, CT scans were used for staging, but due to the inherent weakness of CT scans in differentiating prostate disease, MRI and ultrasound were used to diagnose and determine the of stage prostate cancer. Although, the standard method for diagnosing and staging prostate cancer is sampling and determining the Gleason index. In this study, the relationship between Gleason score as a standard method in patients with prostate cancer was compared with the parameters extracted from Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). In the DWI method, based on the diffusion of water molecules among intracellular molecules, a parameter called the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) is determined in the images and can provide precise contrast to differentiate tumor cells from healthy cells. Sensitivity to the diffusion of water molecules is defined by the gradient factor b (b-value) in s / mm2. This factor indicates the intensity and time of applying gradients to produce diffusion-weighted images. The higher b-value, the stronger effect of the diffusion of water molecules and results in better contrast, greater propagation and lower T2 shine-through effect, but a lower signal-to-noise ratio and a higher sensitivity artifact. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides information on the biological behavior of prostate cancer tissue in diffusion weighted (DW) MR images. The diffusion rate measured by DWI is related to the average path length traveled by water molecules so that the longer path leads to an increase in ADC. The three-dimensional diffusion of water molecules into the tissue is not random due to the presence of cell membrane impedance. Also in tissues with high cell density, increasing cell membrane may significantly inhibit the diffusion of intercellular water molecules and reduce the diffusion pathway and hence reduce ADC. Therefore, this parameter can indirectly provide information about tissue cells. The anatomical structure of normal prostate tissue consists of a glandular component associated with stroma tissue. Water molecules are easily diffused into the glandular component of prostate tissue. But as cancer becomes more distinct, the cell density increases, and the glandular structure becomes unrecognizable. Methods: This fundamental study was performed on 90 patients with prostate cancer, according to McDonald's criteria, who were referred to Shafa Imaging Center in Isfahan, from March 2020 to January 2021. First, the informed consent form was obtained from all patients and then they participated in the study. In this study, patients were first referred to the MRI imaging department and routine MRI protocols were performed on them. Then, in order to evaluate the accuracy of the MRI-diffusion imaging method in comparison with the surgical and pathological results of patients and also to determine the optimal value of the resulting parameters, this sequence was performed on patients to evaluate the extent of tumor invasion. Free-breathing DW MR axial images were obtained using Siemens Avanto system 1.5 Tesla (with b-values equal to 0, 1000, 1500, and 2000 mm2 / s). The European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) recommends a b-value in the range of 800-1000 mm2 / s for prostate imaging. ROIs were plotted independently on ADC maps. To measure ADC in prostate cancer, tumor areas on T2W images were used to measure ADC, which accounted for a total of 24 ADC measurements in all three diffusion gradients for each patient. ADC values were measured by inserting ROI with an average area of 30 mm2. Using Medcalc software version 15 with a 95% confidence level, the indicators of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, threshold, positive, and negative predictive value were calculated. Results: The results showed that in 6 patients with Gleason score 6, the mean value of ADC using 32 ROIs (Region of Interests) was 0.982 ± 0.909 SD s/mm2. In 9 patients with Gleason score 7, the mean ADC value using 52 ROIs was 0.961 ± 0.806 SD s/mm2. In 6 patients with Gleason score 8, the mean ADC value using 52 ROIs was 0.924 ± 0.786 SD s/mm2. In 4 patients with Gleason score 9, the mean ADC value using 24 ROIs was 0.812 ± 0.726 SD s/mm2. Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between Gleason score and ADC measurements (r = -0.926, P = 0.01). Conclusion: According to the guidelines of the European association of urology in 2013, the main tools for diagnosing prostate cancer include DRE (Digital Rectal Examination), PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) and TRUS (Trans-Rectal Ultrasonography)-guided biopsy. Prostate cancer is often multifocal. It is generally accepted that GS determines the prognosis, the lesion with the highest GS has the weakest prognosis. The correlation of imaging with histopathology is very important for the validation and creation of new imaging biomarkers. In particular, accurate correlation allows to analyze relationships between quantitative MRI-based parameters and histopathology, and allows to evaluate the accuracy of imaging in tumor examination. The main limitation of previous studies was the unreliability of the amount of GS obtained from biopsy and problems in determining the exact location of the tumor on MRI. To overcome this limitation, prostatectomy specimens were used for the image and GS communication in this study. The results showed that there was a significant negative relationship between ADC values calculated from DW images and GS of prostate cancer obtained from a prostatectomy sample.}, Keywords = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Prostate Cancer, Gleason score, b-value}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {115-122}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی ارتباط بین مقادیر کمی ضریب انتشار ظاهری در تصاویر دیفیوژنی تشدید مغناطیسی پروستات با مقادیر شاخص گلیسون در نمونه‌های پاتولوژی متعاقب پروستاتکتومی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: روش استاندارد در تشخیص و مرحله بندی سرطان پروستات، نمونه‌برداری و تعیین مقدار شاخص گلیسون (Gleason Score ) می‌باشد.  در این مطالعه ارتباط بین شاخص گلیسون به­عنوان روش استاندارد در بیماران مبتلا به سرطان پروستات با پارامتر­های استخراج شده از تصاویر دیفیوژنی تشدید مغناطیسی (Diffusion-Weighted Images) بررسی گردید. روش­­ کار: این مطالعه­ی­ کاربردی بر روی 90 بیمار مبتلا به سرطان پروستات که بر­اساس معیار­های Mc Donald از اسفند ماه 1398 تا  بهمن ماه 1399 به مرکز تصویربرداری شفای اصفهان ارجاع داده شده بودند، انجام شد. پس از تشخیص اولیه توسط پزشک، ابتدا تصاویر آگزیال دیفیوژن با تنفس آزاد و با استفاده از سیستم Siemens مدل Avanto، با قدرت 5/1 تسلا (با مقادیر b برابر با mm2 / s 0، 1000، 1500 و 2000) از بیماران اخذ گردید. پس از جراحی پروستاتکتومی، نمونه‌ها به آزمایشگاه پاتولوژی ارجاع داده شدند و شاخص گلیسون در آن‌ها تعیین گردید. سپس این مقادیر با مقادیر ضریب انتشار ظاهری (Apparent Diffusion Coefficient) مقایسه و نتایج گزارش گردید. یافته ­ها: آنالیز همبستگی پیرسون همبستگی منفی و معنادار قابل توجهی بین شاخص گلیسون و اندازه­گیری­های ADC نشان داد (926/0- r =، 01/0p=). نتیجه­ گیری: عمده­ترین محدودیت مطالعات قبلی، غیر قابل اطمینان بودن مقدار GS حاصل از نمونه­برداری و مشکلات در تعیین دقیق محل تومور در MRI بود. برای غلبه بر این محدودیت، در این مطالعه از نمونه­های پروستاتکتومی برای بررسی ارتباط تصویر دیفیوژنی و مقدار شاخص GS استفاده شد. نتایج مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که استفاده از نمونه‌های پروستاتکتومی دقت بالاتری در تعیین ارتباط بین شاخص­های تصویری و پاتولوژی در مقایسه با نتایج حاصل از نمونه‌برداری دارد.}, keywords_fa = {تصویربرداری تشدید مغناطیسی,سرطان پروستات, شاخص گلیسون, مقدار b}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7101-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7101-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Jalalian, Shadi and Ghazalian, Farsh}, title = {The Effect of Twelve Weeks of Physical Exercise with Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation on the Serum Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Inactive Elderly Lifestyle in Tehran}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Aging is a process that Based on slow and progressive changes with age, it covers the whole human being. Today, 31 countries in the world have more than 2 million elderly people over the age of 60, and the number of these countries is increasing day by day (1). The need to care for the elderly living at home will increase significantly in the coming years due to population growth and lack of physical activity (2). Most older people get older at home, and most have one or more chronic disorders (3). What is certain is that with age, the risk of acute and chronic diseases increases and people's functional abilities as well as their power of senses and perception decrease. These changes in the biological, psychological and social spheres threaten the quality of life of the elderly, to the extent that they prevent them from carrying out daily activities (4). One of the factors observed due to increasing aging is cognitive dysfunction, i.e. a decrease in BDNF levels and in line with this issue, a decrease in quality of life (5). Neurotrophin is a substance that enhances the survival and regeneration of nerve cells and strengthens, stimulates and grows neurons and is essential for memory.Neurotrophic factors support and grow a variety of brain neurons (6).BDNF is a protein encoded by a gene called BDN.This factor belongs to the family of neurotrophies that causes the expansion of the neural network.Brain-derived neurogenic factor is one of the most important members of this family and by binding to specific kinase tyrosine receptors, it triggers intracellular cascades and ultimately produces and differentiates new neurons (7,8).This factor acts as a mediator for synaptic effects, neural connections and plasticity in the brain.One study found that lowering BDNF levels in the elderly could reduce learning and functional impairment (9).On the other hand, increased BDNF and neurogenesis in the body can prevent nerve and muscle coordination in the elderly.Exactly the decrease in nerve and muscle coordination is one of the reasons that occurs with a decrease in BDNF levels in the elderly and will affect the quality of life of these people.In recent years, the possibility of using exogenous BDNF as a therapeutic approach against neurological diseases has been estimated (9).However, the role of exercise and nutrition in increasing BDNF and quality of life still has many challenges.Exercise and nutrition itself are an exogenous factor in increasing BDNF.Research has shown that exercise in young rats increases the number of new cells in the hippocampus and improves brain function.Physiological studies have also shown that physical activity increases the electrical activity of the hippocampus, which can be caused by altered neuronal activity and neurotransmitters (10). The effect of aerobic exercise in young rats shows that exercise increases spatial learning and neuronal density of the hippocampus in the dentate gyrus and other parts of the hippocampus without changing the rate of apoptosisand improves short-term memory. Researchers believe that exercise may strengthen the hippocampus in humans.In the meantime, resistance training has been able to have a significant impact on changes in the hippocampus (11). Doing resistance training can also make a positive difference in BDNF levels (12). On the other hand, nutrition can also help increase BDNF levels.ginkgo biloba has been shown to be used for brain-related issues, including memory enhancement or even the treatment of Alzheimer's patients (13).ginkgo biloba is well known for its antioxidant components and has the ability to scavenge free radicals and lipid peroxidation.ginkgo biloba contains more than 60 bioactive compounds, the most important of which are terpene lactones and flavonoids (14).Recent research has also highlighted the importance of the effect of ginkgo biloba supplementation on cognitive function.In this regard, it has been found that ginkgo supplementation has neuroprotective effects and improves cognitive function capacity, and it performs these actions by reducing oxidative stress and increasing BDNF concentration (15). Therefore, due to the importance of increasing old age and lack of physical activity and the existence of conflicting studies regarding the importance of supplementation and combination with exercise in the elderly, the present study decided to fill the scientific gap of the present study as the effect of twelve weeks of exercise. Check serum BDNF levels and quality of life of inactive elderly with ginkgo biloba supplementation. Methods: The statistical sample of the present study consisted of 40 elderly men and women (75-60 years), who were selected in a targeted and accessible manner.And were randomly divided into 4 groups of exercise (n=10), supplement (n=10), exercise + supplement (n=10) and placebo or control (n=10).Criteria for inclusion in the present study of the subjects according to the callBeing over 60 years old, having Iranian nationality, ability to speak Persian, not having a known mental illness (psychosis), having full consciousness while studying, ability to communicate, ability to answer study questions and living in Tehran.Exclusion criteria from the present study included refraining from answering the questionnaire during work and interviews, as well as refusing to perform the desired training program or supplement, as well as unwanted events.After selecting the participants during an introductory session, the steps, process and purpose of the research were fully explained to them and a informed consent form was obtained.This study was also registered in the Clinical Trial Center with the code IR.SSRC.REC.1398.116. The training sessions were supervised by trained personnel and will last for 20 minutes 5 times a week for 12 weeks. Each training session included 5 minutes of warm-up, 5 minutes of resistance training, 5 minutes of balance and walking training, and 5 minutes of cooling. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive 240 mg (once daily and in the morning) of EGb761 or placebo (cellulose). To do the chair exercise, get on your toes, get on your heels, lift your knees, open your knees, and do other movements while standing behind the chair to maintain more balance. To strengthen the ankle weight bearing exercise, to strengthen the legs, a fixed weight was placed on the ankle and strengthening exercises were performed. Results: The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between serum levels of neurotrophic factor derived from the brain of the elderly in the study groups after twelve weeks of aerobic exercise with ginkgo biloba supplementation (P = 0.05).The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the quality of life of the elderly in the study groups after twelve weeks of exercise with ginkgo biloba supplementation (P = 0.05). Conclusion: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of physical activity with ginkgo biloba on serum BDNF levels and quality of life in the elderly in Tehran.The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between BDNF levels in the elderly and quality of life (QoL) in the study groups after twelve weeks of aerobic exercise with ginkgo biloba supplementation (P <0.05). The intergroup results also showed that there was a significant difference in serum BDNF levels between all groups (P <0.05).Also, the results of Tukey test for comparison between QoL index showed that there was a significant difference between all groups (P <0.05) but there was no significant difference between the complementary and control groups (P> 0.05). In general, the results of the present study show thatExercising and taking ginkgo biloba supplements at the same time for 12 weeks will improve serum BDNF levels and quality of life in the elderly, thereby reducing aging mortality and improving the living conditions and independence of the elderly.  }, Keywords = {Aerobic training, Ginkgo biloba, Elderlies, BDNF}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {122-133}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر دوازده هفته فعالیت بدنی همراه با مصرف مکمل جینکگوبیلوبا بر سطوح سرمی BDNF و کیفیت زندگی سالمندان غیرفعال شهر تهران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: مشکلات و مسائل متعددی که به‌طور فیزیولوژیک در سنین بالا رخ می­دهد، در کاهش کیفیت زندگی در طول دوره سالمندی تأثیر دارد. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی تأثیر 12 هفته فعالیت ورزشی به همراه جینکگوبیلوبا بر سطوح سرمی BDNF و کیفیت زندگی در سالمندان شهر تهران بود. روش کار: مطالعه ی حاضر از نوع نیمه تجربی و آزمایشگاهی که با توجه به طول زمان، از نوع مقطعی و به لحاظ استفاده از نتایج، کاربردی میباشد بصورت پیش آزمون و پس آزمون، با 40 سالمند (60-75 سال) که طبق فراخوان در سطح شهر تهران انتخاب شدند و به صورت تصادفی به چهار گروه تمرین (10N=)، گروه مکمل (10N=)، گروه تمرین+ مکمل (10N=) و گروه کنترل (10N=) تقسیم شدند، انجام گردید. پروتکل گروه تمرین شامل هوازی، قدرتی، انعطاف پذیری و تعادل را (12 هفته و 5 جلسه در هر هفته و به مدت 20 دقیقه در هر جلسه) انجام دادند. گروه مکمل نیز 240 میلی­گرم کپسول (یک بار در روز و در صبح قبل از تمرین) را به مدت 12 هفته مصرف کردند. قبل و بعد از مداخله نمونه خونی برای سنجش BDNF سرم و از پرسشنامه SF36 برای سنجش کیفیت زندگی در سالمندان استفاده شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از آزمون آماری ANOVA استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که بین سطوح BDNF سالمندان و نیز کیفیت زندگی (QoL) در گروه‏های مورد مطالعه بعد از دوازده هفته تمرین هوازی به همراه مکمل­دهی جینکگوبیلوبا تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد (05/0P<). همچنین نتایج بین گروهی نشان داد که بین تمام گروه‌ها در سطوح سرمی BDNF تفاوت معنا داری وجود دارد (05/0P<). هم­چنین نتایج آزمون توکی برای مقایسه بین گروهی شاخص QoL نشان داد که بین تمام گروه‌ها تفاوت معنا‌داری وجود دارد (05/0P<) اما بین دو گروه مکمل و گروه کنترل تفاوت معناداری دیده نشد (05/0P>). نتیجه‌گیری: بطور کلی یافته­های مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که انجام فعالیت ورزشی منظم به همراه مصرف مکمل جینکگوبیلوبا سبب بهبود عامل نروتروفیک مشتق از مغز و افزایش کیفیت زندگی سالمندان می­شود.}, keywords_fa = {تمرین هوازی, جینکگوبیلوبا, سالمندان, BDNF}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7140-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7140-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {RahatDehmardeh, Masoumeh and Mehdinejad, Vali and Karbalaeiharfteh, Fatemeh Soghr}, title = {The Role of Education through Physical Activity on Improving Social Relationships and Emotional Regulation}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Physical activity and a moderate level of fitness is a focal point in health benefits associated with lifestyle. Regular physical activity in adults can promote good health, improve cognitive function, and prevent disease. Abundant research from the health and exercise science literature also presents empirical evidence of positive “non-health effects” induced by physical activity or sports participation. Among the non-health effects, physical activity improves life satisfaction, happiness, subjective well-being, mental health, and interpersonal relations. Emotion regulation is a vital component of everyday life and inappropriate emotion regulation has been associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders and aggression. Broadly speaking, emotion regulation refers to a diverse set of processes by which “individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express these emotions”. Although there are many different approaches people can use to regulate their emotions, two well-studied strategies are expressive suppression and emotional reappraisal. These two processes appear to differ in their effect on emotional experience and the associated psychophysiological processes, such as heart rate, skin conductance responses and neural activity. Whereas reappraisal is often capable of lowering emotional experience, reducing or altering psychophysiological activity, and improving social functioning, expressive suppression seems much less effective in these respects and might even have negative social consequences. Nevertheless, regulatory effects of suppression on neural responses have been observed, albeit later in time than was observed for reappraisal and which may reflect increased effort to continue inhibition or cognitive control when people are asked to suppress negative emotions. The effectiveness of regulation has been tested in various circumstances including the ability to increase and decrease positive emotions, the associated physiology and neural responses as induced by film clips and expectations of reward. However, the majority of studies to date are restricted to measuring the ability to regulate negative feelings induced by either the viewing of negatively-valenced images or by the anticipation of negative events, such as electric shocks. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies is dependent to some degree on the specific type of stimulus and the emotion to be regulated. Regulation of emotion and social relationships are important factors related to participatory activities for students; Therefore, the purpose of this study was the role of teaching science and knowledge through physical activity on improving social relationships and emotional regulation. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, the statistical population included all female second and third grade elementary school students in Zahedan in the academic year 2010-2011. Due to the quasi-experimental study, 30 people were selected by purposive sampling. They were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. Barton (1990) Social Relations Questionnaire and Gross and John (2003) Emotional Regulation Questionnaire were used to collect data. The method of physical activity intervention was 12 sessions and each session for one hour for experimental groups. Data analysis was performed using dependent t-test and independent t-test. Results: The results of intra-group study showed that in the experimental group the level of social relations and re-evaluation increased significantly (P = 0.002 and P = 0.002, respectively), but the level of repression decreased (P = 0.001). On the other hand, the intergroup study showed that training through physical activity led to improved social relationships, re-evaluation and repression in the experimental group compared to the control group (P = 0.002, P = 0.001, P = 0.003, respectively). Conclusion: Social support, a potential correlate of leisure time physical activity (LTPA), can broadly be defined as resources provided by other persons. It is a multidimensional concept; emotional support provides love and caring, whereas practical support provides tangible assistance with a task or goal. Lack of social support has repeatedly been associated with higher morbidity and mortality. It is possible that part of this relationship is attributable to the association between social support and LTPA, mental health being a plausible intermediary factor. For example, social ties and integration in social networks play a role in the maintenance of psychological well-being, which in turn might motivate self-care in individuals, including regular physical exercise. High levels of social support are also assumed to increase self-esteem, self-efficacy and perceptions of control over the environment, all of which can potentially help an individual to adopt a proactive lifestyle and to resist unhealthy behaviours, such as sedentariness. Furthermore, indirect evidence is consistent with a causal chain linking low social support to an increased risk of psychiatric morbidity and psychiatric morbidity to lower physical activity. On the other hand, it can also be argued that people with fewer social ties have more time to exercise. The mechanisms explaining these associations remain unclear. A positive role identity and feelings of being useful provided by nurturing close social relationships can lead to greater motivation to take care of oneself and maintain a physically active lifestyle. High social support may also indicate positive involvement and active influence of a close person, which can encourage the individual to maintain health-promoting behaviours, such as regular exercise. In addition, it is possible that higher social support is associated with better access to resources and may help to buffer the impact of daily stressors and life events and thereby reduce the likelihood of unhealthy coping behaviours such as discontinuing LTPA. A growing literature examines the outcomes associated with sports participation by using large-scale surveys. The literature can be grouped into three strands. First, many authors have studied the impact of sports participation among other activities as one of the ways social capital can be generated. Second, other studies have focused on the role of sports on children, that is, how sports activities favor the development of prosocial skills and attitudes. Finally, several authors have recently focused on the effects of social identity and a sense of belonging induced by team sports. Looking at the effects of sports participation on skills development in children, Felfe, Lechner, and Steinmayr (2016) find that cognitive and noncognitive skills are both affected by sports participation. They also find that children participating in sports have fewer problems with peers, and this fosters better relationship. In general, the results showed that in smart schools, physical activity interventions should be used for learners to improve the level of psychological factors.  }, Keywords = {Physical Activity, Social Relations, Emotional Regulation, Smart Schools}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {134-143}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {نقش آموزش از طریق فعالیت بدنی بر بهبود روابط اجتماعی و تنظیم هیجانی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: تنظیم هیجان و روابط اجتماعی از عوامل مهم مرتبط با فعالیت­های مشارکتی برای دانش آموزان می­باشند؛ لذا هدف مطالعه، نقش آموزش علم و دانش از طریق فعالیت بدنی بر بهبود روابط اجتماعی و تنظیم هیجانی بود. روش کار: در این مطالعه نیمه تجربی، جامعه آماری شامل کلیه دانش­آموزان دختر پایه دوم و سوم ابتدایی شهر زاهدان در سال تحصیلی 1399-1398 بود که به دلیل نیمه تجربی بودن مطالعه، تعداد 30 نفر به روش نمونه­گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند و به طور تصادفی در دو گروه تجربی (15 نفر) و کنترل (15 نفر) جایگزین شدند. جهت گردآوری داده­ها از پرسشنامه روابط اجتماعی بارتون (1990) و تنظیم هیجانی گراس و جان (2003) استفاده شد. روش اجرای مداخله فعالیت بدنی به صورت 12 جلسه و هر جلسه به مدت یک ساعت برای گروه­های تجربی بود. تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها با کمک آزمون تی وابسته و تی مستقل انجام شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج بررسی درون گروهی نشان داد که در گروه تجربی سطح روابط اجتماعی و ارزیابی مجدد افزایش معنی‌داری داشت (به ترتیب 002/0= P و 002/0= P)، ولی سطح سرکوبی کاهش نشان داد (001/0= P). از طرفی بررسی بین گروهی نشان داد که آموزش از طریق فعالیت بدنی منجر به بهبود روابط اجتماعی، ارزیابی مجدد و سرکوبی در گروه تجربی نسبت به گروه کنترل گردید (به ترتیب 002/0= P، 001/0= P، 003/0= P). نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی نتایج نشان داد که در مدارس هوشمند، از مداخلات فعالیت بدنی برای یادگیرندگان بهره گرفته شود تا سطح عوامل روانشناختی بهبود یابد.}, keywords_fa = {فعالیت بدنی, روابط اجتماعی, تنظیم هیجانی, مدارس هوشمند}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7143-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7143-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Chenari, Morteza and Rahimi, Alireza and Sarshin, Amir and Feizolahi, Fo}, title = {Compare the Effect of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Bax and Caspase 3 Apoptotic Indices of the Heart Tissue in Male Diabetic Rats}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Diabetes is the most common metabolic disease in humans. It causes a group of metabolic disorders that are caused by decreased insulin secretion or resistance to its function. In general, diabetes mellitus refers to a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders that is characterized by decreased insulin secretion, decreased insulin function, or both, and is divided into two main categories: type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes (1). Excessive blood sugar leads to irreversible damage to various parts of the body, especially the heart tissue. Damage to heart tissue in diabetics causes inflammation and destruction of heart cells, which in turn leads to apoptosis or cell death (2). Apoptosis or programmed cell death plays a key role in regulating the balance between reproduction and cell death in various tissues, especially somatic tissues such as the myocardium. It ends with the crumpling of the nucleus and cell membranes and the production of vacuoles containing apoptotic (3). Research has shown that BAX protein, by reducing the stability of the outer mitochondrial membrane, can lead to the release of apoptotic agents such as cytochrome C from the interstitial space. In the meantime, the common denominator of all apoptotic pathways is the activation of caspase-3 and the breakdown of vital cell proteins (4). Physical activity is one of the most effective ways to prevent diabetes and control it if you have the disease (8). Exercise is also known as one of the best non-pharmacological interventions in controlling apoptosis (9). Montazery taleghani et al. (2019) showed that eight weeks of resistance training led to a significant reduction in Bax gene expression and the ratio of bax to Bcl-2 in the heart tissue of diabetic rats (10). Arjmand et al. (2021) showed that endurance training significantly reduced the expression of caspase-3 and Bax genes in comparison with the diabetic control group (11). However, Kwak et al. (2006) reported that 12 weeks of exercise significantly increased left ventricular apoptosis (13). So far, no comprehensive study has been conducted, especially in the country, comparing the effect of aerobic and resistance training on cardiac muscle apoptosis during diabetes and possible molecular changes and proteins involved in apoptosis. It is expected that by conducting the present study, while answering some of the existing ambiguities and determining the effect of exercise on apoptosis, appropriate practical suggestions can be made on how to perform the exercise and also predict the possible consequences of aerobic and resistance training. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate compare the effect of aerobic and resistance training on Bax and Caspase 3 apoptotic indices of the heart tissue in male diabetic rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: aerobic training, resistance training, aerobic sham, resistance sham, control and healthy. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of streptozotocin. The aerobic and resistance training program was performed for six weeks. Western blotting was used to measure BAX and caspase-3. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the P <0.05. Results: The results showed that the mean difference of caspase-3 between aerobic training group with healthy and sham group (P=0.000), resistance training group with sham group (P=0.000) and aerobic training group with resistance training group (P=0.000), was significant and the amount of caspase-3 in the resistance training group was lower than aerobic training. There was a significant difference between the mean BAX between the aerobic training group with the healthy and sham groups (P=0.000), the resistance training group with the sham group (P=0.000) and the aerobic training group with the resistance training group (P=0.014). And BAX level in resistance training group was less than aerobic training. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that aerobic and resistance training led to a significant reduction in BAX levels in the heart tissue of diabetic rats and resistance training had a greater effect than aerobic exercise. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (10,11,17). According to existing research, BAX protein plays an effective role in modulating cell death processes. Any factor that alters BAX levels leads the environment to apoptosis and inhibition of apoptosis (18,19). Normally, there is a balance between inhibitory factors and apoptotic stimuli, but in physiological and pathological situations, this balance is always disturbed, and one of these situations is physical activity. It is possible that exercise activities can prevent cell death by affecting the most important factors affecting the apoptotic process (20). Regular exercise increases myocardial BCl2 protein and changes the ratio of BAX to BCl2 to an anti-apoptotic medium (21). Activation of the BAX protein increases the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane. One of the important biological aspects of mitochondria is the role that this organ plays in apoptosis. Mitochondria are an integral part of the internal pathway of apoptosis and the locus of many proteins involved in the early stages of this process, including members of the BCl2 family (22). BAX entry into mitochondria and release of cytochrome C triggers apoptotic signaling of downstream caspase cascades (21). Evidence suggests that regular exercise (resistance and endurance) can counteract the (onset of cardiovascular disease) apoptosis of diabetic rat heart cells and its adverse consequences. Also, the results of our study showed that aerobic exercise has a significant effect on reducing the amount of caspase-3 in the heart tissue of diabetic rats. On the other hand, resistance training has a significant effect on reducing the amount of caspase-3 in the heart tissue of diabetic rats. This finding is consistent with the findings of some previous studies that have reported a decrease in caspase-3 after exercise (24-27). Caspase-3 is activated by activating caspase-12 through the calcium release pathway or by activating caspase-9 internally or by increasing serum TNF-α externally (21). The exact mechanisms of exercise-induced apoptosis are unclear. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in the internal pathway are the focus of the process, in which the focus of mitochondria has been the most important in causing apoptosis (1). Under stress, factors such as glucocorticoids, ROS, nitrogen monoxide, chemotherapy drugs, radiation, reduced growth stimulants, and cytokines cause changes in mitochondrial stress, causing changes in its permeability, and cytochrome c in the inner membrane and cytokine. It is located between the membranes, is released into the cytosol, binds to apoptosis-activating factor 1 protease 1, and forms a compound called dATP. This compound then induces apoptosis by activating procaspase 9, caspase 9, and caspase 3 (32). Inhibitors of cell death pathway proteins such as Bcl- 2 and Bcl-XL inhibit the release of cytochrome c and thus play a role (33). According to the results of studies, it can be said that regular resistance and endurance activity of each separately in the present study, is an effective factor in reducing the expression of caspase-3 in preventing cardiac cell apoptosis in male Wistar diabetic rats. One of the limitations of the present study is the lack of measurement of other apoptotic markers in cardiac tissue. It is also suggested that BCL-2 anti-apoptotic factor and inflammatory markers for their relationship with apoptotic markers in cardiac tissue of diabetic specimens for better explanation and interpretation. Measure the results. According to the findings of the present study, exercise can reduce the effects of diabetes on cardiac cell apoptosis in male Wistar rats. It is on the control of apoptotic signaling pathway in diabetic rats. Therefore, the use of both resistance and aerobic exercise is recommended as effective treatments to reduce the apoptosis of heart cells in male Wistar diabetic rats. Meanwhile, the effect of resistance training on reducing the complications of diabetes on cardiac tissue apoptotic factors was greater than aerobic exercise and closer to the levels of pre-apoptotic factors in the healthy group.}, Keywords = {Diabetes, Bax, Caspase 3, Aerobic training, Resistance training}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {144-154}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه تاثیر تمرین هوازی و مقاومتی بر شاخص‌های آپوپتوزی BAX و کاسپاز 3 در بافت قلبی رت‌های دیابتی نر}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: آسیب بافت قلب در دیابت باعث التهاب و تخریب سلول­های قلب و در نتیجه آپوپتوز یا مرگ سلول می­شود. هدف مطالعه حاضر مقایسه تاثیر تمرین هوازی و مقاومتی بر شاخص­های آپوپتوزی Bax و کاسپاز-3 در بافت قلب رت­های دیابتی نر نژاد ویستار بود. روش کار: در این مطالعه تجربی، 24 سر رت نر نژاد ویستار (میانگین وزن 200 - 250 گرم) 10 تا 12 هفته­ای به شش گروه، تمرین هوازی، تمرین مقاومتی، شم هوازی، شم مقاومتی، کنترل و سالم تقسیم شدند. القای دیابت با تزریق تک دوز استرپتوزوتوسین به­روش درون صفاقی انجام شد. برنامه تمرین هوازی و مقاومتی به­مدت شش هفته انجام شد. برای اندازه­گیری میزان BAX و کاسپاز 3 از روش وسترن بلات استفاده شد. داده­ها به روش آزمون تحلیل واریانس یک­طرفه و آزمون تعقیبی توکی در سطح معنی­داری P<0.05 تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته­ ها: نتایج نشان داد اختلاف میانگین کاسپاز-3 بین گروه تمرین هوازی با گروه سالم و شم (000/0=P)، گروه تمرین مقاومتی با گروه شم (000/0=P) و گروه تمرین هوازی با گروه تمرین مقاومتی (000/0=P) معنادار بود و میزان کاسپاز 3 در گروه تمرین مقاومتی نسبت به تمرین هوازی کمتر بود. اختلاف میانگین BAX بین گروه تمرین هوازی با گروه سالم و شم (000/0=P)، گروه تمرین مقاومتی با گروه شم (000/0=P) و گروه تمرین هوازی با گروه تمرین مقاومتی (014/0=P) معنادار بود و میزان BAX در گروه تمرین مقاومتی نسبت به تمرین هوازی کمتر بود. نتیجه‌گیری: تمرینات هوازی و مقاومتی می­تواند موجب کاهش میزان شاخص­های پیش آپوپتوزی Bax و کاسپاز 3، در بافت قلب رت­های دیابتی گردد و تمرینات هوازی مزایای بیشتری به همراه داشت.}, keywords_fa = {دیابت, Bax, کاسپاز 3, تمرین هوازی, تمرین مقاومتی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7210-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7210-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Rasoolian, Mojtaba and BanaeiBorojeni, Jashid and Farzanegi, Parvi}, title = {Effect of Two Types of Exercise Combined with Atorvastatin on PGC1α andTFAM Expression of Cardiac Myositis in Elderly Rats}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disease that occurs with high blood sugar due to a lack of insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or a combination of both (1). One of the possible mechanisms for resistance to insulin and type 2 diabetes is dysfunction and impaired mitochondrial biogenesis (3). Mitochondrial density and function are associated with cardiovascular disease, sarcopenia, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, the aging process, and aerobic capacity (5, 6). Today, a complete understanding of mitochondrial biogenesis is associated with an understanding of various cellular pathological conditions (7). Mitochondria play a role in increasing mitochondrial function. Quality, mitochondria represent an improvement in mitochondrial biogenesis. In tissues with high oxidative capacity, such as skeletal muscle, activated by gamma receptor joint proliferator, an alpha activated by peroxisome proliferator (PGC-1α) is considered to be the most important regulator of biogenesis and mitochondrial function (3).TFAM is a transcription and replication agent for mitochondrial DNA and plays an important role in mitochondrial biogenesis processes (8). A study by Madrasa (2018) showed that decreased expression of this group of genes is associated with decreased capacity, whole body aerobics in patients with type 2 diabetes and decreased expression of PGC-1α and nuclear genes encoding mitochondria in individuals. Insulin resistance can mean that these people have low levels of aerobic exercise (3). Exercise can play an important role in accelerating mitochondrial biogenesis, possibly leading to a reduction in mitochondrial dysfunction that occurs during the aging process, metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, and conditions of muscle inactivity resisting fatigue and increasing the quality of life (7). The method of training is in the form the although metabolic control is available in type2 diabetes (25). The effect of aerobic exercise and the chemical drug atrostatin on the expression of genes affecting the mitochondrial biogenesis of cardio myositis in samples with type 2 diabetes has not been studied and because of its importance in controlling mitochondrial function following diabetes. Type 2 is impaired, it is necessary to study it, so the aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of continuous and intermittent exercise with atrostatin on some markers of mitochondrial biogenesis signaling myositis (PGC-1a and TFAM) in diabetic elderly rats. Methods: Thirty-five male rats (20 weeks old) weighing between 300 and 350 g were randomly divided into 7 groups. Diabetes was induced in 6 groups. To make diabetic mice, streptozotocin (STZ) was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 50 mg per kg body weight (26). Atorvastatin was taken orally after a meal at a dose of 2 mg per kg body weight (27). The first week of continuous training program at a speed of 15 meters per minute for five minutes, the rats started running on the treadmill. Then, every week, increasing the speed by 1 to 2 meters per minute for 1 to 2 minutes increases the running time. 48 hours after the last training session with 10 to 12 hours of night fasting, intraperitoneal injection of a combination of ketamine and xylazine was performed in anesthetized mice and tissue samples were taken. Their heart tissue was isolated and stored at -80 ° C and then transferred to a laboratory for genetic testing. To investigate the significant changes in each of the research changes between different groups, one-way analysis of variance was used and if a statistically significant difference was observed to determine the location of ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test was used. Significance level P <0.05 was considered for all calculations. Results: In the present study, the effect of continuous and intermittent exercise combined with atorvastatin administration on PGC-1α and TFAM gene expression in cardiac myocytes of elderly diabetic rats was investigated. The first finding of the present study showed that the expression of PGC-1α gene in cardiac myocytes of rats with type 2 diabetes was significantly reduced compared to the healthy control group, while after 8 weeks of intervention, the mean PGC-1α to Significantly decreased compared to the healthy control group, while after 8 weeks of intervention, the mean PGC-1α increased in the exercise and atorvastatin groups, but in the combined intervention group, this increase was significantly greater. Conclusion: It seems that taking atorvastatin with 8 weeks of continuous and intermittent physical activity has been able to make changes beyond taking atorvastatin alone or continuous and intermittent exercise. In this regard, Baghdam et al. (2019) by examining the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise on the expression of RGC-lα gene in heart tissue in diabetic rats, concluded that aerobic exercise significantly increases the concentration of PGC-lα in heart tissue (29). However, in contrast to the findings of Chavanel et al. (2017) showed that exercise has no significant effect on the level of PGC-1α mRNA or other mitochondrial biogenesis regulators such as TFAM (30). One of the most important reasons for inconsistency in Chavanel research with the results of the present study may be the age, sex and race of the subjects as well as the type of training protocol. PGC-lα is one of the most important transcriptional coordinator coagulators that positively regulates the expression of genes associated with metabolic and mitochondrial adaptations, thus influencing cardiac substrate selection, mitochondrial function, ATP production capacity, and species production. Reacts to oxygen (ROS). (31) Physical activity is one of the factors that trigger these messaging pathways. In other words, mitochondrial biogenesis in the cell is induced by environmental stimuli such as physical activity (30). Another result of the present study was the decrease in TFAM gene expression in cardiac myocytes of elderly diabetic rats compared to the healthy control group, while after 8 weeks of intervention, a significant increase in TFAM gene expression was observed in atorvastatin and combination groups compared to the patient group. This increase was greater in the combination of diabetic + atorvastatin + periodic exercise. It seems that when the volume of training is the same, the intensity of training can be an effective factor in the expression of TFAM; Therefore, this study showed that with a constant volume of periodic training is more effective than continuous training in the expression of TFAM gene. The present study showed that intermittent and continuous exercise with atorvastatin increased TFAM in the heart cells of elderly diabetic rats, which decreased due to diabetes and aging. Consistent with the results of the present study, Popo et al. Examined the effect of two months of aerobic exercise on skeletal muscle TFAM in human diabetic specimens and reported a significant increase (37). Therefore, the effect of the training period is enhanced at higher intensities. Exercise frequency is also one of the effective factors in increasing mitochondrial biogenesis. Chavanel et al. (2017) have shown that exercise has no significant effect on the level of mRNAPGC-1α or other mitochondrial biogenesis regulators including TFAM (30). One of the most important reasons for inconsistency in Chavanel research with the results of the present study may be in the condition of the subject and the type of muscle fiber as well as the type of training protocol. TFAM is a high-mobility transcription factor group responsible for replication and transcription of mitochondrial DNA. Impairment of the TFAM target specifically in cardiac tissue leads to a significant reduction in electron transport capacity, spontaneous cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. In contrast, increased TFAM expression in cardiac tissue protects against heart failure due to myocardial infarction. Another finding of the present study was the positive and significant effect of atorvastatin on the expression of TFAM and PGC-1α genes in mice with type 2 diabetes. Studies show that atorvastatin improves mitochondrial function and prevents apoptosis in myocardial hypertrophy (41). In the present study, Chen et al. (2018) inhibited the decrease in the expression of PGC-1α and UCP3 in mice with myocardial insufficiency by treatment with atorvastatin (42). According to the results obtained in the present study, the effects of atorvastatin may be fundamentally different in different patients and with different races, and also its effects may vary depending on the dose or duration of use and the type of statin used. However, the effect of co-administration of atorvastatin and exercise with TFAM and PGC-1α on cardiac tissue has not been investigated. Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in a variety of metabolic syndrome diseases such as diabetes and therefore improves these diseases by inhibiting mitochondrial damage (45). The combined use of both has more effective therapeutic effects on type 2 diabetes. The results of this study on improving heart function have been confirmed by previous studies.  }, Keywords = {Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Atorvastatin, Training}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {155-168}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثر حفاظتی تمرین تداومی و تناوبی همراه با مصرف آتورواستاتین بر بیان PGC1α و TFAM میوسیت‌های قلبی رت‌های سالمند}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: یکی از شایع‌ترین مشکلات جسمی در دوران سالمندی بیماری مزمن دیابت است. این مسأله از شدت و حساسیت بیشتری برخوردار است؛ بنابراین، پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین اثر حفاظتی تمرین تداومی و تناوبی همرا با مصرف آتورواستاتین بر بیان PGC1α و TFAM میوسیت‌های قلبی رت‌های سالمند انجام شد. روش کار: در این مطالعه تجربی، 35 سر موش صحرایی نر مسن به 7 گروه مساوی: دیابتی، کنترل سالم، تداومی+ دیابتی، تناوبی+ دیابتی، آتورواستاتین+ دیابتی، تناوبی+آتورواستاتین+دیابتی، تداومی+آتورواستاتین+ دیابتی تقسیم شدند. دیابت نوع دو با استرپتوزوتوسین (STZ) در موش‌ها القا شد. گروه‌های تمرینی به مدت هشت هفته برنامه تمرینی دویدن را روی تردمیل انجام دادند. تمرین تداومی هفته اول با سرعت 15 متر بر دقیقه مدت پنج دقیقه سپس هر هفته با افزایش سرعت 1 تا 2 متر بر دقیقه به مدت 1 تا 2 دقیقه به زمان دویدن افزده شد. تمرین تناوبی شامل 29-25 دقیقه دویدن روی تردمیل بدون شیب و با سرعت 15 متر در دقیقه برای هفته اول بود. هر هفته یک متر بر دقیقه اضافه شد تا در هفته هشتم به 22 متر بر دقیقه رسید. به گروه‌های آتورواستاتین و آتورواستاتین تمرین (2 میلی گرم/کیلوگرم) آتورواستاتین تزریق شد. 48 ساعت پس از آخرین جلسه تمرینی، موش های صحرایی تشریح شدند؛ برای تجزیه و تحلیل آماری از تحلیل واریانس یک راهه و آزمون تعقیبی توکی در سطح معنی داری 05/0 P≤ استفاده شد. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد القای دیابت نوع دو باعث کاهش بیان PGC1α و TFAM(000/0=p) در گروه‌های دیابتی، تداومی+دیابتی، تناوبی+دیابتی، آتورواستاتین+دیابتی، تناوبی+آتورواستاتین+دیابتی، تداومی+آتورواستاتین+دیابتی نسبت به گروه سالم شد. تجویز آتورواستاتین به تنهایی و یا همراه با تمرین ورزشی سبب افزایش معنی داری در بیان ژن‌های PGC1α و TFAM  (000/0=p) میوسیت‌های قلبی گردید؛ اما اختلاف معنی داری بین گروه‌های تمرینی با هم و با گروه آترو استاتین مشاهده نشد. نتیجه‌گیری: احتمالا ترکیبی از تمرین تناوبی و تداومی و آتورواستاتین ممکن است بیان ژن‌های مرتبط با بیوژنز میتوکندریایی را در بیماری دیابتی به طور مثبتی تنظیم کند و موجب افزایش ظرفیت متابولیکی در این بیماران شود.  }, keywords_fa = {تمرین, آتورواستاتین, بیوژنز میتوکندریایی, دیابت}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7255-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7255-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mahdavi, Maryam and Emadian, Seyedeh Olia and Hassanzadeh, Ramaz}, title = {Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Interpersonal Sensitivity in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is a chronic debilitating condition characterized by an unpredictable period of flare-ups and periods of recovery that often affect people. And require lifelong follow-up and medical treatment (1). UC is characterized by diarrhea, severe cramps, and weight loss (3). Due to the bad consequences of this disease on individual and social life, various methods such as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs such as aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, anti-tumor necrosis agents, dolizumab, sticnomab and tonacitinib are used to control the disease. (3). In general, inflammatory bowel diseases not only affect the patient in terms of physical complaints, but also challenge psychosocial issues, which necessitates the need for psychotherapy (12). One of the third wave therapies that has recently been widely used in physical and psychological health problems is commitment-based therapy, which has six central processes: acceptance, failure, self as context, communication with the present., Values and practice are committed. Mindfulness based on acceptance and commitment to manage inner experiences teaches us effective skills of mindfulness (13). For years, the main end point of IBD treatment was recovery and clinical response, followed by normalization of biomarkers and improvement of mucosa. In this regard, in recent decades, different therapies have been proven to be effective in treating IBD and the outcome reported by the patient (PRO) has made it more relevant (1). Considering the above and the negative impact of ulcerative colitis on the one hand and the role of treatment based on acceptance and commitment on the other hand, it is necessary to review the research conducted in the country and abroad so far. No individual has been performed in patients with ulcerative colitis. Research has been done on the psychological factors of other patients and the results have been contradictory, so the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether acceptance and commitment-based therapy has an effect on interpersonal sensitivity in patients with ulcerative colitis. Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of men and women with ulcerative colitis referred to Sari and Amol clinics in 1400. 24 people were selected as a sample by purposive sampling method and by observing the entry and exit criteria. They were randomly divided into two groups based on acceptance, commitment and control. After completing the consent form and the interpersonal sensitivity questionnaire of Bayes and Parker (1989) in the pre-test, the experimental group received 8 sessions (90 minutes each session) of acceptance and commitment based treatment once a week (8) according to the table. 1 were trained and the control group waited for treatment. Also, immediately after the intervention and after 2 months, the questionnaire was completed again by all subjects. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk tests, multivariate analysis of covariance, repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc using SPSS software version 23 were used for statistical analysis. Results: The results showed that there was a difference between the two groups (Eta=0.504, p = 0.001, F = 21.21 (21, 1) F). In other words, there is a significant difference between the interpersonal sensitivity of the experimental group and the control group. The Eta size indicates that 50.4% of the improvement in interpersonal sensitivity of the subjects in the experimental group can be attributed to the effect of acceptance and commitment-based therapy. According to Table 3, there is a significant difference between the three stages of the values of interpersonal sensitivity variables (P <0.05), which indicates that the amount of interpersonal sensitivity variables during the three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up is different. Also, the results of pairwise comparisons showed that there was a significant difference between the adjusted means of the interpersonal sensitivity variable in the pre-test and post-test (P <0.001). Also, there was a significant difference between the adjusted means of the interpersonal sensitivity variable in the pre-test and follow-up stages (P <0.001). Also, there was no significant difference between the adjusted means of the interpersonal sensitivity variable in the post-test and follow-up stages (P <0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that treatment based on acceptance and commitment has had an effect on patients' interpersonal sensitivity and the effects of treatment have remained in the follow-up stage. Conclusion: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on interpersonal susceptibility of patients with ulcerative colitis. It was also found that in the post-test phase, there was a significant difference between the interpersonal sensitivity of the experimental and control groups and the effects of treatment were stable in the follow-up phase. In explaining these findings, it can be said that one of the things that is emphasized in the treatment of acceptance and commitment is evaluation. Evaluation is the application of a comparative relation to two or more verbal events. Unlike comparisons made by other beings, all of which are based on experience, evaluation for humans can be based entirely on verbal events that have never been experienced (21). Since non-evaluation and acceptance are among the goals of treatment in this treatment, it can be said that patients who receive this treatment learn to avoid evaluation and comparison, life events and people who are with them. Relate the relationship without judgment and accept it without evaluation, all of which can improve non-judgmental attitudes in these people and these people are less affected by negative thoughts related to interpersonal problems and have a more receptive attitude to people. All of this leads to less interpersonal sensitivity. Patients accept their mentality and being in the present and consciously instead of avoiding experiences and realities, and commit to expressing the right way of expressing their individuality and value (23) and this is the same flexibility. ذ is psychological receptivity. It seems that mental flexibility can free the individual from the trap of dysfunctional thoughts that lead to incompatibility in relationships and increase the development of interpersonal skills and constructive interactions; Thus, those who received this training can perform techniques such as mindfulness in this treatment by reducing the severity of the dysfunctional thoughts involved in interpersonal problems as well as adhering to the inner values that ¬ Can be a link between social relationships, improve their tolerance level and show less interpersonal sensitivity.  }, Keywords = {Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Ulcerative Colitis}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {169-177}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی درمان پذیرش و تعهد بر حساسیت بین فردی بیماران اولسراتیو کولیتیس}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بیماری‌های التهابی روده شرایطی مادام‌العمر هستند که بیمار را نه تنها از نظر شکایات جسمی به چالش می‌کشند بلکه بر مسائل روانی– اجتماعی نیز اثر می­گذارند. هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر اثربخشی درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر حساسیت بین فردی بیماران اولسراتیو کولیتیس بود. روش کار: برای انجام پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی حاضر که با طرح پیش‌آزمون- پس‌آزمون با گروه کنترل انجام شد از بین افراد مبتلا به اولسراتیو کولیتیس در سال 1400 با روش نمونه­گیری هدفمند، 24 نفر با رعایت معیارهای ورود و خروج به مطالعه انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد و کنترل تقسیم شدند. بعد از تکمیل فرم رضایت­نامه و گردآوری داده­ها در پیش‌آزمون با استفاده از پرسشنامه بایس و پارکر (1989)، گروه آزمایش 8 جلسه 90 دقیقه­ای در معرض درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد قرار گرفت اما گروه کنترل درمانی را دریافت نکرد. پس از مداخله و دو ماه بعد مجدداً پرسشنامه توزیع و جمع­آوری شد. نهایتاً داده­ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS23 و آزمون تحلیل کواریانس چند متغیری و تحلیل واریانس با اندازه­گیری مکرر تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد باعث کاهش حساسیت بین فردی بیماران اولسراتیو کولیتیس شد. نتیجه­ گیری: با توجه به نتایج استفاده از این مداخلات برای بهبود حساسیت بین فردی این بیماران پیشنهاد می­شود.}, keywords_fa = {درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد, حساسیت بین فردی, اولسراتیو کولیتیس}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7399-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7399-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Zadafshar, Behrad and Sharifi, Tayebeh and Ahmadi, Reza and Chorami, Maryam}, title = {Comparison the of Effect of Emotion-Oriented and Existential Group Therapy on the Defense Mechanisms of Victims of Child Sexual Abuse in Isfahan}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Sexual harassment, or in other words, the use of children and adolescents for sexual gratification, is one of the forms of harassment of children and adolescents that occurs at all ages from childhood to adolescence, and the adverse consequences and sometimes irreparable harm to health and well-being. Adults are large in size (2). In this regard, research has shown that child abuse, in addition to the destructive short-term consequences it has on the child, causes the child to feel insecure, anxious, distracted, afraid, depressed, inattentive, and post-traumatic stress disorder behaviors; It will also have long-term consequences (4). Given the above and the negative impact of sexual harassment in childhood on individual and social life and causing great material and spiritual damage to the individual and society, researchers and experts are constantly seeking to discover new ways to reduce these effects. And help the mental and physical condition of the victims, and in this regard, various medical and non-arbitrary methods have been used. However, among the methods that have been considered recently, emotion-oriented therapy can be modernist and experimental therapy (5), which points to the important role of emotions and emotional communication in organizing communication patterns and considers emotions as a factor of change. Takes (6). On the other hand, existential psychotherapy, by emphasizing important concepts such as responsibility, presence in existence, freedom, choice, search for meaning and especially constant self-awareness, has provided a unique way to treat existential anxiety (11). Existential therapy provides the therapist and client with the opportunity to understand how the client chooses how to express their "individuality." In the existential treatment of worldviews, values, beliefs, as well as the type of worldview of people and the events we face; It becomes clear (12). In general, the review of existing research shows that so far no comprehensive and similar research has been conducted that simultaneously examines the impact of both emotion-oriented and existential therapies on the psychological issues of victims of sexual harassment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of emotion-oriented and existential group therapy on the defense mechanisms of victims of child sexual abuse in Isfahan. Methods: For the present quasi-experimental research, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up plan and a control group, among those with a history of being victims of any sexual abuse in a child who had referred to psychology centers in Isfahan in 1398 and 1399, Eligibility criteria for the study were 45 people were selected as available and randomly divided into three groups of emotion-oriented therapy, existential and control. After completing the consent form, the subjects in the experimental groups received 8 sessions of interventions. It should be noted that before, after and 3-month follow-up period, research variables were measured. The research tool also included the following: Laserman Sexual Harassment Questionnaire (LSHQ) which includes 7 questions with yes and no answers. Scoring in this test indicates that the person is a victim of at least one type of sexual harassment. And the Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ-40), a new version of which was developed by Andrews et al. In the present study, the reliability of the internal consistency method using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the three defense styles developed, immature and psychotic is equal to 0.68, 0.75 and 0.71, respectively, which are acceptable coefficients. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in the scores of developed and psychoactive defense mechanisms in the three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up measurement and the interactive effect of their measurement stages with the group (P <0.01). The results also showed that in the developed defense mechanism, a significant difference is observed in the measurement stages, while such a difference is not seen due to the interaction of time with the group (Table 3). As the results of Table 4 show, with the significance of time within the groups with F calculated for immature (28.86), mature (3.11) and psychotic (13.61); Confirms the existence of a significant difference between the three measurements of pre-test, post-test and follow-up at the level of P <0.01. The results also showed that the interactive effects of the two immature and psychotic styles with F calculated at 11.86 and 10.14 were significant, but with no significant source in the group between the control and experimental groups in all three styles; It can be said that there is no significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental groups, emotion therapy, existential therapy and the control group (P <0.05). No (Table 4). Conclusion: The results showed that there was no significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental therapy, existential therapy and control groups. Regarding the findings of the present study, it should be noted that sexual harassment is a complex problem that has various physical, psychological and legal aspects. The use of coping strategies and defense mechanisms reduces vulnerability in stressful situations such as sexual harassment (18). But it should be noted that emotionally empowered people make it easier for them to face life's challenges and, as a result, have better mental health. These people are more successful in coping with negative experiences and show better adaptation to the environment and others (19). In emotion-oriented therapy, the therapist focuses on raising awareness of the mental content that has been denied or distorted by the therapist in order to create new meaning influenced by the client's physical experience (5). Approaching bitter mental and emotional experiences for victims of child sexual abuse is often a difficult and tedious process. In addition to building an effective relationship, the therapist's mission is to teach emotion regulation skills. Therefore, the therapist has based his treatment on the self-improvement and balance of the person and tries to self-regulate the person and his emotional system through positive self-concept, and in treatment sessions, he widely uses treatment methods to express new feelings. Slowly (12). An existential therapist helps individuals and victims of child sexual abuse find meaning in life in the face of anxiety and stress, and this is achieved through the use of thinking power, responsible action, and coping with negative thoughts and social pressures. According to what has been stated in the above explanation, it can be stated that since the existential components directly involve the victim with the existence and existential processes, the person looks at the process of change in a deep and conscious way. This process always requires the victim to allow a part of him or her that has been hidden or repressed to come to the realm of awareness and analysis so that the person has the opportunity to make a more informed choice and gain a deeper perspective on issues.}, Keywords = {Emotion group therapy, existential group therapy, sexual harassment, defense mechanisms}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {178-187}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه تأثیر گروه‌درمانی هیجان مدار و وجودی بر مکانیسم‌های دفاعی قربانیان آزار جنسی کودکی شهر اصفهان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: کودک‌آزاری پیامدهای کوتاه مدت و بلند مدت مخربی بر روی کودک دارد. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر مقایسه تأثیر گروه‌درمانی هیجان مدار و وجودی بر مکانیسم‌های دفاعی قربانیان آزار جنسی کودکی شهر اصفهان بود. روش کار: برای انجام تحقیق نیمه آزمایشی حاضر که با طرح پیش‌آزمون- پس‌آزمون- پیگیری و گروه کنترل انجام شد از بین افرادی با سابقه قربانی شدن توسط هرگونه آزار جنسی در کودکی که به مراکز روانشناسی شهر اصفهان مراجعه کرده­ بودند تعداد 45 نفر به صورت در دسترس انتخاب شده و به‌طور تصادفی به سه گروه‌درمانی هیجان مدار، وجودی و کنترل تقسیم شدند. پس از تکمیل فرم رضایت­نامه آزمودنی­های گروه­های آزمایش 8 جلسه مداخلات مربوط به خود را دریافت کردند. از آمار توصیفی، آزمون شاپیروویلک و تحلیل واریانس با اندازه­گیری مکرر جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد هیچ یک از دو روش درمانی بر مکانیسم‌های دفاعی رشد نیافته، رشد یافته و روان آزرده قربانیان آزار جنسی کودکی شهر اصفهان تأثیر معناداری نداشته‌اند (05/0<P)؛ اما بین مراحل اندازه­گیری تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد که نشان‌دهنده تأثیر هر دو مداخله بر متغیرهای تحقیق می­باشد. نتیجه­ گیری: با توجه به نتایج تحقیق توصیه می­شود قربانیان آزار جنسی کودکی با مشورت درمانگر از دو نوع مداخله استفاده کنند.}, keywords_fa = {گروه‌درمانی هیجان مدار,گروه‌درمانی وجودی, آزار جنسی, مکانیسم‌های دفاعی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7445-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7445-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Karami, Hadi and FarzanehHesari, Amin and Farzanegi, Parvi}, title = {The Effect of Two Different Intensities of Interval Training with Alpha Lipoic Acid Consumption on the Expression of mfn Gene in Heart Tissue of Rats with Hypertension}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Hypertension is a chronic disease that affects approximately 1 billion people worldwide and is estimated to continue to increase. High blood pressure causes long-term damage to the heart and other organs that may be potentially life-threatening and often begins at the cellular and subcellular levels (1). Despite the greater understanding of the pathological processes of hypertension and the use of various drug interventions in recent years, the mortality rate of this disease is still high. Therefore, new intervention strategies are needed to prevent and control pathological changes to improve high blood pressure disease. In this regard, exercise training can reduce blood pressure in hypertensive individuals and it has been shown to improve several factors involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension (9). For a long time, continuous exercise for a period of 30 minutes or more has been recommended to improve patients with high blood pressure and also to prevent this disease. However, recent studies have suggested that HIIT exercises may compete with new blood pressure treatments. Some studies have shown that HIIT has a higher priority for improving cardiovascular fitness, endothelial function, markers of sympathetic activity, arterial stiffness, lipoproteins and blood glucose in people with hypertension (10). It has also been shown that HIT leads to adaptations similar to traditional endurance training, such as increasing mitochondrial capacity and improving endurance performance (10). In addition to exercise intervention, the effect of nutritional interventions in controlling blood pressure has attracted much attention. In this regard, the consumption of antioxidants can play a significant role. Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) supplement is a strong antioxidant and acts as a cofactor in the mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzyme complex in metabolism (14). Alpha-lipoic acid is a powerful antioxidant. This substance exerts its antioxidant effect by directly clearing free radicals and chelating metal ions, as well as affecting other antioxidants and increasing intracellular glutathione (15). Alpha-lipoic acid and dehydro-alpha-lipoic acid reduce oxidative damage by their cooperative action and through the activation of the antioxidant system and the regeneration of endogenous antioxidants (16). Therefore, the researcher is trying to discover the question of whether there is a difference between the effect of two different intensities of interval training with alpha lipoic acid consumption on mfn2 gene expression in the heart tissue of rats with hypertension? Methods: To carry out this experimental research, 35 eight-week-old male Wistar rats weighing 190 to 220 grams were selected and after one week of familiarization, 5 rats were randomly separated as the healthy group and the remaining 30 rats were hypertensive. They were randomly divided into six groups: control, moderate interval training, intense interval training, alpha lipoic acid supplement, supplement + intense interval training, supplement + moderate interval training. To induce high blood pressure, L-nitroarginine methyl ester solution was used orally at a dose of 40 mg per kilogram of body weight per day for three weeks. High and medium intensity interval training program was implemented for six weeks and five sessions per week. For the purpose of supplementation, 20 mg of liposomal alpha lipoic acid supplement per kilogram of body weight was dissolved in methyl cellulose and given to the rats by gavage one hour after training. Real-time PCR method for the relative expression of mRNA of mfn2 gene were used. At the end, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Shapiro-Wilk tests, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's follow-up at a significance level of p<0.05 were used for statistical analysis of the data using SPSS version 23 software. became. Results: The average weight of the subjects is presented using descriptive statistics. The results showed all the mice are in a certain range, which indicates their homogeneity. The results of the one-way variance test showed a significant difference between the mfn2 gene expression in the heart tissue of different groups (F=3.821, p=0.018). The results of Tukey's post hoc test showed that the expression of the mfn2 gene in the heart tissue was significantly decreased in the hypertension group compared to the healthy group (P=0.018). Compared to the blood pressure group, ALA supplementation (P=0.008), moderate exercise+supplement (P=0.039) and intense exercise+supplement (P=0.014) increased the expression of mfn2 gene in heart tissue. An interesting point is that intense interval training (P=0.991) and moderate training (P=0.916) led to a non-significant increase compared to the blood pressure group. No significant difference was observed between other groups (P>0.05). Cocclusion: The results of the present study showed that six weeks of intense and moderate intermittent exercise did not change the expression of the mfn2 gene in the heart tissue in hypertensive rats. The exact mechanism of control of mitochondrial regeneration in hypertension is not clear. However, it seems that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important regulatory role in this process. Sports activity can lead to the production of mitochondrial ROS, and as a result, the expression of mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins increases. As recent evidence has shown that oxidative stress increases mitochondrial fission. However, it should be noted that apparently the role of ROS in mitochondrial fission depends on the amount and duration of exposure. Based on this, it seems that different intensities of sports activity are associated with different levels of ROS increase and subsequently affect protein fission and fusion. Despite the different effects of sports activity on the production of ROS and antioxidant defense, however, doing bouts and sessions of sports activity in long-term training protocols also leads to a transient increase in ROS, which is probably dependent on the intensity and duration of the sports activity. Based on the findings of the present study, exercise intensity was not a factor affecting the mitochondrial dynamics of heart tissue, so that none of the moderate and high intensity intermittent exercise did not change the indices of mitochondrial dynamics. Few studies have been conducted regarding the effect of training intensities on mitochondrial dynamics. In this regard, Demirchi et al. showed that moderate intensity interval training had a better effect on mitochondrial dynamic indices than intense interval training. It is possible that moderate intensity interval training has led to optimal production of ROS, which has more favorable effects than high and low intensity exercise on mfn2 proteins, so that high intensity interval exercise with an increase in high concentration of ROS leads to a reduction in the effects. Material and exercise as well as intermittent exercise with moderate intensity with much lower levels did not lead to reaching the desired threshold in order to stimulate proteins related to mitochondrial dynamics.}, Keywords = {Exercise training, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Mitochodria dynamic, Hypertension}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {188-198}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثر دو شدت مختلف تمرین تناوبی همراه مصرف آلفا لیپوئیک اسید بر بیان ژن MFN بافت قلب موش‌های دارای پرفشار خونی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: پرفشارخونی به دلیل ایجاد خطرات قلبی عروقی و بیماری­های کلیوی، از مهم‌ترین معضلات سلامت عمومی است. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تعیین اثر دو شدت مختلف تمرین تناوبی همراه مصرف آلفا لیپوئیک اسید بر بیان ژن MFN بافت قلب موش موش‌های دارای پرفشارخونی بود. روش­ کار: برای انجام این تحقیق تجربی 35 سر موش نر نژاد ویستار، هشت هفته­ای و وزن 190 تا 220 گرم انتخاب و پس از یک هفته آشناسازی، 5 موش به صورت تصادفی به عنوان گروه سالم جدا شده و 30 موش باقیمانده دچار پرفشارخونی شده و بصورت تصادفی در شش گروه: کنترل، تمرین تناوبی متوسط، تمرین تناوبی شدید، مکمل آلفا لیپوئیک اسید، مکمل+ تمرین تناوبی شدید، مکمل+ تمرین تناوبی متوسط تقسیم شدند. برای القای پرفشارخونی، محلول ال نیترو آرژنین متیل استر با دوز 40 میلی­گرم به ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن در روز و به مدت سه هفته بصورت خوراکی استفاده شد. برنامه تمرینی تناوبی با شدت بالا و متوسط به مدت شش هفته و پنج جلسه در هفته اجرا شد. به منظور مکمل­دهی، روزانه ﻣﯿﺰان 20 میلی‌گرم به ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن موش‌ها مکمل آلفالیپوئیک اسید لیپوزومال در متیل سلولز حل شده و یک ساعت بعد از تمرین بصورت گاواژ به موش‌ها داده شد. بیان ژن mfn2 از روش real-time PCR اندازه­گیری گردید. یافته‌ها: سطح mfn2 در گروه دیابتی نسبت به گروه سالم کاهش معنی‌داری داشت (018/0P=). آلفالیپوئیک اسید (008/0P=) و تمرین تناوبی شدید+آلفالیپوئیک اسید (014/0P=) و تمرین تناوبی شدید+آلفالیپوئیک اسید (039/0P=) سطح mfn2 را به‌طور معنی‌داری نسبت به گروه دیابت افزایش دادند. نتیجه ­گیری: فشارخون با کاهش بیان ژن mfn2 بافت قلب همراه است و تمرین تناوبی به همراه مکمل آلفالیپوئیک اسید احتمالاً مداخله مؤثر در افزایش mfn2 بافت قلب در فشارخون در نظر گرفته می‌شود.  }, keywords_fa = {تمرین ورزشی, آلفا لیپوئیک اسید, پویایی میتوکندریایی, پرفشارخونی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7616-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7616-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Solgi, Rahim and Bagheri, Faribourz and Ahadi, Has}, title = {Comparison of the Effectiveness of Parental Management Education (PMT) with Parent-Child Relationship Education (CPRT) on Reducing the Total Morbidity of Children with Coping Disobedience Disorder}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) The most common clinical disorders in children and adolescents those in the class of Disruptive Behavior Disorders are the largest group of disorders in children and adolescents referred to mental health clinics. According to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5 (DSM5) the prevalence of this disorder ranges from 1 to 11% with an average prevalence estimated at about 3.3%. These children have an angry and irritable temperament, they often become angry, they are quick-tempered, angry, or easily offended They have an argumentative and confrontational behavior pattern, often arguing with authorities, actively opposing or refusing to follow rules, they mostly intentionally upset others, often blaming others for their mistakes or misconduct, and engaging in vindictive or retaliatory behaviors. In finding the cause, we can refer to a set of genetic and biological characteristics and tendencies, including inefficient parenting. The prognosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder is unfavorable as well as chronic. Patients with it are prone to psychiatric disorders in adulthood, such as antisocial personality disorder, calcium, addiction, and interpersonal, academic, and psychological problems. Therefore, due to the adverse consequences of disobedient disobedience disorder and the wide-ranging impact it has on individual and social life requires fundamental steps to be taken to treat children with the disorder. Including treatments for Oppositional Defiant Disorder Drug therapy, as well as part of the treatment of individual interventions and the rest of the family interventions, focused. Among the various therapeutic approaches, treatment for children in addition to medication, is Parent Management Training. The basis of PMT is based on the view that childrenchr('39')s behavioral disorders arise and persist as a result of incorrect interactions between child and parent. On the other hand, parental therapy is a unique approach used by trained play therapy professionals to teach parents to be part of their childrenchr('39')s healing or healing factors. One of these new methods is child-parent relationship Training (CPRT), which is one of the most effective methods in the treatment of Oppositional Defiant Disorder that focuses on the participation of families in the treatment of children. Since the effectiveness of these treatments and the comparison of these two treatments on these children had not been done so far, the aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of parent management Training (PMT) with child-parent relationship Training (CPRT) on total reduction. Childrenchr('39')s morbid syndrome has an Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Methods: The present study was applied according to the purpose and was a quasi-experimental clinical trial in the form of a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The population of the present study was all parents of children aged 11-5 years with confrontational disobedience disorder who referred to clinics and psychological and psychiatric centers in Tehran. The study sample consisted of 45 participants who were selected by available sampling and randomly divided into three groups of 15 people. After selecting the sample members, the SNAP questionnaire was completed by the parents. Then, the parents of the CPRT experimental group participated in 10 2-hour group sessions for 10 weeks and the parents of the PMT experimental group participated in 9 2-hour group sessions for 9 weeks, and the control group received only medication. At the end of the course, the SNAP questionnaire was again given to the parents of the experimental and control groups by a psychologist. The data were then analyzed using SPSS software and the statistical method of analysis of covariance. Results: The results of the analysis of covariance test for pediatric morbidity syndrome scores showed that the F-statistic for morbid scores of disobedient children (75.34) was significant at the level of 0.001. These findings indicate that there is a significant difference between the groups in the morbid scores of disobedient children. The results show the effectiveness of parent management training (PMT) and child-parent relationship Training (CPRT) in reducing the symptoms of children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. In order to examine the changes in scores more accurately, Tukey test was used. The results of comparison of means showed that the mean of the total corrected experimental group was PMT (7.81) and the mean of experimental group was CPRT (10.9). It is significant to the results of pairwise comparison at the level of 0.001. This means that both trainings are effective and the reduction of morbid symptoms has occurred in both of them. Parents are considered as the strongest influence on the interactive patterns of the family. They can provide the best and most effective way of socializing and building a proper upbringing by creating healthy and constructive emotional relationships, expressing love, accepting the right interactions and appropriate treatment methods. Bring. On the other hand, the root of many abnormalities should be sought in the relationships of family members and parenting methods. Most childrenchr('39')s behavioral problems reflect the complex interpersonal conditions of family members, especially parents. In other words, the creation or exacerbation of behavioral problems The child can also be a defective relationship between family members and related to the wrong parenting training methods and their defective interactions with children. In order to reduce these problems and improve those parent participation training programs (such as PMT and CPRT) that A unique perspective is used, that is, how parents can be a good alternative to therapists and become therapists or therapeutic agents by teaching some therapeutic skills to treat their childrenchr('39')s problems and disorders at home. Conclusion: Both of PMT and CPRT has been shown to be effective in reducing ODD in children. Between these methods, PMT was more effective than CPRT.  }, Keywords = {Parent Management Training (PMT), Parent - Child Relationship Based Training (CPRT), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {199-209}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه اثربخشی آموزش مدیریت والدین (PMT) و آموزش مبتنی بر رابطه والد-کودک (CPRT)بر کاهش مجموع نشانگان مرضی کودکان با اختلال نافرمانی مقابله‌ای}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اختلال نافرمان مقابله‏ای از شایع‌ترین اختلالات روانشناختی دوران کودکی می‌باشد که تأثیر بدی در تعاملات خانواده دارد و همچنین دارای پیش آگهی نامناسب همچون ابتلا به اختلالات روانشناختی در بزرگسالی، اعتیاد، مشکلات بین فردی، تحصیلی می‌شود . لذا هدف از پژوهش حاضر مقایسه اثربخشی آموزش مدیریت والدین (PMT) با آموزش مبتنی بر رابطه والد-کودک  (CPRT) بر کاهش مجموع نشانگان مرضی کودکان دارای اختلال نافرمانی مقابله‏ای می­باشد. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر یک کارآزمایی بالینی نیمه تجربی به صورت پیش آزمون - پس آزمون با گروه کنترل بود.  جامعه‌ی پژوهش حاضر را کلیه والدین کودکان 5-11 ساله مبتلا به اختلال نافرمانی مقابله­ای (ODD) مراجعه­کننده به درمانگاه‏ها و مراکز روان­شناختی و روان­پزشکی شهر تهران می‏باشد. نمونه پژوهش شامل 45 والد بود که با نمونه­گیری در دسترس انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در سه گروه آزمایش ۱۵ نفره قرارگرفتند. ابزارهای مورد استفاده در این پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه علائم رفتاری کودکان (CSI-4) و پرسشنامه SNAP-IV بود. یافته ­ها: نتایج مربوط به آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس برای نمرات نشانگان مرضی کودکان نشان داد که  آماره F برای نمرات مرضی کودکان نافرمان (۳۴/۷۵) در سطح ۰۰۱/۰ معنی‏دار است؛ بین گروه‌ها در نمرات مرضی کودکان نافرمان تفاوت معنی‌دار وجود دارد. نتایج مقایسه میانگین‏ها نشان داد که میانگین گروه آزمایش (PMT) ۸۱/۷ و میانگین گروه آزمایشی (CPRT) ۹/۱۰ می‏باشد که با توجه به نتایج مقایسه زوجی در سطح ۰۰۱/۰ معنی دار است. نتیجه ­گیری: روش PMT و روش CPRT هر دو بر بهبود نشانگان مرضی کودکان با اختلال نافرمانی مقابله­ای موثر هستند. از میان دو رویکرد درمانی روش PMT از روش CPRT در کاهش نشانگان مرضی موثرتر بود.  }, keywords_fa = {آموزش مدیریت والدین, آموزش مبتنی بر رابطه والد - کودک, اختلال نافرمانی مقابله‌ای}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6250-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6250-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Asmar, Ahmad and Azarbayjani, Mohammad Ali and Peeri, Maghsou}, title = {The Effect of Endurance Training and Octopamine Supplements on Glutathione Peroxidase and Protein Carbonyl in Cerebellum Tissue of Rats Fed by DFO}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The use of deep frying oils (DFO) for cooking due to their toxic compounds, oxidation and per-oxidation of lipids and proteins in the long term can lead to neurodegenerative damage and causes the loss of nerve and glial cells of the CNS. Antioxidant defenses include antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase, which act as protective mechanisms in brain tissue and reduce the effects of oxidative stress on the brain by removing free radicals. Reactive lipid aldehydes during a process called carbonylation, change the structure of cellular proteins and create protein carbonyl (PC) which indicates the overall oxidation of proteins and one of the markers of oxidative stress. Methods:  In this study, 30 adult male rats with an average weight of 300-350 gr were examined and tested. The rats were kept in special cages with a temperature of 23 ±3 ° C, humidity of 50% and a cycle of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness and were subjected to a standard diet. The subjects were divided into 5 equal groups(n=6) including: 1) Control (CO), 2) Control+DFO (DFO), 3) exercise+DFO, 4) DFO+octopamine,5) DFO+exercise+octopamine. Eight liters of sunflower oil were exposed to 190 - 200 °C for 4 days and eight hours each day.  On the first day, the oil was exposed to heat. But from the second day, every day, chicken nuggets, carbohydrates and protein products were fried in it for eight hours. At the beginning of the first week, the subjects were exposed to deep frying oils poisoning 0/1cc per 100 gr of body weight. After induction of DFO intoxication by gavage, octopamine supplementation was injected at doses 81 mMol / kg body weight into rats for 4 weeks. Also, the aerobic exercise protocol was performed for 4 weeks, five times a week on a treadmill at a speed of 26 meters per minute for 20 minutes per day. Chemical analyzes were performed by ELISA method to evaluate the concentration of protein carbonyl (PC) and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) on cerebellum tissue of rats. Data were analyzed by independent-samples t-test , ANOVA and  Bonferroni post hoc test at (p <0.05) significancy level . Results: The results of this study showed that the concentration of PC in DFO-fed rats increased significantly while the activity of GPx enzyme decreased significantly compared to the control group. It was observed in the groups aerobic exercise increased GPx activity significantly in cerebellum tissue. Also octopamine supplementation increased GPx activity significantly. Although the highest level of GPx activity was observed in the trained group receiving octopamine supplementation, but the interaction between aerobic exercise and octopamine supplementation did not show a significant effect on GPx activity. Aerobic exercise reduced the concentration of PC significantly in cerebellum tissue. Also octopamine supplementation reduced PC concentration significantly. In spite of the lowest concentration of PC was observed in the group of aerobic exercise and octopamine supplementation, the synergistic effects of octopamine and exercise on reducing  PC  levels were not significant. Conclusion: Nowadays, due to the industrialization of societies and changes in people's lifestyles, the consumption of instant and ready meals, which are often cooked by frying in high-temperature oils, shows a growing trend. Studies have shown that the constant use of fast foods because they are prepared by frying in heated oils several times poses serious health risks and causes obesity, hypertension, neurodegenerative diseases, diseases cardiovascular, type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Due to the importance of this issue, in this study, the effects of consuming deepfrying oils (DFO) on the induction of oxidative stress in the cerebellum tissue of rats were first studied. For this purpose, transformation of protein carbonyl  (PC) as a marker of induction of oxidative stress in the body and changes in the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as one of the active antioxidant enzymes in the body's defense system against oxidative stress were measured in DFO  fed rats. As expected, the results of  ELISA tests showed that PC increased and GPx activity decreased in the rats  fed by DFO  compared to the control group, which indicates the induction of oxidative stress in the treatment group. The results of this study showed that aerobic exercise combined with octopamine can reduce the oxidative damage caused by unhealthy diets such as deep frying oils in the brain tissue of rats. The use of octopamine with aerobic exercise through regulation of protein carbonyl levels and the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as GPx appears to be effective in improving the risk of oxidative damage to brain tissue in rats fed deep frying oils. Therefore, it is recommended to use these two interventions as a suitable solution to support the nervous system against oxidative damage in the conditions of regular intake of deep frying oils.  }, Keywords = {Octopamine, Endurance training, Glutathione peroxidase, Protein carbonyl, DFO}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {210-219}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر تمرین استقامتی و مکمل اکتاپامین بر غلظت گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز و پروتئین کربونیل در بافت مخچه موش‌های صحرایی تغذیه شده با DFO}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: طبخ غذا با روغن‌های حرارت دیده عمیق (DFO) به دلیل وجود ترکیبات سمی می‌تواند موجب آسیب‌های نورودژنراتیو گردد. با توجه به مصرف روز افزون غذاهای آماده به طبخ ، این مطالعه با هدف تعیین اثر تمرین هوازی و اکتاپامین  بر غلظتPC  و فعالیت آنزیم GPx بافت مخچه در موش صحرایی تغذیه شده با DFO اجرا شد.  روش کار: در یک کارآزمایی تجربی، 30 سر موش صحرایی نر نژاد ویستار با میانگین سنی 20 هفته، وزن 350-300 گرم در 5 گروه: کنترل سالم، دریافت DFO، DFO + تمرین، DFO+ اکتاپامین، DFO + تمرین+اکتاپامین تقسیم شدند. پس از مسمومیت با DFO از طریق گاواژ، اکتاپامین به مدت 4 هفته به صورت درون صفاقی به موش‌ها تزریق شد. تمرین هوازی  روی تردمیل با سرعت 26 متر در دقیقه، 20 دقیقه در روز و 5 جلسه در هفته انجام شد. آنالیزهای شیمیایی به روش الایزا جهت بررسی غلظت پروتئین کربونیل و میزان فعالیت آنزیم گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز بر روی بافت مخچه موش‌ها صورت گرفت.  یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد غلظت PC در موش دریافت کننده DFO به طور معنا داری افزایش و میزان فعالیت GPx  به طور معنا دار کاهش یافت (05/0p <). تمرین موجب افزایش معنا دار  فعالیت GPx و کاهش معنا دار  غلظت PC گردید (05/0p<). دریافت اکتاپامین  منجر به افزایش معنا دار فعالیتGPx  و کاهش معنا دار غلظت PC گردید (05/0p <). اما تعامل اکتاپامین و تمرین بر کاهش سطح PC و افزایش فعالیت GPx  اثر معنا داری  نداشت (05/0p <).    نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد، انجام تمرین استقامتی و مصرف اکتاپامین می‌تواند آسیب‌های اکسیداتیو ناشی از روغن‌های حرارت دیده عمیق در بافت مغز  موش‌های صحرایی را کاهش دهد.}, keywords_fa = {گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز, پروتئین کربونیل, تمرین استقامتی, اکتاپامین, DFO}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6665-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6665-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Nasehi, Farid and BakhtiariSaeed, Bahram and Pourasghar, Mehdi}, title = {Comparing the Effectiveness of Group Hypnotherapy and Group Cognitive Hypnotherapy on Health Behaviors in Women}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Many of the health problems that are seen today in most countries, especially in our country, are somehow related to the lifestyle changes of the people of those societies. (1). One of the variables that seems to be effective in improving health behaviors in people is hypnotherapy. Hypnosis therapy is an effective method in health behaviors. Cognitive hypnosis therapy can reduce the stress caused by obesity and remove the environmental background of the disorder to a large extent (4). Hypnotic cognitive therapy can also provide useful clinical information about recognizing problems and how to deal with them, which makes the person cope with the problems (5). On the other hand, psychologists were able to obtain many benefits in treatment by using the principles of the cognitive approach; But the combination of two approaches of cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnotherapy can have a faster and deeper effect on patients (7). Cognitive behavioral hypnotherapy is a combination of hypnotherapy with cognitive-behavioral treatment methods. (8). Today, most psychologists suggest the use of relaxation and mind control methods to reduce the psychological problems caused by physical problems. They state that these methods help a person to create a state of mental peace and comfort (9). Considering the above-mentioned materials and the effectiveness of the two treatment methods, group hypnotherapy and group cognitive hypnotherapy on the treatment of mental disorders, and because health behaviors are very important in human health, and because of the review of the research done inside And outside the country, no research has been done in the field of comparing the effect of these two types of intervention. Also, considering that researchers and experts are always looking for the best type of intervention, the researcher is trying to answer the question whether there is a difference between the effect of group hypnotherapy and hypnosis. Is there a difference between group cognitive therapy and health behaviors? Methods: The current applied and quasi-experimental research, which was pre-test and post-test with a control group, was conducted in such a way that among married women with a body mass score above 25 in Tehran in the year 1400, based on the criteria for entering the research (body mass above 25 as well as non-participation in other clinical and psychotherapy research) 42 people were selected by the available method and randomly divided into 3 control groups, group hypnotherapy and group cognitive hypnotherapy. Before and after the intervention of all subjects Alavi Health Behavior Questionnaire (2017) which has 43 questions and 7 components of well-being, daily hygiene, nutrition, consumption of addictive drugs, risk-taking behavior, environmental risks and medical care based on the spectrum They completed a five-point Likert scale (always a score of 5, often a score of 4, sometimes a score of 3, rarely a score of 2, never a score of 1). Alavi (2017) confirmed the content validity of the questionnaire at 0.83 and the reliability of the questionnaire and its components by Cronbach's alpha method. In the following, the subjects of the intervention groups received the interventions related to their group under the supervision of the researcher according to tables 1 (Wilkinson's group hypnotherapy protocol) and 2 (Wilhelm's group hypnosis therapy protocol). At the end of the intervention, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to check the normality of data distribution, covariance analysis and paired t-test to test hypotheses using SPSS version 23 software. Results: The results of the paired t-test showed that group hypnotherapy and group cognitive hypnotherapy have a significant effect on health behaviors (Table 3). The results of the analysis of covariance showed that the F value of the effect of the groups on health behaviors after training is equal to 2.959 and the significance level of the test is equal to 0.019, which is significant at an error level of less than 5%, which means that there is a significant difference between the effects of the two groups. does not exist (Table 4). Conclusion: Overall, the results of this research showed that group hypnotherapy has a significant effect on health behaviors. In explaining the results, it can be said that an explicit order to perform a specific action is known as a direct suggestion in conversational hypnosis. This is a powerful tool, although it is considered unethical due to the power or power that the hypnotist has over the clients (12). With this method, the client does not control the decision to change the behavior. Hypnosis as a behavioral technique helps eliminate symptoms (13). Apart from eliminating symptoms, hypnosis is used to control or change problematic behaviors such as smoking, overeating, drug use, or gambling; It is also used in smoking, phobias, anxiety, conversion symptoms and chronic pain (14). Also, the results showed that hypnotherapy of group cognition has a significant effect on health behaviors. In explaining the results, it can be said that hypnosis is a natural state of the brain, during this process, the brain undergoes neurophysiological and electroencephalographic changes and cellular metabolism, and as a result, in the state of hypnotic trance, the receptivity of the brain increases and the awareness of the environment decreases, depending on the subject. which the therapist needs, occurs (15). In addition, the body undergoes physiological changes and is ready to receive the therapist's orders. In general, the results showed that there is no significant difference between the effects of the two types of intervention on the subjects' health behaviors. In explaining the results, it can be said that in the state of hypnosis, excessive concentration of thought causes the absorption of all suggestions and is very effective. In a 100% concentration or deep hypnosis, the power of thought is completely under the influence of suggestions and never to pay attention to other things. He is not free and easily forgets it (16). After hypnosis, when the mind returns to the normal state, each unit of brain power accepts a part of the suggestion and the patient soon returns to his normal and appropriate state (17). Hypnosis helps your unconscious and semi-conscious mind to have more control over your eating habits and maintain your diet more easily (18). If you feel that you cannot resist a certain food, hypnosis will help you control this desire (19).}, Keywords = {group hypnotherapy, group cognitive hypnotherapy, health behaviors, women}, volume = {29}, Number = {6}, pages = {220-227}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه اثربخشی هیپنوتیزم درمانی گروهی و هیپنوتیزم درمانی شناختی گروهی بر رفتارهای بهداشتی زنان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: ارتقای سلامتی، نیاز اساسی انسان هاست و رفتارهای بهداشتی و شیوه زنـدگی، مهـمتـرین عامـل در پیشـگیری از بیماری و مرگ و میر و ارتقای سلامت محسوب مـی شـود. هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر مقایسه اثربخشی هیپنوتیزم درمانی گروهی و هیپنوتیزم درمانی شناختی گروهی  بر رفتارهای بهداشتی در زنان بود. روش کار: برای انجام پژوهش کاربردی و نیمه آزمایشی حاضر که از نوع پیش آزمون و پس آزمون با گروه کنترل بود از بین زنان متاهل دارای توده بدنی بالای ۲۵ شهر تهران در سال ۱۴۰۰ 42 نفر به روش نمونه گیری هدفمند انتخاب بطور تصادفی به سه گروه کنترل، هیپنوتیزم درمانی گروهی و هیپنوتیزمی درمانی شناختی تقسیم شدند. سپس آزمودنی­ها قبل و بعد از مداخله­ها پرسشنامه رفتارهای بهداشتی  علوی (1397) را تکمیل کردند. همچنین پروتکل هیپنوتیزم درمانی گروهی ویلکینسون(1981) به مدت 5 جلسه یک ساعته و پروتکل شناخت درمانی هیپنوتیزمی گروهی ویلهلم و همکاران (2013) به تعداد 8 جلسه یک ساعته انجام شد. در نهایت از آزمون تحلیل کواریانس  جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج آزمون نشان داد هیپنوتیزم درمانی گروهی و هیپنوتیزمی گرودرمانی شناختی بر رفتارهای بهداشتی تاثیر مثبتی دارند. همچنین مشخص شد بین تاثیر دو گروه تفاوت معناداری وجود ندارد. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج تایید کننده تاثیر دو نوع مداخله هیپنوتیزم درمانی بر رفتارهای بهداشتی زنان می­باشد بنابراین جهت بهبود این رفتارها توصیه می­شود زنان از این دو نوع مداخله زیر نظر متخصص استفاده کنند.}, keywords_fa = {هیپنوتیزم درمانی گروهی, هیپنوتیزم درمانی شناختی گروهی, رفتارهای بهداشتی, زنان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7691-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7691-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Jahani, Paniz and Mazaherinezhad, Ali and Moezy, Azar and Angoorani, Hooman and MandegarNajafabadi, Mohamm}, title = {A Comparative Study of Open versus Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise Effects on Pain and Function of Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the common causes of anterior knee pain, which is related to the intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors that affect the patellofemoral (PF) joint interface. The common causes of PFPS are: PF joint overloading, a disorder of patellar and femoral articular surface, knee muscular imbalance and weakness, an increase of Q angle, excessive subtalar pronation. This pathological chain can produce excessive compressive stress on the patellofemoral joint surface that causes nagging pain that significantly affects patients’ quality of life (QOL) and disability. The main factor of the therapeutic approach in conservative treatment of PFPS is exercise therapy including restoration of power balance quadriceps, improvement of the range of motion, as well as prevention of unequal compressive stresses on the PF joint. Generally, two exercise-based plans: Open kinetic chain (OKC) and closed kinetic chain exercises (CKC), have been employed for managing PFPS. It has been claimed that CKCs may provide more sensory feedback that could be effective in controlling joint stresses compared to OKCs. Quadriceps muscle actuates separately leading to an increase in PF compression stress; whereas muscular co-contraction occurs in CKCs that enhance joint stability and mitigate joint pain. Despite the existence of some clinical evidence of the effectiveness of the two exercise programs in the treatment of PFPS, there is a scarcity of scientific reports showing which method is most effective. The present study aimed to compare the therapeutic effect of the OKC and CKC exercises on the pain and functional statement in patients with PFPS.  Methods: This study was designed as a randomized clinical trial with ethical approval of the Research Ethics Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences. It was conducted on 64 patients with PFPS who were referred to the Clinic of Sports Medicine in Rasoul-e-Akram hospital in Tehran, Iran. Inclusion criteria were: 1) age between 18-70 years, 2) pain in the anterior knee for at least two months with pain intensity equal to or higher than three based on the visual analog scale (VAS), 3) three or more positive clinical signs in the following tests: Clarke's sign, McConnell test, Nobel compression test, Waldron test, and patella in medial or lateral positions, 4) pain arose in at least two of the following situations: Resisted contraction of the quadriceps, squatting, prolonged sitting or kneeling, descending or ascending stairs, 5) normal mental state and 6) not participating in sports programs and physical therapy in the recent three months. On the other hand, exclusion criteria were: 1) history of previous surgery or injury in the knee, 2) history of acute traumatic injuries, 3) history of knee locking, 4) history of patellar dislocation or knee osteoarthritis, 5) history of knee intra-articular injection in the past six months, 6) Osgood-Schlatter disease, 7) unwillingness to participate in the study; 8) uncompleted evaluation programs; 9) any damage to the knee joint during the study and 10) using any therapeutic protocols. Therefore, outcome measurements were consisted of anthropometric parameters which were measured by the standard tools, pain intensity by VAS, 6-minute walking test (6MW test), timed up and go (TUG), sit-up test (numbers of sitting and getting up from a chair in 30 seconds), KUJALA anterior knee pain questionnaire and Functional Index Questionnaire (FIQ) for assessment of lower extremity function. The outcome measurements were carried out at three intervals: The baseline or pre-intervention, the 4th week, and the 8th week. Also, study intervention: A total of 117 patients with PFPS, 64 patients were included and randomly allocated to two groups, with 32 patients in each group. The participants began a 24-session program (three times per week) in each group after the pre-intervention assessment. All groups received the same warm-up exercises. OKC Protocol- the OKC group, received an exercise protocol that consisted of quadriceps setting, straight leg raise (SLR), and knee extension. CKC Protocol- the CKC group, received an exercise protocol that consisted of mini squat, Standing wall sit, and step up. Statistical analysis: The SPSS (version 16; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was reasonably applied to provide the analysis. The normality of data was analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Independent t-test and repeated measurement were also fulfilled to compare the results over time within and between groups. Results: Comparing the mean VAS pain score at baseline showed no difference between the OKC and CKC groups. And no difference was revealed in the mean KUJALA anterior knee pain score between the two groups before, one month, and two months after exercises. However, the results for the FIQ test were slightly different. Comparing the mean functional index between the subjects programmed for OKC and CKC exercises, it was presented that the CKC was slightly higher after two months of intervention. Again for the mean 6MW test, TUG test, and sit-up test, the difference was negligible between the two groups. Conclusion: Findings in the present study showed that by planning both OKC and CKC training programs for eight weeks, a significant improvement in pain intensity and functional expression was achieved. Still, no priorities were determined between the two programs. As indicated by Witvirouw et al., an increase in the torque peak of the functional capacity of knee-related muscles and also pain reduction were found in both exercise groups. In a similar study, excellent results were revealed related to the pain and functionality.Contrary to our observation, Stiene et al., concluded that after an eight-week treatment, the CKC exercises were more effective than the OKC exercises. The above exposed statement suggests that both the OKC and the CKC exercises have been employed to treat the PFPS, but the OKC program seemed more effective in pain relief. Moreover, some studies could not demonstrate a discrepancy between the two exercise types. As indicated in a systematic review no significant differences in improvement of function or reduction of pain were apparent between the two types of exercise in any of the studies. There are significant differences between OKC and CKC protocols regarding action mechanisms and muscular effects. In OKC, a combination in which the terminal joint is free, while in CKC, one in which the terminal joint meets with some considerable external resistance that prohibits or restrains free movement. Also, in OKC, the distal end is opened, whereas, in CKC, the motion of one segment at one joint will produce motion at all other joints in the system in a predictable manner. In CKC exercise, the main basis is an exercise with greater proprioceptive input leading to an increase in proprioceptive ability, increasing joint compressive forces and knee stability, and thus increasing muscular performance. Totally, CKC exercise seemed to be safe because of decreasing shear force and increased muscle co-contraction. Unlikely, some advantages have also been pointed out for OKC versus CKC exercise, including improving strength and increasing ROM at specific joints, correcting strength deficits of specific muscles or joints, and beginning rehabilitation when athletes are not able to perform CKC exercises. It has been demonstrated that OKC and CKC exercises are equally effective in pain reduction and functional improvement. They are strongly recommended as rehabilitation protocols in patients with PFPS. However, why one protocol is superior to another remains controversial and needs further assessment.  }, Keywords = {Closed kinetic chain exercises, Open kinetic chain exercises, Patellofemoral pain syndrome}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه تاثیر ورزش‌های زنجیره باز و بسته در کاهش درد و افزایش عملکرد در بیماران مبتلا به سندرم درد پاتلوفمورال}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: علی‌رغم دستیابی به شواهد بالینی در مورد اثربخشی دو برنامه تمرینی زنجیره حرکتی بسته (CKC) و زنجیره حرکتی باز (OKC) در درمان سندرم درد پاتلوفمورال (PFPS)، تاکنون تأثیرگذاری بیشتر یکی از این دو روش مشخص نگردیده است. ازاین‌رو، مطالعه حاضر با هدف ارزیابی و مقایسه اثر درمانی تمرین‌های OKC و CKC بر شدت درد و عملکرد بیماران مبتلا به PFPS انجام شد. روش کار: از بین 117 نفر مراجعه‌کننده به کلینیک پزشکی ورزشی بیمارستان رسول اکرم، شصت و چهار بیمار مبتلا به سندرم درد پاتلوفمورال با توجه به معیارهای ورود وارد مطالعه شدند و به‌طور تصادفی در دو گروه مداخله شامل 32 نفر جهت برنامه ورزشی OKC و 32 نفر جهت برنامه ورزشی CKC تقسیم شدند که به مدت 24 جلسه (3 بار در هفته) برنامه‌های ورزش‌درمانی را انجام دادند. بیماران از نظر شدت درد و عملکرد، در بدو مراجعه و یک ماه و دو ماه بعد ارزیابی شدند. تست‌های عملکردی انجام شده شامل تست 6 دقیقه راه رفتن (6MW test)، تست برخاستن و راه رفتن (TUG) و تست نشست و برخاست (Sit-up test) بود. یافته‌ها: بر اساس نتایج این مطالعه کاهش واضحی در سطح درد در هر دو گروه مشاهده شد و تفاوت معنی‌داری بین گروه‌های OKC و CKC وجود نداشت. همچنین پرسشنامه‌های KUJALA و FIQ در هر دو گروه بهبود قابل‌توجهی را در توانایی‌های عملکردی بیماران پس از انجام تمرین‌ها نشان دادند؛ اما در دو گروه تفاوت معنی‌داری مشاهده نشد. همچنین این نتیجه در تست‌های عملکردی تکرار شد. نتیجه‌گیری: انجام تمرین‌های OKC یا CKC با در نظر گرفتن ارزیابی‌های انجام شده طی 8 هفته بدون اولویت منجر به بهبود قابل توجهی در شدت درد و بهبود عملکردی شدند، بنابراین هر دو به‌عنوان پروتکل‌های توان‌بخشی در بیماران مبتلا به PFPS بسیار توصیه می‌شوند.  }, keywords_fa = {تمرین‌های زنجیره حرکتی بسته, تمرین‌های زنجیره حرکتی باز, سندرم درد پاتلوفمورال}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7501-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7501-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mousavian, Seyed Javad and Kheiri, Bahram and Aligholi, Mansoureh}, title = {Designing a Structural Model of Guilt and Shame with Emphasis on Coping Strategies}, abstract ={Background & Aims: In marketing, cognitive abnormality is defined as anxiety that emerges after shopping or making decision through a notable buying that has persuading alternatives (2). For example: consumers who bought an expensive car, when thinks about repurchasing, they likely conclude that alternative option would be a better choice, so he or she came over cognitive abnormalities (3). Abnormalities occurred when consumer have an opposite point of view (4). Cognitive abnormalities might arise after buying, as result something is purchased in comparison the others (5) provided the result was not favorite, consumer might sense psychological distress (6) that be accompanied by senses such as anxiety, unreliability, hesitation and regret (7). Also all humans might experience collection of different emotions daily. Collection of emotions that have significant effects on our relationships by self and the others is called Conscious emotions. To understand the effects of Conscious emotions on different aspects of life is important. During past decade, study and assess Conscious emotions such as shame and guilt has increased (8). Guilt and shame notably impact on people's daily life especially in ethical decision making and repurchasing (9). Shame and guilt feeling are some conscious emotions that occurred after a moral mistake and at individual and communicational levels are particularly practical. Shame and guilt are conscious emotions, because self is assessing in these feelings and are included as moral emotions due to having important role in improvement ethical behavior (10). Moral emotions are such emotions that are defined in relationship by moral affair (11) and have roots on social relations and are based on evaluations and bilateral judgments of self and the others (12) and also regulate ethical behavior and shape psychological signs. From the past, Experts have considered conceptual separation of these two constructs. Shame and guilt feeling often are used by each other, while either have a different meaning and independent structure. Guilt feeling includes Mental preoccupation, regret, but shame feeling is an embarrassed feeling due to a mistake action (13) studying guilt and shame is a significant and practical part of psychology and it is known as conscious emotion. From the point of view of psychology this conscious emotion is found in social relationships and it is increased by concerns about self, the others and performed behaviors. Fear of negative evaluation and self-behaviors are considered for guilt feeling and guilt feeling is considered as a social and ethical emotion and due to response to moral violation, moral behaviors, rules of conducts of interpersonal communication and Personal hygiene will be occurred (14). Shame feeling can be considered as an emotional state that derives of cognitive factors such as documents about self, constant documents, permanent documents and uncontrollable. Such position result to self-blame (because of constant documents, general documents, internal documents for negative events) that can provide anxiety contexts. Shame fundamentally helps to social behavior motivation and try to self-improvement. However, when shame overcome emotion can result to inconsistent results (16, 17). Shame includes defensive reactions such as anger and anger and sadness (10). Emotions have significant role in the field of consumer's ethical making decision. Researches show that the level of consumer's guilt impacts on types of decisions related to consumption such as using of recyclable product, smoking, diet and repurchasing (18). Studies about consumer's misbehavior, and also importance of shame and guilt in determining the level of consumer's moral, highlights deviation understanding. Negative effect of shopping mistake impacts on repurchasing and this feeling should be removed till shopping be continuous. Researches related to this topic is limited and exposed an emptiness. Du ring present years interest to concept of shame and guilt feelings is enhancing. For example, persons such as Yi and Baumgartner specified eight coping strategies that are usable in general concept of shopping, and also considering development of competition and diversification in shopping and products, assessing shame and guilt feeling from consumers' point of view is an important research topic. Studying this type of behavior represent an understanding of normal behavior. In spite of being practical, limited researches pay to assessing different aspects of shame and guilt feeling.. Saintives and Lunardo have investigated how guilt feeling will be moderated by changing amount of guilt feeling and emotional support and how them impacts on consumers. Past studies showed sometimes consumers feel guilt. Psychological literature show how guilt feelings and anxiety engage with emotional support. In this research shame feeling had mediator role on relationship between guilt feeling and consumer behavior's attitude. Also Yi and Baumgartner investigated the interaction effect of guilt and shame feeling on consumer's impulsive buying behavior. Based on psychological studies about guilt and shame, research show that the intensity of shame feeling on social support, consumer's reasonable behavior, regretting, resignation, lack of intellectual belonging and blaming have direct effect. Research's questionnaires were collected from 274 participants. Kabadaei et al's research was performed in Turkish youth by using quantitative method and distributing questionnaires and that states how consumer's feeling, self-controlling and perceived effectiveness impact on consumer's attitudes. This research's objective was an experimental study that direct and indirect effect of different factors on consumer's behavior were evaluated. 172 questionnaires of students were collected. This research show that perceived effectiveness has the most effect on consumer's tendency. Also consumer's guilt feeling has direct and indirect effect on shopping tendency among youth. Baker et al investigated the relationship between guilt feeling and moral judgments in a research titled religiosity, guilt feeling and moral judgments of consumer. This research's objective is recognizing moral and showing their effects on guilt feeling. The results show indirect effect of materialism on consumer's moral judgments and also its direct effect on guilt feeling. Ozhan and Kazancoglu in a research titled "consequences and backgrounds consumer's guilt feeling model" investigates relationships between regret from buying and not buying, violation of norms and hedonism in shopping on consumer's guilt. This topic can be newest in marketing. There is a complicated relationship between aspects of consumer's guilt feeling and reactions of avoidance of that. Results show regretting has the most effect on consumer's guilt feeling. . In Iran, there were not sources and research activities in the field of shame and guilt feelings. This concept that make a revolution in combination marketing and psychology and also consumer's values were hidden. So, research activities will make an insight in the field of consumer's moral values and will provide necessary context for guiding citizenships. Methods: The present research method is descriptive-survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. Its statistical population is the postgraduate students of Islamic Azad University Faculty of Management, Tehran Central Branch, and the statistical sample includes 337 students who were selected by stratified random method. In order to test the hypotheses, structural equation modeling was used, and SPSS and PLS software were used to analyze the data. Results: Data analysis showed that instant shopping has a positive effect on consumer guilt and shame. And this is while the consumer's guilt and shame do not directly affect the intention to buy again. This shows the high power of the strategies considered in the research model to deal with the consumer's sense of guilt and shame in the intention of repurchasing. Conclusion: The results showed that cognitive abnormalities after shopping affect coping strategies and planning strategies to reduce impulse buying, planning to compensate for financial loss, lack of intellectual belonging, blaming others, justifying, and regretting strategy have a negative effect on repurchase intention. These findings confirm the results of past research. Also, shame-inducing patterns lead to the desire to hide and escape, and guilt-inducing patterns lead to the desire to confess, apologize, and make amends.  }, Keywords = {Guilt, Shame, Coping Strategies}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {11-22}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {طراحی مدل ساختاری احساس گناه و شرم با تأکید بر استراتژی‌های مقابله‌ای}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: به دلیل اهمیت روزافزون شناخت و درک احساسات خودآگاه ازجمله دو هیجان گناه و شرم بر نحوه زندگی روزمره مردم، به‌خصوص در تصمیم‌گیری اخلاقی و قصد خرید مجدد مصرف‌کنندگان، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر ناهنجاری‌های شناختی پس از خرید (احساس گناه و شرم) مصرف‌کنندگان بر قصد خرید مجدد آن‌ها اجرا شده است. روش کار: روش پژوهش حاضر، توصیفی- پیمایشی بوده و ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها، پرسش‌نامه است. جامعه آماری آن، دانشجویان تحصیلات تکمیلی دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز هستند و نمونه آماری شامل 337 نفر از دانشجویان می‌شود که به روش تصادفی طبقه‌ای انتخاب شده‌اند. به‌منظور آزمون فرضیه‌ها از مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری و برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزارهای SPSS و PLS استفاده شده است. یافته‌ها: تحلیل داده‌ها نشان داد که خرید آنی بر احساس گناه و احساس شرم مصرف‌کننده تأثیر مثبت دارد و این در حالی است که احساس گناه مصرف‌کننده و احساس شرم مصرف‌کننده به‌طور مستقیم تأثیری بر قصد خرید مجدد ندارد. این نشان از قدرت بالای استراتژی‌های در نظر گرفته شده در مدل تحقیق جهت مقابله با احساس گناه و احساس شرم مصرف‌کننده در قصد خرید مجدد دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد که ناهنجاری‌های شناختی پس از خرید بر استراتژی‌های مقابله‌ای تأثیرگذارند و استراتژی‌های برنامه‌ریزی برای کاهش خرید آنی، برنامه‌ریزی برای جبران ضرر مالی، عدم تعلق فکری، سرزنش دیگران، توجیه کردن و استراتژی پشیمان شدن بر قصد خرید مجدد تأثیر منفی دارند. این یافته‌ها نتایج تحقیقات گذشته را تایید می‌نمایند. همچنین الگوهای برانگیزاننده شرم میل به پنهان‌کاری و فرار دارند و الگوهای برانگیزاننده گناه نیز میل به اعتراف، عذرخواهی و جبران را در پی دارد.  }, keywords_fa = {احساس گناه, احساس شرم, استراتژی‌های مقابله‌ای}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7525-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7525-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Takhty, Maryam and Ghazalian, Farshad and Sohili, Shahram and Ebrahim, Khosro}, title = {Simultaneous Effect of Eight Weeks of Metabolic Resistance Training and CGA Supplementation on Weight Loss and Fat Profile of Overweight Women}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Obesity and being overweight is one of the major public health challenges all around the world. The prevalence of being overweight has been increasing over the past decade and it is estimated that more than 2 million people are overweight now. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of some chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Several different approaches like exercise training have already been introduced to combat obesity and overweight. According to previous studies, comprehensive approaches including training exercises, dietary supplements, and medications could provide the best outcome. Metabolic resistance training has been shown as a promising approach to weight loss with higher efficacy compared with other types of exercise training. Moreover, such effects have also been reported for Chlorogenic Acid (CGA). In the current study, we aimed to compare the simultaneous effects of 8 weeks of MRT and CGA on weight loss and lipid profile of overweight women. Methods: We performed an open-label randomized clinical trial on 40 women with overweight. Study participants were women with body mass index (BMI) between 25 to 28 who were physically active over the past 6 months before the study. We used a balanced block randomization method for case assignment. The study participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or a control group. The intervention given to the study participants was a combination of MRT and CGA supplements. Each MRT training session was 45 minutes including 10 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of MRT, and 5 minutes of cool-down. They also received CGA supplements as a form of green coffee extract (400 mg per day). We collected data on age, weight, height, BMI, medical history, and volume of physical activity for each participant. Data on lipid profiles including HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were also collected for each participant at baseline using blood samples. Study participants were asked not to have vigorous exercise two in the last two days leading to blood sampling. Blood sampling was performed from the participant’s right-hand vein at 8 AM and all study participants were fasting in the last 12 hours. The same procedures were also repeated after 8 weeks of intervention. We provided and mean and standard deviation for each continuous variable. The mean comparison between intervention and control groups was performed using an independent t-test. Withing group variability of lipid profile was investigated using paired t-test. We also used a multiple linear regression model to assess the effect of CGA+MRT intervention on the lipid profile of overweight women adjusted for possible confounders. All statistical analysis was performed using Stata 17.0 software and P-values <0.05 were considered significant.   Results: We compared baseline characteristics and observed no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups regarding age, weight, and BMI. Lipid profile at baseline was also compared between these groups and there was no statistically significant difference (P >0.05). The average BMI change in the control group was 0.4 kg/m2, while it was 0.7 kg/m2 in the intervention group. We also observed a significant decrease in HDL, TC, and TG in the intervention group over the study period (P <0.05). However, no significant change was observed in the control groups regarding the investigated outcomes (P >0.05). The linear regression model showed that after adjustment for the potential confounders the average BMI reduction in the control group was 0.6 kg/m2 higher in the intervention group than the control group and the observed association was statistically significant (P <0.05). We also observed that MRT and CGA intervention has led to more reduction in HDL level on average (Regression coefficient= -8.9, 95% CI= -10.9, -7.0). The effect of the intervention on TG and TC was also statistically significant and the intervention significantly reduced the level of TG and TC in comparison to the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of eight weeks of metabolic resistance training and CGA supplement extracted from coffee beans on the body weight and lipid profile of overweight women. We showed that MRT and CGA supplementation could lead reduce body weight and body mass index in the intervention group. The observed difference compared to the control group was also statistically significant. We also observed a significant effect of the intervention on the level of HDL, TG, and TC. According to our data level of HDL, TG, and TC in the intervention group reduced over the study period and the observed difference was statistically significant compared to the control group. We showed that simultaneous CGA and MRT could reduce body weight and body mass index in overweight women. Such findings were supported by many previous researches. Haghighi et al. showed in a study that participating in eight weeks of aerobic exercise and consuming green tea supplements significantly reduced body weight and body mass index. These findings were similarly repeated in the study of Kanha et al. and they showed that consuming CGA for eight weeks leads to weight loss in mice with a high-fat diet and also improves lipolysis pathways. In a systematic review study by Gerji et al., it was shown that the consumption of CGA supplements and coffee extract can lead to weight loss in overweight and obese people. According to previous studies, participating in MRT courses could effectively increase energy consumption and consequently increase fat burning which leads to weight loss. We also observed that MRT and CGA modified the lipid profile of overweight women. According to our findings, women in the intervention group had a lower level of HDL, TG, and TC after 8 weeks of MRT training and CGA supplementation. Their results were consistent with previous studies. Ghasemi et al, in line with the findings of the present study, showed that participating in metabolic resistance exercises with CGA supplementation leads to positive regulation of the lipid profile of overweight people. Animal studies also showed that MRT training and CGA supplementation could significantly reduce the level of TG, TC, and HDL in rats. Several mechanisms including the effect of CGA on LDL receptors and inhibition of mass absorption were introduced to justify these findings. According to our findings, MRT and CGA supplementation could lead to weight loss and reduced BMI in overweight women with a significant positive change in their lipid profile.    }, Keywords = {Metabolic Resistance Training,Green Coffee, Fat and Overweight Women,Serum lipid profile}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {23-32}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثر همزمان هشت هفته تمرین مقاومتی متابولیک و مصرف مکمل CGA بر کاهش وزن و نیمرخ لیپیدی زنان دارای اضافه وزن}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: چاقی و اضافه وزن امروزه به یکی از معضلات اصلی سلامت عمومی در جوامع مدرن و در حال توسعه تبدیل شده است. پاسخ موفقیت آمیز به چالش های مرتبط با چاقی نیازمند اطلاعات به موقع، معتبر و جامع برای طراحی مداخلات موثر با هدف تعدیل بار بیماری های ناشی از شاخص توده بدنی بالا می باشد. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی اثر همزمان هشت هفته تمرین مقاومتی متابولیک و مصرف مکمل CGA بر کاهش وزن و پروفایل چربی زنان دارای اضافه وزن بود. روش کار: مطالعه حاضر یک کارآزمایی بالینی تصادفی بود که در سال 1400 بر روی نمونه ای از زنان دارای اضافه وزن انجام شد. افراد شرکت کننده در مطالعه به صورت تصادفی دو گروه مداخله شامل یک دوره 8 هفته ای تمرین MRT و مکمل CGA بود و گروه کنترل تقسیم شدند تعداد جلسات تمرینی 3 جلسه در هفته بود و مدت زمان هر جلسه نیز 45 دقیقه بود. مکمل مورد استفاده نیز 400 میلی گرم/ روز CGA استخراج شده از دانه قهوه سبز بود. یافته‌ها: مداخله تمرین MRT و مکمل CGA به طور معناداری منجر به کاهش شاخص توده بدنی، HDL کلسترول تام و تری گلیسرید در مقایسه با گروه کنترل شده بود و این اختلاف از نظر آماری معنی دار بود (001/0= P-value). می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که تمرینات مقاومتی متابولیک همراه با مکمل CGA منجر به کاهش وزن در افراد مبتلا به اضافه وزن می شود و می تواند تغییرات چشمگیری بر نیم رخ پروفایل چربی این افراد نیز داشته باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: به طوری کلی و طبق یافته های این مطالعه می توان نتیجه گرفت که تمرینات مقاومتی متابولیک همراه با مکمل CGA منجر به کاهش وزن در افراد مبتلا به اضافه وزن می شود و می تواند تغییرات چشمگیری بر نیم رخ پروفایل چربی این افراد نیز داشته باشد. با این حال برای اثربخشی بیشتر لازم است که این مداخلات همراه با اصلاح رژیم غذایی افراد صورت گیرد.  }, keywords_fa = {تمرینات مقاومتی متابولیک, قهوه سبز, زنان چاق و دارای اضافه وزن, نیمرخ لیپیدی سرم}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7593-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7593-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Nakhostin, Nasibeh and Musazadeh, Tavakol and Kiamarsi, Azar}, title = {The Effectiveness of an Emotion-Oriented Approach on Intimacy, Communication Skills, and Feelings of Worth in Incompatible Couples}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Following the growing changes and changes that have occurred in the structure of human societies, the family institution has not been deprived of these changes and in some cases, has accepted dramatic changes in its structure, so marital incompatibility. Nowadays, it has become a social issue that damages the institution of the family and gradually leads the society to a critical situation and the collapse of values. For this reason, social planners need to investigate this problem in practice, identify its causes and factors, and take action to address it. The increasing problems, marital dissatisfaction, incompatibility, the increase in the divorce rate in recent years, as well as its negative consequences, indicate the need and importance of paying attention to marital adjustment. Adaptation means consistent adaptation to change and creating a connection between oneself and the environment in a way that enables maximum self-improvement with social welfare. Adaptation is defined as a continuous process in which specific social learning experiences create psychological needs and enable the acquisition of abilities and skills through which those needs can be met. Therefore, we say that a person is adaptable when he has learned the necessary skills to communicate and interact and can effectively meet his needs. Social adjustment is a process in which a person acquires the ability to be absorbed in that group by learning the principles and customs accepted in the group or community and aligning his or her needs and wants with the group in which he or she lives. Marital incompatibility has many negative effects such as reduced intimacy, reduced marital relationships, and reduced self-esteem in the family. The prevalence of marital incompatibility has always been of interest to psychologists and is more prevalent today. The prevalence of marital incompatibility has been reported in various ways. All the reports, despite their differences, show that the level of marital incompatibility is increasing. Research has shown that the ratio of divorce to marriage is increasing in Iran. A report on marital status in the United States also found that the proportion of children in families with two parents rose from 88 percent to 68 percent. On the other hand, in recent years, helping couples to improve their marital relationships by using training and applying different treatment methods has been considered. It is necessary to help couples to solve marital problems by recognizing the factors and causes affecting marital adjustment and reducing marital conflicts. The effect of communication skills on marital relationships in married couples is very important because it can help professionals in implementing the correct training program to provide better marital communication skills to meet physical and mental needs and wants. It can help couples live happier and more satisfying lives, it can also help them resolve their differences better, and it can therefore create a strong bond for better family functioning and social well-being. Slowly Despite the effectiveness of the emotion-oriented approach in improving subjects' behaviors in various studies, few studies have examined the effectiveness of the emotion-oriented approach on intimacy, communication skills, and feelings of worth. Hence, the research gap in this area is quite obvious. Given that couple adjustment plays an important role in family stability to achieve this goal, the emotional approach can be used, so the research question is whether the emotional approach to intimacy, communication skills And is the feeling of worth effective in incompatible couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran? Methods: The research method is experimental with a multi-group pretest-posttest design and follow-up period. The statistical population includes all incompatible couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran, whose number in 1400 was equal to 3500 people. Taking into account the existing files of incompatible couples referring to the Family Counseling Center of Tehran, 10 couples (10 men and 10 women) who referred to the Family Counseling Centers of Tehran due to marital incompatibility by sampling method in Availability of choice was divided into two groups of 5 couples (5 couples in the first experimental group and 5 couples in the control group). Criteria for inclusion in the sample are the existence of marital incompatibility, minimum cycle education, passing at least one year of married life, obtaining the consent of clients, and also the criteria for leaving the research are having a history of psychiatric disorders and participating in another treatment program and absence there were more than two sessions in treatment sessions. The individuals selected in these groups, after completing the Thompson and Walker Intimacy Questionnaire (1983), Matson (1983) Communication Skills, and Crocker et al. (2003) and Spanier (1976) Marital Adjustment Questionnaire in the experimental group under the emotion-centered approach treatment was performed and the control group remained to wait until the end of the course. Then post-test was performed for both groups and after two months follow-up was performed for all three groups. The results are analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The results showed that the emotion-oriented approach affects intimacy, communication skills, and feelings of worth in the subscales (family support, overtaking and competition, physical appearance, and academic competence) in maladapted couples. Conclusion: The aim of this study was the effectiveness of an emotion-oriented approach to intimacy, communication skills, and feelings of worth in maladapted couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran. For this purpose, from all incompatible couples referred to counseling centers in Tehran, trained individuals and a control group were selected by the available sampling method. The results showed that the emotion-oriented approach to intimacy, communication skills, and feelings of worth in the subscales (family support, overtaking and competition, physical appearance, divine love, scientific competence, and consent from others) in incompatible couples is effective. Explaining the results of this study, it can be said that the emotion-oriented approach by controlling the person's emotions and improving the level of ability to manage the person's emotions teaches him how to react correctly in different emotional times. People who take emotion-oriented training courses know their emotions better and are prepared to be in exciting environments. In these people, emotional intelligence is also strengthened and the person chooses the best behavior and reaction from all the expected behaviors. According to the obtained results, it is suggested to use the emotion-oriented approach to improve the situation of intimacy, communication skills, and sense of worth in couples with marital incompatibility.  }, Keywords = {Emotion-oriented Approach, Intimacy, Communication skills, Feel valued}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {33-42}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی رویکرد هیجان مدار بر صمیمیت، مهارت‌های ارتباطی و احساس ارزشمندی در زوجین ناسازگار}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: با توجه به اینکه سازگاری زوجین نقش مهمی در ثبات خانواده ایفا می­کند جهت نیل به این هدف، رویکرد هیجان­مدار می­توانند مورد استفاده قرار بگیرند، بنابراین هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثربخشی رویکرد هیجان مدار بر صمیمیت، مهارت­های ارتباطی و احساس ارزشمندی در زوجین ناسازگار بود. روش کار: در این مطالعه نیمه آزمایشی، جامعه آماری شامل کلیه زوجین ناسازگار مراجع به مراکز مشاوره شهر تهران بود که تعدادشان در سال 1400 برابر 3500 نفر بوده است. با در اختیار گرفتن پرونده­های موجود زوجین ناسازگار مراجعه‌کننده به مرکز مشاوره خانواده شهر تهران، تعداد 10 زوج (10 مرد و 10 زن) به روش نمونه­گیری در دسترس انتخاب در سه گروه 5 زوجه (5 زوج در گروه آزمایشی اول و 5 زوج در گروه کنترل) قرار گرفتند. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات پرسشنامه صمیمیت زناشویی تامپسون و والکر (1983)، پرسشنامه مهارت­های ارتباطی ماتسون (1983)، پرسشنامه خودارزشمندی CSWS کروکر و همکاران (2003) و پرسشنامه سازگاری زناشویی اسپانیر (1976) بود. جهت تحلیل داده‌ها از آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس یک راهه و چندراهه استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان از این داشت که رویکرد هیجان مدار بر صمیمیت، مهارت­های ارتباطی و احساس ارزشمندی در خرده مقیاس­های (حمایت خانواده، سبقت و رقابت‌جویی، ظاهری و جسمانی و شایستگی علمی) در زوجین ناسازگار تأثیرگذار می­باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: به‌طورکلی می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که رویکرد هیجان مدار تأثیر معناداری بر صمیمیت و مهارت­های ارتباطی و احساس ارزشمندی در زوجین ناسازگار داشته­اند و از این رویکرد می‌توان درمان تعارضات زناشویی استفاده کرد.  }, keywords_fa = {رویکرد هیجان مدار, صمیمیت, مهارت‌های ارتباطی, احساس ارزشمندی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7498-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7498-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Alikhani, Marjan and shoaakazemi, Mehrangiz and Khalatbari, Jav}, title = {Predicting the Effect of the Parent-Child Relationship on Behavioral Disorders Due to Happiness in Adolescents}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Adolescence is one of the most important periods of life. In this period, physiological and psychological changes cause profound changes in the individual. Simultaneously, these changes cause disturbance of mental and physical balance. Adolescents in this period are experiencing rapid physical growth. He is emotionally immature, limited in experience, and culturally fragile and vulnerable. Some teens have difficulty coping with their emotions, which can lead to more emotional distress and more behavioral problems. Behavioral disorders are one of the major childhood and adolescent problems that can be referred to by a mental health professional. Behavioral problems of children and adolescents are considered as abnormal behaviors that, while not appropriate for age, are severe, chronic, and persistent. Research shows that disorders in some components of family quality of life such as family coldness, negative parent-child relationships are associated with child and adolescent behavioral problems. The role of parenting in the development of children's behavioral problems has been shown in many studies. Behavioral problems include a wide range of persistently different behaviors, such as: disruption and disorder in daily activities, aggression, and physical or verbal aggression, inability to concentrate and pay attention to the use of experiences, distraction or distraction, refusal to participate in learning activities, destructive behavior, strange and unusual behavior. The parent-child relationship involves a combination of behaviors, feelings, and unique expectations that exist between parents and their children and play an important role in children becoming vulnerable or resilient. Research examining the parent-child relationship has shown that children with warm and supportive parents are more likely to have consequences for positive peers, including greater peer acceptance and reciprocal friendships. Parent-child relationships play an important role in vulnerability. Children become or become flexible. This relationship is broadly influenced by the characteristics of adolescents. Characteristics that, along with the characteristics of parents, family, environment, predict adolescent development. In the meantime, parenting is also important. One of the ways to eliminate or reduce behavioral problems is to correct the parenting style of parents, especially the parent-child relationship. Establishing effective communication will correct children's problems at home and school, and incorrect relationships will increase children's behavioral problems. Changes that begin in early adolescence change adolescents' perceptions and feelings about themselves and their relationships with others, including parents. High levels of parent-child conflict with a variety of negative social consequences, including: aggression toward peers, decreased social competence, and conflict It is linked in the deviant peer group. Proper parent-child relationships are associated with good outcomes for the child, including low levels of anxiety, high self-esteem depression, low incidence of substance abuse, and behavioral problems. Happiness, vitality is one of the most important psychological needs of human beings that has a major impact on the formation of personality and psyche. Happiness is one of the variables that has been considered in the field of health psychology in recent years. Parenting style and quality of parent-child relationship have a significant effect on self-esteem, happiness, and well-being. But you showed that close emotional relationships with parents affect life satisfaction and happiness of children and adolescents. Happiness requires a level of social skills this skill is more common in girls. Parenting style and the quality of the parent-child relationship have a significant effect on the self-esteem, happiness, and well-being of individuals. Happiness and vitality are also one of the most important human psychological needs that have a major impact on the formation of personality and mental health. The mental health of students, who are the builders of the future of society, is one of the pillars of mental health in society, so it is necessary to pay more attention to the mental and physical health of this large group and basic steps to prevent and treat mental illness and behavioral disorders from childhood and adolescence. It begins and extends to the next stages of life. Therefore, the identification and treatment of behavioral disorders in children and adolescents is very important. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of the parent-child relationship on behavioral disorders mediated by happiness in adolescents aged 12 to 15 years. Methods: The present study is a descriptive survey. The statistical population of adolescents 12 to 15 years old who were studying in girls 'and boys' schools in the first year of high school in Tehran, the sample size is 629 people, of which 320 are girls and 309 are boys. By completing the Mark Fine parent-child relationship questionnaire, Kwai and Patterson behavioral disorders, and Oxford happiness, and within 2 months, the data were collected and collected. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationships between subscales and mediating variables. Relationships were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Analyzes were performed using SPSS.26 and Amos.24 software. Results: The obtained data were analyzed. Based on the results, the significance level coefficient is 0.001 and the standardized coefficient is -0.10 and the non-standardized coefficient is -1.26. The explained variance of behavioral disorders based on the parent-child relationship, happiness is equal to R2 = 0.38. Conclusion: Happiness is one of the most important human psychological needs that has a major impact on the formation of personality and psyche. According to research, the happiness of parents, especially mothers has a significant impact on creating a sense of security and life satisfaction in children, Based on the present study, the prediction of adolescent behavioral disorders based on the parent-child relationship with the mediating role of happiness was shown to have a favorable fit and improve the relationship. Parent-child can reduce behavioral disorders by increasing happiness. Happy parents can also pass on happiness to others, their children, and reduce their behavioral problems. According to theoretical views, happiness means repeatedly experiencing pleasant emotions, relative lack of unpleasant feelings, and a general feeling of satisfaction with life, so if children show behavioral problems, if parents have characteristics of happiness, they can better adapt to the problem and find a way to solve problems and problems. If parents have the characteristics of happiness, they can better adapt to the problem, and as a result, not only does it reduce the severity of the problem, but it also improves it. Parents 'happiness is negatively related to emotional problems, anxiety, physical, hyperactivity, coping behavior, and students' behavior problems, and parents have fewer behavioral problems with their children's greater happiness. Intimacy and empathy between family members are some of the most important pillars of dynamism and vitality. It is the family and makes the family not lose the necessary strength and power in the face of problems.  }, Keywords = {Behavioral disorders, Happiness, Parent-child relationship}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {43-53}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {پیش‌بینی تأثیر رابطه والد-فرزند بر اختلالات رفتاری به واسطه شادکامی در نوجوانان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: شادکامی و نشاط نیز یکی از مهم‌ترین نیازهای روانی بشر هستند که تأثیر عمده­ای در شکل­گیری شخصیت و سلامت روان دارد؛ بنابراین پیش‌بینی تأثیر رابطه والد- فرزند بر اختلالات رفتاری به واسطه شادکامی در نوجوانان بود. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از نوع توصیفی- پیمایشی می‌باشد. جامعه آماری شامل نوجوانان 12 تا 15 سال مشغول به تحصیل در مدارس دخترانه و پسرانه مقطع متوسطه دوره اول شهر تهران بود. حجم نمونه 629 نفر که 320 دختر و 309 پسر به صورت نمونه­گیری در دسترس انتخاب شد. با استفاده از تکمیل پرسشنامه­های رابطه والد و فرزند مارک فاین، اختلالات رفتاری کوای و پترسون و شادکامی آکسفورد و در مدت 2 ماه داده‌ها به دست آمد و داده‌ها بررسی و جمع‌آوری شد. جهت بررسی روابط بین خرده مقیاس­ها و متغیرهای میانجی از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون استفاده شد. با استفاده از مدل­سازی معادلات ساختاری روابط تحلیل شد. تحلیل­ها با استفاده از نرم­افزارهای SPSS.26 و Amos.24 صورت گرفت. یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد که اثر غیر مستقیم رابطه والد-فرزند به واسطه شادکامی بر اختلالات رفتاری برابر 16/0- و اثر کل 24/0- است. اثر غیرمستقیم رابطه والد-فرزند بر اختلالات رفتاری با نقش واسطه­ای شادکامی معنادار است (01/0≥P، 10/0- =IE). نتیجه‌گیری: شادکامی یکی از مهم‌ترین نیازهای روانی بشر هستند که تأثیر عمده­ای در شکل­گیری شخصیت و روان دارد و شادکامی والدین مخصوصاً تأثیر بسزایی در ایجاد حس امنیت و رضایت از زندگی در فرزندان دارد، این امر باعث از بین رفتن تعارض روابط والد و فرزند می­شود و سرآغاز جلوگیری از ابتلای نوجوانان به اختلالات رفتاری می­باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {اختلالات رفتاری, شادکامی, رابطه والد و فرزند}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7302-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7302-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ammari, Solmaz and Deyreh, Ezat and Keykhosrovani, Moloud and Ganji, Kamr}, title = {The Effectiveness of Couple Therapy on Depressive Symptoms and Sexual Function in Women Affected by Infidelity}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Marital infidelity is one of the most important factors threatening the performance, stability, and continuity of marital relationships. Marital infidelity refers to any sexual or emotional relationship beyond the framework of a committed relationship between two spouses, and research shows that about one-third of men and a quarter of women are likely to have sex at least once in their lifetime. Engage in extramarital affairs. Hidden relationships outside of marriage cause feelings such as depression, anger, frustration, lack of self-confidence, loss of identity, and feelings of worthlessness in a betrayed spouse. Marital infidelity also causes feelings of doubt, depression, and guilt in the unfaithful spouse. Couples who are treated for marital infidelity are more likely to separate and divorce than couples who present with other problems. Marital infidelity is one of the main reasons that bring couples to family counseling clinics for divorce. Research has shown that the harmful consequences of infidelity can last for a long time and may last forever, unless the couple receives proper treatment. One of the most important changes that can be made in the life of couples with extramarital affairs is to reduce the symptoms of depression and improve their sexual function psychologically, and it seems that the scheme of schema therapy can be effective in this regard. Various cognitive factors are influential in marital incompatibilities. One type of cognition that is important in a marital relationship is maladaptive schemas. Incompatible schemas are structures that are formed based on reality or experience and, as mediators, affect individuals' behavioral responses. Schemas are considered undeniable intellectual structures that are used as a framework for processing experiences. These schemas expand over time and define thoughts and relationships with others. According to Beck, early maladaptive schemas are essentially valid examples of traumatic childhood experiences that gradually become patterns of distorted thoughts and dysfunctional behaviors, and since the beginning of life, they are brought up in a habit and remain unquestioned, often forming human self-conceptions and views of the world. Even when there is evidence that schemas are refuted, many people distort their information to preserve the validity of the schemas. The usefulness of schema therapy in the treatment of severe marital problems and common problems in maintaining intimate relationships between couples has been confirmed. Considering the effectiveness of couple therapy based on the schema model and also the lack of research in Iran to evaluate its effectiveness on women affected by infidelity, in this study we tried to evaluate the effect of couple therapy based on the schema model on depressive symptoms and sexual function in women affected by infidelity in Bushehr should be examined. Methods: This research is in the group of quasi-experimental researches which was approved by Bushehr University of Medical Sciences with ethics code IR.BPUMS.REC.1399.169. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all women affected by infidelity in Bushehr who had been referred to counseling and family therapy centers in Bushehr. The sample consisted of 30 people (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). In the present study, the library method was used to review research sources and the field method was used to collect information. Both groups completed the research tools in the pre-test and post-test stages. Research instruments included Beck and Stear's (1996) Depression Inventory and Rosen et al.'s (2000) Sexual Function Questionnaire. Results: The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that couple therapy based on the schema model had a significant effect on reducing depressive symptoms and improving sexual function in women affected by infidelity. Based on the effect size coefficient, 71.1% of the variance of the dependent variables of depressive symptoms and sexual function can be explained by the independent variable of couple therapy based on the schema model. Conclusion: The use of schema-based couple therapy can play an important role in reducing depression and improving sexual function in women affected by infidelity. Schema-based couple therapy is an approach consisting of cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, attachment, and experimental approaches in the form of an integrated treatment model that uses four main cognitive, behavioral, relational, and experimental techniques in individuals in addition to questioning maladaptive schemas. This is the main cause of the formation of dysfunctional and irrational thoughts, emotionally drains the buried negative emotions and emotions and often leads to depression. It has been found that there is a theoretical link between early dysfunctional schemas and depressive symptoms. For example, the perfectionist schemas of emotional inhibition, social isolation, self-development, impairment, and emotional deprivation appear to be associated with depressive disorder. Therefore, recognizing these schemas and changing them has important clinical implications. In fact, by identifying depressive schemas in women affected by infidelity, they can be targeted for treatment, and with therapeutic interventions focused on schemas, they can be changed and corrected. Also, in explaining the effect of schema-based couple therapy on improving the sexual function of women affected by infidelity, it should be noted that in schema therapy, through behavioral techniques, clients are allowed to have intimacy with their lives by sharing memories. Bitter and unfortunate and allow the spouse to approach. Therefore, it can be said that couple therapy based on schema model through cognitive, emotional, and behavioral strategies can correct the schemas of the first people that lead to an increased tendency to marital infidelity and decreased marital satisfaction, and as a result, the person acquires enough power to stop marital infidelity and increase intimacy with the spouse. Therefore, it can be said that the couple therapy effected on depressive symptoms and sexual function in women affected by infidelity. It seems that schema-based couple therapy, by affecting intimacy and marital forgiveness, has a positive effect on increasing couples' sexual intimacy and will improve their sexual function. Although in this study, an attempt was made to reduce the disturbing variables and possible biases by randomly assigning the subjects to the experimental and control groups, but the most important limitation of this study was not to use follow-up. Another limitation was the limitation of the sample to couples referring to the Welfare Counseling Center in Bushehr.  }, Keywords = {Schema-based couple therapy, Depression, Sexual function, Marital infidelity}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {54-63}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی زوج درمانی بر علائم افسردگی و عملکرد جنسی در زنان آسیب دیده از خیانت همسر}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: زوج‌درمانی مبتنی بر مدل طرحواره یکی از رویکردهای شناخته شده و کارآمد در زمینه­ی مشکلات زناشویی است؛ بنابراین هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثربخشی زوج‌درمانی براساس مدل طرحواره بر علائم افسردگی و عملکرد جنسی در زنان آسیب‌دیده از خیانت همسر در شهر بوشهر بود. روش کار: این پژوهش، در گروه پژوهش­های نیمه­آزمایشی قرار می­گیرد. جامعه‌ی آماری شامل زنان آسیب‌دیده از خیانت همسر شهر بوشهر بود که در سال 1397 به منظور حل مشکلات زناشویی خود به مراکز مشاوره‌ی اداره بهزیستی و تحت نظارت آن اداره در شهرستان بوشهر مراجعه کردند که تعدادشان برابر با 120 نفر بود. از این جامعه 30 زوج به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و گروه کنترل گمارده شدند. پروتکل زوج‌درمانی براساس دیدگاه یانگ (2007) در ده جلسه­ی 120 دقیقه­ای در مدت یک ماه تنظیم شد. ابزارهای پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه افسردگی بک و استیر (1996) و عملکرد جنسی روزن و همکاران (2000) بود. یافته­ ها: نتایج تحلیل کوواریانس چندمتغیری نشان داد که زوج‌درمانی براساس مدل طرحواره اثر معنی­داری بر کاهش علائم افسردگی و بهبود عملکرد جنسی زنان آسیب‌دیده از خیانت همسر داشته است. براساس ضریب اندازه اثر، 1/71 درصد واریانس متغیرهای وابسته علائم افسردگی و عملکرد جنسی توسط متغیر مستقل زوج‌درمانی براساس مدل طرحواره قابل تبیین است. نتیجه­ گیری: بکارگیری زوج‌درمانی مبتنی بر طرحواره می­تواند نقش بسزایی در کاهش افسردگی و بهبود عملکرد جنسی زنان آسیب‌دیده از خیانت همسر ایفا نماید.}, keywords_fa = {زوج درمانی مبتنی بر طرحواره, افسردگی, عملکرد جنسی, خیانت زناشویی.}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7199-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7199-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Saremi, Shahrzad and Kamali, Naghi and Najafi, Amir}, title = {Designing a Green Human Resource Management Model with the Approach of Sustainable Organizational Development of the Staff of Iran University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Today, the term sustainable is widely used to describe a world where human and natural systems can continue to exist until the distant future. Sustainable development means providing solutions to mortal patterns. It is a physical, social, and economic development that can prevent issues such as the destruction of natural resources, the destruction of biological systems, global pollution, climate change, excessive population growth, injustice, and the lowering of the quality of life of people now and in the future. Therefore, sustainable development is a transformation to meet today's needs without destroying the capabilities of the future generation in meeting their needs. In fact, a transformation is sustainable when it protects the environment and generates opportunities. This evolution requires an unbreakable link between the environment, economy, and social security, and economic developments and social life conditions must be in accordance with the long-term flow of maintaining the foundations and natural resources of the biosphere. Sustainable development includes (economic), (social), and (environmental) aspects. So far, various indicators have been presented by many international organizations for the purpose of comprehensive evaluations of sustainable development. Among them, we can mention the United Nations Environmental Program, the United Nations Development Program, the World Bank, the World Resources Institute in Washington and the Global Monitoring Institute in Washington, and finally the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development. The aim of all the aforementioned institutions is to provide criteria and indicators to determine the success rate of countries in achieving the multiple goals of sustainable development in social, economic, and environmental aspects. The concept of sustainable development is based on the undeniable fact that ecological considerations can and should be applied to economic activities. These considerations include the idea of creating a rational environment in which the claim of development to advance the quality of all aspects of life is challenged. Organizational development is the application of behavioral science knowledge in the scope of the system for planned development and strengthening of organizational strategies, structures, and processes to improve the effectiveness of the organization. The organization means employees with different attitudes, interests, thoughts, knowledge, and physical conditions without which the organization would never have an external existence. Today, private organizations in an environment that requires green accountability, try to increase their market share and strengthen their accountability with a variety of green methods and techniques, and public organizations also try to benefit from the benefits of trust and satisfaction. Green management for the realization and convergence of green values and a wide range of economic, social, political, and legal motives is possible only by benefiting from green human resources management. Considering the importance of the subject, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the green performance on the sustainable organizational development of the employees of Iran University of Medical Sciences. Methods: The data collection tool includes a researcher-made questionnaire on green human resource management systems and sustainable organizational development. Convergent validity and reliability were calculated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The statistical population of this research includes all employees of the Iran University of Medical Sciences. The sample size was selected based on Cochran's formula of 341 people and the sampling method was randomly stratified. The research data analysis method was through structural equation modeling using PLS software. To collect information, library and field methods including questionnaires were used. And the effect of the five dimensions of green human resources management on sustainable organizational development was investigated. Results: The results indicated that the five dimensions of green human resource management have a positive and significant impact on sustainable organizational development. Also, the results showed that performance evaluation analysis 0.478, green choice 0.367, safety management 0.149, green training 0.283, and reward management 0.454 directly explain the changes related to the variable of sustainable organizational development. Conclusion: Tehran state universities are in their highest state in terms of quantitative development and have attracted the largest number of students over the past years, and of course, the energy consumption of these universities has increased accordingly. Lack of work and delay in the implementation of green management in universities will cause waste of energy resources, and water resources and as a result increase the cost of the government, increasing the share of universities in air pollution and environmental damage. The discussion of evaluating the green choice is in line with the goals of green human resources management and it is quite obvious that without an accurate assessment of personnel ability, planning for the establishment of green human resources management and the implementation of its instructions will not be successful. This evaluation can include their awareness of the importance and method of green human resource management and the evaluation of personnel motivations in establishing green management or their contributions and abilities in this direction. If they do not have enough motivation, the management should take measures to create motivation and provide the necessary incentives to accompany the person in the steps of establishing green management, or if there is not enough awareness in this field, by holding explanatory classes on the importance of green management and methods explain their participation. In addition to explanatory and in-service classes, distribution of brochures, and providing necessary guidance according to the position of the personnel, the use of technology potential was used to inform the employees. Currently, universities do not have authority in the field of green education courses and topics, which has made the subject of green education in universities weak and ineffective, and the expectations of the function of green education in universities are not met. Therefore, according to the state of the university, the statistical society is of the opinion that they will not have much effect on the issue of green management in the issue of green education. In terms of its importance and role in sustainable development, health and safety management is among the last row of components. And the reason is that although it is lower in terms of importance than other components, universities have almost no plans and have not done anything in this field. The explanation of the goals, plans, and problems of the establishment of green management shows that there is no objective and practical output from many of the meetings, and for this reason, this component is less important than other components for the statistical society. It shows that in order to advance the programs, it is not possible to establish green management without organizing planning and coordination meetings.  }, Keywords = {Green Human Resources Management, Sustainable Organizational Development, Iran University of Medical Sciences}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {64-72}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {طراحی الگوی مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز با رویکرد توسعه پایدار سازمانی کارکنان حوزه ستاد دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: یکی از اهداف مهم در ستاد علوم پزشکی ایران، رویکرد مدیریتی منابع انسانی سبز می­باشد. لذا هدف اصلی این پژوهش طراحی الگو مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز با رویکرد توسعه پایدار سازمانی است. روش کار: روش پژوهش توصیفی- پیمایشی است. ابزار جمع‌آوری داده‌ها شامل پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخته نظام‌های مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز و توسعه پایدار سازمانی است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل کلیه کارکنان حوزه ستاد دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران است. حجم نمونه براساس فرمول کوکران 341 نفر انتخاب شد و روش نمونه‌گیری به صورت تصادفی طبقه‌بندی انجام گرفت. روش تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌های تحقیق از طریق مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری با استفاده از نرم‌افزار PLS بود. یافته­ ها: نتایج نشان داد که ابعاد پنج‌گانه مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز تأثیر مثبت و معناداری بر توسعه سازمانی پایدار دارند. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که تجزیه و تحلیل ارزیابی عملکرد 478/0، انتخاب سبز 367/0، مدیریت ایمنی 149/0، آموزش سبز 283/0 و مدیریت پاداش 454/0 از تغییرات مربوط به متغیر توسعه سازمانی پایدار را به طور مستقیم تبیین می‌کنند. نتیجه گیری: دانشگاه­های دولتی شهر تهران در بالاترین وضعیت خود از نظر توسعه کمی قرار دارند و بیشترین حجم دانشجو را در طول سالیان گذشته جذب نموده‌اند و بالطبع آن میزان مصرف انرژی این دانشگاه­ها نیز به همان نسبت بالا رفته است. کم‌کاری و تأخیر در اجرای مدیریت سبز در دانشگاه­ها باعث هدر رفت منابع انرژی، منابع آب و در نتیجه بالا رفتن هزینه دولت، افزایش سهم دانشگاه‌ها در آلودگی هوا و آثار مخرب زیست محیطی خواهد شد.}, keywords_fa = {مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز, توسعه پایدار سازمانی, دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6974-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6974-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Askari, Naid and Aghaabbasi, Ki}, title = {Evaluation of Cytotoxic Effect of Colutea persica on Human Gastric and Colon Cancer Cell Lines}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Cancer is one of the most important issues in the world which affects public health as an important problem. Cancer is the third cause of death in Iran with an annual occurrence of 51,000 new cases [1]. Previous studies demonstrated the considerable increasing trends in the mortality of gastrointestinal cancer in Iran, especially for Gastric cancer and colorectal cancer [2]. In general, incidence rates of these two cancers are high in Eastern Europe, Eastern Asia, and South America and the lowest rates are in North America, and most parts of Africa [3]. The most critical factors that increases the risk of gastrointestinal cancer are aging, inappropriate diet, biological factors, and infectious diseases which contribute to the cancer occurrence [4]. Colon cancer is studied to be one of the most critical digestive diseases and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths [5]. Gastric cancer is important cancer in the world and the prevalence of gastric cancer is raised with aging in both men and women [6]. Colon cancer is a disorder in which malignant cells form in the large intestinal tissues [7]. On the other hand, in gastric cancer the malignant cells form in the lining layer of the stomach caused it. The risk of gastric cancer is high in Iran, and unlike in Western countries it is not under the control, thus it is on a dramatically increasing trend in Iran [8]. Secondary metabolites and phenolic compounds of plants can play an important role in reducing the side effects of chemotherapy drugs and have some positive effects on cancer cells, as well as in the expression of apoptotic pathway genes [9]. Colutea persica was used in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent in gastrointestinal problems [10]. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Colutea persica on gastric cancer (AGS), colon cancer (HT-29), and normal fibroblast (SKM) cell lines. Methods: Fresh Colutea persica leaves were collected from the Delfard region of Kerman province in 1399. Dried leaves of Colutea persica were ground into a fine powder by the electronic grinder. At the next step, the ground powder was extracted using ethanol by the maceration. Then, it was placed on a shaker at room temperature. After that, the collective extracted was filtered using a filter membrane. The solvent extracted was evaporated in the rotary evaporator. Finally, to completely remove the solvent, the extract was placed in an oven, and the hydroalcoholic extract was maintained at -20 °C until use. In order to measure the total flavonoid content (TFC) of the extracts the aluminum chloride complex-forming assay was applied. In this method, quercetin was applied as the standard which flavonoid content was distinguished based on the quercetin equivalent. Briefly, Colutea persica extract was added to the aluminum chloride hexahydrate and mixed with potassium acetate and distilled water. After 30 minutes, the absorbance of the reaction was checked using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 415 nm. The blank sample was made by replacing aluminum chloride with deionized water. Before measuring, all of the solutions were filtered by using Whatmann filter papers (number 41). Total flavonoid content in Colutea persica extract was measured using the standard calibration curve which is achieved from different concentrations of the standard reference. The total phenolic content (TPC) of organic crude extracts was calculated using the Folin- Ciocalteu reagent method. In this method, gallic acid was used as a reference standard (20-100 μg/mL) for plotting the calibration curve. 0.5 mL of the Colutea persica extract was added to 1.5 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu solution. Then, it was diluted (1:10) with deionized water and added to the sodium carbonate solution. The absorbance was recorded after one hour at 765 nm by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Finally, the total phenolic content was calculated based on gallic acid equivalents (mgGAE/g). All the experiments were done in triplicate. Cytotoxic effects of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 μg/ml concentrations of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts were evaluated on the cells for 24 hours using MTT assay. The apoptosis induction was monitored using flowcytometry by annexin-V FITC/PI double-staining. Cells were seeded and after 24 h they were incubated with a 1.25 mg/ml concentration of the extract and for each treated cell line, one control cell was considered. The annexin V/PI assay was performed to confirm the cytotoxic activity of the plant extracts against AGS and HT-29 cell lines. Total RNA was isolated from cells using RNX-plus TM Reagent before and after treatment. Total RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA using M-MuLV-RT and random hexamers. The cDNA was assayed by real-time PCR using primers for BAX and BCL-2 genes. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, one way ANOVA, Tukey test at p ≤0.05... Results: The MTT assay revealed the cytotoxicity against both two cell lines (HT29 and AGS) in comparison to the HT29 and AGS normal cell line (SKM). The expression level of BAX gene increased and BCL2 gene decreased in AGS cell line after treatment by plant extract. (p<0.05). The total phenolic content was expressed in terms of milligram gallic acid equivalent per gram dry weight of plant extract. The total phenolic content of hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of Colutea persica were 5.02±.05 and 5.85.±0.08 mgGAE/g respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings show that Colutea. persica has anti-cancer effects in vitro against AGS and HT-29 cancer cell lines. Induction of apoptosis by using plant extract was achieved by down-regulation of BCL2 and up-regulation of BAX. Finally, the current study suggests that Colutea. persica may have cancer-fighting properties and could be a promising new candidate in this field. Besides, the molecular target of Colutea. persica and its mechanism are unknown, and the author intends to use animal models and bioinformatics methods to discover the active ingredients of Colutea. persica.}, Keywords = {Total Phenolic Contents, Gastric Cancer, Colon Cancer, Cytotoxic}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {73-84}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی اثر ضد سرطانی عصاره گیاه دغدغک (Colutea Persica) بر رده‌های سلول‌های سرطانی معده و کلون}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: سرطان یکی از مهم‌ترین علل مرگ‌ومیر در سراسر جهان است. در سال‌های اخیر، به‌علت عوارض جانبی داروها و تحمل دارویی ضرورت توجه به گیاهان دارویی افزایش یافته است. گیاه دغدغک در طب سنتی مصرف دارویی داشته و به‌عنوان یک ضد التهاب برای درمان اختلالات گوارشی استفاده می‌شود. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثر سمیت عصاره‌های آبی و هیدروالکلی گیاه دغدغک بر رده‌های سلولی سرطانی معده (AGS)، کولون (HT-29) و رده سلولی فیبروبلاست نرمال (SKM) انجام شد. روش‌کار: برگ‌های تازه گیاه دغدغک از منطقه دلفارد استان کرمان در سال 1399 جمع‌آوری شدند. اثر غلظت‌های مختلفµg/ml) 100 و 50، 25، 10، 5) عصاره‌های آبی و هیدروالکلی گیاه دغدغک بر رده‌های سلولی HT-29, AGS و SKM به مدت 24 ساعت با آزمون MTT بررسی شد. میزان القاء آپوپتوز به روش فلوسایتومتری با رنگ‌آمیزی Annexin-V/ PI بررسی و تغییر بیان ژن‌های (BAX و BCL-2) توسط Real-time PCR ارزیابی شد. محتوای فنلی کل گیاه به روش معرف Folin-Ciocalteu تعیین شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار آماری SPSS و آزمون واریانس یک طرفه و توکی تجزیه و تحلیل شدند (05/0p<). یافته‌ها: عصاره آبی و هیدروالکلی گیاه دغدغک به ترتیب دارای mg/g 08/0±85/5 و mg/g05/0±02/5 محتوای ترکیبات تام فنلی بودند که بر رده‌های سلولی HT-29 و AGS اثر سایتوتوکسیک داشته و باعث القای آپوپتوز شدند. در تیمار عصاره هیدروالکلی و آبی گیاه دغدغک (با غلظت µg/ml 100) در مدت 24 ساعت در HT-29, AGS میزان بیان ژن‌های BCL2 و BAX به ترتیب کاهش و افزایش یافت (05/0p<). نتیجه‌گیری: گیاه دغدغک با اثر اختصاصی بر سلول‌های سرطانی (HT-29 و AGS) توانایی مهار رشد این سلول‌ها را داشته و از آنجا که بومی مناطقی از کشور می‌باشد، بررسی دقیق آن اهمیت دارد.}, keywords_fa = {ترکیبات تام فنلی, سرطان معده, سرطان کلون, سمیت}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6972-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6972-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Kalani, Navid and Minoonejad, Hooman and Alizadeh, Mohammadhossein and Karimi, Abdolkarim}, title = {Relationship between Kinematic Parameters of the Lower Limb and Maximum Ground Reaction Force during Jumping and One-Legged Landing}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Anterior cruciate ligament injury is one of the most common injuries of the knee joint and prevention of this injury is of great importance. Considering that ground reaction forces are one of the load factors on the anterior cruciate ligament, Despite much research in this field to prevent ACL injury, the prevalence of this injury is still high. For example, previous studies have shown that increasing the valgus angle of the knee, decreasing the flexion angle of the knee, and decreasing the flexion angle of the hip during landing cause more damage to the anterior cruciate ligament. In fact, the common movement pattern in non-contact ACL injuries includes a decrease in knee flexion, hip flexion, and trunk flexion with an increase in knee valgus and tibial rotation. Studies have shown that the anterior shear forces are the main mechanism of load on the anterior cruciate ligament. Ground reaction force is an important kinetic parameter in the lower extremities. The ground reaction force during sports activities affects the magnitude of the anterior tibial shear force by changing the flexion-extension torques of the knee, which must be balanced with the quadriceps and hamstrings. Landing Error scoring system test is a very inexpensive tools that calculates the jump-landing technique error in a range of visible items in human movement. Given that the LESS is a test to predict anterior cruciate ligament injury, and on the other hand, the ground reaction forces that enter the knee joint as a result of landing after a jump can cause anterior cruciate ligament injury for That the results of the landing error scoring test are to predict anterior cruciate ligament injury, given that it has been proven the ground reaction forces on the knee cause anterior cruciate ligament injury to be more confident in the results of LESS test to Predict Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and how much the implementation of the LESS test based on ground reaction forces can help the athlete community in identifying individuals prone to anterior cruciate ligament injury. therefore, the purpose of this study The relationship between the kinematic parameters of the lower limb and the maximum ground reaction force during the jumping and one legged landing in football players. Methods: The present study was a type of correlational research and sampling method was selected and available. The statistical population of this study included all male football players in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province with the age range of 17 to 23 years. Among this statistical population, based on the LESS test, the reliability was reported be good to excellent. A total of 21 subjects were selected and the criteria for exclusion from the lower extremity injury test (including knee, ankle, etc.) and any surgery in the lower extremity. The test procedure for the landing error score test was that people jumped from a 30 cm platform and landed in front of the platform at a distance of approximately 50% of their height, and then immediately performed a maximum vertical jump. 21 athletes (age:19.6±0.9 years, weight: 69.5± 6.3 kg, height 176.24± 3.44 cm) that 11 people with a high score from the LESS test is susceptible to the ACL injuries and 10 people with low scores were selected from the LESS test who were not susceptible to ACL injury. Before taking the test, each of the subjects was explained how to take the test and the project, and they all signed the consent form to take the test. To collect the maximum ground force information from a three-axis force plate (Kistler model 5*60*50 cm, made in Switzerland) which was embedded in the laboratory floor, to record and measure the ground reaction forces entered by the lower band and detect the first foot contact was used. Ground reaction force information was recorded by a force plate with a sampling frequency of 200 Hz. To perform the single-leg jump-landing test, the subject stood on two legs and performed a maximum vertical jump and landed on the dominant leg. Ground reaction force data Were registered by QTM software and These data were then transferred to Moka software (three-dimensional analysis of kinetic and kinematic motion) and the data were extracted by this software and MATLAB software was used to analyze the force data. In order to filter the raw data, the low-pass Butterworth technique with a shear frequency of 20 was used, which was determined using the residual analysis technique. All data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to investigate the data distribution and Pearson correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between the maximum ground reaction force and the landing error score. Also, hypothesis testing was performed at a significance level of 95%. Results: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between knee flexion, trunk flexion and plantar flexion with ground vertical reaction force and also between knee flexion and trunk flexion and plantar flexion with posterior anterior ground reaction force (p <0.05). There is a significant relationship between all cases of lower limb movement, that's mean knee flexion, trunk flexion, knee valgus, plantar flexion of the foot and the position of the foot (outward or inward foot) with the internal-external force of the ground reaction (p<0.05). That is, by reducing the knee flexion and reducing the trunk flexion and reducing the plantar flexion of the foot (landing at the first moment of impact with the sole of the foot or with the heel), the vertical force of the ground reaction on the knee increases. Also, by reducing the knee flexion and reducing the trunk flexion and reducing the plantar flexion of the foot, the anterior-posterior force of the ground reaction applied to the knee also increases. By increasing the knee flexion, decreasing the trunk flexion, increasing the knee valgus, increasing the plantar flexion of the foot and increasing the position of the foot, the internal-external force of the ground reaction to the knee increases. As can be seen in the table, most correlation with the external internal reaction force of the knee is the valgus of the knee, which increases with increasing valgus of the knee. Conclusion: According to the results it can be concluded that just as the ground reaction force is one of the causes of anterior cruciate ligament injury and has a significant relationship with the landing error score, so the landing error score can predict the anterior cruciate ligament injury.}, Keywords = {Ground Reaction Force, Anterior Cruciate Ligament, Kinematic, Jump Landing}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {85-96}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارتباط بین پارمترهای کینماتیکی اندام تحتانی با حداکثر نیروی عکس العمل زمین حین حرکت پرش و فرود تک پا}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: آسیب رباط صلیبی قدامی یکی از شایع‌ترین آسیب‌های زانو می‌باشد و پیشگیری از این آسیب اهمیت بالایی دارد لذا بر این اساس هدف از تحقیق حاضر ارتباط بین پارامترهای کینماتیکی اندام تحتانی با حداکثر نیروی عکس العمل زمین در حین حرکت پرش و فرود تک پا در ورزشکاران فوتبال می‌باشد. روش کار: در این تحقیق جامعه آماری کلیه ورزشکاران فوتبال 17 تا 23 سال استان چهارمحال و بختیاری بودند که از بین آن‌ها تعداد 21 ورزشکار به صورت در دسترس و به طور تصادفی از طریق آزمون LESS انتخاب شدند و در مرحله دوم در آزمایشگاه، نیروی عکس العمل زمین آن‌ها در حین حرکت پرش و فرود تک پا با استفاده از صفحه نیرو مدل کیستلر بدست آمد و سپس داده‌های بدست آمده از طریق نرم افزار موکا و متلب مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که بین میزان فلکش زانو، فلکشن تنه و پلانتار فلکشن پا با نیروی عکس العمل عمودی و قدامی- خلفی زمین ارتباط معناداری وجود دارد. همچنین بین فلکشن زانو و فلکشن تنه و پلانتار فلکشن پا و والگوس زانو و وضعیت چرخش پا با نیروی داخلی- خارجی عکس العمل زمین ارتباط معناداری وجود دارد (05/0p<). نتیجه گیری: به نظر می‌رسد همانطور که نیروی عکس العمل زمین یکی از عوامل آسیب رباط صلیبی قدامی است و ارتباط معناداری با فاکتورهای کینماتیکی اندام تحتانی دارد، پس آزمون LESS می تواند پیش بینی کننده بسیار قوی آسیب رباط صلیبی قدامی باشد.}, keywords_fa = {نیروی عکس العمل زمین, رباط صلیبی قدامی, کینماتیک, پرش و فرود}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7080-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7080-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {RafieeJazi, Abbas and Amirkhani, Amirhossein and Taleghani, Gholamrez}, title = {Investigating the Effect of Organizational Sustainability on Mental Health in Universities in the North of the Country}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Mental health is one of the key issues in the international arena that has been able to play an important role in the formation and emergence of functional issues (1). Improving mental health indicators has been considered as one of the key indicators in country evaluations and extensive efforts have been made in this regard (3). From the past to the present, human beings have attached great importance to their physical and mental health and are always striving to employ a healthy body and a great soul and spirit in order to establish a successful and refreshing life for themselves (4). Mental health promotion can play an important and decisive role in various areas, including organizational issues. Improving mental health status as a serious concern can overshadow the process of organizational activities (10). Various variables can be effective in improving mental health (11). Managers are currently facing various challenges. Environmental changes, including increasing efforts to compete for market share by competing organizations and increasing sustainability, the emergence of interest in the environment and the formation of various groups in this field, accelerating the process of environmental instability, the effects of information technology and The movement of environmental forces in different and unfamiliar directions, including political, economic, social, cultural, legal, etc., causes pressures that, while affecting managers as stress, etc., can have major effects on success and It also has the failure of organizations. Apart from the role of managers in the success and failure of organizations, manpower is also a central element in the success and failure of organizations. At the same time, researches and studies show that the policies adopted by human resource planning also affect organizational performance (17). Lack of attention to the issue of organizational sustainability has led to the lack of sufficient use of this variable to improve the organizational situation. So that today there is no necessary concern to use the capacities of this variable, especially in Islamic Azad universities in northern Iran. The research gap in this field as well as the inefficiency of the organizational system to improve the organizational sustainability has caused the research gap to improve the organizational sustainability in Islamic Azad universities in the north of the country has not been created. This issue has caused the present study to be designed and implemented with the aim of investigating the effect of organizational sustainability on mental health in Islamic Azad universities in the north of the country. Methods: For the present descriptive, survey and applied research, which was conducted in the field, among the staff of the Islamic Azad University in the north of the country (13255 people) using Morgan table, 374 were selected by cluster random sampling as a sample. Were. Then, a 16-item questionnaire of organizational sustainability with two mental dimensions (questions 1-8) and behavioral (9-16) based on a 5-point Likert scale and a 28-item mental health questionnaire with a subscale of physical symptoms (1-7), anxiety and Insomnia (8-14), social dysfunction (15-21) and depression (28-22) were distributed among them based on a 5-point Likert scale, and finally 361 questionnaires were analyzed using the structural equation analysis method. And analyzed. The whole process of research data analysis was performed in SPSS software version 20 and PLs version 2. Results: The results of the present study showed that organizational sustainability has a significant effect on mental health in Islamic Azad universities in the north of the country. In other words, improving the organizational sustainability can provide the basis for mental health. Conclusion: Promoting mental health can create desirable capacities in organizational areas. Mental health as one of the key issues in the individual sphere plays an important role in mental and behavioral functioning of individuals. The World Health Organization defines mental health as: the ability to communicate harmoniously and harmoniously with others, to change and modify the individual and social environment, and to resolve personal conflicts and inclinations in a just, rational, and appropriate manner. Knowing the characteristics of healthy people and people with mental disorders is helpful for diagnosis. The importance of mental health has led to its importance in improving various policies. Improving and promoting mental health causes the mental and behavioral condition of people to be constantly overshadowed; In other words, investing in improving mental health can lead to improving the mental and behavioral status of individuals (27). Attention to health as an important and key issue has always been considered by advanced societies. Improving the level of health as one of the indicators of the development of countries has an important role in the process of improving the health, cultural and social status of individuals. This issue has led to the attention to various aspects of health and efforts to improve it as important and key goals. Improving health can have positive effects in other areas of humanity and affect all levels of society. Among the broad field of health, mental health has always been discussed as one of the most important and key pillars of health. Organizational sustainability by improving the mental system of employees can lead to the creation of an ideal organizational environment for them, which in turn provides the basis for improving their mental health. In other words, organizational sustainability can improve mental health among individuals by improving mental conditions (25).}, Keywords = {Mental Health, Organizational Sustainability, General Health}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {97-106}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی تأثیر ماندگاری سازمانی بر سلامت روان در دانشگاه‌های شمال کشور}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: سلامت روانی یکی از کلیدی­ترین مسائل مهم در عرصه­های بین­المللی می­باشد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر ماندگاری سازمانی بر سلامت روان در دانشگاه­های آزاد اسلامی شمال کشور انجام شد. روش­ کار: برای انجام تحقیق توصیفی، پیمایشی و کاربردی حاضر که به صورت میدانی انجام شد از بین کارکنان واحدهای دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی شمال کشور ( 13255 نفر) با استفاده از جدول مورگان، 374  به عنوان به روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی خوشه­ای به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. سپس پرسشنامه­های16 سوالی ماندگاری سازمانی و 28 سوالی سلامت روان بین آنها توزیع شده و در نهایت 361 پرسشنامه با استفاده از روش آماری معادلات ساختاری تجزیه و تحلیل شد. تمامی روند تجزیه و تحلیل داده­های پژوهش در نرم­افزارهای SPSS نسخه 20 و PLs نسخه 2 انجام گرفت. یافته‌ها: نتایج تحقیق حاضر نشان داد ماندگاری سازمانی بر سلامت روان در دانشگاه­های آزاد اسلامی شمال کشورتأثیرمعناداری دارد. به عبارتی بهبود وضعیت ماندگاری سازمانی می­تواند زمینه جهت ایجاد سلامت روان را فراهم نماید. نتیجه ­گیری: با توجه به نتایج تحقیق پیشنهاد می­شود مدیران دانشگاه­های کشور به ماندگاری سازمانی توجه ویژه­ای داشته باشند.}, keywords_fa = {سلامت روان, ماندگاری سازمانی, سلامت عمومی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7082-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7082-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Hasannia, Fatemeh and AkbariAmarghan, Hossein and Samari, Ali Akbar and Ormaz, Ehs}, title = {Comparison of the Effectiveness of Imago Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Couple Therapy on Marital Boredom, Failure Tolerance and Positive Feelings towards the Spouse in Couples}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Identifying the factors affecting the foundation of the family, such as marital boredom, failure, negative feelings towards the spouse, etc., and examining prevention and elimination strategies, is of undeniable importance. Marital boredom is a painful state of physical, emotional, and psychological exhaustion that affects those who expect their abundant love to give meaning and meaning to life and its quality. These people find out that they have experienced marital boredom when, despite all their efforts, their relationships have not given them a meaningful life (2). Failure is another factor that can shake the foundation of the family as the most important element of society. Failure is one of the most important human characteristics that is related to tolerating failure and refers to the amount of stress that a person can endure before his behavior becomes integrated and disrupted (4). On the other hand, one of the factors that play an important role in the health and well-being of the family is a positive feeling towards the spouse and married life. Establishing a proper relationship with the spouse, saying words and sentences at the right time is one of the main factors affecting the formation of positive emotions of the couple, durability and life satisfaction (6). One of the ways to prevent and eliminate the destructive factors of family foundation is couple therapy methods including cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and imagotherapy. Cognitive-behavioral couple therapy uses cognitive and behavioral strategies and life skills training to try out the obvious behavior and interaction of couples by changing their thoughts, expectations, interpretations and ways of responding to them. Change (7). In addition to cognitive reconstruction, this approach also uses a variety of behavioral interventions to strengthen couples' coping skills (8). In addition, various studies have shown the effectiveness of these therapies on the relationship between couples, but the results are contradictory. Given the above, the identification of factors affecting the foundation of the family, including marital boredom, failure, negative feelings towards the spouse and the study of prevention and elimination strategies, including various methods of couple therapy, the importance of undeniable to The purpose is to preserve the sacred foundation of the family in Iran. Therefore, in this study, the effectiveness of imagotherapy and cognitive and behavioral couple therapy on marital boredom, failure tolerance and positive feelings towards the spouse in couples are compared. Methods: In order to conduct the present quasi-experimental research, which was conducted with pre-test and post-test design, among couples with marital conflicts who referred to family court, dispute resolution councils and counseling centers in Mashhad in 1399, 30 couples as The volunteers participated in the study as a statistical sample and were randomly divided into three groups: imagotherapy, cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and control. Subjects first retracted the Pynes (2004) Marital Boredom Questionnaire, Harrington Failure Tolerance Questionnaire (2005), and Positive Feeling of Spouse's New York State University Couple Clinic (1975). Then, the subjects of the experimental groups received 10 sessions and each session received 90 minutes of intervention. Finally, all subjects completed the questionnaires again. It should be noted that the conditions for entering the research included 3 to 10 years of marriage, having a minimum diploma, having an age of 30 to 45 years and no history of divorce, and exclusion criteria included being absent for more than one session and canceling further cooperation. At the end of the intervention sessions, all subjects completed the questionnaires again. Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Shapirovilk test to examine the natural distribution of data, multivariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used for statistical analysis of data using SPSS software version 24. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the groups of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy, imagotherapy and control in at least one of the variables of marital boredom, failure tolerance or positive feeling towards the spouse (F = 76.31, P = 0.001). On the other hand, it was found that there is a statistically significant difference between the intervention methods in all three variables of marital boredom (CB), failure tolerance (FT) and positive feeling towards the spouse (PF). The results of Bonferroni post hoc test showed that both cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and immagotherapy compared to the control group significantly reduced marital boredom, increased failure tolerance and increased positive feelings towards the spouse in couples with marital conflicts. Also, imagotherapy couple therapy was more effective in reducing marital boredom, increasing failure tolerance and increasing positive feelings towards the spouse in the couple in comparison with cognitive-behavioral couple therapy. Conclusion: The findings of the present study are consistent with some of the results of De Klerk (2001) research that receiving immunotherapy has been able to increase couples' satisfaction and satisfaction (17). Also, the results of the present study are part of the findings of the study by Westerman et al. (2008) who found that cognitive-behavioral couple therapy improves marital satisfaction, reduces psychological distress symptoms and husband boredom with spouse and increases the overall functioning of the relationship. Gives, confirms (18). In addition, the findings of the present study, with part of the results of Martin and Bailowski (2011) research that found that Imago-based couple therapy method, increased conversations between spouses, increased self-understanding and understanding of spouses, understanding of Has increased childhood and spouses as well as increased self-confidence, is consistent (19). Also, the findings of the present study, with some of the results of Jang (2015) research that received image therapy on marital relationships, marital intimacy, marital relationships, communication skills to resolve marital conflicts, mutual respect, gender role, sexual satisfaction, Couples' time together and decision making have a significant positive effect, it is consistent (10). Also, the results of the present study are consistent with some of the findings of Karimi and Khalatbari study (2017) who found that cognitive-behavioral couple therapy has a significant effect on marital boredom and its components, marital satisfaction and marital intimacy (23). In addition, the findings of the present study confirm some of the results of the research of Shakralahzadeh et al. (2017) who found that cognitive-behavioral skills training has an effect on marital conflicts and marital apathy (24).  }, Keywords = {Marital Boredom, Failure Tolerance, Cognitive-Behavioral Couple Therapy, Imago Therapy}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {107-116}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه اثربخشی ایماگوتراپی و زوج درمانی شناختی - رفتاری بر دلزدگی زناشویی، تحمل ناکامی و احساس مثبت نسبت به همسر در زوجین}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر متزلزل ساختن بنیان خانواده و بررسی راهکارهای پیشگیری و مرتفع ساختن آن­ها اهمیت زیادی دارد. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر مقایسه اثربخشی ایماگوتراپی و زوج درمانی شناختی و رفتاری بر دلزدگی زناشویی، تحمل ناکامی و احساس مثبت نسبت به همسر در زوجین بود. روش کار: به منظور انجام تحقیق نیمه­تجربی حاضر که با طرح پیش­آزمون و پس­آزمون انجام شد از بین زوجین دارای تعارضات زناشویی مراجعه­ کننده به دادگاه خانواده، شوراهای حل اختلاف و مراکز مشاوره در شهر مشهد در سال 1399 تعداد 30 زوج به صورت داوطلب به عنوان نمونه آماری در تحقیق شرکت کرده و به صورت تصادفی به سه گروه ایماگوتراپی، زوج درمانی شناختی-رفتاری و کنترل تقسیم شدند. آزمودنی­ها ابتدا پرسشنامه­های دلزدگی زناشویی پاینز، تحمل ناکامی هرینگتون و احساس مثبت نسبت به همسر کلینیک زوج ­درمانی دانشگاه ایالتی نیویورک را در پس آزمون کردند. سپس آزمودنی­های گروه­های تجربی 10 جلسه و هر جلسه 90 دقیقه مداخله مربوط به خود را دریافت کردند. در نهایت مجددا تمام آزمودنی­ها پرسشناه­ها را تکیل کردند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد زوج درمانی شناختی- رفتاری باعث کاهش معنادار دلزدگی زناشویی، افزایش معنادار تحمل ناکامی و افزایش معنادار احساس مثبت نسبت به همسر شد. ایماگوتراپی باعث کاهش معنادار دلزدگی زناشویی، افزایش معنادار تحمل ناکامی و افزایش معنادار احساس مثبت نسبت به همسر شد. همچنین مشخص شد ایماگوتراپی در مقایسه با زوج درمانی شناختی- رفتاری تاثیر بیشتری دارد. نتیجه ­گیری: در نهایت پیشنهاد می­شود که درمانگران و روانشناسان بالینی از هر دو روش و مخصوصا ایماگوتراپی جهت بهبود روابط زناشویی استفاده کنند..}, keywords_fa = {دلزدگی زناشویی, تحمل ناکامی, زوج درمانی شناختی- رفتاری, ایماگوتراپی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7361-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7361-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {SadatiSorkhi, Seyyed Erfan and MahmoudHashemi, Mohamm}, title = {Introduction of a Novel Dicationic Brönsted Acidic Ionic liquid Based on Pyrazine and its Application in the Synthesis of Xanthenediones and 3, 4‑dihydropyrimidin‑2(1H)‑ones Under Solvent‑free Conditions}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Ionic liquids are organic salts composed of organic cations and organic and / or inorganic anions that have many remarkable properties and properties, such as wide liquid state range, low vapor pressure, easy recovery process, high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window and design capability. Structural engineering with appropriate modification to represent cations or anions. Recently, many researchers have focused on the development of a new branch of ionic fluids called dichotomous ionic fluids (DILs); These fluids usually consist of two cationic groups that are connected to each other by a rigid or flexible spacer and are connected to two counter anions. Compared to mono-cationic ionic liquids, multi-cations have higher melting point, viscosity, surface tension and thermal stability, have a wider liquid range and more stable physical and chemical properties. Therefore, these liquids have a wide range of applications; Including solar cells, fuel cells, batteries, lubricants, reaction media, separation technology, material preparation, catalytic reactions and most recently, improving the normal isomerization rate of pentane and electrolytes for photo-harvesting. Structures containing xanthine are known for their wide range of biological and pharmacological activities, such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral activities. In addition, xanthine ions are present as structural units in a large number of natural products. Methods: In this paper, for the first time, the catalyzed synthesis of xanthenedione and 4,3-dihydropyrimidine-2 (1H) - they are under Solvent-free conditions have been reported by the Brunsted ionic acid liquid. Ionic liquids are organic salts composed of organic cations and organic and / or inorganic anions that have many remarkable properties and properties, such as wide liquid state range, low vapor pressure, easy recovery process, high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window and design capability. Structural engineering with appropriate modification to represent cations or anions All reagents and solvents were commercially available and used without further purification. 1H NMR and 13C NMR in DMSO-d6 were recorded on a Bruker Avance Ultrashield spectrometer at 500 and 125 MHz, respectively. Chemical shifts were reported in parts per millions (δ), relative to the internal standard of tetramethylsilane (TMS). Thermal analysis (TG–DTA) of the DIL was recorded on a STA-1500 Rheometric Scientific TGA. Mass spectrometry (MS) studies were performed using 5957C VL MSD with a triple-axis detector, Agilent Technologies (ion source: electron impact (IE) 70 eV, ion source temperature: 230 °C, analyzer: Quadrupole). FTIR spectrum was taken on a FTIR PerkinElmer Spectrum Version 10.51 with KBr plates. Melting points were recorded on a Mettler Toledo Type FP62 in open capillary. Generally To a mixture of aromatic aldehyde (1 mmol) and 5, 5-dimethyl-1, 3 cyclohexanedione (2 mmol), 25 mol% of {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H]Cl2} (0.25 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 100 °C with stirring. After completion of the reaction monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), the reaction mixture was allowed to cool at room temperature. Water (10 mL) was added and filtered to separate the catalyst. Then, the obtained solid product was filtered and then recrystallized from ethanol to afford the pure product. The products were identified by IR, 1H NMR and physical data (M.P.) with those reported in the literature. Also To a mixture of aromatic aldehyde (1 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (1 mmol) and urea (2 mmol), 25 mol% of {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H]Cl2} (0.25 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 120 °C with stirring. After completion of the reaction evident from thin-layer chromatography (TLC), the reaction mixture was allowed to cool at room temperature. Water (10 mL) was added and the obtained solid product was filtered and then recrystallized from ethanol. The products were identified by IR, 1H NMR and physical data (M.P.) with those reported in the literature. The spectra data for some selected compounds are presented in the following. Results: To achieve the appropriate reaction conditions, the reaction of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde and 5,5 dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione catalyzed by {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H]Cl2} was chosen as model reaction, and the reaction was carried out under different sets of conditions with respect to solvents, amounts of catalyst and temperatures. Initially, the model reaction was investigated in different solvents. The solvents did not improve the yield of the reaction in the presence of the catalyst. Therefore, we carried out the model reaction under solvent-free conditions. The result indicates that the yield of the reaction under solvent-free conditions was higher and the reaction time was shorter in comparison with solvent conditions.  To optimize the reaction temperature, the model reaction was heated at 90 and 110 °C .The results showed that the 100 °C led to highest yield; therefore, it was selected as the reaction temperature for all further reactions. Finally, the model reaction was optimized by varying the amounts of catalysts (20 and 30 mol%) at 100 °C under solvent-free conditions. The results show that 25 mol% of the catalyst is sufficient for the best results. To determine the role of the catalyst, the model reaction was performed in the absence of the catalyst at the same condition, which results in very low yield of the product, which indicates the high catalytic activity of {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H]Cl2} in the synthesis. To evaluate the scope and the limitations of this method, we extended our studies to various aldehydes under the optimized conditions. From the results, we could see that all reactions proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding xanthenediones in high to excellent yields in the short reaction times. Various functional groups present in the aryl aldehydes such as halogen, methoxy, hydroxy and nitro groups were tolerated. Extension of this methodology to heterocyclic aldehyde was also successful. In view of green chemistry, reusability of the catalyst is important. Therefore, some experiments were run under the same optimal conditions mentioned above over the {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H]Cl2}. The results showed that the catalyst could accelerate the reaction three runs without a significant loss in its catalytic activity. The mechanism of the reaction starts with facilitating Knoevenagel condensation due to activating carbonyl group of aldehyde by acidic property of catalyst. In the following, the catalyst again plays a significant role in accelerating the Michael addition and dehydration. Conclusion: A comparative study on the catalytic activity of the introduced catalyst in this paper with some reported catalysts was carried out using 3a as a model compound. From this study, {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H]Cl2} can be regarded as a more powerful catalyst for the synthesis of xanthenediones in terms of the yield and the reaction time. Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are defined as one-pot processes that combine at least three reactants to selectively form single complex compounds as well as small heterocycles containing essentially all the atoms of the reactants. Among MCRs, the Biginelli reaction allows for the straight access of multifunctionalized 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones (DHPMs) through one-pot cyclocondensation of an aldehyde, a β-keto ester and urea in the presence of catalytic amount of acid Molecules containing DHPM core and its derivatives are of immense biological importance due to a wide range of pharmaceutical and therapeutic properties such as antiviral , antitumor,antibacterial ,anti-inflammatory , anti-HIV agents mitotic kinesin inhibition , calcium channel modulation , α1a-adrenergic antagonists and A2B adenosine receptor antagonists . In the classical Biginelli conditions, low yields and difficult isolation of the products are the main drawbacks due to strongly acidic conditions. Hence, many catalytic methods including Brönsted and Lewis acid , ionic liquids polymer-supported catalyst and nanoparticles have been introduced to enhance the efficiency of the synthesis of these important heterocycles. After obtaining acceptable results from xanthenediones synthesis catalyzed by {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H]Cl2}, we decided to study its efficiency in the synthesis of DHPMs. In order to obtain the optimized conditions, the model reaction involving cyclocondensation of 4 chlorobenzaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and urea was examined. The best result was obtained when the reaction was carried out at 120 °C in the presence of 25 mol% of {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H] Cl 2} under solvent-free conditions. After getting the satisfactory reaction condition in hand, the scope and efficiency of this approach were examined with respect to aldehydes. Fortunately, a variety of functional groups, such as halo, methoxy, hydroxy and nitro, were all well tolerated. In addition, heterocyclic aromatic aldehyde afforded the corresponding product with high yield. A plausible one-pot reaction pathway for the synthesis of DHPMs catalyzed by {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H]Cl2}. Initially, acyl imine intermediate (I) is produced via condensation of aryl aldehyde and urea in the presence of the catalyst as a Brönsted acidic catalyst. Next, ethyl acetoacetate attacks the (I), followed by intramolecular cyclization and dehydration reaction under acidic condition to yield the Biginelli product. Next, the reusability of {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H]Cl2} was examined in the reaction of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and urea under optimized conditions. The catalyst could be reused three times without a significant loss in its catalytic activity. In order to show the efficacy of {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO 3H]Cl2}, a comparison of the present method and some reported methods is shown in results. As revealed from this table, the catalyst can be considered as a more powerful catalyst for the synthesis of DHPMs in terms of the yield and reaction time.}, Keywords = {Dicationic ionic liquid, Pyrazine, Xanthenediones, 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones, Solvent-free}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {117-124}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {کاربرد مایع یونی دی‌کاتیونی اسیدبرونستدی نوین، برپایه‌ی پیرازین و کاربرد آن در سنتز زانتن‌دیون‌ ها و 4،3-دی‌هیدرو‌پریمیدین-2(1H)-اون ها}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: مایعات یونی، نمک‌های آلی متشکل از کاتیون‌های آلی و آنیون‌های آلی و/یا غیرآلی هستند. در این مطالعه یک مایع نوین اسید برونستدی یونی و دی‌کاتیونی برپایه‌ی پیرازین تهیه و بوسیله‌ی طیف سنجی مادون قرمز تبدیل فوریه، آنالیزهای رزونانس مغناطیسی هسته­ای، طیف سنجی جرمی، ثقل سنجی گرمایی و آنالیزثقل سنجی تفاضلی گرمایی و همچنین تابع اسیدیته‌ی هامت، تعیین ویژگی شده است. روش کار: تمامی واکنشگرها و حلال ها به فرم تجاری در دسترس بودند و بدون هیچ­گونه خالص­سازی اضافه مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. آنالیزهای رزونانس مغناطیسی هسته ای توسط طیف سنج در 500 و 125 مگاهرتز اندازه­گیری شدند. جابجایی های شیمیایی بر حسب قسمت در میلیون (δ) و نسبت به استاندارد داخلی تترامتیل‌سیلان گزارش شدند. تحلیل گرمایی بر روی یک تحلیگر گرمایی ثقلی ثبت شد. مطالعات طیف سنجی جرمی توسط با آشکارساز محور سه‌گانه انجام گردید. طیف سنجی مادون قرمز تبدیل فوریه نیز توسط دستگاه با صفحات پتاسیم برمید گرفته شد. نقاط ذوب در لوله‌های موئین باز اندازه­گیری شد. یافته‌ها: مشخص شد که مایع بدست آمده، کاتالیست مؤثر با قابلیت استفاده‌ی مجدد جهت سنتز زانتن‌دیون­ها و 4،3-دی هیدروپریمیدین-2(1H)-اون ها در شرایط بدون حلال می‌باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: امتیازات فرآیند توسعه داده شده شامل نوآوری در زمینه‌ی مایع یونی، تهیه آسان مایع یونی، قابلیت استفاده‌ی مجدد از کاتالیست، بازدهی بالا، زمان واکنش کوتاه و عدم حضور حلال‌های آلی سمی است.}, keywords_fa = {مایع یونی دی‌کاتیونی, پیرازین, زانتن دیون‌ها,4,3-دی هیدروپریمیدین-2(1H)-اون‌ها}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7125-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7125-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {abginehEsfandyari, Susan and Peeri, Maghsoud and Azarbayjani, Mohammad Ali}, title = {The effect of aerobic exercise training and Octapamine supplementation on FOXO3 protein and ATP Synthase gene expression in the cardiac muscle of rats fed with deep-fried oil}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The use of repeatedly heated oils has adverse effects on human health, causing oxidative stress and dysfunction of genes and proteins. Oxidative stress disrupts the regulation of vascular walls and heart cells, mitochondrial damage and cellular apoptosis in heart cells. Myocardial cells, especially mitochondria, become vulnerable to oxidative stress and the ability to their reproduction and regeneration are reduced. The two proteins involved in the process of mitochondrial biogenesis of the cardiac muscle and free radicals in the cell are FOXO3 and ATP Synthase proteins. FOXO3 is like a double-edged sword and on the other hand prevents pathological myocardial hypertrophy, which maintains the size of cardiomyocytes by inhibiting the growth of cardiomyocytes and promoting autophagy. On the other hand, in conditions of ROS accumulation, it promotes cell and mitochondria towards apoptosis. ATP Synthase is associated with octopamine because of its role in relaxing the cardiac muscle. Octopamine (an endogenous biogenic amine) has been introduced as a plant extract with anti-anxiety, sedative, anticonvulsant effects and promotes the growth and growth of nerve stem cells. Octopamine, which is naturally present in many plants such as oranges, has positive effects. In controlling heart diseases such as controlling the nervous system of the heart, reducing tachycardia, and relaxing the cardiac muscle. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise training and octopamine on FOXO3 protein and ATP Synthase gene expression in the cardiac muscle of rats fed deep-fried oils. Methods: 30 8-week-old Wistar rats in 5 groups (6) including healthy control, consumption of deep-fried oils, consumption of deep-fried oils + aerobic exercise, consumption of deep-fried oils + supplements Octapamine, consumption of deep-fried oils + aerobic exercise + octopamine supplement were divided, during the study period, deep heated oils were fed orally (gavage, 10ml / kg) to the tested rats for 4 weeks. (Morning). Deep-fried oil was obtained from 8 liters of sunflower oil, which was heated at 190 to 200 ° C for 8 consecutive days. According to sources every 30 minutes. Foods including chicken nuggets, potatoes, and protein products (sausages and sausages) were immersed in oil and at the end of the fourth day, the oil was stored for use in the poisoning intervention. DFO oil was orally gavaged to rats for 4 weeks 5 days a week (10 ml/kg). The supplement used in this study was octopamine. The duration of complementary intervention was 4 weeks and 5 days per week. The dose used according to the articles was 81 μmol / kg by intraperitoneal injection (IP solution with 9% normal saline). The training protocol was performed with moderate intensity training in the range of VO2 max 65-50%, which includes 5 sessions of 30 minutes per week (treadmill) with 5 minutes of warm-up, 20 minutes of activity, and 5 minutes of cooling down. On the first day of training, the speed starts from 16 m / s and increases according to the protocol every week, and reaches 26 m / s on the last day after 4 weeks. 48 hours after the last intervention with at least 8 hours of fasting with chloroform solution anesthetized after splitting the chest, a blood sample was taken from the left ventricle of the heart with a 3 cc syringe. The collected blood was placed in a simple 12 ml tubes and the EDTA tube was placed in a refrigerated centrifuge to collect serum and plasma. After blood sampling from the heart, the tissues were quickly isolated and the tissue was washed with saline phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and placed in the microtube. Alterations of FOXO3 protein expression and ATP Synthase gene expression by Western blotting by Primary and secondary antibodies and Real-time-PCR were performed by specific primers. To determine the effect of deep-frying oil intake, healthy control group, and control group - deep-fried oil were compared using an independent t-test. A two-way analysis of variance was used to determine the main effect of exercise, the main effect of octopamine, and the interaction between exercise and octopamine. If there was a significant difference, the Bonferroni post hoc test was used to determine the location of the difference. The expression of the desired gene was calculated by the formula 2∆∆ct and the values of multiplication changes. Results: Compared to the control group who did not receive supplements and exercise significantly reduced the expression of FOXO3 protein in the exercise group (P = 0.005). Octopamine supplementation also significantly reduced FOXO3 protein expression (P = 0.001). The combination of exercise and supplements was also significant compared to the control group (P = 0.001). Although the lowest expression of FOXO3 protein was observed in the exercise group and octopamine supplementation, the interaction of these two interventions was not statistically significant (P = 0.159). (Figure 2 Section A and Table 1). Compared to the control group who did not receive supplements and exercise, exercise significantly increased the expression of the ATP Synthase gene (P = 0.012). Octopamine supplementation also significantly increased ATP Synthase gene expression (P = 0.001). The combination of exercise and supplements was also significant compared to the control group (P = 0.0001). Although the highest expression of ATP Synthase gene belonged to the exercise group and octopamine supplementation, the interaction between exercise and octopamine expression of this gene was not statistically significant. (P = 0.071). Conclusion: It has been reported that moderate-intensity exercise training can reduce myocardial infarction during cell myocardial infarction in rats by modifying FOX family proteins, enhance cardiovascular function, autophagy and Promote the degradation of damaged proteins. Octopamine as a lipolytic agent probably acts on rat fat cells and it is conceivable that octopamine to increase Stem cell proliferation rate is effective and mimics some of the effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline. This response probably indicates a positive and antioxidant effect, anti-inflammatory, weight loss, fat burning, and anti-cancer effects of octopamine, which has been able to act on cells damaged by heated oil poisoning and the damage caused by DFO. According to the results of the present study, it seems that aerobic exercise training and octopamine can reduce the destructive effects of deep heated oils. Octopamine probably plays a very important role in regulating autophagy and mitochondrial function as an antioxidant and aerobic exercise, so exercise can be a key process in cellular and molecular mechanisms.}, Keywords = {Aerobic exercise training, Octapamine, Deep fried oil}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {125-134}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر یک دوره تمرین هوازی و مکمل اکتاپامین بر پروتئین FOXO3 و بیان ژن ATP Synthase در عضله قلب موش‌های صحرایی تغذیه شده با روغن‌های سرخ شده‌ی عمیق}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: هدف از این مطالعه بررسی تاثیر یک دوره تمرین هوازی و مکمل اکتاپامین بر پروتئین FOXO3 و بیان ژن ATP Synthase در عضله قلب موش­های تغذیه شده با روغن­های سرخ شده­ی عمیق بود. روش کار: 30  موش صحرایی 8 هفته­ای نژاد ویستار به 5 گروه (6 تایی) تقسیم شدند. در طول دوره پژوهش روغن­های حرارت دیده عمیق به صورت خوراکی (گاواژ، ml/kg10) به مدت 4 هفته، به موش­های مورد آزمایش خورانده شد. 81 مول بر کیلوگرم اکتاپامین به صورت تزریق درون صفاقی به گروه­های مکمل تزریق ­شد. موش­های گروه تمرینی نیز به تمرین تردمیل با شدت متوسط در هفته­ی اول 50% vo2max و در هفته­ی آخر 65% vo2max پرداختند. تغییرات بیان پروتئینی FOXO3 با روش وسترن بلات و بیان ژنی ATP Synthase  با روش QRT-PCR انجام شد. یافته ­ها: بر اثر مصرف روغن، غلظت پروتئین FOXO3 به طور معنا­داری افزایش یافت. تمرین و مکمل اکتاپامین غلظت پروتئین FOXO3 را به طور معنا­داری کاهش داد و کمترین غلظت پروتئین FOXO3 درگروه تمرین و اکتاپامین مشاهده شد. مصرف روغن حرارت دیده عمیق، غلظت ATP synthase را به طور معنا­داری کاهش داد و تمرین هوازی موجب افزایش بیان ژن ATP synthase شد. همچنین دریافت مکمل اکتاپامین نیز افزایش بیان ژن ATP synthase را به همراه داشت ضمن اینکه اثر تعاملی در هر دو متغیر معنا­دار نبود. نتیجه­ گیری: احتمالا تمرین هوازی و اکتاپامین به صورت جداگانه می­تواند با تعدیل پروتئین FOXO3 و ATP سنتاز اثرات مخرب روغن­های حرارت دیده عمیق را بر سازوکار سلولی مرتبط با میتوکندری عضله قلب را کاهش دهد.}, keywords_fa = {تمرین هوازی, اکتاپامین, روغن سرخ شده عمیق}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6762-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6762-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Arbabi, Moradbakhsh and Sotudeh, Reza and Nezhadali, Abolfazl}, title = {Investigating the Effective Factors on Medical Treatment and Education Services with the Decision-Making Approach of the Managers of the Ministry of Health of Iran}, abstract ={Background & Aims: In today's world, views of health and medical services have found a broader perspective and special attention has been paid to non-medical determinants of health. Each of these factors, by themselves or by affecting each other, severely affects the health and medical services of each country and causes injustices in the health care. The Ministry of Health and Medical Education, as the main trustee of providing and maintaining public health, with the aim of achieving the highest possible level of health for members of society, has paid special attention to social issues affecting health and health services and the issue of justice in health services. But maintaining and promoting health and health services and eliminating the destructive effect of some social factors on health and health services is an individual, national and even international responsibility that requires the joint efforts of all levels of society, namely individuals, communities and government. They have a heavy responsibility in this area. Hospitals and health centers as the most important centers providing health services in the country to improve the health of people and restore health to patients in need, scientific and efficient management at all levels. Managers' decisions and their performance in the department Health and treatment are important for the health of the community and the people because health policy is a set of guidelines developed by policy makers and senior managers of the health system in the areas of financing, generating resources and providing health services to restore, promote and maintain public health. The decision-making of managers is low-level. For example, what health managers are most involved in are health care costs and the factors that affect health care. For example, the University of Medical Sciences and its affiliated units, such as hospitals, health centers, medical schools, pharmaceutical and educational departments, and all health networks, use an adjusted cash base for their financial reports. Revenues are reflected in the books when they are acquired or realized, regardless of when the cash is received, and the basis for identifying and recording expenses is the time of incurring expenses. On this basis, transaction accounting and other events are identified at the time of occurrence, recorded in accounting documents, and reflected in the financial statements of the relevant courses, all of which affect health care. Health services are considered as one of the main dimensions of social policy that managers' decisions play an important role in improving the process of health services. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting medical treatment and education services with the decision-making approach of the managers of the Ministry of Health of Iran. Methods: The method of this research was survey-descriptive and it was done in deductive-inductive format. This means that the theoretical framework and background of the research is done through library studies, study of books, articles and sites and in the form of deductive reasoning and gathering information to test hypotheses through inductive reasoning and this research is another type of analytical-applied Was. The statistical population of this study included all financial staff of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences and its affiliated units including all vice chancellors who were working in 2019, which was equal to  180 people. According to Morgan table, the research sample was  118 people which was done by random sampling. In this study, to investigate the factors affecting medical treatment and education services with the decision-making approach of the managers of the Ministry of Health of Iran, a researcher-made questionnaire with 32 items and five components of legal factors, political factors, socio-economic factors, international factors and problems (challenges) It was a field of health and treatment. In this study, the interpretation and analysis of data collected from the study population in the form of analytical statistics and descriptive and inferential statistics has been done. So that in descriptive statistics, first the data related to each of the variables that were used from the answer to the questionnaire, has been obtained in the form of statistical indicators such as mean and standard deviation in terms of research components. In the inferential statistics section, the t-path coefficient test is used. Results: The results showed that 5 variables "legal factors", "political factors", "socio-economic factors", "international factors" and "problems (challenges) in the field of health and treatment" are the background variables affecting health services with the decision-making approach of managers is in the Ministry of Health. Conclusion: Based on the research results, it can be said that the University of Medical Sciences and its affiliated units can improve the process of medical services and its development in society by considering the factors affecting the decision-making of managers. The basis of any research is the information with which the research hypothesis is tested. Obviously, the more accurate and complete information is provided to the researcher, the more accurate the results of the research will be and the more valid the research will be, which can be pointed out to the inherent limitation of the questionnaire. There are also limitations to the scale of data measurement and the Likert spectrum. The order does not exceed and cannot be considered at the level of distance scales, and the reluctance of some respondents to respond were among the limitations of the research. In order to provide better health services, service and medical organizations can develop medical services in the organization by resolving the mentioned challenges. This is more evident in hospitals due to its geographical spread. Because they will have many consequences for the organization and the country. Therefore, according to the results of the research in this section, the managers of the Ministry of Health are recommended to try to improve the above-mentioned causal conditions to develop treatment services by applying various laws and instructions.  }, Keywords = {Health Services, Health Services, Ministry of Health of Iran}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {135-142}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر خدمات درمان و آموزش پزشکی با رویکرد تصمیم‌گیری مدیران وزارت بهداشت و درمان ایران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: خدمات درمانی و سلامتی به عنوان یکی از اصلی‌ترین ابعاد سیاست اجتماعی محسوب می‌شود که تصمیم‌گیری مدیران نقش مهمی در بهبود روند خدمات درمانی دارد. لذا هدف پژوهش بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر خدمات درمان و آموزش پزشکی با رویکرد تصمیم‌گیری مدیران وزارت بهداشت و درمان ایران بود. روش کار: روش این پژوهش به صورت پیمایشی-توصیفی بود. جامعه آماری این پژوهش، شامل کلیه کارکنان امور مالی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی زاهدان و واحدهای تابعه آن شامل کلیه معاونت‌ها بود که در سال 1398مشغول به کار بودند که برابر با 180 نفر بودند. با توجه به جدول مورگان، نمونه تحقیق برابر با 118 نفر بدست آمد که به شیوه نمونه گیری تصادفی صورت گرفت. از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته با 32 گویه و پنج مؤلفه عوامل قانونی، عوامل سیاسی، عوامل اقتصادی- اجتماعی، عوامل بین‌المللی و مشکلات (چالش‌های) حوزه سلامت و درمان برای گردآوری داده‌ها استفاده شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از آزمون ضرایب مسیر t استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که 5 متغیر «عوامل قانونی»، «عوامل سیاسی»، «عوامل اقتصادی- اجتماعی»، «عوامل بین‌المللی» و «مشکلات (چالش‌های) حوزه سلامت و درمان» از متغیرهای پیش‌زمینه‌ای اثرگذار بر خدمات درمانی و بهداشتی با رویکرد تصمیم گیری مدیران در وزارت بهداشت و درمان می­باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج پژوهش می‌توان گفت که دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و واحدهای تابعه آن می‌توانند با در نظر گرفتن عوامل مؤثر بر تصمیم‌گیری مدیران، منجر به بهبود روند خدمات درمانی و توسعه آن در جامعه شوند.}, keywords_fa = {خدمات درمانی, خدمات سلامتی, وزارت بهداشت و درمان ایران}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7278-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7278-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Toori, Fatemeh and Bakhshipour, Abolfazl}, title = {The Effectiveness of Self-Compassionate Group Therapy on Emotion Management and Self-Concept of Single-Parent Girls}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Improving the level of health in society requires advancement in the level of education in universities of medical sciences. This improvement will only be achieved by removing the obstacles. One of the obstacles with which most of the students are encountered, and which has an unpleasant impact on learning and educational success, is called academic procrastination. Academic procrastination is considered as a common phenomenon due to the fact that it involves 70% of students. Academic procrastination means a delay in doing the assignments and completing the projects and preparing for exams. There are two types of procrastination in doing the assignments among students. The first type is purposeful procrastination. For instance, when students have to finish different assignments at the same time, they, therefore, prioritize the assignments. The second type is unreasonable procrastination, and we consider this type of  procrastination as academic procrastination. Procrastination has negative, irreparable impacts on medical students, for example, decrease in knowledge, and not learning the skills to take care of patients. At last, after entering the workplace, these people suffer from occupational anxiety and depression, medication errors, occupational burnout, lack of essential motivation to take care of patients and decrease in quality of providing services more than their other colleagues. According to the studies that were conducted, students of medical sciences are prone to mental disorders due to having certain study conditions, such as entering a large and stressful workplace, heavy study load, intense competition, educational period, uncertainty about future career. The students of today, will be the medical staff of future in health and medical field. Thus, in order to have a knowledgeable medical staff, we should take into account the consideration of students’ health at present. Despite the fact that there has been a large number of studies on the topic of influential factors on procrastination, there has not yet been shaped a clear insight on this topic. Given that academic procrastination is a common phenomenon among students, and has unpleasant effects, the researcher, thus, decided to conduct a reviewing study of the literature about procrastination incidence and the associated mental-social factors among students of medical sciences, so that a step is taken to be able to identify the dimensions of this issue and to develop approaches to decrease procrastination through the results obtained from this study. Methods: This article is a review study which was conducted in 2020. It was done through a search in databases of SID, Iran Medex, Google Scholar, Magiran, Medline, Science Direct, Scopus, ProQuest, by using the key words “procrastination”, “student”, “medical sciences”, in Farsi and also with their English equivalents. Inclusion criteria included descriptive and analytic studies, or narrative or systematic review studies, which at least contained an abstract in Farsi or English, with a time limit from 2010 to 2020. And exclusion criteria also included studies whose full text was not available in Farsi or English, and they were omitted from the study. 3110 articles in total were extracted in the initial searching. After omitting the repeated articles, 57 articles were obtained, and they were screened in two stages. In the first stage of screening, the titles and a general summary of the articles which were obtained, were investigated. Those articles which had the inclusion criteria and could answer the research questions of the present study, were selected. 30 studies were excluded in this stage. In the second stage of screening, the full text of the articles which were included after the previous stage, were investigated and those articles which were not related to the purpose of the present study (n = 7) were excluded from the list of the study. In the end, 20 articles were used to write this review article. Results: This review study demonstrated that the prevalence of academic procrastination among students of medical sciences in Master’s degree and in Dentistry, and students who reside in dormitory, is higher. And each of the variables which were mentioned were categorized in two categories of mental factors and social factors. Out of the 20 articles that were studied in this research, 16 articles were in Farsi and 4 articles were in English. In addition, most of the studies were conduced in the years 2018 – 2019. Out of all the articles which were investigated, categorization of the studies was carried out based on the content; it was in such a way that eventually the results of the study were categorized in two categories of: A) the level of procrastination in students, and B) psycho-social factors. psycho-social factors included the following sets: 1) psychological factors were divided to three sub-categories of mental illnesses (such as anxiety and mood disorders), mental abilities (such as self-efficacy, self-esteem, mindfulness, emotional intelligence, and optimism), and personal characteristics (self-discipline, self-regulation, inefficient schema, attributional style and perfectionism), 2) social factors were divided into two subcategories of social media and educational associated factors. The diversity of these studies is an indication of the wide coverage of this study in the researches which were conducted before. In order to observe the ethical considerations in the research, the studies which were used are mentioned and correctly written in the reference section. Conclusion: Review of different studies from all around the world indicates the high prevalence of academic procrastination among students of medical sciences. With regard to the above-mentioned impact and consequences of academic procrastination on students of medical sciences, and as a result, the incidence of these consequences in working environment of health and medical staff (the quality of caretaking and finally safety of the patient) which will have irreparable effects; it is, therefore, suggested to the managers of medical sciences that they plan strategy-training programs, such as holding workshops on improving motivation and academic achievement and positive psychology in order to reduce academic procrastination, specially in students who reside in dormitories, so that students can enjoy a better academic achievement. In addition to that, it is better to design and conduct an intervention study for determining the effectiveness of the techniques which were recommended.}, Keywords = {Procrastination, Student, Medical sciences, Psychosocial factors}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {143-152}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی درمان گروهی مبتنی بر خود شفقت‌ورزی بر مدیریت عواطف و خودپنداره دختران تک والد}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: درمان گروهی مبتنی بر خود شفقت‌ورزی بر مدیریت عواطف و خود پنداره گامی مؤثر در کاهش مشکلات مرتبط با سلامت روان آنان در اختیار درمانگران قرار ‌می‌دهد. بنابراین هدف این پژوهش، تعیین تأثیر درمان گروهی مبتنی بر خودشفقت‌ورزی بر مدیریت عواطف و خودپنداره دختران تک والد بود. روش کار: در این پژوهش نیمه تجربی، جامعه آماری شامل کلیه دانش‌آموزان دختر تک والد متوسطه دوم شهر مشهد در سال تحصیلی 1399-13400 تشکیل دادند که 30 نفر از این دانش‌آموزان به شیوه نمونه­گیری هدفمند و بر اساس ملاک‌های ورود به پژوهش انتخاب گردیده و به ‌تصادف در دو گروه 15 نفره آزمایش و کنترل جای‌دهی شدند. برای گردآوری اطلاعات از پرسشنامه مدیریت عواطف ویلیام و کمپبل (1997) و خودپنداره راگرز (1957) استفاده گردید و گروه آزمایش به مدت 8 جلسه 90 دقیقه‌ای تحت درمان گروهی مبتنی بر خود شفقت‌ورزی قرار گرفتند و گروه کنترل هیچ‌گونه مداخله‌ای دریافت نکردند. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از روش آماری تی مستقل استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد، درمان‌گروهی مبتنی بر خود شفقت‌ورزی بر افزایش مدیریت عواطف و خودپنداره مثبت مؤثر است و آزمودنی‌های گروه آزمون در مقایسه با گروه کنترل، افزایش معنی‌داری را در مدیریت عواطف و خودپنداره از خود نشان داده‌اند. نتیجه‌گیری: نتیجه این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که می‌توان از رویکرد خود شفقت‌ورزی در افزایش مدیریت عواطف و خود پنداره دختران تک والد استفاده نمود و ضمن اثرگذاری بر این متغیرها، از بروز مشکلات رفتاری و آسیب‌های اجتماعی که این دختران را تهدید می‌نماید، پیشگیری نمود.}, keywords_fa = {درمان گروهی مبتنی بر خود ‌شفقت ورزی, مدیریت عواطف, خود پنداره, دختران تک والد}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6895-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6895-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Amiri, Abtin and Mehrabi, Mahboobeh}, title = {Examining the Relationship between Spiritual Needs and Stress Coping Strategies with Women\'s Social and Occupational Rights}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Spirituality has been defined in different ways, which generally include belief in supernatural power in nature and a feeling of oneness with all living beings, and a kind of awareness of the purpose and meaning of life. In the spirituality of hope, peace, happiness, and inner peace emerge. Some experts have considered spirituality as "the main and central gem of religion that cannot be ignored and is inevitable". Based on this, spirituality is the most stable element of religion, which determines the private relationship between a person and God. Some psychologists have defined spirituality as the constant human effort to answer the reasons for life. Some people define spirituality as something that allows a person to experience the transcendent meaning of life, and some others define it as a structure that includes the concepts of faith and meaning and breathing the spirit into a person's life, searching for the "sacred matter" or the ability and tendency that for each person, It is natural and unique. This spiritual orientation leads people toward spirituality, love, meaning, peace, hope, transcendence, connection, compassion, goodness, and integrity. The importance of spirituality and spiritual growth in humans has attracted the attention of psychologists and mental health professionals more and more in the last few decades. Spirituality is often associated with a concept of a higher being, but a person can achieve this holiness in many other aspects of life as well. Without spirituality, the highest level of quality of life cannot be achieved. It was also shown in studies that psychological factors of positive health affect physical functioning and those who have higher mental well-being have better physical health. The characteristics of spiritual needs include stability in life, a close relationship with oneself, God, society, and the environment, harmony, and having meaning and purpose in life and peace. Need and spiritual health include two dimensions, existential health, and religious health. Existential health represents the relationship with others, the environment, and the self, but religious health represents the relationship with God or an infinite power. Now, if the individual's spiritual needs are shaken, there is a possibility of disorders such as loneliness, depression, and loss of meaning in life for the individual. Spiritual needs reduce mental disorders and improve a person's mental health, such as increasing self-control and self-confidence, and reducing anxiety and depression. On the other hand, in our country, the women of today's society are active in various fields with views derived from the constitution and in sync with the goals of the country's developing programs. In other words, their position and social role in line with the plans of the system have become so clear that the prestige and interests of the family are closely tied to national interests. Since in industrial societies the position of every phenomenon is determined from the point of view of economic and commercial interests, women are given more value as economic producers than as a producer of spiritual and valuable human beings. In fact, unlike our society, which is based on social and political relations on the spiritual development of human beings and forces all elements of the system to create suitable opportunities for self-improvement and moral excellence of the members of the society, in industrial societies, in terms of Giving too much value to economic benefits, women are seen both as a tool for her supply to provide advertising goods and as a means for more production. It should be noted that pregnancy conditions and related diseases have always deprived women of the ability and competitiveness to obtain long-term and stable jobs and to take charge of the supervision and management of lucrative jobs. This has deprived them of the ability to acquire job skills and participate in professional training courses (mainly in terms of long maternity leave). Therefore, it is important to make changes in the legal and occupational status and living conditions of people, especially women, since some women may not have suitable living conditions. Therefore, the conditions of spiritual needs and strategies to deal with stress can be a solution to reduce stress and heal their conditions and legal and occupational status, and on the other hand, no study has been observed about the relationship between spiritual needs and strategies to deal with stress on women's social and occupational rights, so in this study, We are looking for an answer to the question of whether there is a significant relationship between spiritual needs and stress coping strategies with women's social and occupational rights. Methods: In terms of purpose, the present research is applied, and in terms of method, it is a descriptive research of correlation type. The statistical population of the research includes all women working in the Bandar Khamir  in 2021. The statistical population was 1800 people according to the inquiry from Bandar Khamir Guilds Unit. The sample size was selected using the simple random sampling method, with the number 317 people using the Morgan Krejci table. The criteria for entering the research are: The basic educational level of the diploma was considered so that the subjects did not have any problems in terms of understanding the concepts. Not having physical diseases, psychological disorders, physical and mental disabilities, and not simultaneously receiving a psychotherapy approach or taking drugs such as antidepressants, and having informed consent to participate in the study were other criteria for entering the research. The exclusion criteria are: having mental disorders such as severe personality disorders, etc., as well as the use of psychotherapeutic drugs such as anti-anxiety and anti-depressants, and the existence of a mental disability, severe physical disability, as well as non-cooperation and lack of consent to participate in the study. In this research, a standard questionnaire tool has been used, which includes the spiritual needs questionnaire of Büssing et al. (2010), the stress coping strategies questionnaire of Parker and Landler (1990) and the researcher-made questionnaire on the legal status and It was a job. Descriptive statistics (prevalence, frequency percentage, graph) and inferential statistics (Kolmogrov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation test) were used for data analysis. SPSS version 22 software was also used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that the standard path coefficient between the two variables of spiritual needs and legal and occupational status is positive and equal to 0.620, so it can be said that with an increase of one standard deviation in spiritual needs, the legal and occupational status increases. The standard deviation will be 0.620. Also, because the coefficient of the standard path between the variable of stress coping strategies and the legal and occupational status is positive and equal to 0.645, it can be said that with an increase of one standard deviation in stress coping strategies, the legal and occupational status increases. The standard deviation will be 0.645. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that by increasing spiritual needs and stress-coping strategies, women can increase their level of social and occupational rights, and there is a need to find ways to cope with stress and increase spiritual needs. However, it should be noted that one of the most important known roles of spiritual needs is dealing with stress. Stress, which is a pervasive disease of the 21st century, is more common in women. Knowing the determinants of people's ways of coping with stressful situations in order to strengthen their abilities to manage and control stress is one of the basic issues in behavioral studies.  }, Keywords = {Spiritual Needs, Stress Coping Strategies, Women's Social Rights, Women's Occupational Rights}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {153-161}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی رابطه نیازهای معنوی و راهبردهای مقابله با استرس با حقوق اجتماعی و شغلی زنان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: شرایط نیازهای معنوی و راهبردهای مقابله با استرس می‌تواند راهکاری برای کاهش استرس و التیام شرایط و وضعیت حقوقی و شغلی باشد؛ لذا هدف این مطالعه بررسی رابطه بین نیازهای معنوی و راهبردهای مقابله با استرس با حقوق اجتماعی و شغلی زنان بود. روش­ کار: روش تحقیق­ توصیفی از نوع همبستگی می­باشد. جامعه­ی آماری پژوهش، شامل کلیه زنان مشغول به کار بندر خمیرکه در سال 1400 مشغول به تحصیل بودند. تعداد جامعه آماری بنا بر استعلام از واحد اصناف بندر خمیر برابر با 1800 نفر بود. حجم نمونه از طریق جدول کرجسی مورگان به تعداد 317 نفر، به روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب گردید. در این پژوهش از ابزار پرسشنامه استاندارد شامل پرسشنامه نیازهای معنوی بوسینگ و همکاران (2010)، راهبردهای مقابله با استرس پارکر و اندلر (1990) و پرسشنامه محقق ساخته وضعیت حقوقی و شغلی استفاده شد.  برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از آزمون همبستگی پیرسون استفاده شد. یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد که بین نیازهای معنوی و راهبردهای مقابله با استرس بر حقوق اجتماعی و شغلی زنان رابطه معنی‎‌داری وجود داد؛ همچنین نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش نیازهای معنوی و راهبردهای مقابله با استرس در بانوان وضعیت حقوق اجتماعی و شغلی بانوان عملکرد و سطح مطلوب‌تری را خواهد داشت. نتیجه ­گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که با بانوان با افزایش نیازهای معنوی و راهبردهای مقابله با استرس می‌توانند سطح حقوق اجتماعی و شغلی را افزایش دهند و نیاز است تا به راهکارهای دستیابی به راه‌های مقابله با استرس و افزایش نیازهای معنوی دست یابند.  }, keywords_fa = {نیازهای معنوی, راهبردهای مقابله با استرس, حقوق اجتماعی زنان, حقوق شغلی زنان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7886-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7886-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mehrabi, Mahboobeh and Amiri, Abti}, title = {Identifying Factors Affecting Women\'s Social and Legal Grievances During the Quarantines of the Covid-19 Disease}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The outbreak of the Covid-19 disease has had a devastating effect on the global health systems with a ripple effect on all aspects of human life. The outbreak of this disease began as an acute global emergency on January 30, 2020. Different governments have applied various strategies such as border closures, travel restrictions, and quarantine even in the countries that make up the world's largest economies and have raised the fear of an impending economic crisis and economic stagnation. Since the outbreak was first identified, it has spread to more than 190 countries and the United States. Its epidemic had a significant impact on the world's economic growth, and estimates so far show that this virus could reduce the world's economic growth if the current conditions continue and increase the risk of a global economic recession by approximately 2% per month, similar to what It will happen during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Containment measures are very important to prevent the epidemic of this disease, but it entails a lot of short-term economic costs. The results indicate that containment measures have had a very large impact on economic activity on average, and using new data on measures such as workplace vacations and staying at home and fiscal and monetary policies in response to the crisis have been used, it is understood that these measures were accompanied by the highest economic costs and the stagnation of some market activities and the bankruptcy of market operators. In the early stages of any kind of epidemic, quarantine is considered an effective solution. In the case of the corona epidemic, quarantine was also recommended and implemented as an important instruction to prevent this disease. But approximately 25 million jobs may be lost worldwide due to this disease. This economic and work crisis may cause income and job stress among workers and as a result harm their health. Due to the spread of the coronavirus in different societies, the current situation made working at home one of the serious measures taken by governments to control this epidemic. Some of the social consequences of this disease can be panic, resistance to changing behavior, reduction of interpersonal, family, and social relationships, pain and damage caused by Covid-19 patients, isolation of sick people and their families, and disruption in interactions. Socially, there is confusion about this disease. The duration of this disease, deprivation of freedom, and separation of the patient from the family. A phenomenon called stigma or social scandal can also occur after a person is released from quarantine, even if the risk of spreading the virus to others has disappeared. Although quarantine is an important and primary solution in the outbreak of epidemic diseases, it may not be very useful in pandemic cases. That is, it may have effects and consequences for individuals, families, and social health. However, due to the need to reopen and start social and economic activities, peaceful coexistence solutions with this disease and compliance with updated health protocols should be used. Therefore, making changes in lifestyle and work activities, adapting to new conditions, and even accepting new lifestyles during various epidemics, including Covid-19, and using virtual facilities and remote work help to improve adaptation to conditions. Therefore, both the Covid-19 disease and the quarantine environment have a negative psychological effect on the population. According to our information, no study was found regarding the identification of factors affecting the social and legal dissatisfaction of women during the quarantines of the Covid-19 disease. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the factors affecting the social and legal dissatisfaction of women during the quarantines of the Covid-19 disease. Methods: The research method is survey-descriptive. The statistical population included all women working in self-employed and domestic jobs in Bandar Abbas, who was working in 2019, and their jobs were damaged during the Corona period, and according to inquiries from Bandar Abbas, their number is more than 10,000. Was. The sample size was selected using the simple random sampling method, with the number 373 people using the Morgan Krejci table. In this research, a researcher-made questionnaire tool with 32 items and five components of legal factors (4 items), political factors (7 items), economic factors (7 items), social factors (7 items), and problems (challenges) of the job field (7 items) object was used. In the inferential statistics section, the path coefficients t-test was used. Results: The results showed that legal, political, economic, and social factors and occupational problems are among the factors affecting the social and legal dissatisfaction of women during the quarantines of the Covid-19 disease. Conclusion: In general, all these discussions show that during the epidemic of any disease, the duties of statesmen and politicians become heavier, so it is necessary for the authorities to take effective measures to reduce the social and legal dissatisfaction of people in order to reduce the complications caused by the disease epidemic. society, and in between, it is necessary to consider basic measures for all genders, i.e. both women and men, so that during epidemics, dissatisfaction does not increase in these people and does not lead to social and behavioral harm in society. The current research, like any other research, has limitations that can clarify the findings and suggestions of the research and help future researchers to adopt effective measures to deal with the threat of internal and external validity of research projects. to give The basic limitations of the current research are as follows: the bias of people towards answering the questions of the questionnaires, which reduces the accuracy of the results to some extent, the presence of unwanted variables that affect the results of the research, and the lack of use of other research tools such as observation and interview. It has been associated with the subjects and only using the questionnaire.  }, Keywords = {Social dissatisfaction, Legal dissatisfaction, Quarantine, COVID-19 disease}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {162-169}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر نارضایتی‌های اجتماعی و حقوقی زنان در زمان قرنطینه‌های بیماری کووید-19}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: شیوع بیماری کووید-19 بر همه جنبه‌های زندگی افراد تأثیر منفی گذاشت و از آنجایی که نقش زنان در جامعه شناخته شده است؛ هدف پژوهش شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر نارضایتی‌های اجتماعی و حقوقی زنان در زمان قرنطینه‌های بیماری کووید-19 بود. روش­ کار: روش تحقیق­ پیمایشی- توصیفی می­باشد. جامعه­ی آماری شامل کلیه زنان شاغل در مشاغل آزاد و خانگی در شهر بندرعباس بود که در سال 1399 مشغول به کار بودند و در دوره کرونا مشاغل آن­ها آسیب دید و تعداد آنها بنا بر استعلام از واحد اصناف شهر بندرعباس بالغ بر 10000 نفر بود. حجم نمونه از طریق جدول کرجسی مورگان به تعداد 373 نفر، به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب گردید. در این پژوهش از ابزار پرسشنامه محقق ساخته با 32 گویه و پنج مؤلفه عوامل قانونی (4 گویه)، عوامل سیاسی (7 گویه)، عوامل اقتصادی (7 گویه)، عوامل اجتماعی (7 گویه) و مشکلات (چالش‌های) حوزه شغلی (7 گویه) استفاده شد. در بخش آمار استنباطی از آزمون ضرایب مسیر t استفاده شد. یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد که عوامل قانونی، سیاسی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی و مشکلات حوزه شغلی از عوامل مؤثر بر نارضایتی‌های اجتماعی و حقوقی زنان در زمان قرنطینه‌های بیماری کووید-19 می‌باشند. نتیجه­ گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که قرنطینه در زمان شیوع و اپیدمی هر نوع بیماری همزمان دارای آثار مثبت و منفی می‌باشد و از راهکارهای کاهش آثار منفی شناخت عوامل مؤثر بر نارضایتی اجتماعی و حقوقی افراد جامعه می‌باشد که نیاز است مسئولان امر به این موارد توجه داشته باشند.  }, keywords_fa = {نارضایتی‌ اجتماعی, نارضایتی‌ حقوقی, قرنطینه‌, بیماری کووید-19}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7885-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7885-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {javadi, Hossei}, title = {A Review of the Effects of Abortion on Health from a Medical-Jurisprudential Point of View}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Every year, it is estimated that 2.3 million unsafe abortions (pregnancy terminations performed by a person without the necessary skills or in an environment without adequate medical standards) among teenage girls between the ages of 15 and 15. 19 years old is done. This figure accounts for approximately 15% of the global incidence of unsafe abortion (22 million), and abortion-related deaths among girls and young women account for approximately one-third of abortion-related deaths worldwide. constitutes Furthermore, the focus of policy and programmatic attention remains primarily on 15-19-year-olds, creating a significant gap in our understanding of the sexual and reproductive experiences of 10-14-year-olds, and it is estimated that particularly in areas Very poor of the world (545 million people) pregnancy leads to unsafe abortion. Most cases of unsafe abortion are concentrated in low- and middle-income countries, where the 10-14-year-old population is relatively the largest, and many countries have restrictions. The potential for sexual and reproductive harm among adolescents is a current and growing threat, yet our understanding of abortion in this group is insufficient to adequately address their needs through programmatic and policy interventions. In most cases, this abortion means that the egg or sperm has the wrong number of chromosomes and as a result, the fertilized egg could not develop normally. We must remember that the importance and unique role of man in the system of creation, as well as the beginning and end of his life, have always been studied by divine thinkers and religions. Abortion as a social and therapeutic phenomenon has long been customary in most societies and nations, and especially its social type in the last century, in economically and industrially advanced societies have increased more and more and is still increasing. Abortion is one of the current problems of human societies, and its dramatic increase results from unrestrainedness and disturbances that pollute the face of societies. Because of the dignity that Islam considers for human beings, even for the stage of coagulation of the sperm and before the soul is breathed, Islam places a special value on the fetus. The studies conducted show that there is illegal abortion in Iran. Most of it is done secretly and by non-specialists, however, legally and officially, except in very limited cases, abortion is not licensed. According to recently announced statistics, about one and a half million births and 300,000 abortions take place in Iran every year, some of which are intentional and others are unintentional. A lot of research has been done on abortion, but it can be seen that abortion is spreading in all countries. Therefore, it is important to research its effectiveness and medical and jurisprudential opinions. Methods: In this review study, the idea and scientific view of medical experts, as well as rational and customary reasons, were among the things that have been paid attention to in this research. Also, the major fatwas of contemporary Shiite jurists and scholars regarding human abortion were discussed and investigated. The focus of the discussion is mostly based on jurisprudential opinion, and based on the explanation and analysis of their jurisprudential opinion, the author's point of view was also given. Results: In medical science, abortion issues and complications and ways to help the mother were taken into consideration, and during the last 3 decades, the death rate related to abortion has decreased significantly. However, the key to reducing mortality is patient education and increased awareness among healthcare workers about the potentially fatal complications that can follow abortion. At the same time, it is deduced from the Islamic texts, whether the verses of the Quran or the hadiths, that abortion has bad consequences for the physical and mental health of a person. Conclusion: In general, it can be acknowledged that medically and legally, abortion has conditions that are dangerous for the mother's health if it is not those conditions. It should be kept in mind that the sanctity of abortion is not an absolute and permanent issue from the point of view of most jurists. In many cases, it is exceptional and according to the conditions under which the abortion takes place or what purpose it pursues, it is different. For each of those cases, a suitable solution or a specific jurisprudential ruling has been provided. In matters of jurisprudence, everyone should follow the point of view of his authority. Qatabah of Islamic jurists considers abortion at any stage of pregnancy as haram and non-Sharia, if there is no valid reason for it. Also, most abortions are simple, and some of them are associated with complications that can be life-threatening. Due to the high complications of abortion, an interprofessional team including an obstetrician, radiologist, triage nurses, nurse practitioner, general surgeon, urologist, and infectious disease specialist is recommended. Most patients with complications after abortion go to the emergency room and are first visited by a triage nurse. The triage nurse should be familiar with possible complications after abortion and quickly accept the patient and warn the interprofessional team. In addition to acute bleeding, complications after abortion can include septic shock, bladder or bowel perforation, and possibly ectopic pregnancy, which can lead to high mortality if not diagnosed in time. A thorough physical examination, including the pelvis, should be performed immediately to ensure that there are no injuries. The anesthesia and operating room nurses should be informed if the patient needs urgent surgery.  }, Keywords = {Abortion, Fetus, Mother's Health}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {170-178}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مروری بر عوارض سقط جنین بر سلامتی از دیدگاه پزشکی- فقهی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: سقط جنین در برای سلامتی مادر ممکن است خطرناک باشد و عوارضی را به دنبال داشته باشد. لذا این مطالعه با هدف بررسی نگاه پزشکی فقهی به مسأله سقط جنین انجام شد. روش کار: در این مطالعه مروری، ایده و نگاه علمی متخصصین پزشکی و همچنی دلایل عقلی و عرفی از جمله مواردی بودند که در این تحقیق به آنها توجه شده است. همچنین فتاوی عمده فقها و علمای معاصر شیعه در خصوص سقط جنین انسان، مورد بحث و بررسی قرار گرفت. محور بحث بیشتر مبتنی بر نظر فقهی بوده و بر اساس تبیین و تحلیل نظر فقهی آنها، دیدگاه نگارنده نیز آورده شد. یافته‌ها: در علم پزشکی موارد مبحث سقط جنین و عوارض و راه­های کمک به مادر مورد توجه قرار گرفت و در طول 3 دهه گذشته، میزان مرگ و میر مرتبط با سقط جنین به طور قابل توجهی کاهش یافته است. با این حال، کلید کاهش مرگ و میر، آموزش به بیمار و افزایش آگاهی کارکنان مراقبت­های بهداشتی در مورد عوارض بالقوه کشنده­ای است که می­تواند به دنبال سقط جنین باشد. در عین حال از متون اسلامی اعم از آیات قرآن و یا احادیث، چنین استنباط می­شود که سقط جنین عوارض بدی برای سلامتی جسمی و روانی فرد به دنبال دارد. نتیجه گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان اذعان داشت که سقط از لحاظ پزشکی و قانونی، شرعی دارای شرایطی است که اگر در آن شرایط قرار نداشته باشد، برای سلامتی مادر خطرناک است.  }, keywords_fa = {سقط, جنین, سلامتی مادر}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7800-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7800-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Moshashaie, Seyedeh Parisa and Kohandel, Mehdi and Hallajy, Mohse}, title = {Investigating the Factors Affecting the Dynamic Conflict Components of Teachers}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Conflict often refers to cases in which units or individuals work against each other instead of working together. Webster's dictionary defines conflict as a battle and the difference between opposing forces and the existing contradiction between instincts or morals and religious and moral ideals (1). According to Robbins, conflict is a process in which the first person intentionally tries to prevent the second person from achieving his or her interests and goals in a deterrent manner (2). Due to the nature of sports and its close relationship with social, political and economic issues in society, the sports environment, especially educational organizations, are the source of potential conflicts between different organizations (4). It is therefore essential to exercise competence to resolve, manage and prevent employee conflict before it leads to resignation, retaliation, litigation or other extremist action (5). For example, teachers, and especially physical education teachers, in order to be able to provide basic physical education programs to ensure the physical and mental health of students and to create favorable conditions for the development of students' athletic talents, must have differences and Manage conflicts effectively and efficiently. Since the main part of physical education classroom management is to provide a suitable educational environment and gather students in groups that work away from conflicts and disagreements in achieving educational goals, physical education classes need to There are teachers who moderate the internal pressures on their motivation and balance their behavior (6). There are shortcomings in physical education classes, including: physical education hours in schools, facilities and equipment, sports equipment, priority of other subjects over physical education, school principals' attitude towards this subject, which has caused conflicts between teachers and principals. . Studying conflicts and resolving them in the field of education is still a complex and multidimensional issue. Research should examine this relationship with other levels of education and whether these outcomes affect teachers' performance. Given these explanations, the researcher seeks to address the dynamic conflict model of physical education teachers. Methods: For the present applied research which was done by survey method, among the physical education teachers of Alborz province (150 people) due to the limited population using available sampling and the total number of all members of the community were considered as a sample. The researcher-made questionnaire consisted of 40 questions that were prepared and compiled for each factor, at least 3 questions, and these three questions distributed and collected the factors affecting the dynamic conflict of physical education teachers from various aspects. To determine the validity of the questionnaire from the perspective of experts, professors and experts, its validity was approved by these experts by providing amendments. Also, in order to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient test was used and the reliability of the research tool was 0.816. Finally, descriptive statistics, Kalmogorov-Smirnov tests, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, t-test and structural equations were used for SPSS software version 22 and Amos version 20 at error level of 0.05 for statistical analysis of data. Results: The results showed that the average opinion of the respondents about the situation of dynamic conflicts of physical education teachers is equal to 4.15, which is higher than the hypothetical average (μ = 3). The value of sig / 2 is equal to 0.001 which is less than 0.05 and also the value of t-statistic is equal to 39.86 which is a positive value so it can be said with 95% confidence that the components of the dynamic conflict components of physical education teachers It is desirable (Table 1). Another finding showed that the model has a good fit (Table 2). According to the results of the research model, the dimensions of "mutual benefit option", "focus on the future", "transparency" and "positive cooperation" have the greatest impact on "dynamic conflict of teachers" with coefficients of 0.77, 0.75, 66, respectively. / 0 and 0.66. Finally, the results showed that the probability values of all components are less than 0.001; Therefore, all components are accepted at a significance level of 0.99 (Table 3). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that among the sources of dynamic conflict in physical education teachers, providing options for mutual benefit has the greatest effect. Research shows that communication problems, inadequate information exchange, and rhetoric in the communication channel alone are barriers to communication and create potential conditions for conflict. Too much or too little communication also increases the possibility of conflict. As a result, it is possible to increase communication to a certain extent, and by exceeding that limit, communication becomes excessive, which results in increasing the possibility of creating opposition. This factor can be suggestions in terms of win-win method in communication (19). Another result of the present study is the focus on the future by learning from the past. It seems that the difference between the teaching conditions for physical education teachers compared to other teachers, the lack of importance of physical education lessons, unreasonable expectations of managers and the lack of sports facilities and equipment have caused physical education teachers by managers and Their co-workers endure a lot of psychological and environmental pressures. Existence of psychological and environmental pressures causes physical education teachers to not be able to work in schools as expected of them and to achieve the goals set by themselves and the organization, and this causes a conflict between colleagues and teachers with the principal. In addition, according to the results of the research model, the transparency factor can be effective in creating a dynamic conflict among physical education teachers. This result of the research indicates that physical education teachers are confused in the implementation of their responsibilities and the reason may be the lack of clear rules related to the job description of teachers. It seems that there are many differences in the set of rules and regulations of education and the perception of these rules is different in different people. Also, the transparency of the rules and their explanation is not done by the senior managers of the organization and consequently the school principals for quick and timely decisions. In general, the results showed that the relationship between the dynamic conflict components of physical education teachers is based on a positive attitude in conflict resolution, in other words, to form and maintain the perception that leads to conflict behavior, communication Strengthen among teachers. Communication problems can be an important source of incompatibility and conflict formation.  }, Keywords = {Dynamic conflict, Teachers, Physical education and Sports, School.}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {179-188}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی عوامل موثر بر مولفه های تعارض پویای معلمین}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: تعارض فرآیندی است که طی آن یک حزب یا بخش معتقد است که منافع در تضاد و مخالفت با حزب یا بخش­های دیگر قرار دارد. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر، بررسی عوامل موثر بر مولفه های تعارض پویای معلمین بود. روش کار: برای انجام تحقیق توصیفی – پیمایشی حاضر از بین معلمان تربیت بدنی استان البرز بودند (150N=). با توجه به حجم افراد جامعه و روش نمونه‌گیری کل شمار تمام افراد جامعه به عنوان نمونه‌ها انتخاب شدند. سپس پرسشنامه محقق ساخته شامل 40 سوال که روایی آن توسط متخصصین مورد تأیید قرار گرفت و به منظور بررسی پایایی پرسشنامه از آزمون ضریب آلفای کرونباخ استفاده گردید (81/0) بین افراد نمونه توزیع و جمع­آوری گردید. یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد در بین عوامل موثر بر تعارض پویای معلمان تربیت بدنی عامل ارائه گزینه­هایی برای سود متقابل بیشترین بار عاملی (77/0) را داشت. و عوامل تمرکز بر آینده با یادگیری از گذشته­ها 75/0، همکاری مثبت 66/0، شفاف سازی 66/0، فضا و موقعیت 56/0، طبیعی بودن 54/0، کارهای شدنی 52/0، ملاحظه کاری 51/0، توجه به نیازها 50/0 و توافق سود متقابل 47/0 به ترتیب بیشترین بار عاملی را داشتند. همچنین عوامل جهت دهی فرهنگ پویایی تعارض ها در محیط آموزش و پرورش، حفظ ارتباطات اثربخش، اعتماد بین افراد و نهایت استفاده از منابع مختلف نقش کمک کننده دارند. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به نتایج توصیه می­شود به عوامل موثر بر مولفه­های تعارض پویای معلمین توجه ویژه شود.  }, keywords_fa = {تعارض پویا, معلمان, تربیت بدنی و ورزش, مدرسه}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7506-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7506-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Shalchian, Armin and Esmailkhani, Aylin and Razavi, Shabnam and Zahedibialvaei, Abe}, title = {A Review of the Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Infectious diseases can be caused by the direct or indirect transmission of microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, parasites or fungi. The spread of these diseases and infections may cause a global pandemic such as COVID-19. Establishing and using artificial intelligence can help scientists predict infectious diseases to prevent the spread of epidemics, understand the behavior of microorganisms, and discover drugs to control disease faster. Today, artificial intelligence is on the verge of evolving the health care system through disease-focused analysis and interventions to promote faster, more reliable, and more cost-effective solutions to human well-being. Artificial intelligence systems use cognitive computing, deep learning, variable neural networks, and machine learning and can play an important role in diagnosing, screening, monitoring, reducing the workload of caregivers, and predicting new treatments. This article reviews the potential applications of artificial intelligence in the field of infectious diseases that can help the health institutions of the global community in combating the increase of infectious diseases. Methods: To achieve the goals mentioned above, almost all articles about application of artificial intelligence in the field of medical sciences and infectious diseases was evaluated in PubMed, and Scopus databases. Results: Among the available analytical tools, artificial intelligence (AI) is recognized as the most powerful and promising tool for the human race (3). AI is the output of input sources: big data that needs to be refined, structured, and integrated. What we call big data can be defined by volume, speed, variety, variability, accuracy, and complexity. These terms refer to the amount of data, the speed of data entry and exit, the range of data types and sources, and accuracy, respectively. However, the volume and speed of data in today's healthcare are generally not high enough to require large data. However, in the context of omics, which generate hundreds of thousands of data-related topics on gene polymorphism, gene expression, metabolic, lipidomic, and proteomics, there is a need to develop better tools for identifying specific cases of general data orientation. Artificial intelligence can not only provide instant insights into the spread of disease by processing large volumes of data, but can also help predict new outbreaks. Population contact and movement tracking can be analyzed through artificial intelligence models to enable preventive measures, detection and understanding of epidemic outbreaks. In the current era of technological advancement, artificial intelligence models are widely playing an important role in analyzing massive data from various sources of infectious diseases such as national surveillance systems, reporting and monitoring systems, genome databases, outbreak reports, vaccination reports and human dynamics information. With the influx of huge volumes of data, the integration of data under primary data management and knowledge extraction enables the AI ​​program to reveal latent trends. Artificial intelligence helps to model pandemics and simulate diseases in the field of diseases so that policy makers can take effective health care measures. AI plays an important role in controlling the new Covid-19 virus and helps global influenza tracking systems by predicting new influenza outbreaks in various parts of the world, and provides immediate insight by analyzing social media communications to track potential outbreaks. Artificial intelligence applications can help prevent preventive behaviors from spreading to infectious diseases. Despite its good ability to diagnose malaria and possibly improve its diagnosis in the near future, there is a serious problem with resistance to antibacterial and antiparasitic drugs (20). Artemisinin-based combination therapy guidelines, approved 20 years ago, are now being challenged by the emergence of Plasmodium falciparum parasites with reduced susceptibility to these therapies. Mathematical modeling using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships specific to the parasite host stage predicted that artemisinin resistance was due to the resistance of the ring stages to the effect of the drug. Recent studies have also shown the use of machine learning in effectively identifying the potential antimicrobial capacity of antibiotic-candidate compounds (23). Shen et al. have developed a decision support system that can suggest a patient-specific antibiotic treatment based on factors such as body temperature, site of infection, signs / symptoms, side effects, antibacterial spectrum, and even contraindications and select drug interactions with other drugs. This was possible thanks to the significant set of data used to build the model. This system includes 507 infectious diseases and their treatment methods in combination with 332 different places of infection, 936 symptoms related to the gastrointestinal tract, reproductive system, nervous system and other systems, 371 types of complications, 838407 types of bacteria, 341 types of antibiotics. There were 1504 pairs of reaction models (antibacterial spectra) between antibiotics and bacteria, 431 pairs of drug interactions and 86 pairs of specific contraindications of specific populations of antibiotics. In another study, models were developed to reduce the use of antibiotics. Infants can experience Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), which is a symptom caused by sepsis or non-infectious agents. Because it is difficult to make clear and rapid diagnoses using classical laboratory tests, it has been shown that the best set of predictors of non-laboratory and early variables can be identified using a random Forrest method (28). The Internet of Things (IoT) gathers a wealth of information about our habits. We can predict that medicine will also benefit greatly from the IoT. Most clinical laboratory tests are performed automatically, and the complexity of the data generated can be increased. Strategies for implementing AI in health care institutions have yet to be developed (34). The first goal is to set up an advanced data management system. While most hospitals and clinics have such systems, these systems are often obsolete because they are not compatible with the type of data we produce today. In the ongoing follow-up of infectious diseases, hospitals must have a systematic way to predict the onset of nosocomial infections. However, while AI is widely seen as a threat to "shared" occupations, it should also be seen as an opportunity. Hence, hospitals, clinics and other regulatory bodies should see it as an opportunity. Recent work has shown the advantage of combining AI approaches for better detection. For example, ultrasound has been shown to be a useful tool for confirming the diagnosis of lung infection or pneumonia. This diagnosis depends on two factors: the operator's expertise and the potential bias when interpreted by the physician. Pattern-based diagnosis and image analysis have been used for automatic pneumonia grading (35). The neural network has correctly identified pneumatic infiltration (sensitivity higher than 90% and specificity 100%). In addition, geographic information about infectious diseases should be consistent with medical records and patient histories (36). It is important to immediately determine the relationship between the situation and other characteristics of patients such as professional activities, family environment, type of housing, contact with animals, etc. More preparedness for epidemics in the hospital according to the number of beds, and activation of measures Specifically tested to prevent the spread of infection. Conclusion: As discussed in this study, the use of AI and machine learning is very promising. While access to medicine in developing countries is still a (financial) constraint, the use of AI to break the transmission chain may be the best cost-effective solution in the long run. Data structure is an essential part that must be defined upstream to enable the integration and analysis of such data sharing. Increasing commodity exchanges and travel does not reduce the risk of spreading infectious diseases unless global strategic decisions are made about implementing big data architectures and integrating them into AI-based solutions.}, Keywords = {Artificial intelligence, Health Cares, Health technology, Infectious diseases, COVID-19}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {189-203}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مروری بر نقش هوش مصنوعی در تشخیص و درمان بیماریهای عفونی}, abstract_fa ={بیماری‌های عفونی می‌توانند در اثر انتقال مستقیم یا غیر مستقیم میکروارگانیسم‌ها مانند ویروس، باکتری، انگل یا قارچ ایجاد شوند. گسترش این بیماری‌ها و عفونت ممکن است باعث همه گیری جهانی عوامل میکروبی نوپدید مانند COVID-19 شود. پایه‌گذاری و استفاده از هوش مصنوعی می‌تواند به دانشمندان در پیش بینی بیماری‌های عفونی برای جلوگیری از شیوع بیماری همه گیر، درک رفتار میکروارگانیسم‌ها و همچنین در کشف سریع‌تر دارو برای مهار بیماری کمک کند. امروزه، هوش مصنوعی در آستانه تحول در سیستم مراقبت‌های بهداشتی از طریق تجزیه و تحلیل و مداخلات متمرکز و اختصاصی بیماری است تا راه حل‌های سریعتر، قابل اطمینان‌تر و اقتصادی‌تری برای رفاه بشر ترویج کند. سیستم‌های هوش مصنوعی از محاسبات شناختی، یادگیری عمیق، شبکه‌های عصبی متغیر و یادگیری ماشینی استفاده می‌کنند و می‌توانند نقش مهمی در تشخیص، غربالگری، نظارت، کاهش حجم کار مراقبین و پیش بینی درمان‌های جدید داشته باشند. این مقاله مروری با معرفی هوش مصنوعی، کاربردهای بالقوه آن را در حوزه بیماری‌های عفونی مورد بحث قرار می‌دهد که می‌تواند در مبارزه با افزایش بیماری‌های عفونی به نهادهای بهداشتی و سلامت جامعه جهانی کمک کند.}, keywords_fa = {هوش مصنوعی, مراقبت‌های بهداشتی,فناوری سلامت, بیماری‌های عفونی, کووید -19}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7225-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7225-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Afsharpour, Priya and NematolhahZadehMahani, Kazem}, title = {The Relationship between Metacognition, Emotional Schema and Rumination with Obsessive Beliefs of Second Year High School Students in Zarand City}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the most debilitating disorders and is a condition in which the patient has mental obsessions (thoughts, impulses, or repetitive images that cause anxiety or discomfort) or practical obsessions (behavior of mental actions It is repetitive that the patient feels he must do to reduce psychological pressure and avoid certain events) or both. Obsessions are persistent and inappropriate thoughts or mental images that lead to anxiety and distress. This inappropriate quality of the obsession is often referred to as "self-inconsistent," meaning that the content of the obsession is foreign to the person, is not under their control, and is not the type of thought they expect. However, a person is able to recognize that mental obsessions are the product of his own mind and are not imposed from outside. Current cognitive-behavioral approaches to obsessive-compulsive disorder emphasize the role of ineffective beliefs in creating and perpetuating the disorder. These models assume intrusive thoughts as a cognitive stimulus and negative automatic thoughts and beliefs as a cognitive response. These automatic negative beliefs and thoughts affect a person's emotions and behaviors (compulsions). Theoretically, in obsessive-compulsive disorder, negative evaluations of intrusive and unwanted thoughts have been identified in three areas, which are: the importance of thoughts; Assessments that indicate the presence and meaning of thoughts are threatening or personally important, control thoughts; Assessments that point to the need to control thoughts in order to prevent the consequences of related threatening threats and responsibility; Assessments that indicate if thoughts persist. The person will be responsible for negative events. In addition to negative evaluations, it is thought that basic ineffective beliefs are responsible for negative evaluations and the phenomenon of obsession. Obsessive beliefs are a complex and multifactorial process, and many efforts are made to identify the risk factors in tending to it, including in students who are one of the vulnerable groups. However, a person is able to recognize that obsessive beliefs are the product of his own mind and are not imposed from outside. Therefore, by identifying the components related to this structure, the possibility of more accurate and practical interventions is also provided. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between metacognition, emotional schema, and rumination with obsessive beliefs of second year high school students in Zarand city. Methods: The present study was a correlational descriptive study. The statistical population included all female students of the second year of Zarand in the academic year of 2018-2019, 1183 of which 291 were selected as the final sample using cluster random sampling. The research tools included Enil and Abedi's Metacognition Questionnaire (1996), Leahy's Emotional Schemas Questionnaire (2002), Nolen-Hoeksma and Moro's Rumination Questionnaire (1987) and Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44). Pearson's correlation and multivariate regression were used by spss-26 software. Results: The findings showed that there is a significant negative relationship between metacognitive variables and obsessive beliefs (r=-0.30) and between emotional schema and obsessive beliefs (r=-0.22) at the level of 0.001. Also, there is a significant positive relationship between rumination variables with obsessive beliefs (r=0.38) and emotional schemas (r=0.27) and a significant negative relationship between rumination and metacognition (r=0.26) at the 0.001 level. showed Also, the regression analysis showed that the value of R2 equal to 0.15 indicates that metacognitive variables and emotional schema and rumination jointly predict 16% of obsessive beliefs. According to the beta coefficient and the significance level of the studied variables, rumination, metacognition and emotional schema, respectively, have the greatest role in explaining obsessive beliefs. Conclusion: The results confirmed the significant relationship between metacognitive variables and emotional schema with obsessive beliefs inversely and showed a significant positive relationship between rumination variables and obsessive beliefs. Also, variables of metacognition, emotional schema, and rumination were able to significantly predict obsessive beliefs. Therefore, it is suggested that the management training of mental rumination and metacognition, along with schema therapy, in order to prevent issues related to obsessive beliefs, especially in teenage students, should be considered important by school and country officials and should be included in their agenda. On the other hand, according to this principle. Parents and education officials should know that injuries and tensions may be formed due to their influence, which should be deeply considered and with a calculated and planned plan through psychological experts and specialists, a path for future investigations can be created.}, Keywords = {Metacognition,Emotional Schema,Rumination,Obsessive Beliefs,Students}, volume = {29}, Number = {7}, pages = {204-213}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {رابطه فراشناخت، طرحواره هیجانی و نشخوار فکری با باورهای وسواسی دانش آموزان متوسطه دوره دوم شهر زرند}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اختلال وسواسی-جبری  یکی از ناتوان کننده­ترین اختلالات است و شرایطی است که در آن، بیمار دارای وسواس­های فکری و یا وسواس­های عملی  و یا هر دو، می­باشد. از این رو پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی رابطه فراشناخت، طرحواره هیجانی و نشخوار فکری با باورهای وسواسی دانش آموزان متوسطه دوره دوم شهر زرند صورت گرفت. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر توصیفی از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعه‌ی آماری شامل کلیه‌ی دانش آموزان دختر مقطع متوسطه دوره دوم شهر زرند در سال تحصیلی 98-97 به تعداد 1183 نفر بود که 291 نفر با استفاده از روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی خوشه­ای به عنوان نمونه نهایی انتخاب شدند. ابزار پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه فراشناخت انیل و عابدی (1996)، پرسشنامه طرحواره های هیجانی لیهی (2002)، پرسشنامه نشخوار فکری نولن-هوکسما و مورو (1987) و پرسشنامه باورهای وسواسی (OBQ-44) بود. جهت تحلیل و تجزیه داده ها از همبستگی پیرسون و رگرسیون چند متغیره توسط نرم افزار spss-26 استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها: یافته­ها نشان داد که بین متغیرهای فراشناخت با باورهای وسواسی (30/0-r=) و نیز بین طرحواره هیجانی با باورهای وسواسی (22/0-r=) رابطه منفی معناداری در سطح 001/0 وجود دارد. همچنین بین متغیرهای نشخوار فکری با باورهای وسواسی (38/0r=) و طرحواره­های هیجانی (27/0r=) رابطه مثبت معنادار و بین نشخوار فکری با  فراشناخت (26/0- r=) رابطه منفی معنادار در سطح 001/0 را نشان داد. همچنین تحلیل رگرسیون نشان داد که متغیرهای نشخوارفکری، فراشناخت و طرحواره هیجانی، به ترتیب بیشترین نقش را در تبیین باورهای وسواسی دارند. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج تاییدکننده رابطه معنادار بین متغیرهای فراشناخت و طرحواره هیجانی با باورهای وسواسی به صورت معکوس و بین متغیرهای نشخوار فکری با باورهای وسواسی رابطه مثبت معنادار است. همچنین متغیرهای فراشناخت، طرحواره هیجانی، نشخوارفکری، قادر به پیشبین معنادار باورهای وسواسی بودند. همچنین مولفه­های پیشبین تبیین معناداری از باورهای وسواسی ارائه دادند.}, keywords_fa = {فراشناخت, طرحواره هیجانی, نشخوار فکری, باورهای وسواسی, دانش آموزان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8401-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8401-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ramezanifarkhani, Ahmad and Vafadar, Mehdi and Zarei, Elham}, title = {Comparison 0f Ultrasound Findings with Voiding Cystourethrography in Detecting Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) is a common urinary tract disorder among pediatric population and defined as the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters and renal collecting systems due to a failure in the ureterovesical valve function (1). Identifying children with VUR at an early age provides an opportunity to prevent episodes of acute pyelonephritis and the consequent renal scarring (2) . Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) is the modality of choice for diagnosis and grading of VUR (3). In VCUG, the child is catheterized and radiocontrast material is injected through the catheter to fill the bladder (3). Disadvantages of this procedure are catheterization discomfort, complications and considerable radiation exposure of the children who are relatively more vulnerable to the adverse effects of ionizing radiation. In addition, the risk of carcinogenesis is higher in children as they have a longer life expectancy following the procedure than adults (4). Considering the mentioned disadvantages of VCUG, many attempts have been made to find a non-invasive alternative modality with adequate accuracy to detect VUR. Ultrasound (US) is a proper modality for evaluation pediatric urinary tract system due to its accuracy, accessibility and non-invasiveness (5, 6). However, there is controversy among clinicians regarding the accuracy of US for diagnosis of VUR. VCUG allows grading of VUR using the five-level International Reflux Scale (IRS). Grade of VUR is strongly associated with the outcomes such as spontaneous resolution, recurrence of UTI and renal scarring (7). Recent guidelines recommend clinical decision-making based on the grade of VUR on VCUG, including observation (without medical therapy) for selected children with grade I or II VUR But higher grades of VUR need medical or surgical interventions (7, 8). The diagnostic accuracy of VCUG for diagnosing reflux is very high and nearly 100% for high-grades of reflux (grade III -V) (9). The objective of our study was to determine the accuracy of ultrasound for detecting VUR in comparison with VCUG in children with UTI. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the total numbers of 540 children younger than  8 years old with UTI referred to Ali-Asghar children’s hospital, a pediatric center in Tehran, Iran were enrolled, from April 2017 to May 2019. All patients underwent US and VCUG to detect VUR. All patients with obstructive nephropathy were excluded from the study. US was performed immediately after diagnosis, and VCUG were performed after the resolution of fever and confirmation of a negative urine culture. US was performed by a single radiologist using a Philips Affiniti 50 ultrasound machine  with 4–7 MHz convex  and  7-10 MHZ linear transducers with the bladder being both full and empty. The most important ultrasonographic findings related to VUR, were dilatation of the renal pelvis or the ureter. Additionally, changes in kidneys size and cortical echogenicity, reduction in the thickness of renal parenchyma, irregularity of the kidneys margin, and increase of urothelial thickening were also noted. Grading system for VUR on VCUG is according to the International Reflux Study Committee: o   Grade I: reflux into the ureter; o   Grade II: reflux into the ureter and renal pelvis without dilatation; o   Grade III: reflux with mild dilatation; o   Grade IV: reflux with moderate dilatation, rounded fornices; o   Grade V: gross dilatation of the ureter, ureter tortuosity, papillary obliteration. Grades I and II were classified as low grade and grades III, IV, and V as high grade reflux (7). We used the mean and standard deviation and percent for reporting the descriptive statistics of quantitative and qualitative variables, respectively. Qualitative variables were compared using the Chi square test and one way analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) was used to compare the mean of quantitative variables. We used the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, overall accuracy and kappa agreement coefficient to investigate the efficacy of US for prediction of VUR based on the actual presence or absence of VUR confirmed by VCUG. Data was analyzed using Stata software, version 12 (StataCorp, TX) and p-value <0.05 was considered as the level of significant. Results: Among 572 patients evaluated for VUR, 540 patients entered our study. A total of 269 (49.8%) were boys and 271(50.2%) were girls. All patients underwent VCUG and US. Mean age of children who had VUR was 2.5 years old. Fifty-three cases (37%) had low-grades and 90 cases (63%) had high-grades of VUR. US was abnormal in 97 of 143 patients (67.8%) with confirmed VUR on VCUG and in 163 of 397 cases (41%) without VUR on VCUG. The overall sensitivity and NPV of US for detecting VUR were 67.83% and 37.31%, respectively. Among 90 children with high-grade VUR (grade III–V) on VCUG, 72 (80%) had abnormal findings on US and sensitivity and NPV of US among these cases, were 88% and 93.6 % respectively. All cases of grade V and 83.9% of grade IV VURs had abnormal US findings. Conclusion: There is considerable interest in prompt and early detection of VUR as it is linked to recurrent UTIs, renal scarring and renal insufficiency. VCUG is the modality of choice for detecting VUR (10, 11). However, owing to some disadvantages such as bladder catheterization and pediatric radiation exposure, there is a growing interest in finding alternative and less invasive methods with acceptable accuracy to detect VUR (12). In this study, we evaluated the accuracy of US in predicting VUR among children hospitalized with UTI. Several studies have evaluated the efficacy of US in diagnosis of VUR and their results have been conflicting with some reporting unreliability of ultrasound in evaluation of VUR. Mehnat and colleagues showed that the sensitivity and specificity of US for detecting VUR were 40% and 76%, respectively and demonstrated that renal US was neither sensitive nor specific for detection of VUR in children with a first-time UTI (11). In another investigation, Adibi and colleagues demonstrated the sensitivity, specificity; NPV and PPV of US in diagnosis of VUR were 70.9%, 51.4%, 69.6% and 52.9% respectively. They suggested that US is a sensitive but not specific method in diagnosis of VUR (12). In a review article in 2016, Shaikh N. and colleagues concluded that US could not replace VCUG in detecting VUR. On the other hand, some studies reported that US is a reliable modality for evaluation of VUR (3). Hey-young Lee and colleagues demonstrated that 95.3% of high grade VUR cases could be detected by US . However, they also stated that the diagnosis of VUR by US had some limitations in cases of low-grad VUR and detection ratio of these cases was only 62.5% (13). Similar to other investigations, we found that sensitivity and specificity  of US to detect low-grade VURs are low (respectively 67.83% and 58.94%). However for high-grade VURs, the sensitivity (88%) and NPV (93.6 %) of US are acceptable. Regarding high frequency of spontaneous resolution of low grade VUR while children grow up, it can be recommended that VCUG be performed only in children with abnormal findings on US, avoiding many unnecessary VCUG procedures. Although ultrasound is not sufficiently accurate to detect all grades of VUR, but has enough sensitivity and NPV for ruling out high-grade VUR. So avoiding unnecessary VCUG in children with normal ultrasound finding is recommended.  }, Keywords = {Urinary tract infection, Vesicoureteral reflux, Ultrasound, VCUG}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه یافته های سونوگرافی با سیستواورتروگرافی در تشخیص ریفلاکس ادراری در کودکان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: هدف ما ارزیابی کارایی سونوگرافی جهت یافتن ریفلاکس وزیکواورترال  در مقایسه با VCUG در میان کودکان بستری در بیمارستان به علت عفونت سیستم ادراری می‌باشد. روش کار: در این مطالعه مقطعی، مجموع 540 کودک با عفونت ادراری که در حد فاصل سال‌های 1396 تا 1398 به علت عفونت ادراری در بیمارستان بستری شده بودند مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. برای همه بیماران سونوگرافی و VCUG انجام شد. ACCURACY  و حساسیت و اختصاصیت و ارزش پیش گویی کننده منفی (NPV) و ارزش پیش‌گویی‌کننده مثبت (PPV) و ضریب AGGREEMENT کاپا برای مقایسه نتایج سونوگرافی  با نتایج VCUG مورد استفاده قرارگرفت. یافته‌ها: از میان 540 بیمار، ریفلاکس در 143 کودک در VCUG  یافت شد که شامل 40 مورد (%63) گرید بالا بود. سونوگرافی در 97 مورد از 143 کودک (8/67 %) با ریفلاکس ثابت شده در VCUG  غیرطبیعی بود. ACCURACY  و حساسیت و اختصاصیت و NPV  و PPV  برای سونوگرافی به ترتیب 3/61% ، 38/67% ، 94/58%، %3/37 و 5/83% بود . در میان کودکان با گرید بالای ریفلاکس در VCUG، حساسیت و اختصاصیت و NPV  برای سونوگرافی  به ترتیب 88% ، 2/58 % و 6/93% بود . نتیجه‌گیری: اگرچه سونوگرافی دارای دقت تشخیصی کافی جهت یافتن تمامی گریدهای ریفلاکس وزیکواورترال نمی‌باشد اما دارای حساسیت و NPV  کافی برای رد موارد گرید بالای ریفلاکس می‌باشد. به طوری‌که می‌توان از انجام VCUG غیرضروری در کودکان با سونوگرافی نرمال چشم پوشی کرد.  }, keywords_fa = {عفونت سیستم ادراری,ریفلاکس وزیکواورترال, سونوگرافی,سیستواورتروگرافی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7492-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7492-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Barzegari, Ali and AmouzadMahdirejei, Hassan and Hanani, Masoumeh and Yaghoubi, Mohadese Sadat and Delfanihosseiny, Seyedeh Neda and Salehi, Anahita and Kia, Fatemeh}, title = {The Effect of a Period of Swimming Exercise on Glucose and Insulin in Mice with Autism}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Autism is one of the neurological diseases that lead to changes in hormone levels. Therefore, the aim of this study was to the effect of a swimming exercise course on glucose and insulin in mice with autism. Scientific research has shown that people with autism have behavioral disorders including anxiety and depression. These patients are mostly isolated from social activities. The causes of this disease are not fully known, however, research by scientists in the last two decades has shown that accidents or the use of certain chemical drugs during fetal and early life can increase the risk of developing this disease in children. Clinical and animal evidence has shown the relationship between increased inflammation in the brain and autism. However, which brain area is involved in this disease is not completely clear. Although extensive research has been conducted on pharmacological and behavioral treatments, the response to these treatments has been largely unsuccessful. One method that has attracted researchers' attention in recent years is the use of sports protocols from adolescence to adulthood to reduce neurobehavioral disorders in adulthood. In addition, exercise has been confirmed as a factor in lowering inflammatory levels in the body and brain. Also, recent studies have shown that sports activities can reduce behavioral disorders including anxiety and depression, and increase social behaviors. Therefore, in this study, we decided to investigate the therapeutic effects of swimming in an animal model of autism on behavioral disorders, including anxiety, depression, and social behaviors, as well as the level of inflammation in the hippocampus and prefrontal brain regions, which are involved in these neurological disorders. Methods: The present study was approved by the code of ethics IR.PNU.REC.1400.269 in the Code of Ethics Commission of Payam Noor University. C57BL6 female and male mice with an approximate age of 80-90 days and a weight of 20-22 grams were maintained under light conditions of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness and a temperature of 23 ± 1 degrees Celsius, with sufficient water and food at their disposal. was placed After two weeks of adaptation to the environment, each male and female animal was placed in a cage for mating, then the next morning the vaginal plaque was checked as an indicator of pregnancy. In order to cause autism disease in mice, the animals were divided into control and autism groups on the 12th day of pregnancy (each group of pregnant mice included 10 heads). In the autism group, pregnant rats received a dose of 600 mg/kg intraperitoneally with sodium valproate. After that, children were allowed to be born. At the age of 21 days, the children were separated from the mother by gender and kept in groups of 5 in each separate cage. On the 28th day after birth (one week after separation from the mother), the juvenile animals were divided into 4 groups of 10 as follows: the control group that does not exercise, the control group that exercises, the autism group that They don't exercise, the autism group who exercise. The animals were subjected to swimming exercise for 8 weeks (56 days) from the age of 28 days to the age of 56 days. The training was done 5 days a week, and in this protocol, the animals rested 2 days a week. The results were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance using SPSS-26 software, and the significance level was considered less than 0.05. Results: The results of the one-way analysis of variance test showed that there is no significant difference in the weight of mice of different research groups. Also, the results of the one-way analysis of variance showed that there is a statistically significant difference in the level of glucose in the mice of the research groups. The results of Tukey's post hoc test showed that the glucose level in the autism group with exercise has a significant decrease compared to the control group without exercise and also compared to the autism group without exercise (P value is equal to P ≥ 0.000 and P ≥ 0.016 respectively), also the glucose level in the autism group without exercise was significantly lower than in the control group without exercise (P ≥ 0.001). Also, the results of the one-way analysis of variance test showed that there is a statistically significant difference in insulin levels in the mice of the research groups (P<0.001). The results of Tukey's post hoc test showed that the insulin level in the autism group with exercise has a significant increase compared to the control group without exercise and also compared to the autism group without exercise (P value is equal to P ≥ 0.001 and P ≥ 0.000 respectively). Conclusion: Exercise decreased glucose and insulin in autistic mice, so it is suggested to use the swimming training protocol to improve the physical and hormonal condition of autistic patients. Scientific research has shown that people with autism have behavioral disorders including anxiety and depression. These patients are mostly isolated from social activities. The causes of this disease are not fully known, however, research by scientists in the last two decades has shown that accidents or the use of certain chemical drugs during fetal and early life can increase the risk of developing this disease in children Clinical and animal evidence has shown the relationship between increased inflammation in the brain and autism. However, which brain area is involved in this disease is not completely clear. Although extensive research has been conducted on pharmacological and behavioral treatments, the response to these treatments has been largely unsuccessful. One method that has attracted researchers' attention in recent years is the use of sports protocols from adolescence to adulthood to reduce neurobehavioral disorders in adulthood. In addition, exercise has been confirmed as a factor in lowering inflammatory levels in the body and brain. Also, recent studies have shown that sports activities can reduce behavioral disorders including anxiety and depression, and increase social behaviors. Therefore, in this study, we decided to investigate the therapeutic effects of swimming in an animal model of autism on behavioral disorders, including anxiety, depression, and social behaviors, as well as the level of inflammation in the hippocampus and prefrontal brain regions, which are involved in these neurological disorders.  }, Keywords = {swimming practice, glucose, insulin, autism}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {8-16}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر یک دوره ورزش شنا بر روی گلوکز و انسولین موشهای مبتلا به اوتیسم}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اوتیسم یکی از بیماری­های عصبی می­باشد که منجر به تغییرات در سطوح هورمون­ها می‌گردد. لذا هدف پژوهش حاضر تأثیر ورزش شنا بر روی گلوکز و انسولین موش­های اوتیسمی بود. روش­ کار: موش­های ماده و نر نژاد C57BL6 پس از دو هفته سازگاری با محیط، به منظور جفت­گیری درون یک قفس قرار داده شدند. سپس به منظور ایجاد بیماری در موش­ها، حیوانات در روز 12 بارداری به دو گروه کنترل و اوتیسم تقسیم شدند. در گروه اوتیسم، موش­های باردار یک دوز 600 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم به صورت صفاقی داروی والپروات دریافت کردند. پس از آن اجازه داده شد تا فرزندان بدنیا بیایند. حیوانات در سن نوجوانی به 4 گروه و هر 10 سر (اوتیسم بدون ورزش، اوتیسم با ورزش، کنترل بدون ورزش، کنترل با ورزش) تقسیم شدند. حیوانات از سن 28 روزگی تا سن 56 روزگی به مدت 8 هفته (56 روز) تحت انجام ورزش شنا قرار گرفتند. یافته ­ها: نتایج آزمون تحلیل واریانس یک­طرفه نشان داد که تفاوت معناداری بین سطح گلوکز و انسولین در موش­های گروه­های تحقیق وجود دارد. نتایج آزمون تعقیبی توکی نشان داد که سطح گلوکز در گروه اوتیسم با ورزش نسبت به گروه کنترل بدون ورزش و اوتیسم بدون ورزش کاهش معناداری دارد. در حالی که سطح انسولین در گروه اوتیسم با ورزش نسبت به گروه کنترل بدون ورزش و اوتیسم بدون ورزش افزایش معناداری دارد. نتیجه ­گیری: تمرینات ورزشی سبب کاهش گلوکز و انسولین در موش­های اوتیسمی شدند لذا پیشنهاد می­شود از پروتکل تمرین شنا جهت بهبود وضعیت هورمونی بیماران اوتیسمی استفاده گردد.  }, keywords_fa = {تمرین شنا, گلوکز, انسولین, اوتیسم}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7778-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7778-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Farnyian, Asghar and Naderpour, Babak and Bolandian, Gholam Hosein and Darabi, Ali}, title = {Investigating the Role and Treatment of Virtual Social Networks on Mental Health and Violence in Youth}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Most teens use the Internet as a tool to build and maintain relationships with their peers. This rich culture strongly influences the technology, skills and interests of young people and adolescents. Students are among the most users of virtual networks due to their literacy. Students are one of the most used users of virtual networks due to their extracurricular activities. However, the negative effects of the use of communication technologies and social networks in the form of violence are undeniable. Anger, violence and aggression are in fact a kind of emotion and behavior in conflict with civilization. Civilization is a quality of social behavior in which there is a kind of consensus on the boundaries of privacy. Undoubtedly, young people, especially students, are more prone to civilization than violence. Despite their risks, social media can bring benefits if used properly. Social violence Unfortunately, today it affects a wide range of young people in our society, and this is worrying for our society in transition, which needs a healthy youth force and wants to leave its future in the hands of these young people. Iran has a young age structure, so the study of youth issues and problems is one of the research priorities. One of the most important issues in relation to young people at all levels of society (government, education, family, etc.) is the issue of behavioral disorders of young people in the form of violence. Among the youth anomalies, aggression is more pronounced and its frequency is higher and in terms of increasing the age of aggression in underdeveloped societies such as Iran, is one of the most important social issues of peripheral countries, especially peripheral countries with young age structure. Numerous reports in journals and researches indicate the frequency of aggression and its increase and spread among young people and the increasing and increasing issue of youth aggression. Aggressive behavioral patterns are becoming more prevalent among young people and even girls. In the current situation, the society in transition in Iran is facing many social, intellectual and cultural problems, and the student youth are an important part of the human capital of the society. Understanding the role of these networks in reducing violence and improving mental health in society can be explored, given the two-way and reciprocal approach between student users and social networks. The answer is yes. Violence and mental health are related to each other. The existence of violence is one of the social harms that has harmful physical and psychological effects and the role of cyberspace on it is not known; Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of the therapeutic role of virtual social networks on mental health and violence in young people. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted with a mixed approach. The statistical population of the study was the qualitative section of the experts of the university complex of the province and in the quantitative section, the students of the Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch and Allameh Tabatabai University. Using Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected as a statistical sample and selected by available random sampling method. Data collection tools were semi-structured interview and researcher-made questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using LISREL and SPSS20 software. Results: The results showed that control of social networks leads to improved levels of violence and mental health in young people (p <0.05). Conclusion: In general, it can be said that the correct use of social networks is effective in reducing violence and increasing mental health among adolescents and young students; Therefore, it is necessary to provide the necessary training to young people and families on the proper use of virtual social networks. The phenomenon of violence is pervasive and does not belong to a particular community, although its extent varies from country to country or from city to city; Nevertheless, it can be said that most societies suffer from it. Violence is a new and common injury in society. Violent children try to dominate other children through physical or verbal violence. But given the dire consequences of aggression, it must be prevented. Of course, it should be noted that in order to control aggression, one should not punish the aggressive child. Rather, proper guidance of punishment in certain circumstances by parents, educators, and the police can lead to the correction of aggressive behavior, in which case punishment is applied in a controlled manner. But the best way to control aggression seems to be for children to learn how to control their anger and to better manage their actions and manage opportunities for aggression based on the social behaviors of others. Knowing the characteristics of each stage of development, Strengthening children's social behaviors such as: cooperating, participating, expressing empathy and empathy, warning of the possible consequences of aggressive behavior, gently punishing the aggressor, punishing aggression patterns, keeping the aggressor away from the place of aggression Strengthen anti-aggression behaviors, provide a set of arguments about the dangers and consequences of aggression with the aggressor or victims of aggression. Virtual society will never replace real society; Rather, it will act as a facilitator of social experiences. Communication facilities allow us to connect with communities of common interest in new ways globally and remotely. As a result, by joining these "remote communities" we will be able to build better social relationships with neighbors, colleagues and other citizens in the real world in the real world. Each social network has its own communication culture, that is, it has chosen a special and unique character and speech. Of course, one can find networks that have adopted an imitative communication culture. By joining any social network, a person becomes involved in a certain type of communication culture, which includes: attitude, reliance on words, special terms, behavior, personality and appearance type, and so on. Undoubtedly, the degree to which a person is affected by this environment will not be absolute zero. So each social network promotes its desired identity. For example, on sites such as Facebook, FriendFeed, and Twitter, the user not only joins the large community of the site in question, but also joins smaller groups and social networks. Each of these groups has its own affiliation and, consequently, a specific communication culture. Thus, in being influenced by the communication culture of these groups, one finds it necessary to change one's communication identity, that is, the style and identity of one's general actions in relation to others; Although this change of identity is temporary and limited to a specific time and place; But without a doubt, it will not be ineffective in the real identity of the person. According to the research results, it is suggested that the necessary training be given to young people and families in the field of proper use of virtual social networks, as well as the production and construction of programs and software for familiarity and free training on how to use the network. Social activities and increase motivation among young people to participate in associations and group organizations and institutional relationships.  }, Keywords = {Virtual network, violence, mental health.}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {17-25}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی نقش درمانی شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی بر سلامت روانی و خشونت در جوانان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: خشونت و سلامت روانی یک رابطه دو سویه با هم دارند که وجود خشونت یکی از آسیب‌های اجتماعی است که اثرات زیانبار جسمی، روانی به همراه دارد و نقش فضای مجازی بر آن شناخته شده نیست؛ بنابراین تحقیق حاضر با هدف نقش درمانی شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی بر سلامت روانی و خشونت در جوانان انجام گردید. روش کار: این مطالعه تحلیلی-توصیفی با رویکرد آمیخته انجام شد. جامعه آماری تحقیق در بخش کیفی خبرگان مجتمع دانشگاهی ولایت و در بخش کمی، دانشجویان دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی و دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی بودند. با استفاده از فرمول کوکران تعداد 384 نفر به عنوان نمونه آماری تعیین و به روش تصادفی در دسترس انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها مصاحبه نیمه ساختار یافته و پرسشنامه محقق ساخته بود. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهای لیزرل و SPSS20 انجام شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد، کنترل شبکه‌های اجتماعی منجر به بهبود سطح خشونت و سلامت روانی در جوانان می‌شود (05/0>p). نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان بیان کرد که بکارگیری صحیح شبکه‌های اجتماعی بر کاهش خشونت و افزایش سلامت روانی در بین نوجوانان و جوانان دانشجو مؤثر است؛ لذا لازم است تا آموزش­های لازم به جوانان و خانواده­ها در زمینه استفاده صحیح از شبکه­های اجتماعی مجازی داده شود.}, keywords_fa = {شبکه‌ مجازی, خشونت, سلامت روانی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7130-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7130-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Shariatkia, Seyed Nourodin and Salehi, Mohammad and Taghvaie, Maryam}, title = {Presenting a Sustainable University Model on the Development of Critical Psychological Thinking in The Country\'s Major Medical Universities}, abstract ={Background & Aims: With the change in the development paradigm from economic development to sustainable development, the role and function of the higher education system have undergone fundamental changes. Universities play a key role in transforming society into a sustainable society; Because they have the power to educate world leaders and empower them to carry out research activities to create a sustainable future. Sustainable universities have different organizational cultures that value "inclusion" and seek to promote it. Therefore, these universities play an important role in changing society and educating the new generation of citizens and leaders. Considering that universities of medical sciences play an essential role in promoting the health of society, therefore, it is recommended that to evaluate the sustainability of the university, careful planning should be done by the managers and practitioners of the higher health education system. From this point of view, the higher education system needs universities that, in terms of organizational structure, human capital, educational and research processes, etc., are the foundation for the realization of sustainable higher education in particular and sustainable development in general; A university with such characteristics is called a sustainable university. To take the first important step in the process of becoming a sustainable university, the theorists and practitioners of the university environment emphasize conducting an assessment of the sustainability situation in the university. In this context, the transformation and innovation package in medical science education has been implemented by the Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education. One of the packages deals with the discussion of moving toward the fourth universities, which refers to three general policies of institutionalizing the intellectual capital approach in the health system; Presence in the regional and global educational arenas, and the production and localization of valid scientific evidence for the promotion of higher health education. It can be said that a sustainable university is a university whose philosophy is based on essential rationality and systemic thinking, and by taking advantage of an interdisciplinary approach in education and research, it identifies and solves problems affecting human societies in a transactional manner, and its ultimate goal is the realization of sustainable development for current and future generations. The immediate and future benefits of the current research are identifying the dimensions of the sustainable university in macro medical sciences universities of region one, creating relative awareness of the concept of sustainable university, presenting a model of the impact of sustainable university with the fourth generation approach on developing critical thinking skills. Also, carrying out short-term planning in the university based on the findings of the research to promote the sustainable university program and develop critical thinking skills, helping the officials and managers of the universities of medical sciences in the first region to develop long-term sustainable university strategies is one of the practical consequences of this. It is research. Therefore, considering the importance and role of educational and academic organizations, including the records of universities of medical sciences and their impressive impact on the progress of the country, the field of higher education management must have a national determination and a realistic view with hope for the future and move forward in the path The implementation of the statement of transformation and innovation packages has been taken. Therefore, according to the presented materials, the main question of the current research is: What is the impact of the sustainable university with the fourth-generation approach on intellectual capital and the development of critical thinking skills in the macro medical sciences universities of Region 1 to provide a model? Methods: The present research was conducted with a mixed approach. The statistical population in the qualitative section was 23 professors of the universities of macro-medical sciences in the first region who had the academic rank of associate professor and above, and in the quantitative section, there were 1851 professors of the academic staff of the macro-medical sciences universities in the first region of the country's health sector. In the qualitative section, 17 people were selected using the purposeful sampling method, and in the quantitative section, 320 people were selected as a statistical sample based on Cochran's formula. To collect data, the questionnaire made by the researcher of University and Rajaei's critical thinking skills questionnaire (2013) was used. Results: According to R2 values and path coefficients, it can be concluded that the relationship between the sustainable university and critical thinking (with a path coefficient of 0.371 and R2 value equal to 0.138 and T-statistic of 6.227) is positive and significant. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that the relationship of a sustainable university with critical thinking is positive and meaningful, that is, it not only provides a platform for setting goals and activities but also translates sustainability issues into a language that is understandable for the decision makers of higher schools and universities. This audit can be used as a means of celebrating and raising awareness about past achievements as well as a commitment to improving the future. Among the limitations of the present study, are the difficulty of communicating with some university professors and determining the time required to conduct interviews and the low accuracy of some of the subjects in studying the questions and answering them. From there, one of the most important factors in promoting such a program is the existence of organizational rules and regulations, so it is suggested that universities formulate a charter and guidelines for the implementation of such a method. By analyzing and investigating, various issues and issues of educational, research, and professional development are identified and measures are taken to resolve them through the use of a sustainable university. To foster critical thinking, the educational system can be developed through the development of the text curriculum. The horse will take care of this. The goals of the curriculum play a role by providing a suitable platform and directing educational activities and resources. In cultivating critical thinking, the content and the process should be considered together, and it should not be enough to transfer some information in textbooks. Using diverse resources and organizing textbooks richly can help to develop students' critical thinking.  }, Keywords = {Sustainable University, Critical Thinking, Psychological, University of Medical Sciences}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {26-35}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارایه مدل دانشگاه پایدار بر توسعه تفکر انتقادی روانشناختی در دانشگاه‌های علوم پزشکی کلان کشور}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: با تغییر پارادایم توسعه از توسعه اقتصادی به توسعه پایدار، نقش و کارکرد نظام آموزش‌عالی نیز دچار تحولات اساسی شده است. لذا هدف کلی پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تأثیر دانشگاه پایدار بر پرورش مهارت‌های تفکر انتقادی روانشناختی در دانشگاه‌های علوم پزشکی کلان منطقه یک به منظور ارایه مدل است. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد آمیخته انجام شد. جامعه آماری در بخش کیفی، اساتید دانشگاه‌های علوم پزشکی کلان منطقه یک که دارای مرتبه علمی دانشیار و بالاتر بودند به تعداد 23 نفر و در بخش کمی، اساتید هیات علمی دانشگاه‌های علوم پزشکی کلان منطقه یک آمایش آموزش عالی بخش سلامت کشور به تعداد 1851 نفربودند که در بخش کیفی با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند، تعداد 17 نفر و در بخش کمی بر اساس فرمول کوکران، تعداد 320 نفر به عنوان نمونه آماری انتخاب شدند. جهت جمع آوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته دانشگاه پایدار و پرسشنامه مهارت‌های تفکر انتقادی رجایی (1393) استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: با توجه به مقادیر R2 و ضرایب مسیر می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که رابطه دانشگاه پایدار با تفکر انتقادی (با ضریب مسیر 371/0 و مقدار R2 برابر با 138/0 و آماره تی 227/6) مثبت و معنادار می‌باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان گفت که نقش تفکر انتقادی در دانشگاه پایدار نه تنها بستری را برای تنظیم اهداف و فعالیت‌ها فراهم می‌نماید، بلکه مسائل پایداری را به زبانی که برای تصمیم گیرندگان مدارس عالی و دانشگاه‌ها قابل فهم باشد ترجمه می‌کند.  }, keywords_fa = {دانشگاه پایدار, تفکر انتقادی, روانشناختی,دانشگاه علوم پزشکی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7441-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7441-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mahmoudiani, Serajeddin and Rafiei, Seyedeh Reyhaneh}, title = {The Impact of Demographic and Health Variables on the Likelihood of Permanent Childlessness among Iranian Women: A Two-Level Analysis}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Considering the changes in fertility in Iran and reaching below the replacement level, the study of infertility is of great importance. intentional childlessness refers to women who are of childbearing age but do not intend to have children. Women who are referred to as "voluntary" or "voluntary childless" women are confronted with women who do not currently have children but will experience childbearing in the future and are called "temporary childless." Those who want to have children but cannot have children due to fertility problems are called involuntary children (1). Childlessness at the end of the reproductive years, or in other words, the same percentage of childless women in the age groups of 40-44 or 49-45, is called permanent or lifelong childlessness (2). Social changes in the educational and occupational status of women are among the most important causes of voluntary and involuntary childlessness (3). In general, on the one hand, relatively few studies have been conducted on childlessness in Iran, and on the other hand, few studies have been conducted on a significant sample of the population. In addition, studies have emphasized individual characteristics while individuals are at higher social levels and are also influenced by macro-social conditions and structures. The present study seeks to use the micro-level data from the 2016 census to examine permanent childlessness among women aged 40 to 49 years and to cover the above study gap to some extent. For this purpose, two categories of variables will be considered in explaining childlessness. Individual characteristics and variables that indicate the health, demographic, and economic status of the provinces of the country. Methods: In the present study, a quantitative approach, a secondary data analysis method, and a multi-level analysis technique have been used. The main difference between this article and other previous articles is the use of two-level analysis method. With this method, the effect of individual and macro variables can be examined simultaneously. The statistical population includes all Iranian women aged 40 to 49 years, and the sample includes 85,799 of the mentioned women, which is available in the raw data of 2% of the 2016 census. To study permanent childlessness, it has been suggested that women aged 45 to 49 years or even 40 to 44 years should be considered. The 49-year-old childless person is considered a permanent childless person. In the present study, the first level units, i.e., the people within the second level units or provinces, are nested. The above model shows how the variables at one level affect other levels. Childlessness (code 0-having a child, code 1-childless) is a dependent variable that is made using the variable of the total number of live children born to women. Women between the ages of 40 and 49 who had no live children were defined as childless, and women with at least one live child were defined as having children. Age, place of residence, educational status, and employment status are the first level independent variables. General marriage rate (per thousand), general divorce rate (per thousand), urbanization as macro-population variables, total economic participation rate of 15 years and older, total unemployment rate of 15 years and above, Gini coefficient in urban areas and total inflation rate as macroeconomic variables and finally the ratio of the number of active hospitals to the population (number to one hundred thousand people), the ratio of the number of beds in hospital wards to the population (number to ten thousand people), the penetration rate of health insurance (percentage) And social insurance penetration rate (percentage) are considered as major health variables. Results: The findings of this study showed that the childlessness rate in the provinces of the country fluctuates between 3 and about 6%. North Khorasan province has the lowest proportion of childless women, while Bushehr province has the highest proportion of childless women. This ratio shows that childlessness in Iran is not yet at a worrying level, but nevertheless, finding a way to reduce these ratios and preventing their increase can prevent a sharp decline in the current level of fertility in the future. Statistical tests show that the probability of childlessness increases with age. The effect of age on childlessness has been confirmed in some previous studies (10). Rural women are less likely to have childlessness than urban women. Unemployed women are also less likely to have permanent childlessness than employed women. Women with a high school diploma and a university degree are less likely to have childlessness than women with a university degree. The effect of residence, employment status, and education on childlessness has also been shown in other studies (3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10). The research findings also showed that with the increase in the general rate of marriage, the probability of permanent childlessness for women in the provinces decreases. Increasing urbanization significantly reduces the possibility of permanent childlessness for women in the provinces. Increasing the economic participation rate of the population of the province significantly reduces the probability of permanent childlessness, and in contrast to increasing the unemployment rate of the population of the province, significantly increases the probability of permanent childlessness of women in those provinces. Considering the significant relationships that were mentioned in the findings section, it can be concluded that macro-demographic and economic variables are more important in predicting the likelihood of permanent childlessness in women. Health variables had no statistically significant effect on the status of permanent childlessness of women living in those provinces. This does not mean that this group of variables is not important, but it can be due to the fact that the health status of the provinces has a high degree of convergence and relative similarity, and therefore they have not had a significant impact. Conclusion: Improving the economic situation, reducing the unemployment rate, providing a ground for marriage and trying to reduce the divorce rate can reduce permanent childlessness. Reducing the unemployment rate means improving the welfare and economic status of families; providing a ground for marriage means people entering into relationships that could potentially lead to childbearing; and reducing divorce rates means increasing the chances of having children among the population. Therefore, in general and as for policy proposals based on the results of the present study, it can be said that job creation at the macro level, which can reduce both unemployment and relative well-being for families, efforts to provide the basic requirements of marriage and prevent the increase in the age of marriage by providing suitable housing and facilities to solve this problem in society, as well as planning to strengthen family and marital ties and reduce the divorce rate, such as holding counseling classes for couples on the verge of divorce, can prevent an increase in the proportion of permanent childlessness in the future.}, Keywords = {Women, Permanent Childlessness, Economic Participation Rate, Urbanization Rate, Education}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {36-45}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر متغیرهای جمعیتی و بهداشتی بر احتمال بی فرزندی دائمی در بین زنان ایرانی: یک تحلیل دو سطحی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: در دهه­های اخیر باروری زنان در ایران به زیر سطح جایگزینی رسیده است. از این­رو بی­فرزندی دائمی از مهمترین موضوعات حوزه باروری است که می­تواند آینده جمعیتی کشور را تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. برای این منظور تلاش شده است که متغیرهای فردی و کلان بهداشتی، جمعیتی و اقتصادی تأثیرگذار بر احتمال بی­فرزندی دائمی آزمون و بررسی شوند. روش کار: در تحقیق حاضر داده­ها­ی سطح فردی از سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن سال 1395 و اطلاعات کلان نیز از تازه­ترین اطلاعات بهداشتی و اقتصادی مرکز آمار ایران گرفته شد. اطلاعات فوق­الذکر براساس مدل دو سطحی در محیط نرم افزار HLM نسخه 03/6 تحلیل شد. یافته ­ها: یافته­های تحقیق حاضر نشان داد که با افزایش سن احتمال بی­فرزندی بیشتر خواهد شد. احتمال بی­فرزندی در بین زنان روستایی کمتر از زنان شهری است. یافته­ها همچنین نشان داد که تحصیلات تأثیر معنی­دار بر احتمال بی­فرزندی دارد. افزایش میزان عمومی ازدواج احتمال بی­فرزندی دائمی را کاهش خواهد داد. افزایش میزان شهرنشینی به کاهش معنی­دار احتمال بی­فرزندی دائمی انجامید. افزایش نرخ مشارکت اقتصادی و کاهش نرخ بیکاری جمعیت باعث کاهش معنی­دار احتمال بی­فرزندی دائمی شد. نتیجه­ گیری: بهبود وضعیت اقتصادی، تسهیل ازدواج و کاهش میزان­های طلاق می­تواند احتمال بی­فرزندی دائمی را کاهش دهد. بهبود وضعیت اقتصادی می­تواند توانایی خانواده­ها برای تأمین هزینه­های مرتبط با داشتن فرزند را افزایش دهد. تسهیل ازدواج می­تواند باعث قرار گرفتن افراد در معرض فرزندآوری و مانع از کوتاه شده طول دوره فرزندآوری شود. کاهش میزان­های طلاق می­تواند زوجین را در رابطه زناشویی نگه دارد که به­طور بالقوه احتمال فرزندآوری را به­دنبال خواهد داشت.}, keywords_fa = {زنان, بی‌فرزندی دائمی, نرخ مشارکت اقتصادی, میزان شهرنشینی, تحصیلات}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7304-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7304-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Boyerahmadi, Amin and ghalavand, Akbar and RhmaniGhobadi, Marya and Ayashizadeh, Kobra and Sefidari, Azadeh Sadat}, title = {A Review of the Role of Carbohydrates in the Sports Nutrition of Soccer Players}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Soccer is a very dynamic and fast team game with a richness of movement, which is in the group of multi-structured sports games; Soccer is a sport characterized by numerous, complex, and dynamic kinematics activities with rotational or non-rotational movements (1). In this sport, a high level of points can be achieved only in planned training conditions (2). Sports scientists have focused on approximate explanations for excellent athletic performance; or they are looking for factors that affect the athlete's interaction with their environment (for example, diet, and exercise). By understanding these factors, environmental conditions can be manipulated to optimize athletic performance (4). Nutrition strategies are one of the most popular and accessible ways to improve performance, recovery and improve physiological changes in certain sports such as Soccer (5, 7). Despite a correct understanding of the physiological demands of Soccer, and the relationship between preparation and nutritional performance, the eating habits of soccer players are often associated with a lack of training and a lack of knowledge of the scientific methods of sports nutrition (8). The characteristics of contemporary professional Soccer increase the physical demands during the game as well as more matches per season. Now more than ever, aspects of optimizing athletic performance have received much attention from Soccer players and coaches. In this, nutrition plays a special role; because most elite teams try to provide adequate nutrition to ensure maximum performance while ensuring faster recovery from competitions and training. In addition to regular nutrition based on nutritional recommendations, sensible use of dietary supplements may also play a role in optimizing Soccer performance (9). Nutrition of Soccer players is an important issue and its knowledge can help increase the quality of this popular game and prevent possible health problems and injuries in players (10); which shows the importance of applied research on the effect of nutrition on the level of health and athletic performance of soccer players. In view of the above, the purpose of this study was to review the role of sports nutrition in the sports performance of soccer players with emphasis on the role of carbohydrates as one of the macronutrients applied to the sports performance of soccer players. Methods: In the present systematic review study by searching the information obtained from the databases of Google Scholar, Pabmad, etc. from 2000 to 2022, studies that examined the effect of carbohydrates on the physical performance and physical fitness of footba soccer players. Were searched with the keywords Soccer, sports nutrition, macronutrients, carbohydrates and sports performance. The selected studies were reviewed by 3 authors and out of 124 selected articles, 35 articles that met the entry requirements were selected and used. Results: The importance of carbohydrates increases with increasing intensity of exercise, but due to the limited carbohydrate reserves in the body, the reduction of liver and muscle glycogen with intense exercise for a long time is a determining factor (24) in the performance of team sports such as Soccer. . Proper glycogen content plays a major role in athletic performance. As shown by physiological measurements performed in a Soccer match, the bioenergy of this particular sport is quite comprehensive and includes high oxidative capacity, high glycolytic capacity as well as high dependence on the degradation and re-synthesis pathway of ATP and phosphocreatine. Is (25). Due to the high glycolytic component, the content of muscle glycogen is important in Soccer. Proper carbohydrate intake is a key element in dealing with a lot of exercise among professional athletes. Consumed carbohydrates, which are stored as glycogen, are the source of muscle energy during exercise. Carbohydrates stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle are an important source of energy, both in competition and in training, where carbohydrate availability is a limiting factor during long-term physical activity. Can be effective in athletic performance. Based on the analysis of Soccer matches, the intensity of players' activity is at the level of 70-80 VO2max. Long-term effort at this level is mostly based on glycogen as a substrate for energy metabolism. Adequate carbohydrate intake before, during and after exercise helps maintain and restore glycogen stores, which can affect muscle fatigue and exercise performance (9). During a Soccer season, athletes tend to play intense and light competitions such as crucial and qualifying games. Muscle glycogen stores are a determinant of performance during exercise, and manipulating carbohydrates during the Soccer season to increase muscle glycogen stores can improve the performance of top Soccer players (26). Consumption of carbohydrate courses, depending on the intensity of training and competitions, should include more carbohydrates when competitions or workouts need more intensity and less carbohydrates when they need less intensity. The day before the game (MD-1) is one of the most important times to load up on carbs. Assuming that players have properly loaded muscle glycogen on the day of the match, the role of the pre-game meal should primarily be to promote pre-game hepatic glycogen storage, a goal that is more important for late morning or lunch. In fact, hepatic glycogen may be reduced by up to 50% after one night of fasting and may not fully recover by early evening depending on the frequency and dose of CHO (41). It is wise to allow players to consume the carbohydrate sources they enjoy during MD-1, as long as there are sufficient amounts to reach 6 g/kg (44). From a practical point of view, it is recommended to consume water during and after food before the game until reaching the competition site. Consumption of carbohydrate drinks should be prohibited after meals and re-consumed only after reheating and 5 to 10 minutes before the start of the race. This strategy is to reduce the likelihood of recurrent hypoglycemia in the first 10-15 minutes of the race (44). Carbohydrate nutrition during exercise is likely to improve the performance elements of the race day if fed at 30 to 60 grams per hour (45). Such feeding rates improve the physical aspects of performance such as total running distance, sprinting distance as well as technical performance such as passing, dribbling and shooting (46-49). Taking into account the warm-up time (for example, 20 to 30 minutes) and the game itself (for example, 90 to 95 minutes), this amount corresponds to the absolute dose of CHO equal to 60 to 120 grams per game. Due to the practical problems of refueling during the game and the extent of CHO exogenous oxidation depends on the CHO feeding pattern (50). In this regard, Anderson et al. Suggested that players may consume CHO at the beginning (20-30 g) and end of the warm-up period (20-30 g), between breaks in two halves (20-40 g) as an opportunity to consume Higher doses of CHO will benefit due to the increase in steady-state consumption time and, if possible, the second half (20-30 g) (39). However, such a diet (and indeed the CHO strategy of the optimal race day) has not been experimentally tested. Regarding muscle glycogen re-synthesis, the general consensus is that consumption of 1.2 g / kg / h CHO with a high glycemic index for 3 to 4 hours is optimal to facilitate short-term glycogen re-synthesis (64). The important point is that post-match feeding should start immediately after the game (ie in the locker room) because this is when muscle is most receptive to glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis (39). Due to the time required to complete muscle glycogen (24 to 72 hours), there is also a need to consume enough CHO in the day (s) after the race, often referred to MD + 1. Conclusion: Given the role of CHO as an important substrate for glycolytic and aerobic systems in Soccer, the aim of this study was to provide an overview and theoretical framework of CHO consumption strategies in Soccer. According to research, CHO consumption plays an important role in the quality of training and also the performance of soccer players on the day of the match, which varies according to the physical condition of the athlete, the athlete's position and also the level of competition. CHO intake should be adjusted according to the athlete's training schedule and season. Also, for optimal muscle and liver glycogen stores for athletes' performance, it is necessary to observe nutrition before, during and after competitions and training according to the intervals between competitions and training of athletes. However, nutritional recommendations for athletes of the opposite gender and lower age groups, such as adolescents with developmental needs, may require nutritional revisions, which require further research due to limited information. . Given that Soccer competitions are different according to the level of competition and also the metabolic needs of Soccer according to the conditions of Soccer players (gender, age and position of the player), it shows different physiological needs of these athletes; which indicates the need for further research in this regard.  }, Keywords = {Soccer, Sports nutrition, Macronutrients, Carbohydrates, Sports performance}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {46-60}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مروری بر نقش کربوهیدرات ها در تغذیه ورزشی فوتبالیست‌ها}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: تغذیه بازیکنان فوتبال یک موضوع مهم است و کربوهیدرات به عنوان یک سوبسترای مهم در هر دو سیستم انرژی هوازی و بی­هوازی، می­تواند در تغذیه ورزشی فوتبال نقش تعیین کننده داشته باشد. هدف از تحقیق حاضر مروری بر مطالعات انجام شده در خصوص تغذیه ورزشی رشته فوتبال با تأکید بر مصرف کربوهیدرات­ها می باشد. روش کار: در تحقیق مروری حاضر که از نوع مروری سیستماتیک می­باشد، مطالعات چاپ شده در پایگاه­های اطلاعات داده تا سال 2022 میلادی با استفاده از کلید واژه­های فوتبال، تغذیه، درشت مغذی، کربوهیدرات و عمکلرد ورزشی جستجو شد و از بین مطالعات انجام شده مطالعاتی که شرایط ورود به تحقیق را داشتند، انتخاب شدند. مطالعات انتخاب شده توسط 3 نفر از نویسندگان بررسی شدند و در نهایت تعداد 35 مطالعه انتخاب و بررسی شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از کربوهیدرات و بهینه نگه داشتن ذخایر گلیکوژنی نقش مفیدی در بهبود عملکرد ورزشی فوتبالیست­ها دارد و تناسب در استفاده از درشت­مغذی­ها و توجه به کمیت و کیفیت کربوهیدرات در برنامه تغذیه­ای فوتبالیست­ها در دوره­های تمرین، قبل، حین و پس از مسابقه یا تمرین می­تواند بر عملکرد ورزشی فوتبالیست­ها موثر باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: اگر چه تحقیقات زیادی در خصوص نقش کربوهیدرات در تغدیه ورزشی فوتبایست­ها انجام شده است ولی با توجه به تفاوت در ویژگی­های فوتبالیست­ها از نظر جنسیت، سن و سطح مهارتی و پست بازیکنان فوتبال، نیاز به تحقیقات بیشتری در این زمینه می­باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {فوتبال, تغذیه ورزشی, درشت مغذی, کربوهیدرات, عملکرد ورزشی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7209-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7209-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Yousefi, Hmaidreza and Samiee, Roohalla and Azma, Fereydoon and SaffarianToosi, Mohammad Rez}, title = {The Effect of Mindfulness on Creativity and General Health of Entrepreneurs}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Public health as a key variable has caused most of the international activities and planning to focus on itself. Such a way that improving people's general health level has always been considered a concern. Researchers have found that improving public health can have positive effects in all individual and group areas and ultimately lead to improved people performance. The functions of public health have caused the improvement of its level to be taken seriously as an important issue. However, there are also problems in the way of improving public health, which has caused the development process of public health not to be taken seriously. One of the things that have always attracted the attention of researchers and doctors about health and are used as a method to overcome problems and diseases and raise the level of health is improving the way of thinking and using the mind (mindfulness). Mindfulness is highlighting the importance of mental and intellectual work. The importance of mental training is so much that cognitive scientists consider the achievement of people in special abilities through mind training based on a theory and changes in brain function, mental health, and future professional behavior. On the other hand, the mind includes a wide range of stories, hopes, fears, expectations, desires, imaginations, etc., and three of these states are the main ones in how to interpret and predict people's behavior. These three are desire (which specifies one's goals), belief (based on which we predict what a person believes to be the true state of the world), and pretense (because people do not always act as they are). But to what extent mindfulness affects public health and entrepreneurs who are constantly facing stress and work pressures is a question that needs more research. Another thing that seems to be related to the mindset and problems of entrepreneurs is creativity. Creativity is one of the important and basic key concepts in psychology. In today's world, the ability to adapt and manage changes is the main element of success and survival of every individual, and acquiring these abilities requires people to pay attention to creativity and variety. Successful people are people whose creativity and creativity form the arrowhead of their movement. Improving creativity as one of the key factors in people's success has caused it to seriously affect people's performance. The effort to improve creativity as a necessity in educational systems has always been considered and the process of developing creativity as an important issue has started from a young age. Creativity is one of the characteristics of a human being who can create many things with divine talent. If we remove creativity and innovation from the scene of human life, we have shot a blank arrow at the movement, dynamism, survival, and vitality of human life because stagnation and humiliating repetition of life is equal to death and destruction. Efforts to improve creativity cause innovative activities to be created, and as a result, while enjoying the benefits of innovation; lead to improving the mental state of individuals and groups. Although the effort to improve creativity and public health has been considered an important issue, there is a need for variables that influence the process of improving creativity and public health; Examined. Mindfulness, as one of the key variables, plays an important role in the process of improving people's mental performance, and this mental performance can provide the basis for improving creativity and general health. Cultivating the mind is one of the important issues that cause the proper mental preparation to be formed in people, which leads to improving the functional status of people. Although mindfulness plays an important role in improving the mental state of people, the lack of comprehensive research on its functions in some areas, including creativity and public health, has led to insufficient scientific evidence regarding the role of mindfulness in creativity and the general health of entrepreneurs. Not be On the other hand, this research gap has caused executive activities to improve creativity and public health as an important issue not to be taken seriously. This issue has led to the formation of a research gap in this field. According to the above material, the researcher is trying to answer the question, does mindfulness affect the creativity and general health of entrepreneurs? Methods: The statistical population of the current user research and survey was formed by the entrepreneurs of Golestan province, whose exact number was not available. According to the selection available according to Cochran's sample size formula, 384 people were identified as the research sample in the conditions of uncertainty of the population. To collect data, a 28-question general health questionnaire (4 components of physical symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, insufficient social activity, and depression), a 30-question creativity questionnaire by Rendsip (1979) (4 components of mental persuasion, ideal influence, inspirational motivation, and individual consideration) and the 15-question questionnaire of Anasori et al.'s (2020) whose reliability was obtained as 0.81, 0.83 and 0.86, respectively, were distributed among the sample, and finally, 351 questionnaires were collected. Results: The results showed that mindfulness has a 0.597 effect on general health and a 0.761 effect on creativity. Conclusion: Improving mindfulness by improving the level of creativity and general health can have positive effects. According to the results of the present research, it is suggested that holding training courses to improve the skills of entrepreneurs regarding mental cultivation, while increasing the level of their mental cultivation, will lead to the improvement of public health and creativity of these people. According to the results of the present research, it is suggested to hold brainstorming sessions, while increasing the level of creativity of entrepreneurs, to promote the general health and creativity of these people. Finally, because the exact statistics of the number of entrepreneurs were not available, it is not possible to generalize the obtained results to society. Also, the mental condition of the subjects could not be controlled when completing the questionnaires, which is one of the limitations of the present research. In general, the results of this research showed that mindfulness has a significant effect on the general health and creativity of entrepreneurs. Considering the role of the two components of health and creativity in the work progress of entrepreneurs on the one hand and the effect of mindfulness on these components, on the other hand, it is recommended that the officials and those involved in raising the level of general health and creativity of entrepreneurs to mind. To have visa attention.  }, Keywords = {Mindfulness, Creativity, Public Health, Entrepreneurs}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {61-68}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر ذهن پروری بر خلاقیت و سلامت عمومی کار آفرینان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: سلامت عمومی یکی از مسائل مهم در جوامع امروزی می­باشد. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تعیین تاثیر ذهن پروری بر خلاقیت و سلامت عمومی کار آفرینان طراحی بود. روش­ کار: جامعه آماری تحقیق کاربری و پیمایشی حاضر را کارآفرینان استان گلستان تشکیل دادند که تعداد دقیقی از آنان دردسترس نبود. بر حسب انتخاب در دسترس با توجه به فرمول حجم نمونه کوکران در شرایط نامشخص بودن جامعه تعداد 384 نفر به عنوان نمونه تحقیق مشخص شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده­ها پرسشنامه 28 سوالی سلامت عمومی (4 مؤلفه نشانه‌های جسمانی، اضطراب و بی‌خوابی، نارسا کنش‌وری اجتماعی و افسردگی)، پرسشنامه 30 سوالی خلاقیت رندسیپ (1979) (4 مولفه ترغیب ذهنی، نفوذ آرمانی، انگیزش الهام بخش و ملاحظه فردی) و پرسشنامه 15 سوالی ذهن پروری اناسوری و همکاران (2020) که پایایی آنها به ترتیب به ترتیب میزان 81/0، 83/0 و 86/0 به دست آمد بین افراد نمونه توزیع شد که در نهایت 351 پرسشنامه جمع­آوری و تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که ذهن پروری بر سلامت عمومی تأثیری به میزان 597/0 و بر خلاقیت تأثیری به میزان 761/0 دارد. نتیجه ­گیری: نتایج نشان دهنده تأثیر ذهن پروری بر سلامت عمومی و خلاقیت بوده و توصیه می­شود جهت ارتقا سلامت عمومی و خلاقیت به ذهن پروری توجه ویژه­ای شود.  }, keywords_fa = {ذهن پروری, خلاقیت, سلامت عمومی, کارآفرینان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6500-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6500-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Panahi, Anahita and Ghazanfari, Ahmad and Sharifi, Tayebe and Ahmadi, Rez}, title = {Comparison of the Effectiveness and Durability of Motivational Interview and Meta-Diagnostic Treatment on Intimacy of Couples Referring to Counseling Centers}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Intimacy is one of the most basic elements in a couple's relationship. Intimacy is a dynamic concept in human relationships, especially in marital relationships, which means openness and non-inhibition in relationships and the closeness of two or more people in various emotional, logical and functional dimensions. Couples who experience a higher degree of intimacy, apart from socioeconomic status, report significantly fewer adjustment problems in their marital relationship (1). Given the importance of intimacy, identifying effective intervention and educational approaches to increase couple intimacy to improve couple relationships will be very useful. One of these approaches is motivational interviewing, which is a combination of principles and techniques derived from a very wide range of models of psychotherapy and behavior change (4). In addition, given that many marital problems have emotional roots, the recent approach to meta-diagnostic treatment to resolve couples' problems has come into focus; Because this treatment emphasizes emotions and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, emotional experience and response to emotion is the main basis in the meta-diagnostic approach (12). But it is not clear which intervention is more effective. On the other hand, it is not clear whether these interventions affect intimacy or not, and which intervention is more effective is also in a state of ambiguity. Methods: In order to conduct applied and quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test design, from couples referring to counseling centers in Shahrekord in 1399-1400 (1250 couples), by purposive sampling method and provided entry conditions For the study (with at least a third grade of middle school, age range 25 to 45 years, no disabling physical or mental illness) 60 couples were selected and randomly divided into three groups of motivational interview, meta-diagnostic treatment and witness. Before, immediately after and 45-day follow-up, the subjects completed the Wonden Brook and Bertman (1995) intimacy questionnaire, and the experimental groups each received 8 sessions of 90-minute intervention. Finally, from descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Kalmogorov-Smirnov tests, analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc using SPSS software version 25 at a significance level of 0.05 for statistical analysis of data used. Results: The results showed that the meta-diagnostic therapy group and motivational interviewing could lead to a change in the mean scores of the couple's intimacy (intimacy, agreement, honesty, love and commitment) in the post-test and follow-up stages. In order to be effective, the meta-diagnostic therapy and motivational interview therapy group was able to increase the mean scores of the couple's intimacy (intimacy, agreement, honesty, interest and love and commitment) in the post-test and follow-up stages. On the other hand, it was found that there were no significant changes between the pre-test scores. The results showed that the mean scores of the couple's intimacy variable, regardless of the effect of grouping, changed significantly during the post-test and follow-up stages, which is a significant difference compared to the pre-test (p = 0.001). On the other hand, it was found that the variable of grouping (post-diagnostic treatment group therapy) regardless of stages (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) had a significant effect on the intimacy variable of couples. This means that meta-diagnostic treatment was a significant effect compared to the control group (p = 0.001). Finally, the results indicate that meta-diagnostic treatment with the interaction of stages also had a significant effect on the test stages (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) of the couple intimacy variable (p = 0.001). The results of post hoc test (Table 3) show that the difference between the mean scores of pre-test and post-test is significant by following the variable of couple intimacy. However, there is no significant difference between the mean of the post-test and the follow-up of this variable. This means that the mean scores of couples intimacy in the follow-up phase did not change significantly compared to the post-test, but due to the lack of follow-up scores compared to the post-test and a significant change in follow-up scores compared to the pre-test shows that the effectiveness of meta-diagnostic treatment on intimacy over time Preserved. On the other hand, it was found that the difference between the mean scores of intimate couples in the experimental group of meta-diagnostic therapy and the experimental group of motivational interviews was not significant and this finding means that the effectiveness of meta-diagnostic treatment and motivational interviews on the intimacy of couples was not significant. However, the difference between the experimental groups (meta-diagnostic therapy and motivational interview) with the control group was significant. In a summary, it can be stated as follows: Transdiagnostic treatment intervention and motivational interview have a significant effect on the level of intimacy of couples; However, the effectiveness of meta-diagnostic treatment and motivational interviewing on the level of intimacy of couples are not significantly different (Table 4). Conclusion: In explaining the effectiveness of motivational interview on couples intimacy, it should be noted that the therapist's goal in motivational interview is to create a safe environment to express problems and then, strengthen the desire to change to improve relationships in the client, which leads to increased intrinsic motivation. . Since intimacy is a feature that is not a fixed feature and changes when the couple is faced with stressful situations. Therefore, motivational interviewing, by increasing the couple's inner motivation to maintain intimacy in difficult life situations, causes the couple to communicate with each other emotionally (increase interest), then plan with interest to improve their relationship (reduce boredom) and from this Satisfy and enjoy your action (increase intimacy) (9). In explaining this finding, it may be pointed out that couples are more likely to not be able to use positive emotions effectively in times of conflict, and on the contrary, they have a lot of negative emotions, which causes other problems such as negative perception. Concerns about their relationship with their spouse and improper marital functioning become a reason for their intimacy to be disrupted. However, emotional awareness training in meta-diagnostic therapy makes them aware of the existence of negative emotions and their negative impact on themselves, or try to recover emotions in different situations to keep the emotion healthy, and thus, the rate of marital problems is reduced and in The result is marital intimacy (14).  }, Keywords = {Motivational interview, Meta-diagnostic Treatment, Intimacy of couples}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {69-76}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه اثربخشی و ماندگاری مصاحبه انگیزشی و درمان فراتشخیصی بر صمیمیت زوجین مراجعه‌کننده به مراکز مشاوره}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: صمیمیت به وجود تعامل بین همسران اشاره می‌کند و نبود یا کمبود آن یک شاخص آشفتگی در رابطه زناشویی است. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر مقایسه اثربخشی مصاحبه انگیزشی و درمان فراتشخیصی بر صمیمیت زوجین مراجعه کننده به مراکز مشاوره بود. روش­ کار: جهت انجام تحقیق کاربردی و نیمه آزمایشی که با طرح پیش آزمون‑ پس آزمون و پیگیری بود، از بین زوجین مراجعه کننده به مراکز مشاوره شهر شهرکرد در سال 1399-1400 (1250 زوج) با روش نمونه­گیری هدفمند 60 زوج انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه ازمایش و یک گروه گواه تقسیم شدند. قبل، بلافاصله بعد و پیگیری 45 روزه آزمودنی­ها پرسشنامه صمیمیت ووندن بروک و برتمن (1995) را تکمیل کردند همچنین گروه­های آزمایش هر کدام 8 جلسه 90 دقیقه-ای مداخله مورد نظر را دریافت کردند.در نهایت داده­ها با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل واریانس با اندازه­گیری مکرر و آزمون تعقیبی بون فرونی تجزیه وتحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد آموزش مصاحبه انگیزشی و درمان فراتشخیصی بر صمیمیت زوجین تأثیر معناداری دارند. همچنین مشخص شد بین آموزش مصاحبه انگیزشی و درمان فراتشخیصی تفاوت معناداری در بهبود صمیمیت زوجین وجود ندارد. در نهایت اینکه نتایج مبین پایداری اثرات مصاحبه انگیزشی و درمان فراتشخیصی بر صمیمیت زوجین در مرحله پیگیری بود. نتیجه­گیری: با توجه به نتایج استفاده از این مداخله‌ها برای بهبود صمیمیت زوجین کاربردی به نظر می‌رسد.}, keywords_fa = {مصاحبه انگیزشی, درمان فراتشخیصی, صمیمیت زوجین}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7344-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7344-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Karanian, Farahnaz and Arefi, Mokhtar and Amiri, Hass}, title = {Comparison of the Effectiveness of Boeing Family Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Based Therapy (ACT) on Marital Satisfaction of Mothers with Single Children}, abstract ={Background & Aims: One of the areas that has undergone change in Iran is childbearing. Statistical data show a decrease in the fertility rate in the last few decades; To the extent that in recent years the number of children of a mother is less than the required index in replacing generations (1/2 children) (1). This downward change in fertility rate indicates a change in the fertility of Iranian families and their desire for one child. On the other hand, having one child is the result of any factor or factors, creating a fundamental change not only in the demographic structure and socialization of the family, but also in various aspects of school performance and all aspects of the individual's personality in the future. There are many treatments for psychological disorders today. Each of these therapies may be stronger and more specialized than the other. Third wave therapies focus more on families and proper communication, because human beings are social beings and the type of communication style they have with others has a great impact on their mental health and that of their families (3). Among the important therapies for the component of marital satisfaction in families, especially mothers, is the Boeing therapy and the new ACT therapy, which largely complements cognitive-behavioral therapy. These treatments can increase family cohesion and raise children properly. Among these therapeutic interventions is Bowen's treatment, whose approach is family therapy. Bowen's family therapy approach deals with the family as an emotional unit and a network of intertwined relationships that must be analyzed from a different context or historical perspective to better understand it. Bowen believes that the whole family system is an emotional unit that cannot be separated from each other or successfully (5). In other words, the foundation of this theory is based on the concept of separation. Bowen family therapists believe that all the problems in family functioning, including marital dissatisfaction in the couple, which has a negative effect on the children and causes emotional divorce, arise from inappropriate family systems. Accordingly, the main goal of Bowen's therapies is to reduce chronic anxiety by being aware of the family's emotional system, focusing on changing oneself rather than trying to change others (6). On the other hand, ACT therapy is rooted in a philosophical theory called functional contextualism and is based on a research program on language and cognition called the theory of the framework of mental relationships (7). Despite the many studies on the effectiveness of ACT therapy on anxiety, depression, heart disease, marital conflict, marital satisfaction and many more; However, no research has been conducted on the effectiveness of ACT therapy on cognitive emotion regulation; Research has also been conducted on other variables in the field of Boeing family therapy; But so far little research has been done on marital satisfaction. Therefore, considering the significant effects of cognitive emotion regulation on many aspects of a person's development and interpersonal relationships, the need for such research and the application of its results is clearly understood. In order to compare the effectiveness of Boeing family therapy and ACT treatment on differentiation, the following hypotheses are proposed. Methods: This research was conducted by quasi-experimental method and using a pre-test-post-test design with two experimental groups and a control group. The independent variables of the study were Boeing family therapy and ACT treatment method and the dependent variable was marital satisfaction. The dependent variable scale was collected in two stages: pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of this study was all single mothers of preschool children in Kermanshah in the spring of 1399. The sampling method was simple by using random sampling and assignment. Forty-five mothers of preschool children were randomly selected and due to the prevalence of coronary heart disease in online sessions, intervention sessions were held for them through online sessions. The subjects' marital satisfaction scale was measured using the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire for every 45 people (pre-test). Then, by simple random sampling, individuals were assigned to three groups of 15 people (two experimental groups and one control group). The experimental group members separately participated in eight 1.5-hour weekly sessions of the Boeing Family Therapy and ACT, conducted by a trained therapist, and the control group was placed on a waiting list. Meetings were held at Setareh Preschool Center on a weekly basis for two months. Participants in the sessions expressed their willingness to cooperate to receive intervention and participate in the research. Analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Results: The Benferoni post hoc test is performed to compare between the control group, ACT and Bowen. As can be seen in Table 5, there is no significant difference in marital satisfaction scores between the ACT and Bowen groups, and therefore Bowen-based therapy and ACT-based therapy have the same effect on marital satisfaction. Conclusion: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of Boeing family therapy and ACT treatment on cognitive emotion regulation of single mothers in preschool centers in Kermanshah. Stable and meaningful. Also, Bonferroni post hoc test showed that due to the differences in the comparison of these two interventional methods, the effectiveness of Buenie family therapy and ACT treatment on marital satisfaction is the same. The findings of the present study on the effectiveness of Boeing family therapy interventions on marital satisfaction are not unexpected and are consistent with the results of a large number of previous studies. The results showed that there was no significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores in the Boeing family therapy method and the ACT method on marital satisfaction. Couples in Buenos Aires believe that the phenomenon of marriage requires a high degree of adaptability. None of the couples feel safe and caring if there is no normal and acceptable level of adaptation in the marriage. In addition, marital intimacy requires a strong sense of self-awareness and self-differentiation. Couples with low levels of differentiation and high fusion are not able to understand their desires in the relationship, therefore, this process has a negative effect on their life satisfaction, when these couples with factors the change of role that reduces satisfaction, they face, they feel failure. Couples who are able to accredit themselves instead of seeking approval have a better working spirit in marriage.}, Keywords = {Bonnie Family Therapy, Marital Satisfaction, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {77-88}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه اثرگذاری دو روش درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد و خانواده درمانی بر رضایت زناشویی مادران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: مشکلات اجتماعی و استرس‌های محیطی باعث شده‌اند که زوجین در روابط زناشویی دچار مشکلات فراوانی شوند و همچنین این تاثیر مخرب بر روی احساسات هیجانی آنان از جمله فراشناخت و چگونگی ابراز هیجان آنان نیز سرایت کرده است لذا پژوهش حاضر با هدف مقایسه اثربخشی خانواده درمانی بوئنی و درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر رضایت زناشویی مادران دارای تک فرزند انجام گرفت. روش کار: این پژوهش از نوع نیمه آزمایشی و طرح پیش آزمون- پس آزمون با دو گروه آزمایش و یک گروه گواه است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل مادران تک فرزند پیش دبستانی مهدکودک های کرمانشاه در سال 1399 بودند. تعداد 45 نفر به روش تصادفی ساده انتخاب و به طور تصادفی با جایگزینی در دو گروه آزمایش و یک گروه گواه، به تعداد برابر 15 نفر گمارده شدند. داده ها در مراحل پیش آزمون- پس آزمون با مقیاس تنظیم شناختی هیجان (CERQ-P)گردآوری شد. اعضای گروه آزمایش پس از اجرای پیش آزمون بطور جداگانه در هشت جلسه هفتگی 5/1 ساعته خانواده درمانی بوئنی و درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد شرکت کردند. برای تحلیل داده ها از آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس و آزمون تعقیبی بونفرونی استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس نشان داد اثر خانواده درمانی بوئنی و اثر درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر رضایت زناشویی هیجان در افراد معنادار و با ثبات است(05/0 >P). نتایج آزمون بونفرونی نشان داد با توجه به اندازه تفاضل‌ها، اثربخشی درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد در هم سنجی با مداخله دیگر بر رضایت زناشویی و مولفه های مربوط به آن بیشتر بود. نتیجه‌گیری: هر دو روش درمانی می توانند در افزایش رضایت زناشویی مادران موثر باشند و در اثربخشی این دو روش بر رضایت زناشویی مادران تفاوتی دیده نشد.}, keywords_fa = {خانواده درمانی بوئنی, رضایت زناشویی, درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد (ACT)}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6869-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6869-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Hobubati, Hamid and Khoshbin, Masood and Ahmadieh, Mohammad Hossein and Nemati, Moein and Halvani, Gholamhossein and Khavaninzadeh, Behnaz}, title = {Comparison the Recurrence Rate of Intervertebral Disc Herniation in Two Surgical Methods of Hemi laminectomy and Partial Laminectomy}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Between 5% and 15% of patients with low back pain suffer from lumbar disc herniation, so intervertebral disc disease is one of the most common causes of low back pain. Surgical intervention for lumbar disc herniation is recommended in patients with severe symptoms and has hopeful results. Although surgery can reduce pain and improve physical function in the short term, its long-term effect is debatable. Recurrence of disc herniation is one of the complications of primary surgery. The reported rate of recurrent disc herniation is 5 to 15% according to the evidence in the literature. Although there are different surgical methods for the treatment of recurrent disc herniation, there is a difference of opinion among surgeons in choosing the surgical method. Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation is a major disease of the spine. Surgical treatment is recommended in cases where patients have irreversible symptoms due to this disease. However, other techniques, such as fusion surgery, laminectomy, and percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy, also apply new tools in line with minimally invasive spinal surgery techniques. Gathering information about various factors influencing the recurrence of the disease, such as individual demographic variables and the type of surgical procedure, helps in better planning for the treatment of intervertebral disc herniation. Numerous studies have been performed to determine the causes of recurrence of lumbar disc herniation, and various risk factors have been suggested, including disc herniation, trauma, age, smoking, gender, and obesity. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of recurrence of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation in both hemilaminectomy and partial laminectomy. Methods: This study is analytical and retrospective. This study was performed on patients who have had at least 6 months since surgery for the treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation and have obtained informed consent. 400 patients who were candidates for lumbar intervertebral disc herniation surgery in Mortaz Hospital in Yazd from 2016 to 2019 were divided into two groups in terms of the type of surgery, hemilaminectomy and partial laminectomy, and were evaluated and compared during six-month to three-year follow-up. Patients who were candidates for lumbar intervertebral disc herniation based on diagnosis and imaging results were used as the inclusion criteria. Patients with spinal canal stenosis, lumbar spine slippage, and dissatisfaction to participate in this study were excluded. Data included age, gender, body mass index, smoking, type of occupation (light or heavy), type of disc herniation (extruded or non-extruded), diabetes status, recurrence time, and type of surgery (partial laminectomy or hemilaminectomy). In the follow-up and review of the treatment process, information on recurrence of disc herniation was referred to. In addition to assessing the relationship between the type of surgery and recurrence of disc herniation, other possible risk factors for recurrence of disc herniation in terms of its impact on the type of surgery were studied. Results: The frequency of the first group consists of patients who underwent partial laminectomy and includes 338 patients (84.5%) and the second group of patients who underwent hemilaminectomy surgery which includes 62 patients (15.5%). The overall risk of recurrence, regardless of the surgical procedure, was 35 in 8.8%. In the group of 338 patients who underwent partial laminectomy, 26 patients (7.7%) had a recurrence of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. In the group of patients who underwent hemilaminectomy, 9 out of 62 patients had a recurrence of disc herniation, which is equivalent to 14.5% of patients. In this study, no significant difference was found between the recurrence rate of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation in two methods of hemilaminectomy and partial laminectomy, which was evaluated by the Chi-square test (P = 0.08). The mean age of the samples was 47. 0.8 with a range of 15 to 79 years. In 338 patients who underwent partial laminectomy, the mean age was 47.98 years and in 62 patients who underwent hemilaminectomy, the mean age was 47.25, which was not significantly different from p = 0.689. Also, the mean duration of recurrence after partial laminectomy was approximately 6 months and in hemilaminectomy was 9 months. This relationship was evaluated by T-Test and was not significant with p = 0.135. The results of this study showed that in the sex variable, there was no difference in the recurrence rate of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation in both surgical methods of hemi laminectomy and partial laminectomy in males, but was significant in females with P = 0.036 In this study, diabetic and non-diabetic patients had no difference in recurrence rate in partial laminectomy and hemilaminectomy (p = 0.261). According to the results, there is no significant difference in the recurrence rate of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation in hemilaminectomy (P = 0.170) and partial laminectomy (P = 0.251) according to the type of disc herniation. According to the results of this study, the risk of recurrence of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation in people with light occupations in partial laminectomy surgery is lower than in hemilaminectomy surgery. Also, the risk of recurrence in non-smokers in partial laminectomy and hemilaminectomy was 7.2 and 17.3, respectively, and was significant with p = 0.030. The risk of recurrence of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation in the age range of 54-45 years was less in partial laminectomy than in hemi laminectomy. Regarding body mass index, none of the intervals had an effect on the risk of disease recurrence. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, there is no statistically significant difference in the recurrence of intervertebral disc herniation in both surgical methods of hemi laminectomy and partial laminectomy. However, the factors influencing the recurrence of intervertebral disc herniation were identified in this study, which made a difference between hemi laminectomy and partial laminectomy in the studied patients. According to these factors, risk factors can be determined to prevent the recurrence of disc herniation after surgery. Factors such as gender, age range, smoking, and type of occupation were identified in this study. Depending on the type of occupation, a suitable intervention for disc herniation surgery can be selected with fewer possible complications. In the present study, body mass index and weight were calculated on the outcome of surgery and hernia recurrence without any effect. However, due to the effectiveness of this risk factor, similar studies are needed to be more certain. To confirm the findings obtained in this study and also to compare them, it is suggested that other studies be performed with a higher number of samples and multicenter sampling.  }, Keywords = {Intervertebral disc, Recurrence of Disc Herniation, Laminectomy}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {89-97}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه میزان عود فتق دیسک بین مهره ای کمری در دو روش جراحی همی لامینکتومی و پارشیال لامینکتومی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: افراد بسیاری تحت جراحی برای درمان فتق دیسک کمری قرار می‌گیرند. عدم عود هرنیاسون دیسک پس از عمل جراحی از اهداف مهم در این بیماران است. عود فتق دیسک بین مهره‌ای به عواملی ازجمله شیوه جراحی بستگی دارد. هدف از مطالعه بررسی میزان عود فتق دیسک بین مهره‌ای کمری در دو روش جراحی همی لامینکتومی و پارشیال لامینکتومی است. روش کار: این مطالعه از نوع تحلیلی و به صورت گذشته‌نگر است. جامعه شامل 400 نفر بیمار بستری در بیمارستان مرتاض یزد که در طی سه سال تحت عمل جراحی هرنیاسیون دیسک بین مهره‌ای کمری به دو روش جراحی ذکر شده قرار گرفته‌اند. اطلاعات متغیرهای موثر با استفاده از مصاحبه و برگ شرح عمل جمع‌آوری شد. نتایج به وسیله آزمون‌های T-Test، Fisher-exact ،Chi-Square و نرم افزار SPSS-17 مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: از 400 بیمار مورد بررسی، 338 نفر (5/84 درصد) تحت جراحی پارشیال لامینکتومی و 62 نفر (6/15 درصد) همی‌لامینکتومی قرارگرفتند. 35 نفر (8/8 درصد) دچار عود فتق دیسک بین مهره‌ای کمری شدند. میزان عود بیماری در دو گروه جراحی با 080/0p= معنی دار نشد. بررسی ارتباط عود در این دو روش جراحی با سایر ریسک فاکتورهای موثر برعود فتق دیسک نشان داد که در بیماران خانم، بازه سنی54-45سال، افراد با مشاغل سبک و بیماران غیرسیگاری ریسک عود در روش پارشیال لامینکتومی کمتر از روش همی‌لامینکتومی است. نتیجه‌گیری: عوامل موثر در عود فتق دیسک بین مهره‌ای در این مطالعه بر حسب نوع عمل جراحی شناسایی شدند. با توجه به این عوامل می‌توان ریسک فاکتورهایی را برای جلوگیری از عود فتق دیسک پس از عمل جراحی، تعیین کرد.  }, keywords_fa = {دیسک بین مهره‌ای, عود, فتق دیسک, لامینکتومی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7066-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7066-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Bahrami, Zhila and Zandi, Farzad and Akbari, Maryam and Jadidi, Hooshang}, title = {Presenting a Model of Social Capital Communication Model and High-Risk Behaviors of Social Identity in Students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Background & Aims: One of the important goals of development programs in any country is to reduce social harms, and achieving this goal requires recognizing the effective factors that cause it in society. Nowadays, researchers consider social capital as one of the underlying and effective factors in social health and reducing risk in society .Students in a society constitute a large segment of the active population of a country, which various factors such as internal stimuli and external stressors, can endanger their social and mental health and are exposed to various social harms. And put at risk . Many efforts have been made in countries around the world to identify environmental and individual factors that predispose to risk. Among these efforts, attention to the social dimension is possible. Social capital is the result of the "social capital" of health, which is the study of phenomena such as mutual trust, social interaction, social groups, a sense of collective identity, a sense of a shared vision of the future and teamwork with effective interpersonal and group interactions. It can provide risk prevention and many social harms such as violence, drug use, alcohol and high-risk sexual behaviors. Studies have shown that youth and adolescents' access to social capital can reduce social and behavioral problems, so by providing the basis for social interaction, social skills and teamwork can reduce the rate of social harm and risk. They provided opportunities for academic advancement and health promotion. The purpose of this study was to present a model of social capital communication model and high-risk behaviors of social identity in students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Methods: The present study is descriptive-correlational in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection method. n terms of applied purpose, the present study is descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection method because no manipulation has been done on variables and factors and based on the research approach, it is small. The statistical population of the present study will be selected from all students studying medicine in Kermanshah (2000 people in total) in the academic year 1399-1398 using Morgan table and available sampling method of 322 people to compensate for the possibility of falling sample size. 350 people were considered who will eventually be removed after completing the questionnaires by the volunteers of the distorted questionnaire and the relevant data of 322 people were analyzed. To measure high-risk behaviors, the High-Risk Behaviors Scale (YRBSS) was used. The adaptation of the High Disease Behavior Questionnaire of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was designed and developed in 2010 (15). The reliability of the high-risk behaviors questionnaire by Brenner et al. (2002, quoted by Mohammadi, Refahi and Samani, 2013) was evaluated through a test-retest and the results of the items ranged from 14.5 to 91.1 kappa. (1998) has three structural, communication and cognitive dimensions that examine the seven subscales of networks, trust, cooperation, mutual understanding, relationships, values, and commitment, and are arranged in 28 items based on a five-scale scale. Likert (I strongly agree = 5, I agree = 4, I have no opinion = 3, I disagree = 2 and I strongly disagree = 1). The reliability coefficient of this questionnaire in Sardari, Silavio Silavi (2016) research was 0.89 (16) and the Ethical Identity Questionnaire is a self-report scale that was developed and validated by Ako Bino and Reid (2002) and has two subscales of internalization from questions 1 to 5. (The degree to which moral identity is centralized in the individual's self-concept) and symbolism from questions 6 to 10 (the degree to which each subject shows moral identity in their appearance) (17). The answer to this questionnaire is in the range of 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly agree) in each of the questions. The scoring of two items 4 and 7 is done in reverse. First, the person is asked to pay attention to the moral traits written at the top of the questionnaire, and then 10 questions about these traits are asked of the subjects to determine the extent to which these traits are important to the person. Cronbach reported these two dimensions as 0.77 and 0.76, respectively. Results: In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics indicators (frequency, mean, standard deviation, graphs) and inferential statistics were used. In order to determine the validity and reliability of the research instrument, Cronbach's alpha statistical methods and confirmatory factor analysis were used to evaluate the normality of data distribution, skewness and elongation indices, and path analysis was used to examine the relationships between variables. SPSS and Smart PLS software were used to perform these tests.The results of the present study showed that moral identity and social capital have a significant effect on high-risk behaviors of students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Conclusion: Laying the groundwork for improving and increasing the social capital of young people both at the family level and at the community level by increasing the sense of social trust, social solidarity, social awareness, providing the necessary social support and youth participation in social and cultural affairs. It seems that according to the theories and backgrounds and the results of the present study, the existence of a significant amount of social capital facilitates social actions and paves the way for achieving certain goals and Subsequently, it can act as a shield against social problems and harms, such as the occurrence of risky behaviors of young people.Universities and institutions of higher education should design and implement special training courses or classes in the form of extracurricular activities in order to educate and familiarize students with the field of social identity and social capital and high-risk behaviors with its constituent components.  }, Keywords = {High Risk Behaviors, Social Capital, Moral Identity}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {98-108}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارائه الگوی مدل ارتباطی سرمایه اجتماعی و رفتارهای پرخطر با هویت اجتماعی در دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: هدف از پژوهش حاضر نقش هویت اخلاقی و سرمایه اجتماعی و مسئولیت پذیری بر رفتارهای پرخطردر دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه بود. روش کار : پژوهش حاضر از لحاظ هدف کاربردی، از نظر شیوه گردآوری داده­ها توصیفی- همبستگی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر را کلیه دانشجویان مشغول به تحصیل در رشته پزشکی کرمانشاه (مجموعاَ  2000 نفر) در سال تحصیلی 1399-1398 می‌باشد با استفاده از جدول مورگان و به روش نمونه‌گیری دردسترس نمونه‌ای به حجم 322 نفر، انتخاب شدند. برای جمع آوری اطلاعات از پرسشنامه رفتارهای پر خطر ازمقیاس رفتارهای پر خطر (YRBSS)، پرسشنامه سرمایه اجتماعی ناهاپیت و گوشال (1998)، پرسشنامه مسئولیت پذیری کالیفرنیا (1987) و پرسشنامه هویت اخلاقی آکو بینو و رید (2002) استفاده شد. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از شاخص­های آمار توصیفی (فراوانی، میانگین، انحراف معیار، رسم نمودارها) و آمار استنباطی استفاده شد. به منظور تعیین پایایی ابزار تحقیق از آلفای کرونباخ ، برای بررسی نرمال بودن توزیع داده­ها از شاخص­های کجی و کشیدگی و به منظور بررسی روابط بین متغیرها از تحلیل مسیر استفاده شد. جهت انجام این آزمون­ها از نرم­افزارهای SPSS23 و Smart PLS استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد هویت اخلاقی، سرمایه اجتماعی بر رفتارهای پر خطر دانشجویان دانشگاه  علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه اثر معنی داری دارد. نتیج‌گیری: دانشگاه‌ها و مؤسسات آموزش عالی برای آموزش و آشنایی هرچه بیشتر دانشجویان با حوزه هویت اجتماعی و سرمایه اجتماعی و رفتارهای پرخطر با و مؤلفه‌های تشکیل دهنده آن، دوره‌ها یا کلاس‌های آموزشی خاصی را در قالب فعالیت‌های فوق برنامه طراحی و اجرا کنند.  }, keywords_fa = {رفتارهای پرخطر, سرمایه اجتماعی, هویت اخلاقی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6692-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6692-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Keramati, Meysareh and Mohammadi, Akbar and Haghighat, Sar}, title = {The Effect of Play Therapy on Psychological Adjustment, Effective Communication with Others and Individual Abilities of Preschool Children}, abstract ={Background & Aims: One of the most important skills in preschool is social skills. In other words, social skills are concerned with empathy, self-efficacy, responsibility and social interaction, psychological adjustment, effective communication with others, and individual abilities. It is very important to learn social skills in childhood. By strengthening social skills in this period, we can see the strengthening of educational status, communication and language and verbal skills of children. Gersham et al. (2011) consider the dimensions of social skills including empathy, cooperation and interaction, assertiveness and self-control and psychological adjustment, effective communication with others, and individual abilities. Lynch and Simpson (2010) also identified important elements of social skills including empathy, participation in group activities, helping each other, communicating with others, and problem solving. One of the effective factors on strengthening children's social skills is play. Maria Montessori (1909) considers play to be a great school in which the child is educated and his physical, mental and social strength develops and he is prepared to live in any way. Below the game, there are 3 educational games. Educational game includes a set of organized educational activities in the form of individual and group games that pursue a specific educational goal. During games, children gain access to new mental concepts and acquire more and better skills. With the help of the game, they get acquainted with different colors, different shapes and different directions and gain valuable experiences. During the game, the learning materials are learned without pressure and with desire. The purpose of the present research was to determine the impact of educational games on the development of social skills on the preschool children in the city of Tehran. Regarding the necessity of the present issue, it can be said that research on the effect of play therapy on children with behavioral disorders shows a positive effect and improvement of children's skills problems and is used in almost all diagnostic classes. Research conducted in Iran on the effect of play therapy on maladapted children shows positive results. But special research in preschool is relatively small and has created a research gap. Therefore, conducting the present study on preschool children seems to be able to add to the existing set of knowledge. According to the above, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of therapeutic games on mental adjustment, effective communication with others and individual abilities of preschool children in Tehran. Methods: The present study was an applied research in terms of purpose and a semi-experimental study of pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population includes all preschool children of the district 6 of the city of Tehran in the school year of 2018-2019, among which 30 students were selected through purposive and random sampling (n=30). The students were divided into 2 groups of 15, i.e. a control group and an experimental group (n=15 in each). The data were collected through the Social Skills Questionnaire by Akers (1992). The participants in the experimental group received a package of educational games for 10 sessions and 25 minutes per session. The control group received no games. The data were analyzed through the analysis of multi-variable covariance using SPSS24 software. Results: The results of the covariance analysis test indicated that in these two groups, i.e. control and experimental, there were significant relationship among the variables of the effective communication (P<0.001, F=134.2), cooperation (P<0.001, F=69.8), individual abilities (P<0.001, F=159.4). Besides, the control variable (pre-test) had a significant impact on all four variables. Conclusion: it can be concluded that the educational games can have a positive impact on developing social skills of the preschool children. Therefore, in the education program of this age group this issue must be taking into consideration by the planning authorities in the macrolevel and by the teachers in the micro level. As shown, educational games have a significant effect on mental adjustment, effective communication with others and individual abilities of preschool children; However, in terms of the generalizability of the results, the present study has limitations such as limited educational sessions and differences in the family, economic and social problems of the subjects, lack of control over some intervening variables, lack of confidence in the use of all instructional methods. Therefore, it is suggested that other studies be conducted in the provinces of the country to get a clearer picture of the use of educational games in psychological adjustment, effective communication with others and individual abilities. The present study focused on the preschool level and the effect of using educational games on learning different subjects and the skills and social development of primary school students should be studied in other elementary grades.   }, Keywords = {Play, Psychological adjustment, Effective communication with others, Individual abilities, Children, Preschool}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {109-118}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر بازی درمانی بر سازگاری روانی، ارتباط موثر با دیگران و توانایی‌های فردی کودکان پیش دبستانی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: یکی از مهم‌ترین دوره‌های تحصیلی دوره پیش‌دبستانی است؛ زیرا در این دوره کودکان با بسیاری از مهارت‌های شناختی، اجتماعی و قوانین و هنجارهای اجتماعی آشنا می‌شوند. بنابراین هدف پژوهش حاضر تاثیر بازی درمانی بر سازگاری روانی، ارتباط موثر با دیگران و توانایی­های فردی کودکان پیش دبستانی شهر تهران بود. روش‌ کار: پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی حاضر، از نوع طرح پیش‌آزمون- پس‌آزمون با گروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری شامل تمام کودکان پیش‌دبستانی 6 منطقه شهر تهران در سال تحصیلی 98-1397 بودند که از میان آن‌ها با روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس 30 کودک انتخاب و به‌ صورت تصادفی در دو گروه 15 نفری آزمایش و کنترل قرار داده شدند. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامه‌ مهارت‌های اجتماعی اکرز (1992) استفاده شد. شرکت‌کنندگان گروه آزمایش در 10 جلسه و هر جلسه به مدت 25 دقیقه بسته بازی‌ درمانی را دریافت کردند و در این مدت برای گروه کنترل هیچ‌گونه برنامه بازی آموزشی ارائه نشد. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس چند متغیری در نرم‌افزار SPSS  نسخه 24 استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که در دو گروه کنترل و آزمایش در متغیرهای ارتباط مؤثر (001/0>P، 2/134=F)، سازگاری روانی (001/0>P، 8/69=F)، توانایی‌های فردی (001/0>P،  4/159=F)، تفاوت معنی‌داری داشتند. همچنین اثر متغیر کنترل (پیش‌آزمون) در هر چهار متغیر معنی‌دار بود. نتیجه‌گیری: می‌توان گفت بازی‌ درمانی بر رشد سازگاری روانی، ارتباط موثر با دیگران و توانایی های فردی کودکان کودکان پیش‌دبستانی مؤثر است. لذا باید در دوره تحصیل این گروه سنی، بازی‌های آموزشی بیشتر موردتوجه متولیان برنامه‌ریزی در سطح کلان و در سطح خرد مربیان قرار بگیرد.    }, keywords_fa = {بازی‌, سازگاری روانی, ارتباط موثر با دیگران, توانایی‌های فردی, کودکان,دوره پیش‌دبستانی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6870-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6870-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {SheykhiAlizade, Morvarid and Hosseinpour, Mohammad and Bahmaee, Leil}, title = {Identifying the Factors Affecting the Development of Continuing Medical Education in the University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Due to the rapid and rapid transformation of human knowledge and information, everything is changing rapidly. Organizations interact with the environment as an open system and need to respond to environmental changes in order to survive. Since human resources are the most important factor and axis of organizations, preparing these resources to face changes and update their knowledge is of particular importance. Medical education with the aim of maintaining and promoting human health is very important in order to train human resources specialized in this field. However, medical education is an endless process because medical sciences are advancing at a high speed and on the other hand, due to the escape of knowledge from human memory, its recall is considered necessary for various medical professionals. Continuing education of the medical team is a key element in increasing the knowledge, skills, quality and effectiveness of the health care system and promoting professional competence. The main purpose of continuing medical education is to maintain the skills and professional development of the medical community so that they can meet the needs of patients and the health system and improve the health system. Continuing medical education is a continuous learning process aimed at updating professional competence. This concept is a comprehensive approach to the continuous development of the profession. On the other hand, according to statistical estimates, the number of detainees has tripled since the beginning of the law. Also, the total number of types of continuing education programs (seminar, conference, congress, short-term vocational, codified, conference, workshop and self-study) has increased from 6 programs in 1369 to 9039 programs in 1391, which clearly indicates increasing growth and progress. It will rise in the coming years. In addition, the wide distribution of learners in the country, which according to Article 1 of the Law on Continuing Education includes all medical graduates, as well as the variety of educational topics, necessitates comprehensive and accurate planning, the management of which requires regular information. It is correct and up to date. On the importance of continuing medical education and learning in medical universities, it can be stated that one of the approaches emphasized by international organizations such as UNESCO in the 21st century is the inseparability of continuous learning from human life, which is a collective rethinking. In sensitive professions such as medicine. Education and development: Education, unlike development, can be measured objectively. Rapid changes in all pillars of organizations have severely limited the function of the training tool. For this reason, the scope of the concept of education has been considered. With the expansion and development of the concept of education, the objectivity and measurability of education faces many problems. Today, with the development of the concept of education, in addition to familiarity with skills and techniques, the way of thinking correctly and the system of thinking and analysis of the individual is also targeted and the word development is used instead of the word education. Roger Cartwright (2004) argues that "development is a process in which learning occurs through experience, where learning outcomes affect not only one's work skills but also one's attitudes". The aim of this study was to provide a model of continuing education at Ahwaz Jundishapur University based on a review of studies conducted in this field. Methods: The statistical population of this study was 90 employees of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences that 74 people were selected as a sample using Cochran sampling method. Data collection tools were a standard 100-item questionnaire with 7 components including management of education and technical support, technology and design, pedagogical, institutional, ethical, evaluation and feedback, and combined learning templates. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha of 0.8 and its validity was confirmed by face validity with the opinion of experts. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the factors of education management and technical support, technology and design, pedagogical, institutional, ethical, evaluation and feedback and combined learning forms have a significant effect on the development of continuing medical education. Conclusion: In general, it can be acknowledged that each educational content should have quality characteristics that meet the goals and strategies of education and in order to continuously develop medical education, education management and technical support factors, technology and design, pedagogical, institutional, Ethics, evaluation and feedback, and forms of blended learning are considered. There are two main approaches to educational design: a systems perspective, and a constructivist perspective. The systematic view of educational design considers education as a process consisting of input, process, and output. In this approach, which is based on the epistemological views of positivism and the psychological views of behaviorism and epistemology, one of its most important underlying assumptions is the acceptance of the existence of knowledge separately and independently outside the all-encompassing mind. As a result of the most important work done in educational design, a very complete and accurate analysis of the subject of education into its components and the classification of these components based on one of the classifications of educational objectives and then determine How to provide training for each of the objectives. Outputs or learning outcomes are first stated very clearly, followed by methods for teaching-learning activities so that students can achieve the desired goals (outcomes) by doing so. . In the constructivist view, which results from postmodern epistemology, knowledge is the product of the process of constructing meaning in the all-encompassing mind. Constructivism is a discourse in the field of learning and psychology that believes that knowledge by means of The person is made. In other words, it is the individual who, according to his previous experiences and knowledge, interprets the new situation and, as a result, forms an interaction with his new knowledge environment. In the first process, new information is added to the cognitive structure, and in the second case, the cognitive structure is changed in order to absorb the new information. In the continuing education programs, it was tried to observe all the above points in a desirable way. For this purpose, a study guide was developed for each program so that the audience or study it is familiar with the program objectives, matching the subject of the program with their needs and interests, duration of scientific validity of the program, evaluation method, cost, continuing education score and program authors.}, Keywords = {Continuing Education, Personal Development, Workplace Learning, Jundishapur University, Organizational Learning}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {119-127}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر توسعه آموزش مداوم پزشکی در دانشگاه علوم پزشکی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: آموزش مداوم پزشکی، فرایند یادگیری مداوم با هدف بروزرسانی صلاحیت حرفه­ای است. بنابراین این مطالعه با هدف ارائه الگو آموزش مداوم در دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اهواز صورت گرفت. روش کار: جامعه آماری این پژوهش 90 نفر از کارکنان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اهواز بود که با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری کوکران 74 نفر به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. ابزار جمع‌آوری اطلاعات پرسشنامه 100 گویه‌ای استاندارد با 7 مؤلفه شامل مدیریت آموزش و پشتیبانی فنی، فناوری و طراحی، پداگوژیکی، نهادی، اخلاقی، ارزیابی و بازخورد و قالب­های یادگیری ترکیبی بود. پایایی پرسشنامه با الفای کرونباخ 8/0 تأیید گردید و روایی آن با روایی صوری با نظر خبرگان تأیید شد. از نرم افزار SPSS برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد عوامل مدیریت آموزش و پشتیبانی فنی، فناوری و طراحی، پداگوژیکی، نهادی، اخلاقی، ارزیابی و بازخورد و قالب­های یادگیری ترکیبی بر توسعه آموزش مداوم پزشکی تأثیر معنی‌داری دارند. نتیجه گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان اذعان داشت که هر محتوای آموزشی باید دارای ویژگی­های کیفی باشد که اهداف و راهبردهای آموزشی را تامین کند و در راستای توسعه مداوم آموزش پزشکی عوامل مدیریت آموزش و پشتیبانی فنی، فناوری و طراحی، پداگوژیکی، نهادی، اخلاقی، ارزیابی و بازخورد و قالب­های یادگیری ترکیبی مد نظر قرار گیرند.}, keywords_fa = {آموزش مداوم, توسعه فردی, یادگیری محیط کار, دانشگاه جندی شاپور, یادگیری سازمانی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7123-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7123-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Naimi, Shohre and Naghibi, Saeed and Barzegari, Ali and MomenMaragheh, Salar and Jafaridoudaran, Pooya and Mirjavan, Maryam}, title = {The Effect of Different Intensities of Aerobic Exercise on the Expression of Darpp32 Markers in the Liver of Male Wistar Rat}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The liver, as the largest gland in the body, can manufacture, store, change and secrete a large number of metabolic substances the body. The liver receives blood rich in nutrients from the digestive and esophageal tracts, then stores them or changes them into chemical substances that are used elsewhere in the body for metabolic needs. This tissue is especially important in regulating glucose and protein metabolism. The liver makes and secretes bile, which plays a major role in the digestion and absorption of fats in the digestive system. On the other hand, the lack of physical activity and the decrease in cardio-respiratory fitness related to it is related to the increase in diseases. Among obese individuals, sedentary individuals have an increased risk of developing fatty liver compared to physically active individuals of similar weight. These data support the hypothesis that increasing physical activity through exercise, which is defined as a planned, structured, and repetitive physical activity with specific intensity and duration, has beneficial effects on liver diseases. On the other hand, in the liver tissue, a large number of targeted proteins are connected to specific enzymes and cell structures and scaffolding proteins, which collect enzyme intermediates. Insulin increases the accumulation of glycogen by phosphorylating these enzymes and as a result, activates glycogen synthase and deactivates glycogen Desynthase. The DARPP-32 gene, which is also known as PPP1R1B regulatory subunit, is a strong inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1 (PP1). It is phosphorylated at Thr34 by cAMP. DARPP-32 shows a significant regional distribution in the brain, which is almost similar to dopamine innervation. Molecular studies of DARPP-32 have shown that its regulation and function are more complex. DARPP-32 protein is phosphorylated by stimulation of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors and is coded by the PPP1R1B gene. DARPP-32 is a small, unstructured protein of about 202 amino acids. Since the mid-1980s, DARPP-32 has been recognized as a critical mediator of dopamine's biochemical, electrophysiological, transcriptional, and behavioral effects. It has been shown that the phosphorylation state of DARPP-32 provides a mechanism to integrate information received by dopamine neurons and in different brain regions through a variety of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neuropeptides, and steroid hormones. Most studies have investigated the effect of endurance training on hormones and factors secreted from liver tissue. However, in none of the studies has it been determined which intensity of exercise can have a greater effect on the expression of the DARPP-32 gene. Therefore, in this study, we seek to investigate and answer the question of whether there is a significant difference between different intensities of aerobic exercise on the expression of Darpp32 markers in the liver of male Wistar rats. Methods: The present research was experimental, for this purpose, 32 8-week-old male Wistar rats with an average weight of 237 ± 33 grams were purchased from Pasteur Institute. After being transferred to the animal laboratory environment, these animals were kept in groups of 8 mice in transparent polycarbonate cages in an environment with a temperature of 22 ± 1.4 degrees Celsius, a humidity of 45 to 55%, and a light-dark cycle of 12:12. The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups and each group had 8 heads including a control group, moderate-intensity aerobic training (MIT), high-intensity aerobic training (HIT) and high-intensity interval aerobic training (HIIT). Animal care was carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the International Institute of Health and the protocols of this study, following the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the rules of medical ethics. Also, this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Payam Noor University with code IR.PNU.REC.1398.040. During the research period, the food made by Behparvor company was given to the animals in the form of pellets and according to the weekly weighing at the rate of 10 grams per 100 grams of body weight. The water needed by the animal was also freely available. In order to get acquainted with the conditions of the laboratory and the treadmill, the animals ran on the treadmill for 2 weeks, 5 days per week and for 10 to 15 minutes each day at a speed of 5 to 15 m/min. Rats were active for 8 weeks after warming up for 5 minutes (at a speed of 5 m/min). The number of sessions per week was 5 sessions. The MIT exercise protocol consisted of running at 65% of maximum oxygen consumption for a total time of 47 minutes. The exercise consisted of 5 minutes of warm-up and 5 minutes of cool-down and 37 minutes of the main body of the exercise at 65% of maximal oxygen consumption. The HIT exercise protocol included running at a speed of 20 meters per minute for 40 minutes with an increasing incline of the treadmill. The exercise consisted of 5 minutes of warm-up and 5 minutes of cooling down and 30 minutes of the main body of the exercise at 65% of maximal oxygen consumption. The incline of the treadmill was zero in the first week and 2% was added every 2 weeks until it reached 8% in the eighth week. The HIIT training protocol included 4 high-intensity intervals with 4 minutes of running at an intensity of 90 to 100% of maximum oxygen consumption and 4 low-intensity intervals with 3 minutes of running at 50 to 60% of maximum oxygen consumption, which lasted a total of 38 minutes. It consisted of 10 minutes of warm-up and 28 minutes of the main body of the exercise (16). In order to ensure the isolation of exercise in all 4 groups, the exercises were performed according to the method of Rokenmo et al. (2004). Based on this method, the net training time in each group was calculated and equalized based on the time, intensity, and repetition of the work. After finishing the training period, the mice were anesthetized, blood was taken and tissue was separated, and the data obtained by PCR-Real time device were measured and analyzed. Results: The results obtained from the implementation of this test showed that there is a significant difference between the research groups in the expression values of the Darpp32 protein gene. Comparison between groups showed that there is a significant difference in the expression of the Darpp32 protein gene of Wistar rats between control training groups (P ≥ 0.001). Comparison between groups was done with Tukey's test and the results showed that there is a significant difference in the expression of the DARPP32 gene in male Wistar rats between the HIIT group compared to the MIT, HIT, and control groups (P ≥ 0.001). So in the MIT group, they decreased by 0.021 units, in the HIT group by 0.011 units, and in the control group by 0.030 units compared to the HIIT group. On the other hand, a significant difference was also observed between the HIT and control groups compared to the MIT group (P ≥ 0.001), so that in the HIT group it increased by 0.010 units compared to the MIT group, and in the group, The control also decreased by 0.008 units compared to the MIT group. Also, the follow-up test in the training groups showed that there is a significant difference in the expression of the DARPP32 gene between the HIT and control exercise training groups (P ≥ 0.001), so in the HIT group it was 0.019 The unit has increased compared to the control group. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that sports training produces favorable changes in the metabolic system of the liver - these effects were seen in aerobic exercise with high intensity. Aerobic exercise with high intensity for 8 weeks can increase the expression of the Darpp-32 protein gene. The results of the present study can be concluded that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise improves the function of genes involved in glucose metabolism. Among the limitations of the present study, we can point out the lack of control over the number of calories consumed by rats and the lack of control over physical activity outside of the animal research program. Despite this, the research background on the effect of the exercise protocols of the present research on Darpp-32 in liver tissue is very limited and needs more investigations.  }, Keywords = {Moderate-intensity aerobic training, High-intensity interval aerobic training, High-intensity aerobic training, Darpp32}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {128-136}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر شدت‌های مختلف تمرین هوازی بر بیان ژن مارکرهای Darpp32 در کبد رت‌های نر نژاد ویستار}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: مطالعات تمرین‌های پرشدت را عاملی برای افزایش گلیکوژنولیز کبدی دانسته و ذخایر گلیکوژن کبدی کاهش می‌یابد و انرژی‌رسانی به بافت‌های دیگر کم می‌شود و ذخیره گلیکوژن در تمرین‌های با شدت کم و متوسط از حالت بی‌تمرینی بیشتر است. در این مطالعه برای اولین بار اثر 3 نوع شدت تمرین هوازی را بر روی بافت کبد و بررسی ژن دخیل در سنتز گلیکوژن انجام می‌شود. روش کار: در این مطالعه تجربی 32 سر موش صحرایی نر نژاد ویستار 8 هفته­ای با میانگین وزنی 33±237 گرم به ‌صورت گروه­های 8 سر موش در 4 گروه کنترل، تمرین هوازی با شدت متوسط، تمرین هوازی پرشدت و تمرین هوازی تناوبی پرشدت تقسیم شدند. پس از اتمام دوره تمرین، رت‌ها بیهوش و خونگیری و جداسازی بافت صورت گرفت و داده‌های حاصل از دستگاه PCR-Real time اندازه‌گیری و آنالیز شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان می‌دهد که سطح بیان ژن DARPP32 در گروه‌های تمرین هوازی با شدت متوسط، تمرین هوازی پرشدت و تمرین هوازی تناوبی پرشدت در مقایسه با کنترل افزایش معناداری داشته است (001/0 P<). نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که تمرین‌های استقامتی به مدت 8 هفته می‌تواند باعث افزایش میزان بیان ژن‌های Darpp32 شود. با توجه به نتایج پژوهش حاضر می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که 8 هفته فعالیت‌های ورزشی هوازی باعث بهبود عملکرد متابولیسم گلیکوژن و مسیر انسولین می‌شود و یک مارکر جدید در شناسایی دیابت باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {تمرین هوازی با شدت متوسط, تمرین هوازی تناوبی پرشدت, تمرین هوازی پرشدت, Darpp32}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7914-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7914-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Izadkhah, Shakiba and AshrafGanjuii, Farideh and HajiAnzahai, Zahr}, title = {The Role of Virtual Space and Social Networks in Health and Fitness Industry}, abstract ={Background & Aims: World population growth and increasing expectations for effective treatments and a generally better quality of life are putting increasing pressure on healthcare Therefore, health care is still one of the most important social and economic challenges worldwide and requires new and more advanced solutions from science and technology (1, 2). In response to such needs, since the early 1990s, information and communication technologies (ICT) have had a positive impact on the accessibility, efficiency, and quality of almost every health care-related process (3). Hence, the term eHealth, which refers to the application of information and communication technology in health care, has come into common use. Indeed, eHealth has attracted a great deal of public and private interest and has fueled unprecedented levels of investment in both research efforts and funding (4). On the other hand, health continuity includes the areas of disease prevention, diagnosis and management. Over the past decade, a rapidly growing group of more than 1,200 companies focused exclusively on digital health have received $33 billion in investment. These companies provide products and services with regard to every aspect of the health chain. For example, their digital health products and services promise scale, efficiency, accessibility, convenience, and greater patient engagement (5). Which can indicate the importance of business related to the health industry in different sections of the society. Support services add value to a business's core services, provide points of differentiation, and create a competitive advantage over competitors. Fitness clubs offer a number of support services, including opportunities to participate in exercise. Fitness tests are a common support service (11). On the other hand, some of the clients of medical clinics need sports and physical fitness services. For example, heart patients who need rehabilitation; Obese people who are looking for fitness; Patients with metabolic disorders such as type 2 and type 1 diabetes or people with alcoholic fatty liver who are clients of health clinics or fitness clubs, which can indicate the importance of planning and strategizing to provide services related to the health industry and market. Work in this field.According to the mentioned contents, the aim of the present research was to design a model for the implementation of business strategies for marketing health-related products in social networks. Methods: The present research was conducted with the approach of exploratory design of tool development, based on this plan, first the qualitative aspect of the research was conducted using the data theory analysis method based on Glazer's approach (1978) and then the research was conducted quantitatively and finally the qualitative and quantitative results were interpreted. It happened at the same time. In fact, in this project, first, based on qualitative studies, the structures or components of the desired theory were described and analyzed. In this way, the framework and factors of those structures and components are extracted and indexes are developed for it, and finally, using quantitative data, the credibility and evaluation of the constructed theory is investigated (Hakimzadeh and Abdulmaleki, 89). This plan can be seen below. The statistical population was used in the quantitative stage in the discussion of the screening of criteria from the point of view of 20 experts. It should be noted that considering that the criteria of the screening questionnaire should be set in such a way that the experts participate in the research; Therefore, qualitative experts were used in this research. In the criteria validation section, which was used with the confirmatory factor analysis approach, the statistical population was made up of all stakeholders and stakeholders and various experts in the discussion of sports business (N=2874). In order to estimate the sample size from SP sample size determination software. S. S sample power was used, taking into account the maximum independent variable influencing the dependent variables involved in the regression models of the research and the error percentage of 0.05, the power is higher than 0.85 and the effect size is 0.05, the sample size is 370. People were estimated. First, Delphi questionnaire was used to screen the identified criteria from the qualitative part of the research. And in the second stage, a questionnaire was used to measure the factorial validity of the identified criteria in the form of the desired constructs. The scoring basis for screening questionnaire criteria was based on a five-point Likert scale and the range of scores was from very low to very high. Delphi analysis method was used in the quantitative part. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model were used to check the questionnaire. Coding of the qualitative part was done manually. In order to perform calculations in this chapter of the research, Excel version 10, SPSS software version 25, Amos software version 23 and SmartPLS version 2,3 were used. Results: The results showed that innovation strategy has a positive and significant effect on product strategy (α = 0.144, P = 0.001). Promotion strategy has a positive and significant effect on product strategy (α = 0.065, P = 0.001). Service strategy has a positive and significant effect on product strategy (α = 0.239, P = 0.001). Pricing strategy has a positive and significant effect on product strategy (α = 0.471, P = 0.001). Expert manpower strategy has a positive and significant effect on development strategy (α = 0.638, P = 0.001). Customer relationship strategy has a significant and negative effect on product strategy (α = -0.141, P = 0.001). Infrastructure strategy has a positive and significant effect on product strategy (α = 0.092, P = 0.001). Product strategy has a positive and significant effect on expert human resources strategy (α = 0.461, P = 0.001). It was also found that the innovation strategy indirectly has a positive and significant effect on the development strategy (α = 0.042, P = 0.001). Finally, it was found that the infrastructure strategy indirectly has a positive and significant effect on the development strategy (α = 0.027, P = 0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of this research, it can be said that the business of marketing sports products related to health as a part of the health industry in social networks should be done by making timely decisions and with sufficient knowledge of consumers and market needs. By offering a good product, at a reasonable price, using optimal distribution methods, using informative advertisements using a process defined by efficient and responsible human resources in a suitable place (one of the most popular social networks). The customer's destiny is to increase their market share and keep their customers with creativity, initiative, flexibility and adapting resources to the needs and demands of customers in addition to increasing their market share.  }, Keywords = {Virtual space, Health Industry, Fitness}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {137-145}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {نقش فضای مجازی و شبکه های اجتماعی در صنعت سلامت و فیتنس}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: شبکه‌های مجازی بستری برای خرید و فروش محصولات مختلف می­باشد. هدف پژوهش حاضر طراحی مدل پیاده­سازی استراتژی­های کسب و کار بازاریابی محصولات مرتبط با سلامت در شبکه­های اجتماعی بود. روش کار: در پژوهش مقطعی حاضر، جامعه آماری در مرحله کیفی 20 نفر از صاحب‎نظران بودند؛ که به روش نمونه­گیری هدفمند و تکنیک نمونه­گیری گلوله برفی انتخاب شدند. بعد از پیاده‌سازی مصاحبه‌های انجام‌شده، کدهای مفهومی از متن مصاحبه‌ها شناسایی شد و متن مصاحبه­ها مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها همزمان و به طور مستمر با جمع آوری اطلاعات انجام پذیرفت. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها در بخش کیفی از روش نظریه داده بنیاد رویکرد (گلیزر، 1978) استفاده شد. همچنین در بخش کمی داده­ها ابتدا برای غربالگری معیارهای شناسایی شده از بخش کیفی پژوهش از پرسشنامه دلفی استفاده شد و در مرحله دوم برای سنجش اعتبار عاملی معیارهای شناسایی شده در قالب سازه­های مورد نظر از پرسشنامه استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها: با توجه به نتایج می‎توان گفت برای اینکه ساز و کار اجرای فراهم شود، باید 1) استراتژی نوآوری، 2) استراتژی ارتباط با مشتری، 3) استراتژی زیر ساخت، 4) استراتژی توسعه، 5) استراتژی خدمات، 6) استراتژی نیروی انسانی متخصص، 7) استراتژی ترویج و تبلیغ، 8) استراتژی قیمت‎گذاری و  9) استراتژی محصولات مورد توجه قرار گیرند نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج می توان گفت که شبکه های مجازی بستری مناسب برای بازاریابی محصولات مرتبط با صنعت سلامت و فیتنس می باشد.   }, keywords_fa = {فضای مجازی, صنعت سلامت, فیتنس}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7609-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7609-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {SoltaniDelgosha, Mohamad and Vaziri, Shahram and shahabizadeh, Fateme and Ahi, Ghasem and Mansoury, Ahm}, title = {Comparing the Effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Psychological Indicators and Quality of Life of Emergency Medical Workers with Corona}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 or Covid-19 is an acute respiratory disease that is closely related to the Sars virus. Although all medical personnel is exposed to corona disease, emergency medical personnel are more exposed to this type of disease due to the special nature of their job. The uncertainty and low predictability of this disease not only threaten the physical health of people but also affects the mental health of emergency medical personnel in terms of emotions and cognition. Long-term negative emotions reduce people's immune function and destroy the balance of their normal defense mechanisms. So people may overreact to any illness, which can lead to destructive behaviors, worry, anger, and fear. According to the review of the sources, it can be stated that the occurrence of a sudden and life-threatening illness can create extraordinary pressure on the medical staff. Medical staff is particularly vulnerable to psychological and mental health problems such as aggression, anxiety, and depression, and their quality of life is affected. Depression, as one of the mental disorders, includes a wide range of emotional and mental states, from sadness and low self-esteem to emotional and physical disability. Anxiety is an unpleasant emotion that is usually described with words such as worry, anxiety, tension, and fear; Emotions that everyone experiences with different intensity. New studies have also shown that anxiety can increase or decrease the level of people's functions. Aggression is often a response to a person's expectations not being met or a response to behaviors that are considered unacceptable to the person. From a psychological point of view, aggression is defined as behavior aimed at hurting, annoying, or harming another person. The increase in psychological and physical problems observed in the life of medical workers leads to the configuration of a large volume of studies on how to increase the health level of this group of people. Measures should be taken to prevent and treat these cases. Among the treatments that can be used in this regard are the treatment focused on compassion and the treatment of acceptance and commitment. In acceptance and commitment therapy, the main goal is to create psychological flexibility. Acceptance and commitment therapy focuses less on reducing symptoms and more on increasing quality of life. On the other hand, some experts believe that the core of helping people is based on a sense of compassion. In compassion-based therapy, people learn not to avoid or suppress their painful feelings, so they can first recognize their experience and feel compassion for it. This plays a significant role in calming the mind and reducing stress and negative spontaneous thoughts. Additionally, self-compassion requires active and patient acceptance of difficult feelings. Due to being on the first line of dealing with this disease, emergency medical workers are more likely than others to be exposed to psychological disorders and extreme fluctuations in physical indicators. A cross-sectional study conducted on medical personnel in China during the outbreak of Covid- 19 has shown that among 512 personnel, about 164 had direct contact with an infected patient. Among them, the prevalence of anxiety was about 12.5%, of which 10.35% experienced mild anxiety, 1.36% experienced moderate anxiety, and about 0.78% experienced severe anxiety. The importance of conducting this research is because the more the number of psychological treatments including compassion-focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy increases, the more likely psychological indicators will decrease, including anxiety, stress, aggression, and the level of quality of life-related to their health. It is created and people can do their treatment tasks with more confidence. Methods:  The current research was of a semi-experimental type with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up plan with a control group, which was conducted on 60 medical emergency workers infected with Corona in Mashhad in the year 1400 and the form of three groups (two experimental groups and one control group) was done. The treatment groups were compassion-focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy. The list of symptoms of mental disorders and the quality of life questionnaire were used to collect information. The interventions of the two groups were implemented as a group in the Skyroom software, and no intervention was done for the control group. Both experimental groups were exposed to treatment for 8 sessions of 90 minutes, but the control group was placed on the waiting list. After the end of the treatment, the post-test was performed for all three groups, and after three months after the last group meeting, the follow-up was done. After scoring, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS-26 statistical software. Results:  Based on the results of this study, there was a significant difference between the three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up related to psychological indicators and quality of life in the experimental groups of treatment focused on compassion, treatment of acceptance and commitment, and the control group (P<0.05 ). Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that the treatment focused on compassion and the treatment of acceptance and commitment improve psychological indicators and quality of life. It is suggested that in future comparative studies, the effectiveness of two treatment approaches focused on compassion and acceptance and commitment therapy on physiological characteristics (heart rate and blood pressure) and other psychological outcomes of patients with corona should be studied. The findings of this research were about emergency medical workers in Mashhad, so the generalization of the findings with other samples and statistical societies should be done with caution. The self-reporting of the tools used and the purposeful sampling method are other limitations of this research that must be taken into account.  }, Keywords = {Acceptance and commitment therapy, Compassion-focused therapy, Psychological indicators, Corona, Quality of life}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {146-154}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه اثربخشی درمان متمرکز بر شفقت و درمان پذیرش و تعهد بر شاخص های روانشناختی و کیفیت زندگی کارکنان فوریت های پزشکی مبتلا به کرونا}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: با توجه به تأثیر کرونا بر مشکلات روان شناختی و کیفیت زندگی کارکنان پزشکی، مطالعه حاضر با هدف مقایسه اثربخشی درمان متمرکز بر شفقت و درمان پذیرش و تعهد بر شاخص‌های روان شناختی و کیفیت زندگی در کارکنان فوریت‌های پزشکی مبتلا به کرونا، انجام شد. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از نوع نیمه آزمایشی بود که بر روی 60 نفر از کارکنان فوریت های پزشکی مبتلا به کرونا شهر مشهد در سال 1400 و در قالب سه گروه (دو گروه آزمایش و یک گروه گواه) انجام شد. گروه­های درمانی عبارت بودند از درمان متمرکز بر شفقت و درمان پذیرش و تعهد. از پرسشنامه  نشانه­های اختلال­های روانی و کیفیت زندگی به منظور جمع آوری اطلاعات استفاده شد. هر دو گروه آزمایشی به مدت 8 جلسه 90 دقیقه‌ای در معرض درمان قرار گرفتند، اما گروه کنترل در لیست انتظار قرار گرفت. پس از خاتمه درمان پس آزمون برای هر سه گروه اجرا شد و بعد از سه ماه از آخرین جلسه گروه، پیگیری به عمل آمد. یافته‌ها: بر اساس نتایج این مطالعه، بین سه مرحله پیش آزمون، پس آزمون و پیگیری مربوط به شاخص‌های روانشناختی و کیفیت زندگی در گروه‌های آزمایشی درمان متمرکز بر شفقت، درمان پذیرش و تعهد و گروه کنترل تفاوت معنادار وجود داشت. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده در مطالعه حاضر می‌توان از هر دو شیوه درمانی مورد استفاده، به منظور بهبود شاخص‌های روان شناختی و کیفیت زندگی در کارکنان فوریت‌های پزشکی مبتلا به کرونا استفاده کرد.  }, keywords_fa = {درمان پذیرش و تعهد, درمان متمرکز بر شفقت, شاخص‌های روانشناختی, کرونا, کیفیت زندگی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7643-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7643-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ghasemi, Nasrin and Yaghoobi, Abolghasem and Taghvaei, Davood and ZangenehMotlagh, Firozeh}, title = {The Effectiveness of Cognitive Motivational Multidimensional Intervention on Academic Self-Efficiency and Mastery Goal Orientation of Elementary School Students}, abstract ={Background & Aims: There are many factors that lead to progress in the academic environment. Factors such as motivational and environmental characteristics are important, but it is widely assumed that motivation is one of the main elements of progress in the educational environment. One of the important topics in the field of motivation is goal orientation. The theory of goal orientation mainly examines why people choose a specific goal, how they approach the desired goal and engage with the task related to it. One of the dimensions of goal orientation that has been examined in this research is mastery goal orientation, which has a direct relationship with people's learning and performance. Mastery goal orientation is known as a person's unconscious approach to a learning task. In general, the mastery goal orientation directs the academic behavior and is able to explain the relationship between the student's beliefs about academic success and being involved and continuing to complete a task, which has an effective role in the academic progress of students. Self-efficacy is another important factor that is of interest to researchers and administrators in the field of education. Bandura investigated the effects of self-efficacy on academic performance and named this construct as academic self-efficacy. He believes that self-efficacy beliefs play a role in academic success more than ability, knowledge and previous success. Academic self-efficacy emphasizes students' beliefs about their ability to succeed in academic subjects, curricular areas, and self-regulation in learning and study activities. Cognitive-motivational intervention is the process of monitoring, reviewing and directing behavior that reduces aimlessness and inconsistency between motivation and effort and leads a person on the path of effort and achieving efficiency. Studies have shown that teaching self-regulation components in Martin's theory can; affect the level of students' motivation, for example, sustainability in Martin's approach is one of the factors that is known as an effective factor and can lead to more self-efficacy and increase academic motivation in students. Persistence means that a person continues in his work despite the difficulty of the work and the challenges that exist. Due to the fact that training motivated, purposeful and efficient learners is one of the requirements for achieving academic success and the concept of motivation has always been the focus of researchers and education specialists. Therefore, cognitive motivational multidimensional intervention can be useful in the field of education. Considering the importance of this approach, the research question is: Is cognitive motivational multidimensional intervention effective on students' academic self-efficacy and mastery goal orientation? Methods: The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the research was all the fifth-grade students of Nahavand primary school, a sample of 30 people (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) was selected through cluster sampling. The research tools included the academic self-efficacy questionnaires of Zajakova et al. (2005) and the goal orientation of Midgley et al. (1998). After the pre-test, the experimental group was trained in cognitive motivational intervention during 9 sessions of 45 minutes, and the control group did not receive any intervention. After the completion of the experimental intervention, the post-test and after one month, the follow-up test was performed. To analyze the data, Mixed analysis of variance was used in SPSS-23 software. Results: The results showed that cognitive motivational intervention has an effect on academic self-efficacy and mastery goal orientation (p<0.01). Conclusion: Considering the impact of cognitive motivational intervention on increasing academic self-efficacy and the goal orientation of students' mastery, this method can be used to increase their academic progress. It is important to mention that the data presented in this study is self-reported. Although this method of data collection is a reasonable and defensible method, it would be useful to conduct research that examines similar constructs using data obtained from other sources such as teachers and parents. The current research, like other experimental designs, also had limitations, one of which was the small sample size, which reduces the generalizability of the findings; To solve this limitation, it seems necessary to conduct a study with a larger sample size in order to reach more stable results. Another limitation of this study was not considering the academic progress of the students. Considering the academic progress can affect children's self-efficacy, therefore, the results may have been integrated with the effects of academic progress, which should be cautious in generalizing the results, and it is suggested to control the educational progress and the level of children's motivation in future studies. According to the results of the current research and previous studies, it can be said that the cognitive motivational multidimensional intervention is effective and can be used, but schools are facing problems in the field of implementation, and the implementation of this approach requires planning and policy making in educational programs.}, Keywords = {Cognitive Motivational Multidimensional Intervention, Academic Self-Efficacy, Mastery Goal Orientation}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {155-165}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی مداخله چند بعدی انگیزشی- شناختی بر خودکارآمدی تحصیلی و جهت‌گیری هدف تبحری دانش‌آموزان ابتدایی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بر اساس پیشینه پژوهشی جهت­گیری هدف تبحری و خودکارآمدی تحصیلی با انگیزش در ارتباط هستند، و با توجه به ساختار چندبعدی مداخله انگیزشی پژوهش حاضر در پی تاثیر آن بر جهت­گیری هدف تبحری و خودکارآمدی است. لذا هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثربخشی آموزش مداخله چندبعدی انگیزشی- شناختی بر خودکارآمدی تحصیلی و جهت­گیری هدف تبحری در دانش­آموزان ابتدایی است. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر یک مطالعه­ی نیمه­آزمایشی با طرح پیش­آزمون، پس­آزمون و پیگیری با گروه­ آزمایش و کنترل بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش را همه دانش­آموزان پایه پنجم دبستان شهر نهاوند تشکیل ­دادند که نمونه­­ای به حجم 30 نفر (15 نفر گروه آزمایش و 15 نفر گروه کنترل) از طریق نمونه­گیری خوشه­ای انتخاب شدند. ابزار پژوهش شامل پرسش­نامه­های خودکارآمدی تحصیلی زاژاکووا و همکاران (2005) و جهت­گیری هدف میدگلی و همکاران (1998) بود. پس از اجرای پیش­آزمون،  گروه آزمایش طی 9 جلسه 45 دقیقه­ای، تحت آموزش مداخله انگیزشی-شناختی قرار گرفتند و گروه کنترل مداخله­ای دریافت نکرد. بعد از اتمام مداخله آزمایشی، پس­آزمون و بعد از گذشت یک ماه، آزمون پیگیری به عمل آمد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از روش تحلیل واریانس مختلط در نرم افزار SPSS-23 استفاده شد. یافته­ ها: نتایج آزمون تحلیل واریانس مختلط نشان داد که مداخلۀ انگیزشی شناختی بر خودکارآمدی تحصیلی و جهت­گیری هدف تبحری تاثیرگذار است (01/0p< ). نتیجه ­گیری: با توجه به تاثیر مداخلۀ چندبعدی انگیزشی- شناختی بر افزایش خودکارآمدی تحصیلی و جهت­گیری هدف تبحری دانش­­آموزان، می­توان از  این روش جهت افزایش پیشرفت تحصیلی آنها  استفاده کرد.   }, keywords_fa = {مداخله چندبعدی انگیزشی -شناختی, خوکارآمدی تحصیلی, جهت‌گیری هدف تبحری}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7810-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7810-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Rohani, Soheyla and Hajighasemi, Fatemeh}, title = {Compatibility of B-Sheets with Epitopes Predicted by Immunoinformatic in Human IgG}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Antibodies, well-known as immunoglobulins (Igs), are produced by B lymphocytes and specifically defend against pathogens. Igs are glycoproteins and have high diagnostic value in several diseases including infections (1). Igs are composed of light and heavy chains (2, 3). Each chain is comprised of about 110-120 amino acid residues which create immunoglobulin folds named domains (4, 5).  Domains play an important role in Igs biological functions. Every domain is included of two anti-parallel β-sheets. B-sheets play an important role in epitope formation because most of the epitopes are located in B-sheets (6, 7).  Epitope/ antigenic determinant is a part of antigen recognized by antibody (8).  For precise detections of Igs, diagnostic tools such as Igs- epitope specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are needed (11). Therefore B-sheets are valuable tools in detection of proteins epitopes. IgG is the highest Ig in serum and has vital role in defense against infections (12). For optimizing current IgG diagnostic tests, accurate determination of IgG-specific epitopes is extremely important (18). Immunoinformatic is a branch of immunology uses a large amount of computer-generated biological information to solve immunological problems and diagnosis of diseases faster and more accurate (19-21). Immunoinformatic has spread to almost all areas of immunology and has exceedingly facilitated understanding of immune responses and their role in disease and health. Accordingly immunoinformatic has provided novel research opportunities to study the molecular mechanisms of immunological processes and related diseases and thus provide more effective diagnostic and treatment strategies (24-26). As B-sheets play an important role in epitope formation (6, 7) and immunogenic epitopes are very useful tools for production of specific monoclonal antibodies against a molecule (11), we conducted this research for recognition of human IgG B-sheets with immunoinformatic method and study their compatibility with IgG epitopes. Methods: The confirmed amino acid sequence of reference human IgG was determined with PDB data bank in http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do web site. The second structure of human IgG was obtained with Phyre2 (Protein Homology/analogy Recognition Engine V 2.0) software available on the http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/phyre website. The location of B-sheets and epitopes in IgG was determined by the IEDB (Immune Epitope Database) at www.immuneepitope.org. Website. Results: Figures 1 and 2 show the second structure of light and heavy chains of the human IgG molecule, respectively, obtained by phyre2 software. The IgG light and heavy chains second structure consists of alpha spirals and B-sheets. Figures 3 and 4 show the location of B-sheets in light and heavy chains of the human IgG molecule obtained by IEDB software. Most of  the  B-sheets in IgG molecules were located in 150 - 175 amino acid sequences of light chains and in 130-140, 160-170, 190-200, 220-245, 375-410 and 420-425 amino acid sequences of heavy chains respectively as was determined by IEDB software. Three epitopes sited to constant domain of IgG light chain (CL) were predicted. These epitopes were located at 150-175 and 180-205 amino acid sequences of light chain. Also three epitopes situated to second and third constant domains of IgG heavy chain (CH2 and CH3) were predicted. These epitopes were located at 200-270, 290-360 and 380-400 amino acid sequences of heavy chain. Based on the results of present study, 66% of human IgG light chain epitopes and 66% of human IgG heavy chain epitopes are situated at the IgG B-sheets locations. Also in present study, 91% of the amino acids forming B-sheets sited in the heavy chains of IgG molecule were located in the CH2 and CH3 domains and 100% of the human IgG heavy chain epitopes were located in the CH2 and CH3 domains Conclusion: According to the results of this study, most of human IgG epitopes are located in regions of the molecule where B-sheets are most likely situated, indicating a relatively high compatibility of B-sheets with IgG epitopes. Given that the B-sheets present in the second structure of proteins play an important role in epitope formation (6, 7), the occurrence of most human IgG epitopes (66%) at the location of B-sheets seems evident. Moreover, according to the findings of the present study, a total of 91% of the amino acids forming B-sheets sited in the heavy chains of IgG molecule were located in the CH2 and CH3 domains and 100% of the human IgG heavy chain epitopes were located in the CH2 and CH3 domains. This again indicates the high compatibility of B-sheets with epitopes located on the heavy chain of the human IgG molecule. The findings of our study are confirmed by Hajighasemi et al. study (31). In study of Hajighasemi et al. (31), about 91% of the linear epitopes located on the heavy chains of the IgG molecule, were situated in the CH2 and CH3 domains. Similarly, in our study 100%  of human IgG heavy chain  epitopes located on CH2 and CH3 domains. Also the results of present study are confirmed by another research (36) in which all (100% ) of spatial epitopes on fragment of crystallizable [Fc] component (part of heavy chains)  of the human IgG molecule were located in CH3 and CH2 domains as were  identified by DiscoTope and ElliPro  immunoinformatic softwares. Similarly in the present study, 100%  of IgG heavy chain  epitopes were located in the CH2 and CH3 domains. Moreover the results of another study performed by Rohani et al. (37) support the findings of current study. Rohani et al., reported that most of the areas with highest surface accessibility, hydrophilicity and flexibility, were situated in CH2 and CH3 domains of  human IgG heavy chains. (37). According to our results, most of  B-sheets are located in the CH2 and CH3 domains of  human IgG heavy chains. As B-sheets are regions with high accessibility, hydrophilicity and flexibility (6), presence of most B-sheets in the CH2 and CH3 domains  which are reported to be  highly accessible, hydrophilic and flexible ( 37), is reasonable. Furthermore, the high immunogenicity of B-sheets (39), once again confirms results of the present study. As immunogenicity plays an important role in epitope development, the high adaptation between the location of B-sheets and epitopes ( shown in our study) which both are highly immunogenic, seems logical. Besides since B-sheets play an important role in epitope formation(6, 7),  the high compatibility between location of B-sheets and IgG epitopes ( shown in present study) seems sensible. Overall, presence the most of B-sheets and IgG epitopes in CL, CH2 and CH3 domains of human IgG, shows the high compatibility between location of B-sheets and epitopes in human IgG. These findings are precious tools not only for prediction of IgG immunogenic epitopes in order to producing specific monoclonal anti IgG antibodies to optimize current human IgG diagnostic kits but also for more exact detection of IgG functions. Moreover our results are helpful in producing of similar proteins for diagnostic and therapeutic aims, structure- function relationships and phylogenic studies.}, Keywords = {B-Sheets, Human IgG, Immunoinformatic, Epitope}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {166-177}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تطبیق صفحات بتا با اپی توپ های پیش بینی شده توسط ایمونوانفورماتیک در مولکول IgG انسان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: آنتی‌‌بادی‌ها یا ایمونوگلوبولین‌ها immunoglobulins (Igs)])[، توسط لنفوسیت‌های B تولید شده و برای تشخیص برخی بیماری‌ها شامل عفونت‌ها ارزشمند هستند. سنجش Igs نیازمند ابزارهای تشخیصی اختصاصی از جمله آنتی‌بادی‌های منوکلونال]  monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)[ بوده و تولید MAbs  مستلزم تعیین اپی‌توپ‌های Igs  است. اپی‌توپ ناحیه‌ای از آنتی‌ژن است که توسط آنتی‌بادی شناسایی می‌شود. صفحات بتا نقش مهمی در ایجاد اپیتوپ دارند. IgG  فراوانترین Ig سرم بوده و نقش مهمی در دفاع علیه عوامل عفونی دارد. هدف این پژوهش شناسایی صفحات بتا و تطبیق آنها با اپیتوپ های پیش بینی شده در IgG انسان توسط ایمونوانفورماتیک میباشد. روش کار: توالی اسیدهای آمینه IgG مرجع انسان در پایگاه اطلاعاتی PDB (Protein Data Bank)، ساختار دوم IgG توسط نرم افزار Phyre2 (Protein Homology/analogY Recognition Engine V 2.0) و محل قرار گیری صفحات بتا و اپیتوپهای IgG با استفاده از پایگاه داده IEDB (Immune Epitope Database) تعیین شدند. یافته‌ها: ناحیه‌ای از IgG که بیشترین احتمال قرارگیری صفحات بتا را دارد، در زنجیره سبک در محدوده اسیدآمینه های ۱50 تا ۱۷۵ و در زنجیره سنگین در محدوده اسیدامینه‌های ۱4۰-۱3۰، ۱7۰-۱6۰ ،200- 190 ، 245- 220، 410- 375 و ۴۲5-۴۲0، قرار دارد. سه اپی‌توپ در زنجیره سبک در ناحیه بین اسید آمینه‌های  شماره ۱60- ۱50،  ۱75- ۱60و 205 -180 و سه اپی‌توپ نیز در زنجیره سنگین در ناحیه بین اسید آمینه‌های شماره 270- 200 ، 360- 29۰ و40۰- 380 شناسایی شدند. نتیجه‌گیری: غالب اپیتوپ های IgG انسان در نواحی از مولکول که بیشترین احتمال قرارگیری صفحات بتا هست، قرار گرفته‌اند که نمایانگر انطباق نسبتا بالای صفحات بتا با اپی‌توپ‌های IgG است. این یافته‌ها در شناسایی هرچه بهتر اعمال IgG، طراحی اپی‌توپ‌های ایمنی زا برای تولیدMAbs  اختصاصی به هدف بهینه سازی کیت‌های تشخیصی IgG و همچنین تولید پروتئین‌های مشابه جهت اهداف تشخیصی مفید هستند.  }, keywords_fa = {B-sheets,IgG,اپی‌توپ, ایمونوانفورماتیک}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7293-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7293-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Kalmishi, Abolfazal and AmouzadMahdirejei, Hassan and FadaiRihanabadi, Sajdeh and Hemmati, Fateme and HashemiKenti, Seyed Hasan and jafaridoudaran, Pooy}, title = {Investigating the Relationship between the Desire for Physical Activity and the Level of Stress and Depression in Students with Neuropathic Obesity}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Eating disorders are one of the most common mental/psycho-physical disorders that cause many problems in physical health and cognitive functioning, and also disrupt the quality of life of the affected person and cause death. Binge eating disorder is an eating disorder that is now recognized as an official diagnosis. It affects approximately 2% of the world's population and can cause other diet-related health problems, such as high cholesterol levels and diabetes. Nutrition and eating disorders are not only related to food, that's why they are known as mental disorders. People usually use them to deal with deeper issues or other psychological conditions such as anxiety or depression. People with binge eating disorder may eat a lot of food in a short period, even if they are not hungry. Stress or emotional distress often plays a role and may cause overeating. Binge eating involves consuming large amounts of food very quickly, even when you are not hungry, and is somewhat uncomfortable. Almost everyone overeats once in a while, but it can also become a disorder. In the psychopathology of eating disorders, it has been found that people with eating disorders report more Dysregulation of emotions than healthy people. These eating disorders lead to obesity in people. A meta-analytical look at the treatments used to treat eating disorders in the last decade shows that most of the research has been focused on psychological treatments. At the same time, the level of knowledge and awareness of people regarding physical activity should also be investigated because Childhood to adolescence is one of the most sensitive and important periods of human development. Physical activity is an approach that can empower a person to improve their health status, and the culture of physical activity constitutes the consumption process of performing targeted movements to ensure and develop health and sports skills. Today, combating the problem of obesity or overweight is one of the most important goals of the medical community and those involved in health, and increasing the level of physical activity of people is known as one of the beneficial solutions to reduce the amount of obesity and related diseases among the society. Various studies show that various factors such as misleading advertisements, availability of fast and convenient foods, lifestyle and low nutritional knowledge, and physical activity have put teenagers at risk. Not having the necessary physical activity, in addition to having an inappropriate effect on the body mass index and causing the risks of diseases such as diabetes and obesity, causes a decrease in general physical fitness and a decrease in their health and hygiene. Physical activity and the desire for physical activity help people to get rid of unhealthy emotional thoughts, habits, and patterns, so they can play an important role in regulating emotions. Since culture does not determine the nature and frequency of biological stimuli such as physical activity, but it influences them, sometimes it has a significant effect on the time and sometimes on how these stimuli affect. Culture affects not only our preferences but also our decision-making methods and even our perception of the surrounding environment. There is a gap in the research done in this field (14). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the desire for physical activity and stress and depression in neurotic obese students. Methods: This descriptive-correlation study was conducted on overweight and obese male students of the first secondary school (7th grade) in the academic year of 2020-2021 Since the disorder considered in this study were people suffering from neuropathic obesity, Gormali et al.'s (1982) binge eating questionnaire was distributed among the statistical population and after checking the scores, it was determined that 80 people had a score above the cut-off point of the scale. The number of the statistical sample was considered equal to the number of the statistical population. Then Lavibond and Lavibond's mental disorders questionnaire (1995), and Shahlai's desire for physical activity (2019) were distributed among the subjects. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression. Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the desire for physical activity and the reduction of stress and depression levels. It is also possible to predict stress and depression by using a passion for physical activity. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that the use of physical activity in resume activities reduces the level of stress and depression in students suffering from obesity, so the use of physical activity along with the use of material and spiritual incentives reduces the level of stress. And depression becomes nervous in obese students. The current research, like any other research, has limitations that can clarify the findings and suggestions of the research and help future researchers to adopt effective measures to deal with the threat of internal and external validity of research projects. to give The fundamental limitations of the current research are as follows: the bias of people towards answering the questions of the questionnaires, which reduces the accuracy of the results to some extent, the presence of unwanted variables that affect the results of the research, and the lack of use of other research tools such as observation and interview. It has been associated with the subjects and only using the questionnaire. This research was conducted only on the population of 7th-grade male students in Qom city, and caution should be observed in generalizing the results to other regions and cities. The level of honesty of the respondents to the questions in the questionnaires is one of the uncontrollable limitations. According to the results of this study, it is suggested that at the beginning of the academic year, by referring to the students' files, identify the people who have obesity and overeating disorders, and with the cooperation of the director and vice president of education, to introduce them to sports centers and Or sports teachers should take action. Encouraging and persuading students towards physical education and sports activities (physical and mental) should be done regularly and continuously by educational coaches and parents.  }, Keywords = {Physical Activity, Stress, Depression, Obesity Disorder}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {178-186}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی رابطه بین میل به فعالیت بدنی با سطح استرس و افسردگی در دانشآموزان مبتلا به چاقی عصبی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: چاقی از مشکلات زندگی امروزی بوده که دارای عوارض بسیار است. لذا هدف این مطالعه، بررسی رابطه بین میل به فعالیت بدنی با استرس و افسردگی در دانش­آموزان چاق عصبی بود. روش کار: این پژوهش توصیفی- همبستگی بر روی دانش آموزان دارای اضافه وزن و چاق پسر متوسطه اول (پایه هفتم) در سال تحصیلی 1401-1400 انجام گرفت. از آنجایی که اختلال مد نظر این مطالعه، افراد مبتلا به چاقی عصبی بود، در بین حجم جامعه آماری پرسشنامه پرخوری گورمالی و همکاران (1982) توزیع گردید و بعد از بررسی نمرات، مشخص گردید که تعداد 80 نفر نمره بالای نقطه برش مقیاس به دست آوردند. تعداد نمونه آماری برابر با تعداد جامعه آماری در نظر گرفته شد. سپس پرسشنامه اختلالات روانی لاویبوند و لاویبوند (1995)، میزان میل به فعالیت بدنی شهلایی (1390) بین آزمودنی‌ها توزیع گردید. داده‌ها با استفاده از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و رگرسیون مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که بین میل به فعالیت بدنی با کاهش سطح استرس و افسردگی رابطه معناداری وجود دارد. همچنین می‌توان با استفاده از میل به فعالیت بدنی سطح استرس و افسردگی را پیش بینی نمود. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که استفاده از فعالیت بدنی در فعالیت‌های رزومره، سطح استرس و افسردگی را در دانش آموزان مبتلا به چاقی عصبی را کاهش می‌دهد لذا استفاده از فعالیت بدنی در کنار استفاده از مشوق‌های مادی و و معنوی موجب کاهش سطح استرس و افسردگی در دانش آموزان چاق عصبی می‌گردد.  }, keywords_fa = {فعالیت بدنی, استرس, افسردگی, اختلال چاقی عصبی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7915-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7915-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Zarei, Maryam and Ghasemiِِِ, Hamid and Nikbakhsh, Rez}, title = {Comparative Study of Recreational Sports Activities for the Elderly in Germany and Iran Based on the Brady Model}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Creating suitable conditions for more mobility (recreational sports and leisure) which on the one hand entertains and fills the leisure time of the elderly and on the other hand eliminates their urgent need for mobility, is one of the most essential these are just some of the goal setting shareware that you can use. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, the purpose of this study was a comparative study of recreational sports activities for the elderly in Germany and Iran based on the Brady model.There is virtually no planned evaluation of sports offers. Suggestions and criticisms are discussed irregularly in conversations between coaches and adult athletes. The results of the discussion are rarely recorded and are primarily related only to the quality of the coach. Theoretically, some possibilities have been shown for how service quality can be evaluated and improved. Unfortunately, these methods are not fully applicable in the elderly. On the one hand, this is because older people only want to give verbal feedback and sports providers do not have the resources to install a quality management system. However, there are ways to do the evaluation with relatively little effort. So the question is, how should sports and recreational activities be planned to attract older people? The necessity of conducting this study is determined by the demographic transition and the unpreparedness of the society to face the sudden increase of the elderly population, which is related to the specific characteristics of population transfer. Along with all the issues, it seems that the changes caused by the population transition in Iran have caused the new social structures to be unable to meet the needs and requirements of the elderly. The aging of the Iranian population and addressing the issue of the elderly, including sports and physical activity in their spare time, is an inevitable necessity. Therefore, it is hoped that the possible results of the research can help planners and policy makers to encourage participation in sports and physical activity of the elderly. Managers and policy makers can increase the level of participation in sports activities in the elderly community by considering the factors raised in the research and providing conditions for the implementation of programs according to the factors raised and removing barriers to participation in sports activities. Methods: This was a qualitative-applied research with Brady four stages of a comparative approach. The statistical population of the research consists of existing domestic and foreign documents, sources and reference books in the field of Iranian and German elderly. Checklist related to the comparative comparison of sports and recreational activities of the elderly in Iran and Germany, which was in all five dimensions of planning, facilities, manpower, structure and demographic characteristics. The studied variables in each dimension were selected by a survey of supervisors and consultants as well as a study of the present theoretical foundations on the research topic. Results: Based on the results of research on comparing all five dimensions of planning, manpower, facilities, structure and medical characteristics of Iran and Germany, it was found that there are many differences between Iran and Germany. The structure of the Iranian model was based more on the prominent role of planning and financial issues, and the main concern of the Iranian elderly was livelihood, while in the German model, more emphasis was on manpower. Planning in sports and recreational activities in Iran and Germany was reviewed and compared: Comparison of planning approaches in recreational sports activities for the elderly in Iran and Germany in 12 Variables Was categorized: Poverty of the elderly, Elderly care volunteers, Daily schedule of life in a nursing home, Planning, Guardian of Aging Sports, Type of sports activity, Type of recreational activity, life style, Alone in old age, Type of activities, Media, Hiring the elderly. Comparison of facilities in recreational sports activities for the elderly in Iran and Germany in 6 Variables Was categorized: Elderly recreational sports centers, Access to sports venues, Existence of sports facilities for the elderly, standard facilities, urban environment, Sports services for the elderly. Comparison of manpower in recreational sports activities for the elderly in Iran and Germany in 4 Variables Was categorized: Manpower training, Characteristics of manpower, Manpower services, Duties of manpower. Comparison of structure in recreational sports activities for the elderly in Iran and Germany in 4 Variables Was categorized: Pension system, pension fund, German sports structure, Family structure. Comparison of demographic characteristics in recreational sports activities for the elderly in Iran and Germany in 4 Variables Was categorized:  Life expectancy, marital status, Job, Income, Insurance status. Conclusion: The structure of sports and recreational activities in Iran and Germany was examined and compared, the results of which showed that there are differences between Iran and Germany in the dimensions of the pension system, pension fund, German sports structure and family structure. The structure of German sports is very similar to the federal structure that characterizes the Federal Republic of Germany. This feature makes German sports have an independent structure. Since the merger of the German National Olympic Committee Duster Sport Bando in May 2006 and the establishment of the German Olympic Confederation, it has become the only German umbrella organization. At the German macro level, both the federal government (through the Ministry of the Interior) and the 16 state governments (for example, through the Ministry of the Interior or the Ministry of Culture of the state government) are responsible for policy-making in the sport of the region under their control. As a result, there is no independent ministry called the Ministry of Sports in Germany. But in the Iranian state system, there is the Ministry of Sports and Youth. The industrial, economic and political structures of society in today's world are interrelated with sport; On the other hand, the industrial and economic development of Germany has affected the promotion of sports quality in society as a whole and even sports for the elderly, and in return, attention to sports at the educational, public, championship and professional levels Industrial, economic and social prosperity. At the same time, when young people and adults join sports and participate in sports programs, this participation can continue into old age and help the development of old sports. According to the results suggested that in the future planning of public sports in the country, special attention should be paid to sports for the elderly and rules and regulations should be developed to support sports for the elderly, as well as training specialized and trained sports coaches for public sports programs. According to the results of the research on the difference between planning approaches in recreational sports activities for the elderly in Iran and Germany, it is suggested to reduce sports costs by paying subsidies to institutions that deal with sports and community health. Since most seniors do not include any monthly expenses for exercise in the household budget, it is necessary to plan for short-term and long-term education of seniors and their families about the positive benefits of exercise for the elderly and the need to do it under any circumstances. The results also showed that the facilities of recreational sports activities for the elderly in Iran and Germany are different, so that sports managers and officials have made special planning and investment on this factor and by providing sports programs and facilities to the elderly, the level of motivation Increase them to participate in physical activity. Also, considering that most sports services are provided by private sports clubs, strengthening these clubs in various ways, as well as supporting them, can play an important role in the success of public sports programs. The results of the present study showed that the dimensions of manpower in recreational sports activities for the elderly in Iran and Germany are different. Also, by creating and developing volunteer centers and training them, provide the ground for the development of efficient human resources in this field, and at the end of the present study showed that the structure is different in recreational sports activities for the elderly in Iran and Germany, accordingly. It is suggested that in the future planning of public sports in the country, special attention be paid to sports for the elderly and rules and regulations be developed to support sports for the elderly, as well as the training of specialized and trained sports coaches for public sports programs.}, Keywords = {Comparative study, Recreational sports activities, Elderly, Germany, Iran, Brady model}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {187-198}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مطالعه تطبیقی فعالیت‌های ورزشی تفریحی سالمندان کشورهای آلمان و ایران براساس مدل بردی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: به وجود آوردن شرایط مناسب برای تحرک بیشتر (ورزش­های تفریحی و اوقات فراغت) که از یک طرف موجب سرگرمی و پرکردن اوقات فراغت سالمندان می­شود و از طرف دیگر نیاز مبرم آنها به تحرک را برطرف سازد، از ضروری­ترین تدابیری است که باید در برنامه­ریزی­های مربوط به گذران اوقات سالمندان اندیشه شود. لذا با توجه به اهمیت این موضوع هدف از پژوهش حاضر مطالعه تطبیقی فعالیت­های ورزشی تفریحی سالمندان کشورهای آلمان و ایران براساس مدل بردی بود. روش کار: این پژوهش از نوع کیفی-کاربردی و با رویکرد تطبیقی چهارمرحله ای بردی شامل چهار مرحله توصیف، تفسیر، همجـواری و مقایسه بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش را اسناد، منابع و کتب مرجع موجود داخلی و خارجی در حوزه موضوع، سالمندان ایرانی و آلمانی را تشکیل دادند. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات از طریق چک لیست انجام شد. چک لیست مربوط به مقایسه تطبیقی فعالیت­های ورزشی - تفریحی سالمندان ایران و آلمان بود. یافته­ ها: براساس نتایج تحقیق در خصوص مقایسه هر پنج بعد برنامه­ریزی، نیروی انسانی، امکانات، ساختار و ویژگی­های درمانی دو کشور ایران و آلمان، مشخص گردید که تفاوت­های زیادی در ایران و آلمان وجود دارد. ساختار موردنظر مدل ایرانی بیشتر با نقش برجسته مسائل برنامه­ریزی و مالی استوار و دغدغه بیشتر سالمندان ایرانی، معیشتی  در صورتی که در مدل آلمان، بیشتر تأکید بر نیروی انسانی است. نتیجه­ گیری: با توجه به نتایج پیشنهاد می‌شود که در برنامه‌ریزی‌های آتی ورزش همگانی کشور، توجه خاصی به ورزش سالمندان شود و قوانین و مقررات حمایتی از ورزش سالمندان تدوین شود.  }, keywords_fa = {مطالعه تطبیقی, فعالیت‌های ورزشی تفریحی, سالمندان, آلمان, ایران, مدل بردی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7329-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7329-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Hasani, Davood and FallahShamsLayalestani, Mir Feiz and Zomorodian, Gholamrez}, title = {The Effect of the Economic Uncertainty Index on the Stability of the Health of the Financial System}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Uncertainty is a state in which the knowledge of a person or persons is limited and full knowledge of the state or result that has been achieved or is not possible. Macroeconomic uncertainties create an uncertain environment for investors and make it impossible for investors to make decisions about future investments more efficiently and with more confidence, and they may suffer huge losses. Among the major indicators of economic uncertainty, we can mention inflation uncertainty, oil price uncertainty, exchange rate uncertainty, and gold price uncertainty. Uncertainty has attracted an important part of modern research in economics and has been proven to be an important factor for any economy. Uncertainty is a situation in which the possible events that will happen in the future are not clear and known. If they are known, the probability of their occurrence or the probability distribution function is unclear. In such a situation, making decisions about the future becomes complicated, and it is said that an "uncertain atmosphere" has dominated the decisions. One of the most important signs of uncertainty in an economic system is high and severe fluctuations in economic variables. In developing countries, including Iran, one of the reasons why the private sector is less willing to enter the economy is the fluctuations of economic variables. Such fluctuations lead to uncertainty in investment both in terms of profitability and investment costs. Uncertainty is a phenomenon that is not pleasant for the economy. Economic policymakers in every country should seek to reduce the atmosphere of uncertainty and increase the predictability of economic variables, because the uncertainty hurts the economic decision-making of households, companies, and investors, and as a result, reduces economic growth. On the other hand, a solid banking system is the foundation of sustainable economic growth, because banks are at the center of the financial intermediation process between savers and investors. One of the concepts raised in banking is the concept of financial health in the banking system. The concept of financial health as the concept of profitability and continuity of activity and proper performance of banks is of great importance in all economic sectors. All economic trustees tend to monitor the financial health of these units because the economic situation is generally affected by the way banks operate and their health. On the one hand, as an economic unit that can be deposited and collects the liquidity of society members and pays it in the form of facilities to various groups of economic units, and is the driving factor of the economic cycle, and on the other hand, deciding on the rate of deposits and facilities to change behavior It leads to economic reactions. According to the existing literature, political and economic uncertainty can affect the risk and stability of the banking sector from internal and external aspects. From the intra-systemic point of view, uncertainty leads to more conservative decisions of managers through the reduction of risk-taking behavior. In addition, it affects banks' risk through uncertainty and increases information asymmetry in the banking sector. Considering the importance of the banking sector in Iran's bank-oriented economy, in this research, an attempt is made to examine the economic uncertainty index on the stability of the country's financial banking system. Methods: In this regard, inflation uncertainty as an economic uncertainty index and tax revenue uncertainty as uncertainty indices were calculated using generalized autoregressive and conditional heterogeneity variance models. In the following, the effect of these indicators on the health stability of the financial system was examined. Results: The results of this research show a negative and significant relationship between inflation uncertainty and exchange rate uncertainty with financial system health stability, however, the uncertainty coefficient of tax revenues is not statistically significant. Conclusion: Economic uncertainty can be mentioned among the factors affecting the stability of the health of the financial system. Considering the importance of the issue in the country, in this research, an attempt was made to examine the stability of the health of the financial system from the perspective of the impact of uncertainty indicators on it. The results of the final estimation of the model show that economic uncertainty (inflation uncertainty index) has had a negative and significant impact on the health stability of the financial system, and with the increase of economic uncertainty, the vulnerability of the banking sector increases. This result shows the influence of the financial health of the country's banking system on macroeconomic stability. In general, it can be concluded that the experience of the financial crisis and the destructive effects caused by the transfer of the crisis from the monetary sector to the real sector of the economy, global efforts in the field of improving the quality of monitoring the financial health system and being on the path of financial health, addressing the issue of health indicators Financial systems and its influence on the efficiency of financial systems are of great importance. In examining the health of financial systems, choosing and determining indicators is one of the key steps. low stability or instability of the health of the financial system and bankruptcy, a sharp decrease in the supply of financial resources that provide capital, credits, and pressure on companies and households to adjust their financial balances, a decrease in customer confidence (and in other words, a decrease in the amount of savings) and finally, it leads to a decrease in production volume, income and wealth. Therefore, examining the stability of the health of the financial system and the factors affecting it in the economy of any country or region (both developed and developing) to help reduce the aforementioned costs and, first, improve economic growth and development inside the country is very important.  }, Keywords = {Economic Uncertainty, Political Uncertainty, Health, Financial System Health}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {199-205}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر شاخص نااطمینانی اقتصادی بر ثبات سلامت سیستم مالی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: سلامت سیستم مالی به عنوان هسته اصلی تامین مالی می‌باشد و نقش مهمی در تعیین روند توسعه یک جامعه دارد. بر همین اساس بررسی عواملی که می­تواند سیستم ثبات سلامت سیستم مالی را با ریسک مواجه کند همواره مورد توجه مدیران بوده است. لذا هدف این مطالعه بررسی شاخص نااطمینانی اقتصادی بر ثبات سلامت سیستم مالی می‌باشد. روش کار: در این راستا ابتدا نااطمینانی تورم به عنوان شاخص نااطمینانی اقتصادی و نااطمینانی درآمدهای مالیاتی به عنوان شاخص­های نااطمینانی با استفاده از مدل­های واریانس ناهمسانی شرطی خودرگرسیو تعمیم یافته محاسبه گردید. در ادامه تأثیر این شاخص­ها بر ثبات سلامت سیستم مالی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: نتایج این تحقیق نشان دهنده رابطه منفی و معنادار نااطمینانی تورم و نااطمینانی نرخ ارز با ثبات سلامت سیستم مالی می­باشد با این حال ضریب نااطمینانی درآمدهای مالیاتی از لحاظ آماری معنادار نمی­باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که تجربه وقوع بحران مالی و آثار مخرب ناشی از انتقال بحران از بخش پولی به بخش واقعی اقتصاد، تلاش‌های جهانی در زمینه ارتقاء کیفیت نظارت بر سیستم سلامت مالی و قرار گرفتن در مسیر سلامت مالی، پرداختن به موضوع شاخص‌های سلامت سیستم‌های مالی و تأثیرگذاری آن بر کارایی سیستم‌های مالی از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. در بررسی سلامت سیستم‌های مالی، انتخاب و تعیین شاخص‌ها یکی از مراحل کلیدی به شمار می‌رود.  }, keywords_fa = {نااطمینانی اقتصادی, نااطمینانی سیاسی, سلامت, سلامت سیستم مالی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7948-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7948-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Fallah, Masoud and KhatirPasha, Kiomars and YousefiSaeedabadi, Rez}, title = {The Role of Teachers \'Professional Characteristics on Students\' Self-Efficacy and Competence}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Citizenship competencies are one of the most important necessities in today's complex society. An effective and efficient education system is a system that is in line with the real goals and needs of society and has the ability to prepare the young generation and develop skills, including citizenship skills, to achieve the desired goals. Citizenship competencies are one of the most important necessities in today's complex society. Citizenship merit refers to knowing how to interact with each other in a democratic society. The Citizenship Competency Program seeks to develop cognitive, communicative, and emotional competencies along with the acquisition of knowledge about government and society. It has to do more with norms and mechanisms for living together. To this end, civic education should be based on activities, not just ideas. The development of citizenship competencies is considered as an educational goal and a good citizen is a person who has characteristics such as; (a) having the ability to evaluate and critique different perspectives, (b) thinking about issues such as justice and equality, (c) participating and (d) accept social responsibility. Universities, as educational and service-oriented organizations, are no exception to this rule of influencing students. In other words, achieving purely educational goals depends on the optimal use of human, financial, and equipment resources, but the dynamism of the university system depends on various factors, including having qualified employees, having a high professional commitment, and a committed heart. It is up to them to take steps in a dynamic and healthy environment by using all their power for the greater and better efficiency of this scientific and cultural organization. Therefore, the professional competence and commitment of all university staff and professors due to their important role in advancing the educational situation of the university is very important and will prepare the ground for performance improvement and productivity. Therefore, this study seeks to answer the question of what is the role of professors 'professional abilities on students' self-efficacy and competence? Methods: In terms of purpose, this research is an applied research that was approved by the ethics committee of Islamic Azad University, Sari branch, with the ethics code IR.IAU.SARI.REC.1400.093. The combined research method and research design are also of the type of mixed exploratory research design (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population of the research in the qualitative section includes (faculty and guest professors and managers of the department of Mazandaran University) to agree on the Delphi method. Also, the statistical population in a small part includes faculty members, visiting professors and teaching staff, and administrative staff of Mazandaran University in 1400 to 1487 people, who were selected by available sampling method. Sample size and sampling method in the qualitative section, according to the research method used in this study, the number of specific samples was not specified at first and sampling was available until 20 after the Theoretical saturation interview was obtained. The statistical sample size in the quantitative part was determined using Cochran's formula of 153 people. A semi-structured interview was used to collect information in the qualitative part and a researcher-made questionnaire was used in the quantitative part. In order to analyze the data in the qualitative part, the Delphi technique and in the quantitative part of the structural equation modeling method, SPSS, and LISREL software were used. Results: Based on the results of the structural model, the variable of teachers' professional abilities on self-efficacy is significant. Considering the significance and positiveness of these coefficients, it can be said that the professional abilities of teachers have a positive and significant effect on self-efficacy. Also, the effect of teachers' professional competencies on citizenship competence has been shown by estimating the standard coefficients of paths (value t) along with the factor load of each variable, and as it is known, all factor loads are in good condition and the capability they measure dimensions. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the professional abilities of teachers have a significant effect on self-efficacy and citizenship competence. The university is an effective channel for transmitting a set of specific social knowledge, skills, values , and beliefs. The university should provide opportunities for learners to test different values and beliefs from different perspectives, to enable citizens to be aware of and respect their role, and to take an active part in the national interest. To be. Citizenship is not something that happens after graduating from university, but is learned and practiced in daily behaviors and interactions, and is the best place to practice citizenship, university, and school. In other words, the main responsibility for fostering, strengthening, and developing the values and skills of citizenship falls on these two places, which must be practiced and in the course of students' relations with each other and with other individuals and groups. Make them active and responsible citizens. What can justify the main mission and philosophy of the formation and development of universities in the current era is citizenship education and the development of citizenship skills. In order for universities to be able to develop citizenship competencies as one of the basic goals of the educational institution in students, they must be effective, because the most important factor that can indicate the achievement of goals is the effectiveness of the university. Among the various pillars of educational institutions, professors as the main pillar of education in universities have a decisive role in the effectiveness of the university and the development of students' competencies. Therefore, professors 'views on the effectiveness of the university as well as the extent to which students have citizenship competencies can help explain the role of the university and their effectiveness in developing students' competencies, especially citizenship competencies and self-efficacy. Numerous factors, such as parents, friends, the media, society and education, and higher education institutions, play a role in learning and developing citizenship skills. The family can be mentioned as an important resource for learning citizenship skills. But the school and the university play a major role in learning students' citizenship competencies. The university influences students' citizenship competencies through the subjects of the curriculum for citizenship education, the methods used to teach the topics, and the methods, rules, and regulations used throughout the university. Because the effectiveness of professors is focused on the achievement of educational goals and objectives, the development of citizenship competencies as one of the goals of the educational institution is better achieved in effective universities. Teachers' effectiveness indicates performance and progress in achieving educational goals. In general, it can be acknowledged that students should have the necessary abilities and skills such as competence and self-efficacy in today's society, which in order to improve their abilities, the professional capabilities of professors play a role and universities and higher education institutions not only for training Expert human beings, but also for expanding the frontiers of knowledge and from the perspectives of personal, national and international development, and the professional capabilities of professors play an important role in the development of educational goals. One of the limitations of the present study was the difficulty of coordinating and communicating with the participants in the qualitative part, which was time-consuming. Considering the effect of professors' professional abilities on students' self-efficacy and competence, it is suggested that in-service training be held in the form of various workshops in order to train professors' professional abilities. Managers, assistants should be fully informed about the impact of the effect of teachers 'professional abilities on students' self-efficacy and competence, and most of them should be considered.  }, Keywords = {Professional Competencies, Self-Efficacy, Competence}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {206-214}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {نقش ویژگی‌های حرفه‌ای استادان بر خودکارآمدی و شایستگی دانشجویان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: شایستگی‌های شهروندی یکی از ضروریات مهم در جامعه پیچیده امروزی است؛ بنابراین هدف از پژوهش حاضر تأثیر قابلیت‌های حرفه‌ای استادان بر خودکارآمدی و شایستگی دانشجویان بود. روش کار: در این مطالعه آمیخته (کیفی- کمی)، جامعه آماری در بخش کیفی شامل (اساتید هیات علمی و مدعو و مدیران گروه دانشگاه مازندران) بود و حجم نمونه در بخش کیفی با در نظر گرفتن قانون اشباع، تعداد 20 نفر تعیین شد. در بخش کمی جامعه آماری شامل اعضای هیات علمی، استادان مدعو و حق التدریس و کارکنان اداری دانشگاه مازندران بود و حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران به تعداد 305 نفر که به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس تعیین شد. جهت جمع­آوری اطلاعات در بخش کیفی از مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته و در بخش کمی از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته استفاده شد. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها در بخش کیفی از تکنیک دلفی و در بخش کمی از روش مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری از نرم‌افزارهای SPSS و LISREL استفاده شد. یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد که قابلیت‌های حرفه‌ای استادان بر خودکارآمدی و شایستگی دانشجویان تأثیر مثبت و معناداری دارد. همچنین نتایح نشان داد که عناصر و مولفه‌ها و زیر مولفه‌های قابلیت‌های حرفه‌ای استادان در خودکارآمدی 72 دصد و در شایستگی شهروندی 74 درصد در دانشگاه مازندران مؤثر هستند. نتیجه‎‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان اذعان داشت که دانشجویان باید از توانایی‌ها و مهارت‌های لازم از قبیل شایستگی و خودکارآمدی در جامعه امروزی برخوردار باشند که در راستای بهبود توانایی‌های آن‌ها، قابلیت‌های حرفه‌ای استادان نقش بسزایی دارد.}, keywords_fa = {قابلیت‌های حرفه‌ای,خودکارآمدی, شایستگی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7231-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7231-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Noruzi, Manuchehr and Usefisaeidabadi, Reza and TaghvaeeYazdi, Maryam}, title = {Identifying Organizational Empowering Dimensions of Employees with a Psychological Approach}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Empowerment is the most important challenge for managers in this era. Because organizations are subject to rapid and unpredictable changes. Among the most important factors of these changes, we can mention the increasing global competition, the development and expansion of information technology, and changes in the characteristics and demands of customers. The change in the conditions of today's organizations has led to a change in their attitude towards human resources. In this situation, the employees of the organization have become the main operators of the workflow and partners of the organization. Empowerment, as one of the approaches to human resources development in the last few decades, has become the basis for many positive developments in the implementation of the work activities of employees. In today's changing conditions, organizations have no choice but to make proper use of human resources. Based on this, the only factor that creates balance in the organization will be employee empowerment. Empowerment is a tool that aligns individual goals with organizational goals and creates the belief that the progress of the organization will bring benefits to the employees. Empowering people means encouraging people to participate more in decisions that are effective in their activities, that is, providing a space for people to be able to create good ideas and bring them to life. Empowerment is a vital element of business in the new world. Goals such as getting closer to the customer, improving services, continuously providing innovation, increasing productivity, and taking control of the field will be achieved for organizations that have found new ways to empower their employees. Empowerment is a new stimulus for growing organizational environments that leads to employee mobility and creativity. On the other hand, due to the rapid growth of technology and the change in work, as well as the replacement of computers, robots, and fully automatic devices in jobs, important strategic empowerment for the development of various organizations to adapt to external changes and one It is one of the main issues of organizations. On the other hand, the main feature of empowering employees is aligning individual and organizational goals. In any case, empowerment can be seen as including a set of measures and methods that change the behavior of employees and make them more ready to take better decisions according to the conditions of the organization and by presenting Khalatit, in demanding team activities, should lead the organization in the direction of productivity. On the other hand, one of the effective factors of organizational effectiveness in sports environments is skilled and efficient human resources. The findings showed that there is a relationship between employee empowerment and job satisfaction. Also, empowered employees are likely to increase their motivational feelings, which helps them to gain the necessary power and control and acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to address the needs of customers. obtain It seems that the psychological approach is one of the other effective components of organizational empowerment mechanisms, and according to past studies, the psychological approach is also influenced by the human spirit and its dimensions; Therefore, in this research, an attempt is made to identify the organizational empowering dimensions of employees with a psychological approach. Methods: The research method was a combination of exploratory mixed research (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part included the selected experts of Mazandaran Education Organization with experience in management and policy-making, to reach a consensus in the Delphi method, the sample size in the qualitative part was determined by taking into account the law of saturation to the number of 20 people. And in the quantitative part, the statistical population included the employees of education departments of 32 districts and cities of Mazandaran province. In the quantitative section, the sample size was determined to be 320 using the Karjesi and Morgan table. The sampling method in the quantitative part was random. The method of collecting information is the library method, and the measurement tool in the qualitative part is a semi-structured interview in the quantitative part, it includes a researcher-made questionnaire, the questions of which were taken from the data obtained from the interview. Determining the validity of the present research questionnaire was carried out by two methods: 1. Formal and 2. Content. In the formal method, the questionnaire was given to a group of experts. To analyze the data, the Delphi technique was used in the qualitative part and the Friedman test was used in the quantitative part. Results: The findings showed that in terms of prioritization, the dimensions of organizational empowerment of employees are as follows. 1) Decision making 2) Citizenship skills 3) Individual characteristics 4) Cooperation. Conclusion: Empowering employees is a new method that is used by managers to increase productivity by increasing employees' commitment to the organization and vice versa. Empowerment is a different way for people to work with each other, and its main goal is to change the management structure from a traditional and pyramidal form to a cooperative structure. Empowerment is not only a kind of internal work motivation but also an active motivational tendency. Empowerment, as a new way of creating motivation, has become one of the hottest topics in management today. The existence of rapid changes, technological advances, and open and hidden competition in the world has made the importance and necessity of empowerment more obvious. Empowerment is achieved through internal and external challenges of the organization. External challenges include increasing the acceleration of changes, a competitive environment, new expectations of customers, and new market conditions. Internal challenges emphasize the maintenance of existing human resources, increasing the level of motivation, growth, and flourishing of talent and skills of employees. Empowerment is widely used in different ways. Many managers in the workplace talk about empowerment, and writers and experts recommend empowerment management as a solution to many organizational problems. Empowerment has been used for years in areas such as social work, urban redevelopment, and foreign development.  }, Keywords = {Organizational Enabler Of Employees, Mental Health, Education Staff}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {215-222}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {شناسایی ابعاد توانمندساز سازمانی کارکنان با رویکرد روانی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: رویکرد روانی از مؤلفه­های مؤثر بر مکانیزم­های توانمندساز سازمانی می­باشد؛ از این­رو، در این پژوهش سعی می­شود تا ابعاد توانمندساز سازمانی کارکنان با رویکرد روانی شناسایی گردد. روش کار: روش پژوهش آمیخته اکتشافی بود. جامعه آماری در بخش کیفی شامل خبرگان منتخب سازمان آموزش و پرورش استان مازندران با سابقه مدیریت و سیاست گذاری روش دلفی بود، حجم نمونه در بخش کیفی با در نظر گرفتن قانون اشباع به تعداد 20 نفر تعیین شد. در بخش کمی جامعه آماری شامل کارکنان ادارات آموزش و پرورش 32 منطقه شهرستان­های استان مازندران بود. در بخش کمی حجم نمونه با استفاده از جدول کرجسی و مورگان به تعداد 320 نفر تعیین شد. ابزار اندازه­گیری در بخش کیفی مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته و در بخش کمی شامل پرسشنامه محقق ساخته. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها در بخش کیفی از تکنیک دلفی و در بخش کمی از ازمون فریدمن استفاده شده‌ است. یافته­ ها: یافته­ها نشان داد که از نظر اولویت بندی ابعاد توانمندساز سازمانی کارکنان به ترتیب زیر می­باشد. 1) تصمیم‌گیری 2) مهارت‌های شهروندی 3) ویژگی‌های فردی4) همکاری. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می­توان بیان داشت که توانمندسازی کارکنان با توجه به رویکرد روانی می­تواند روش جدیدی باشد که به منظور افزایش بهره­وری از راه افزایش تعهد کارکنان به سازمان و برعکس مورد استفاده مدیران قرار ­گیرد و این شیوه ارزشمندی است که بین کنترل کامل مدیریت و آزادی عمل کارکنان توازن برقرار می­کند.  }, keywords_fa = {توانمندساز سازمانی کارکنان, سلامت روانی, کارکنان آموزش و پرورش}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7629-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7629-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Hekmat, Hamidreza and Nateghi, Saeid and SobhrakhshanKhah, Amir and Mirzadeh, Fatemeh Sadat}, title = {The Effect of Primary Angioplasty and Drug Therapy in Elderly Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The aging of the population has caused an increase in the number of elderly people who receive treatment for cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of coronary artery disease is higher in the elderly, and on the other hand, complications after cardiac events are worse in the elderly. The most common cause of death in the elderly is cardiovascular disease. Rapid restoration of blood flow can lead to myocardial survival, preservation of cardiac function, and prolongation of the patient's life, and many clinical trial studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of Thrombolytics, and their results showed that Thrombolytics preserve ventricular function. Primary coronary angioplasty was defined as the primary revascularization strategy for acute myocardial infarction without or with prior thrombolytic therapy. In the last two decades, it has been shown that the complications of coronary artery syndrome have decreased with the development of therapeutic strategies such as revascularization, medical treatment, and risk factors in follow-up after discharge. Data from many cardiovascular centers have shown that angioplasty not only leads to a significant reduction in mortality but also in coronary ischemic events. Elderly people who have concurrent diseases such as lung diseases, kidney diseases, and cerebrovascular accidents and suffer from coronary accidents accept angioplasty with caution. This is even though in symptomatic patients with chronic coronary disease, revascularization leads to the resolution of symptoms and improvement of the patient's life expectancy. Despite the effects of coronary artery disease on the quality of life, morbidity, and mortality of the elderly, in the majority of cardiovascular studies, the elderly 75 years and older were significantly less expressed and directly due to advanced age, and complex co-morbidities, and significant physical and cognitive disabilities., fatigue, living in a nursing home, and decline in daily functioning were excluded from the study. Therefore, recent guidelines cannot provide evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of coronary diseases in the elderly. Choosing the correct treatment strategy for the elderly with acute coronary artery disease is due to the importance of the burden of care from the economic, social, and family points of view. Also, few studies are comparing the effect of medical treatment with revascularization in the elderly 75 years and older. The aim of the study is to determine whether elderly people benefit from primary angioplasty compared to medical treatment alone and the side effects of each of these treatments in the elderly. Methods: The present study is a prospective cohort type, which was approved by the ethical code IR.TUMS.MEDICINE.REC.1397.934 in the ethical code commission of the Faculty of Medicine of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and 97 samples were taken in 9 months from June 2018 to the end of March. were collected and then for 24 hours and 30 days after the treatment (medical/angioplasty), the elderly (mostly 60 years old) with acute coronary artery disease were followed up in terms of the effectiveness and side effects of the treatments. All elderly people diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome hospitalized in two teaching hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were included in the study and evaluated in two groups. The first group of the interventional treatment group: was patients who were diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome and were treated with angioplasty from the beginning, and the second group, the optimal medical treatment group: patients who were treated with standard medical treatment from the beginning (including Thrombolytics, oral beta blockers, intravenous nitrates, antiplatelet Duals such as aspirin and Clopidogrel, intravenous anticoagulants such as heparin or enoxaparin, statin and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers 2) were included according to the latest guidelines. In this prospective cohort study, all patients aged 60 years and older with the acute coronary syndrome were collected by face-to-face interview and case evaluation from two teaching hospitals, Tehran University of Medical Sciences from 2018, and they were divided into two primary and medical angioplasty groups in terms of complications., mortality and efficacy of 24 hours and 30 days were compared. Results: Out of 120 patients with an average age of 71.2±8.2 years, 52 and 68 patients received primary angioplasty and medical treatment, respectively. The majority of patients in the primary angioplasty group were male (57.7%) and female (57.4%) in the medical group (p=0.07). In the first 24 hours, comparing the two groups with the logistic regression method, atrial fibrillation was significantly 11 times higher in the medical group (p=0.016) and improvement of angina in the primary angioplasty group was 3.8 times higher (p=0.04). The 30-day mortality rate was significantly higher in the medical group (p=0.006). Conclusion: These results indicate that we overestimate the risks associated with revascularization in the elderly and deprive people of useful treatments. With increasing age, despite the significant reduction of hospital and short-term mortality by about 5 times, increasing the rate of angina recovery and fewer complications in angioplasty, this treatment method is less often chosen in elderly patients, and elderly people are less likely to choose this method due to their age. They are denied treatment. There are sufficient reasons for the elderly and very elderly with good tolerance to angioplasty. The success rate of immediate angioplasty and the survival rate without complications are similar to young patients, so old age is not a contraindication for angioplasty. Also, old age is not an independent risk factor for poor prognosis. In addition, complete revascularization in very elderly patients may improve prognosis and reduce the incidence of cardiac events. This study included limitations. Collecting samples from two different hospitals, one of these hospitals was not able to perform angioplasty in patients with angioplasty indication due to the lack of an angiography department, and the patients were forced to undergo medical treatment, which also led to a decrease in the number of The samples included in the angioplasty group and the bias in the selection of patients with real indications for medical treatment. On the other hand, it also leads to an increase in complications. The low sample size and the age of the patients included in the study were among the limitations of this study.  }, Keywords = {Acute Coronary Syndrome, Treatment, Drug Therapy, Angioplasty, Cardiac, Primary, Elderly}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {223-233}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر آنژیوپلاستی اولیه و درمان دارویی در بیماران سالمند مبتلا به سندرم حاد کرونری}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: شیوع بیماری عروق کرونر و عوارض حوادث قلبی در سالمندان بیشتر می‌باشد. بر اساس گایدلاین‌ها در اکثریت مطالعات بیماران با سن بالا از مطالعه خارج می‌شوند؛ بنابراین قادر به بیان توصیه های کاربردی برای انتخاب نوع روش درمان در سالمندان با بیماری حاد عروق کرونر نمی‌باشند. هدف این مطالعه مقایسه اثربخشی و عوارض آنژیوپلاستی نسبت به درمان مدیکال در بیماران سالمند می‌باشد. روش‌ کار: در این مطالعه کوهورت آینده‌نگر، تمامی بیماران 60 سال و بالاتر با سندرم حاد عروق کرونر با مصاحبه حضوری و ارزیابی پرونده از دو بیمارستان آموزشی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران از خرداد تا اسفند 97 جمع‌آوری شدند و در دو گروه آنژیوپلاستی اولیه و مدیکال از جهت عوارض، مورتالیتی و اثربخشی 24 ساعت و 30 روزه، مقایسه شدند. یافته‌ها: از 120 بیمار با میانگین سنی 2/8±2/71 سال به ترتیب 52 و 68 بیمار آنژیوپلاستی اولیه و درمان مدیکال دریافت کرده بودند. اکثریت بیماران در گروه آنژیوپلاستی اولیه مرد (7/57%) و در گروه مدیکال زن (4/57%) بودند (07/0p=). در 24 ساعت اول در مقایسه بین دو گروه با روش رگرسیون لجستیک فیبریلاسیون دهلیزی به طور معنی داری 11 برابر در گروه مدیکال (016/0=p) و بهبودی آنژین در گروه آنژیوپلاستی اولیه 8/3 برابر بالاتر بود (04/0=p). میزان مورتالیتی 30 روزه در گروه مدیکال به طور معناداری بیشتر بود (006/0=p). نتیجه‌گیری: با در نظر گرفتن کاهش عوارض، مورتالیتی کوتاه مدت و افزایش بهبود آنژین توسط آنژیوپلاستی اولیه در بیماران سالمند، سن کنترااندیکاسیون آنژیوپلاستی اولیه نمی‌باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {سندرم حاد کرونر, درمان, دارودرمانی, آنژیوپلاستی, قلبی, اولیه, مسن}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7637-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7637-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {RamezaniMehrian, Seyed Alireza and Goodarzi, MohammadAli and Aflakseir, Abdulaziz}, title = {Predicting Perceived Stress Based on Quality of Life Components and Willpower Components}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and neurological disease that causes various physical and mental disorders such as anxiety, depression, weakness, diplopia, blurred vision, decreased muscle strength, tremors, forgetfulness, lack of concentration, disorder of understanding feelings, etc. This disease is an inflammatory disease with a degenerative nature related to the central nervous system with a vast etiology. MS causes the myelin of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to be destroyed, and the destruction of myelin determines the symptoms of the disease. This disease is common between the ages of 18 and 40. According to statistics, approximately 2.5 million people in the world have MS. The prevalence of this disease (MS), according to the statistics recorded by the World Health Organization, is 20 to 60 cases per 100,000 people, and statistics show that the ratio of women to men is higher. The clinical course of MS is diverse and can vary from a completely benign course to a progressive and debilitating course. Stress is a term that refers to a set of physical, mental, emotional, and tension factors in a person. Being exposed to stress in everyday life is an integral part of life, some of these stresses can have a positive effect on increasing arousal, and in this case, it prepares a person for activity. On the other hand, exposure to stress can be harmful. Stress occurs for a person when the environmental facilities are more than the person's resources for adaptation. Perceived stress is defined as the degree to which environmental situations in a person's life are evaluated as stressful. The studies conducted about perceived stress indicate that stress and its effect on mental health are determined to some extent by a person's subjective evaluation of life events. People suffering from chronic diseases, if they cannot control the perceived stress of the disease, will affect their mental health. Therefore, it is very important to control and manage stress so that the patient can deal with it efficiently. One of the unpleasant consequences of stress in chronic patients such as MS is the unfavorable quality of life of these patients, which shows that it is important to investigate and evaluate the quality of life in clinical research, that knowledge about the quality of life of patients will help the health team to Move the care to improve their quality of life. Every person's dream in life has always been to have a good life. In the present century, there have been many changes in people's views on life, and every person tries to live a quality life and strives to improve the quality of his life. For this reason, the evaluation of the quality of life has gained a lot of value in recent years. The concept of quality of life in the lives of healthy or sick people is affected by different conditions and changes. The concept of quality of life depends on physical, mental, and social health, which is influenced by people's opinions and expectations. Another variable that is theoretically related to the structure of perceived stress is willpower. Regarding the controlling factors of human behavior, behaviorist psychologists consider the controlling factor of a person to be the external environment of a person, and cognitive psychologists consider the internal system of a person, including his willpower and decision, to be effective in this field. They consider from the point of view of today's psychologists, the concept of willpower is synonymous with the relative strength of motivations, and in fact, they consider the study of self-control and motivation to be effective and useful in this field. In general, the problem of the present research is to what extent the components of quality of life and components of willpower can predict the perceived stress in patients with MS and the contribution of each of these variables. How much is it in predicting the perceived stress of patients with MS? Methods: The current research design is a descriptive design of the correlation type, in which the components of quality of life and the components of willpower are predictor variables and perceived stress is the criterion variable. The statistical population of this research was patients with MS from Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran, and the sample of this research is 118 people, including 64 women, which is equivalent to 54.2 percent of the total sample size, and 54 men, which is equivalent to 45.8. The tools used in this research included Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale, the World Health Organization's Quality of Life Scale, and Godrezi's Willpower Scale. Data analysis was done using SPSS-23 software. To check the correlation of the dimensions of the variables, Pearson's correlation coefficient was analyzed using the simultaneous regression method. Results: The results showed that the components of physical health and mental health from the quality of life scale and the components of independence and courage from the willpower scale significantly predict perceived stress. The value of the standardized regression coefficient was -0.360 for physical health, -0.249 for mental health, and -0.333 for independence and courage. Conclusion: Physical health, mental health, independence, and courage can affect psychological well-being and increase the problems caused by stress by affecting the perceived stress of MS disease and his avoidance of MS stress. Therefore, it is necessary to consider these factors in the management and treatment of these patients. Multiple sclerosis patients struggle with stress due to facing and fighting this chronic disease. It is important and necessary that their perceived stress from the disease is not high enough to be able to cope with the disease. Since some subscales of quality of life and willpower are related to perceived stress, it is useful to pay attention to them in patients. The higher the level of quality of life and willpower, the less stress a person feels.  }, Keywords = {Perceived Stress, Quality of Life, Physical Health, Mental Health, Willpower}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {234-242}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {پیش‌بینی استرس ادراک شده براساس مؤلفه‌های کیفیت زندگی و مؤلفه‌های نیروی اراده}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: در بیماران مبتلا به ام.اس، تجربه استرس می­تواند در ­نحوه مقابله با بیماری و محیط تأثیر پایداری بگذارد. لذا هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی نقش مؤلفه­های کیفیت زندگی و مؤلفه­های نیروی اراده در پیش‌بینی استرس ادراک شده در بیماران مبتلا به ام.اس بود. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از نوع مطالعات همبستگی بود. از بین بیماران مبتلا به مولتیپل اسکلروزیس با تجربه درد مزمن که به بیمارستان امام خمینی شهر تهران مراجعه کرده بودند، 118 بیمار به صورت نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند. ابزارهای به کار رفته در این پژوهش شامل مقیاس استرس ادراک شده کوهن، مقیاس کیفیت زندگی سازمان جهانی بهداشت و مقیاس نیروی اراده گودرزی بود. داده‌ها با استفاده ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و رگرسیون همزمان مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته­ ها: نتایج نشان داد که مؤلفه­های سلامت جسمی و سلامت روان از مقیاس کیفیت زندگی و مؤلفه­ی استقلال و شجاعت از مقیاس نیروی اراده به طور معناداری استرس ادراک شده را پیش‌بینی می­کنند. مقدار ضریب رگرسیونی استاندارد شده برای سلامت جسمی 360/0-، برای سلامت روان 249/0- و برای استقلال و شجاعت 333/0- بود. نتیجه­ گیری: سلامت جسمی، سلامت روان و استقلال و شجاعت می­توانند با تأثیر بر استرس ادراک شده بیماری ام.اس و اجتناب وی از استرس ام.اس، بر بهزیستی روان‌شناختی تأثیر گذاشته و مشکلات ناشی از استرس را افزایش دهند. از این رو لازم است این عوامل در مدیریت و درمان این بیماران مورد توجه قرار گیرند.  }, keywords_fa = {استرس ادراک شده, کیفیت زندگی, سلامت جسمی, سلامت روان, نیروی اراده,استقلال و شجاعت, ام اس}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7759-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7759-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {GholamiKeneshti, Samir}, title = {The Role of Teachers \'Professional Characteristics on Students\' Self-Efficacy and Competence}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Mental health is one of the most important components of a healthy life. Mental health seeks to reduce negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, and hopelessness and to prevent the occurrence of morbid symptoms in people. During the last few decades, the issue of mental health has been considered as one of the important aspects of health. Risk factors for mental health problems include family history, stressful life conditions, chronic illness, history of trauma, drug use, neglect or abuse in childhood, and lack of social support. The importance of mental health is due to its close connection with physical health. Mental health plays an important role in people's ability to maintain physical health. Mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety affect people's ability to participate in health-promoting behaviors. In turn, physical health problems such as chronic diseases can have a serious impact on mental health and reduce people's ability to participate in treatment and recovery. Specialists and researchers are looking for factors that can affect mental health. Meanwhile, marital satisfaction and self-efficacy are among the factors affecting the mental health of cancer patients, and the need for more investigations in this field is felt. The psychological effects caused by this diagnosis and the physical effects caused by its treatments are accompanied by many side effects, and due to the changes, sometimes self-confidence is jeopardized. Personal communication is disrupted due to uncertainty about the future. The previous adaptation mechanisms seem insufficient and being admitted to the hospital may induce a feeling of loneliness. It should be noted that chronic diseases, including cancer, can have destructive effects and affect the satisfaction of couples. Marital satisfaction is the most important component of marriage. It seems that mental health as a component of individual characteristics is related to marital satisfaction. The perception of self-efficacy is also a cognitive mechanism that creates the ability to control fearful things in a person and enables him to face problems. Understanding the ability makes a person avoid behaviors. People who have a clear, defined, harmonious, and almost stable sense of self-efficacy have more psychological health. These people have reached a clear view of themselves and are less influenced by daily events and evaluations of these events. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the role of marital satisfaction and self-efficacy in the mental health of these patients. Methods: For this purpose, 135 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in Shiraz city who were referred to chemotherapy centers in Shiraz in 2013 were selected. In this study, Goldberg's general health (1972), Fores and Elson's (1989) marital satisfaction, and Sherer et al.'s (1982) general self-efficacy questionnaires were used. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis methods. Results: The results of these analyzes showed that marital satisfaction and self-efficacy predict mental health in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Conclusion: In a general summary and according to the results of the present study, it can be stated that marital satisfaction and self-efficacy predict the level of mental health in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, so the attention of patients and Caregivers of these patients are important to the categories of marital satisfaction and self-efficacy. Just as every research has its limitations, this research also has limitations in several areas due to the special physical and mental conditions of these patients. The current research has been conducted on a special group of people (cancer patients) who may have many problems with attention and concentration, which may have affected their answers to the questions in the questionnaires. The small number of subjects may also be one of the other limitations of this research. Another limitation of this research is the non-uniformity of the sample group in terms of gender, type of cancer, and benign and malignant disease, which may have affected variables related to mental health. Using the available sampling method and collecting data using a self-report questionnaire by patients is another limitation of the present study. Considering that the statistical population studied in this research are cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and a lot of psychological pressure is imposed on these patients, it is suggested that the role of other predictive variables in the mental health of this group of patients Review. Considering the importance of the concept of mental health and because this construct is relatively new and few types of research related to it have been done in our country, it is suggested to investigate it in different chronic and clinical patients to validate the results of this research. Also, considering the limitations of the current research in evaluating mediating and moderating variables, it is suggested that in future research, the role of these variables should be controlled and investigated, and various researchers in different formats (descriptive, experimental, longitudinal, etc.) to be done in connection with it. This research should also be done in single patients because the stress and type and amount of support in these patients are different. Also, regarding the effect of self-efficacy in cancer patients, this research is still in its development period and the need for more research in this field is felt.  }, Keywords = {Mental Health, Chemotherapy, Marital Satisfaction, Self-Efficacy}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {243-251}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی پیش‌بینی سلامت روان بر اساس رضایت زناشویی و خودکارآمدی در بیماران سرطانی تحت شیمی درمانی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: سرطان بیماری است که با تغییر شکل غیر طبیعی سلول­ها و از دست رفتن تمایز سلولی مشخص می­شود. بیماران سرطانی با دامنه وسیعی از احساسات منفی شامل اضطراب، عصبانیت و افسردگی مواجه هستند و سلامت روان آنها تحت تاثیر قرار می­گیرد. به همین منظور پژوهش حاضر به بررسی نقش پیش بینی سلامت روان بر اساس رضایت زناشویی و خودکارآمدی در بیماران سرطانی تحت شیمی درمانی می­پردازد. روش کار: بدین منظور ۱۳۵ نفر از بیماران سرطانی تحت شیمی درمانی در شهر شیراز که جهت انجام شیمی درمانی به مراکز شیمی درمانی شیراز در سال 1392 مراجعه کرده­اند، انتخاب شدند. در این مطالعه پرسشنامه­های سلامت عمومی گلدبرگ (1972)، رضایت زناشویی فورز و السون (1989) و خودکارآمدی عمومی شرر و همکاران (1982) استفاده شد. با استفاده از روش تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه داده­ها مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته ­ها: نتایج حاصل از این تحلیل­ها نشان داد که رضایت زناشویی و خودکارآمدی پیش بینی کننده­ی سلامت روان در بیماران مبتلا به سرطان تحت شیمی درمانی است. نتیجه­ گیری: در یک جمع بندی کلی و با توجه به نتایج پژوهش حاضر می­توان اینگونه بیان کرد که رضایت­مندی زناشویی و خودکارآمدی سطح سلامت روان را در بیماران مبلا به سرطان تحت شیمی درمانی پیش بینی می­کند لذا توجه بیماران و مراقبان از این بیماران به مقوله­های رضایت مندی زناشویی و خودکارآمدی اهمیت دارد.  }, keywords_fa = {سلامت روان, شیمی درمانی, رضایت زناشویی, خودکارآمدی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7795-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7795-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Shakib, Yasamin and Hadighi, Ramtin and RafieiSefiddashti, Raheleh}, title = {Toxoplasmosis and its Relationship with Various Mental Disorders}, abstract ={Toxoplasmosis is a globally distributed disease caused by a parasitic protozoan called Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) in humans and animals that often develops asymptomatic acquired infections but the important aspect of this parasitic infection is the possible risk of congenital transmission and its severe effects on the fetus such as hydrocephalus, microcephaly, deafness and abortion up to milder abnormalities such as psychomotor retardation, mental disability, hearing loss, slow growth, chorioretinitis, cryptogenic epilepsy and autism disorders in infants. The infection appears to be associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety, schizophrenia, depression, weight loss, autoimmune thyroid disease, violence, and suicide attempts. The term Mental Disorders is used to refer to mental disorders that have behavioural or psychological symptoms which affect various aspects of life and cause anxiety. In this article, the possible association between this parasite and the major categories of disorders (based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM) is described. 1- Neurodevelopmental Disorders. The association of global developmental delay and communication disorders with toxoplasmosis has not been investigated nor the author has not found an article in this regard but some studies consider T. gondii to be an effective or ineffective factor in intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. 2- Bipolar and Related Disorders which seems people who were evaluated immediately after the onset of these mental disorders were more likely to be exposed to T. gondii. 3- Anxiety Disorders. In this group of diseases, toxoplasmosis association has not been investigated or the author has not found an article in this regard except in some studies which consider T. gondii to be an effective or ineffective factor in generalized anxiety disorder. Latent toxoplasmosis exacerbates anxiety and depression and can be a risk factor for mental illness, on the other hand, the results are varied for depression but the genetic background is important for the response to latent toxoplasmosis. 4- Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders er. Toxoplasmosis association has not been investigated in this group nor the author has not found an article in this regard although there are studies that consider T. gondii to be an effective or ineffective factor in post-traumatic stress disorder. 5- Dissociative Disorders The association with toxoplasmosis has not been investigated or the author has not found an article on these subjects. 6- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders include somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder and factitious disorder which none of them has been studied concerning toxoplasmosis, or the author has not found an article on these subjects. 7- Feeding and Eating Disorder include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, rumination disorder, pica and binge-eating disorder which none of which has been studied with toxoplasmosis, or the author has not found an article about them. 8- Sleep-Wake Disorders include narcolepsy, insomnia disorder, hypersomnolence disorder, breathing-related sleep disorders, parasomnias and restless legs syndrome. Except for hypersomnolence disorder, and breathing-related sleep disorders which can be partly related to parasite infection, the rest of the diseases were not studied nor the author has not found an article about them. 9- Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders include kleptomania, pyromania, intermittent explosive disorder, conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. Except for intermittent explosive disorder which can be partly related to parasite infection, the rest of the diseases were not studied nor the author has not found an article on these subjects. 10- Depressive Disorders. Except for major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) which can be partly related to parasite infection, the rest of the diseases were not studied nor the author has not found an article on these subjects. 11- Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders. The association of this disease with toxoplasmosis has not been investigated nor the author has not found an article in this regard. 12- Neurocognitive Disorders include delirium and major and mild neurocognitive disorders. Apart from delirium, many articles have been published on the relationship between this parasite and major and mild neurocognitive disorders. 13- Schizophrenia Disorders include delusions, hallucinations and disorganized speech. Statistical analysis showed that among patients with schizophrenia and the incidence of latent toxoplasmosis may be a connection in incidence and latent toxoplasmosis appears to be a risk factor, especially for schizophrenia and anxiety. It seems that both schizophrenia and latent toxoplasmosis can inhibit neurotransmission, increase the production of L-quinoline and its neurotransmitters, hormonal imbalances, alter tissue regeneration processes, lack of fear, impair human cognition and reduce grey matter density. 14- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Toxoplasmosis association has not been investigated in this group nor the author has not found an article in this regard although there are studies that consider T. gondii to be an effective or ineffective factor in OCD. 15- Personality Disorders include antisocial personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder and schizotypal personality disorder which none of them has been studied with toxoplasmosis, or the author has not found an article on these subjects. It seems that T. gondii can increase or cause some mental disorders and many articles have discussed the effect or lack of effect of this parasite also, the association of this parasite with a large number of diseases has not yet been worked out or needs further study. How and why this parasite affects the brain and nerves is still unknown to science that needs further investigation although it seems that infection with this protozoa may cause an increase or occurrence of some mental disorders.}, Keywords = {Mental Disorders, Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {252-266}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {توکسوپلاسموزیس و ارتباط آن با انواع اختلالات روانی}, abstract_fa ={توکسوپلاسموزیس بیماری با توزیع جهانی است که توسط تک یاخته انگلی، به نام توکسوپلاسما گوندی (T. gondii) Toxoplasma gondii، در انسان و حیوانات ایجاد می‌شود و غالباً ایجاد عفونت‌های اکتسابی بدون علامت می‌کند؛ اما جنبه مهم این عفونت انگلی، خطر احتمالی انتقال مادرزادی و اثرات شدید آن بر روی جنین از قبیل هیدروسفالی، میکروسفالی، ناشنوایی و سقط جنین تا ناهنجاری‌های خفیف‌تر مثل عقب‌ماندگی روانی-حرکتی، ناتوانی ذهنی، کاهش شنوایی، رشد کند نوزاد بعد از تولد، کوریورتینیت، صرع کریپتوژنیک و اختلالات اوتیسم در کودکان است. به نظر می‌رسد این عفونت با اختلالات روان‌پزشکی متعدد مانند اضطراب، اختلالات اسکیزوفرنی، افسردگی، خشونت و اقدام به خودکشی می‌تواند ارتباط داشته باشد. اصطلاح Mental Disorders برای اشاره به اختلالات روانی استفاده می‌شود که علائم رفتاری یا روانی داشته و بر جنبه‌های مختلف زندگی تأثیر می‌گذارد و ایجاد پریشانی می‌کند در این مقاله احتمال ارتباط این انگل با اختلالات عصبی تکاملی، دوقطبی (BD)، اضطرابی، اختلالات مرتبط با تروما و عوامل استرس‌زا، اختلالات تجزیه‌ای، اختلالات علائم جسمانی، اختلالات تغذیه و خوردن، اختلالات خواب-بیداری، اختلالات اخلالگر، کنترل تکانه و سلوک، افسردگی، اختلالات اعتیادآور و وابسته به مواد، اختلالات عصبی- شناختی، اسکیزوفرنی، وسواس فکری_عملی و اختلالات شخصیتی مورد بررسی قرار می‌گیرد.  }, keywords_fa = {توکسوپلاسما گوندی, اختلالات روانی, توکسوپلاسموزیس}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6375-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6375-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Athari, Seyed Zanyar and Nasirzadeh, Mohammad Reza and Nourazar, Mir Alirez}, title = {Study on the Effect of Alcoholic Extract of Flaxseed and Aerobic Exercise on Osteoporosis Parameters on Ovariectomized Rats}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease associated with decreased bone mass and loss of bone tissue structure, resulting in increased susceptibility to fractures. Depending on the etiological factors, the disease may occur in primary (menopausal and aging) and secondary forms. One of the important etiologies of this disease is estrogen deficiency, in which estrogen deficiency is considered the main determinant of bone destruction in postmenopausal women. One of the major causes of this disease is estrogen deficiency, in which estrogen deficiency is considered the main cause of bone destruction in postmenopausal women (1, 2). The flax plant, with the scientific name of Linum usitatissimum, is an annual plant of the genus Linaceae that grows like a plant in the climatic conditions of Iran (10). Flaxseed is rich in phytoestrogenic compounds. Flaxseed phytoestrogens reduce post-menopausal complications in women by increasing sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (11). Flaxseed is also a rich source of various phenols such as lignans, phenolic acids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and tannins, known as a rich source of natural antioxidants (12). Regular exercise and physical activity can prevent diseases such as sarcopenia, obesity, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are the main drivers of oxidative stress and inflammation in aging (13). It has also been suggested that exercise is a safe and effective way to prevent bone destruction in postmenopausal women (14). Given that ovariectomized rats have many similarities in the pathophysiological mechanisms of this complication with the human model, it is a suitable model for studying human osteoporosis (2, 16). On the other hand, since flaxseed has antioxidant and phytoestrogenic properties and exercise also leads to the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis complications, this study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and flaxseed extract on osteoporosis index parameters in ovariectomized rats. Methods: The present study is an experimental intervention. For the study, 36 adult female Wistar rats with an average weight of 250 ±20 prepared from the Laboratory Animal Breeding Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, were used. Rats were randomly divided into 6 equal groups, including control, sham (only opening and closing the abdomen), ovariectomy (Ovx), ovariectomy + Flaxseed extract (Ovx + Flaxseed), ovariectomy + aerobic exercise (Ovx + Exercise), and ovariectomy + aerobic exercise + flaxseed extract groups (Ovx + Flaxseed + Exercise) were divided. The treatment protocol was started after ovariectomy surgery on the study groups and ten days postoperative recovery (17). The ovariectomy + Flaxseed extract and ovariectomy + aerobic exercise + flaxseed extract groups received 400 mg/kg of flaxseed extract daily by gavage. Rats in the control group and the ovariectomized group received the same volume of normal saline by gavage. In the exercise groups, aerobic exercise was performed on a treadmill for five days each week for eight weeks. The training process was incremental. Groups that did not practice were placed on the treadmill for the same amount of time as the exercise groups while the machine was off (18). After sacrificing and taking blood samples from rats, the serum was immediately separated by centrifugation (4°C) at 1500 rpm for 15 minutes. The serum was transferred to a freezer at 20 ° C and stored. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were measured using an automated analyzer. Serum calcium concentration was measured using the modified atomic absorption method of 180-80 Ziman using a spectrophotometric device. Serum osteocalcin was measured using a Radioimmunoassay kit, and parathormone (PTH) was measured using an ELISA kit. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test at the level of p<0.05 by GraphPad software. Results: Serum calcium and PTH concentrations in ovariectomy mice were significantly lower than controls (p<0.05). Also, serum concentrations of osteocalcin and ALP in mice in the ovariectomy group were significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.05). Serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin decreased significantly, and alkaline phosphatase and calcium in the treated groups increased significantly compared to the ovariectomized group (p<0.05). The best results were obtained in the Ovx + Flaxseed + Exercise group. One of the sites of the effect of PTH is bone tissue, which increases the uptake of calcium and phosphorus from bone tissue (22). A study has shown that ovariectomized rats have a high aerobic capacity and are also more resistant to disease, and have a reduced response to adverse environmental conditions (22). Xiaoli et al. showed that ovariectomy significantly increased osteocalcin compared to the sham group (23). These results are consistent with the results of the present study. In another study, Qi and Zheng stated that ovariectomy in rats resulted in a significant increase in serum osteocalcin levels, which was consistent with the results of our study (24). The researchers also said that treating osteoporotic rats after ovariectomy with phytoestrogens such as genistein and silicon would improve osteocalcin factor, which is consistent with the present study (24). In the present study, decreased osteocalcin levels after ovariectomy improved after treatment with flaxseed extract due to its phytoestrogenic properties. A study by jian feng et al. showed that the serum concentration of ALP enzyme in the ovariectomy group increased significantly. ALP is produced by osteoblasts and is essential for bone mineralization, which is consistent with our study (21). In another study, Qi and Zheng stated that ovariectomy significantly increased serum ALP levels, which was in line with the results of our study. Also, treatment with phytoestrogens will improve the ALP factor, which is in line with the present study (24). In the present study, elevated ALP improved after ovariectomy after treatment with flaxseed extract. Lihui et al. found that exercise in ovariectomized rats increased bone density by reducing bone resorption and increased bone formation (26). Decreased serum concentrations of PTH and osteocalcin and increased serum concentrations of calcium and ALP in the treated groups compared to the ovariectomy group showed an improvement in the condition in the treated groups compared to the ovariectomy group. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the combination of aerobic exercise and flaxseed extract has improved the complications of ovariectomy and estrogen deficiency in the studied rats. However, more research is needed to generalize the results in humans and to find the effective composition in the extract.}, Keywords = {Aerobic exercise, Flaxseed, Osteoporosis, Ovariectomy, Rat}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {267-277}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مطالعه تأثیر عصاره الکلی بذر کتان و تمرین هوازی بر پارامترهای پوکی استخوان در موش‌ صحرایی اواریکتومی شده}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: کاهش استروژن زنان بعد از یائسگی باعث کاهش توده استخوانی می‌شود. دانه کتان سرشار از ترکیبات فیتواستروژنی است که با افزایش گلوبولین متصل شونده به هورمون جنسی در کاهش عوارض بعد از یائسگی زنان نقش دارد. همچنین، ورزش روشی مطمئن و مؤثر برای جلوگیری از تخریب استخوان در زنان یائسه می‌باشد. هدف از این بررسی ارزیابی تأثیر مصرف عصاره الکلی بذر کتان و تمرین هوازی بر پارامترهای پوکی استخوان در موش‌های صحرایی اواریکتومی شده می­باشد. روش‌ کار: در این مطالعه از 36 سر موش صحرایی ماده بالغ نژاد ویستار، با میانگین وزن 25±250 گرم استفاده شد. موش­ها به‌طور تصادفی به 6 گروه مساوی شامل: 1-سالم شاهد، 2-شم (شاهد جراحی)، 3-گروه اواریکتومی شامل موش‌هایی که تخمدانشان به روش جراحی برداشته شد، 4-اواریکتومی به همراه عصاره بذر کتان که به مدت 8 هفته روزانه به مقدار mg/kg 400 عصاره به‌صورت گاواژ دریافت کردند، 5-اواریکتومی به همراه ورزش که به مدت 8 هفته ورزش کردند، 6-اواریکتومی به همراه ورزش و عصاره بذر عصاره بذر کتان تقسیم شدند. در پایان دوره نمونه خون اخذشده و سطوح سرمی هورمون­های پاراتورمون و استئوکلسین و همچنین آلکالین فسفاتاز و کلسیم اندازه‌گیری شد. داده‌های جمع‌آوری‌شده با آزمون‌های آماری تحلیل واریانس یک‌طرفه و تعقیبی توکی در سطح 05/0>p مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: غلظت سرمی هورمون های پاراتورمون و استئوکلسین به‌طور معنی‌داری کاهش و آلکالین فسفاتاز و کلسیم در گروه‌های تیمار نسبت به گروه اواریکتومی­شده به‌طور معنی‌داری افزایش داشت (05/0>p). نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که مصرف عصاره دانه کتان به همراه انجام ورزش هوازی باعث کاهش غلظت سرمی هورمون پاراتورمون و افزایش آلکالین فسفاتاز در موش صحرایی اواریکتومی شده می‌شود.  }, keywords_fa = {اواریکتومی, بذر کتان, پوکی استخوان, تمرین هوازی, موش صحرایی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6913-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6913-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Borji, Asieh and BZareahramabadi, Mehdi and Heidari, Hassan and Davoodi, Hossei}, title = {The Effectiveness of Parental Empowerment Program for Adopted Families on Family Performance Components}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Adopted children usually have a range of experiences of abuse, such as physical abuse and neglect by biological parents before adoption, which negatively affects their adjustment. Most adopted children have the experience of living in an institution that is associated with a variety of alternative problems. In this regard, tips for informing families and society about this phenomenon and creating appropriate conditions to help decision-making families who are willing to do so are important and effective issues in improving the situation of adopted children and families. It is child-friendly and another important issue is to help reduce the problems and challenges after adoption and adoption. Because each family has a unique emotional state and atmosphere and their management method and type of operations are different from each other. Therefore, family performance is one of the most important factors that play an effective role in successful adoption. Family performance is one of the important indicators and guarantees the quality of life and mental health of the family and its members, and their negative relationships are considered one of the most important factors in creating and maintaining mental and emotional disorders. Therefore, finding a way to improve family functioning can be fruitful, and in the meantime, parental empowerment is one of the factors that can lead to good family functioning. When parents have the necessary abilities to adopt and raise a child, they can help improve their family functioning and ultimately communicate effectively with the adopted child. Empowerment is essential to create the right connection and this lasting and needed trust and to prevent wasting time and manpower. Empowerment leads to changes in parents' attitudes, behaviors, and behaviors, and these changes are a good platform for improving the situation of families. Because the parents' view of the situation and conditions and behavior of their children is different and he finds more and better awareness of them, and he also changes their attitude and behavior towards this awareness, and in contrast, children who behave calmly and firmly in At the same time, they observe the parents decisively and seriously and take action to change themselves, because if they do not change their behavior, they will see that the consequence will only be felt by themselves. Therefore, if immediate action is not taken today to empower parents and children (especially adolescents), irreparable damage will be done to the family body, then the importance of this empowerment process will become clear. In this regard, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether the empowerment program for parents of adopted families has an impact on family performance components. Methods: The present study is an applied and quasi-experimental study that was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. For this purpose and to conduct this research, among all families with adopted children in Tehran Welfare in 1399, 30 parents with adopted children who were eligible to enter the study were selected as a sample by the available sampling method and randomly divided into two control groups. With an average age of 46.87 90 5.90 and experiments with a mean age of 44.60 6 6.23. Then, all subjects completed the Family Performance Questionnaire by Nathan B. Epstein et al. (1983). Then, the subjects in the experimental group received 8 sessions of parental empowerment training. Finally, the findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics (tables and graphs) and inferential statistics including Shapirovilk and multivariate covariance (MANCOVA) tests using SPSSV19 software. Results: Before the analysis of covariance, the assumptions of this test were examined and the results showed that all the assumptions of this test were observed. The results of the multivariate analysis of covariance showed a significant difference in family performance scores of the two groups (P = 0.018, F =3.53, Pilay effect = 0.626). The results indicate that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the family performance variable. In order to determine this difference, univariate analysis of covariance was used and the results showed that a significant difference was observed between the groups in all components of family functioning. Also, by observing the averages of family performance components, it can be acknowledged that the parental empowerment program of families with adopted children was effective in family performance. Conclusion: The purpose of this study was to the effectiveness of parental empowerment programs for adopted families on family performance components. The results of this study showed that the parental empowerment program has made a significant difference between all groups on all components of family functioning. Therefore, the parental empowerment program of families with adopted children was effective on family performance, in other words, the experimental group received higher scores on family performance after receiving parental empowerment intervention. In justifying the results of this study, it can be said that family performance is one of the important indicators and guarantees the quality of life and mental health of the family and its members, and their negative relationships as one of the most important factors causing and maintaining mental disorders and People's emotions are raised. Family functioning is an important aspect of the family environment that affects the physical, social, and emotional health of children. What happens within the family and how it works can be a key factor in creating flexibility and reducing current and future risks associated with unfortunate events and unfavorable conditions. Enabling and nurturing environments enable children to learn and develop. Conversely, poor family environments can be very detrimental to many aspects of children's development and their positive transition to adulthood. Therefore, empowering parents to improve family performance is one of the methods used today. When parents take action to empower themselves, they are instilled with the fact that they are a helpful and effective factor in improving family functioning, more interested in participation, and more supportive. Therefore, by empowering parents with adopted children, it is possible to help these families improve their performance so that they can show better performance with their adopted children. Having said that, and considering parental empowerment and recognizing it as one of the most important and influential factors that individuals can experience and also as an effective and interfering factor in the quality of family functions, parents can Acquire knowledge in the field of empowerment and transmitting it to their children, while having a positive effect on their growth and personality, improve the performance of family and children.  }, Keywords = {Parent Empowerment, Adopted Child, Family Functioning}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {278-286}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر برنامه توانمندسازی والدین خانواده‌های دارای فرزندخوانده بر مؤلفه‌های عملکرد خانوادگی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: توانمندسازی والدین یکی از عواملی است که می‌تواند در فرزندپروری موفق نقش داشته باشد، هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تاثیر برنامه توانمندسازی والدین خانواده‌های دارای فرزندخوانده بر مؤلفه‌های عملکرد خانوادگی بود. روش کار: جامعه آماری تحقیق کاربردی و نیمه تجربی حاضر با طرح پیش آزمون- پس آزمون برای والدین دارای فرزندخوانده شهر تهران در سال 1399 انجام شد. تعداد 30 والد به شیوه نمونه‌گیری در دسترس به عنوان نمونه انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه آزمایش و گواه تقسیم شدند. افراد نمونه ابتدا پرسشنامه‌ عملکرد خانواده را تکمیل کردند سپس مداخله توانمندسازی والدین در 8 جلسه 1 ساعته بر روی گروه آزمایش اجرا و بعد از اتمام جلسات هر دو گروه مجددا پرسشنامه را تکمیل کردند. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از روش تحلیل کواریانس چند متغیری (MANCOVA) به کمک نرم‌افزار SPSSV19 استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد برنامه توانمندسازی والدین بر همه مؤلفه‌های عملکرد خانوادگی تاثیر دارد و بین دو گروه آزمایش و گواه تفاوت معنی‌داری وجود دارد (01/0>p). نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش می‌توان گفت، آگاهی متخصصان حوزه‌های مشاوره، خانواده، روان‌شناسی و سایر متخصصان از این پژوهش می‌تواند کمک‌کننده باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {توانمندسازی والدین, فرزندخوانده, عملکرد خانوادگی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7432-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7432-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mirzaie, Amir and Sharifi, Tayyebeh and Ghazanfari, Ahmad and Cherami, Maryam}, title = {The Efficacy of Group Therapy of Emotion Regulation and Reality Therapy on Borderline Personality Disorder}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Borderline personality disorder is a mental disorder that is heterogeneous and patients suffering from this disorder have problems in most aspects of their lives, so that it causes widespread destruction in all aspects of a person's life, including marital, occupational and identity relationships (7). Borderline personality disorder is characterized by emotional instability, which includes dysmorphic mood and severe mood swings (8). Treatments that were of interest to therapists in the past include: dynamic therapy, interpersonal therapy, cognitive and behavioral therapy, behavior modification, problem-oriented therapy, and dialectical therapy (12). Emotion regulation by examining different emotions in sick people can be fruitful in the direction of people's recovery (13). In fact, emotion regulation is a diverse set of control processes aimed at managing when and where and how our emotions are experienced or expressed. Such processes allow people to enjoy most of the positive events in their lives and avoid negative events and increase or decrease their intensity or even create a facial expression of emotion, according to society's customs (14). Considering the above contents and the importance of solving the problem of borderline personality disorder on the one hand, the general lack of consensus regarding the selection of a suitable and unified method in this field on the other hand, and finally because of the review of the research conducted inside and outside the research country It was not found in the context of the desired topic, so the researcher is trying to answer the question whether emotional regulation group therapy and reality therapy have an effect on borderline personality disorder in women or not? If there is an effect, which ones are more effective? It is hoped that by using the results of this research, a clear view on the effect of the two intervention methods can be provided to experts and officials so that they can plan in the best possible way to solve the problems of borderline personality disorder. Methods: The current research is semi-experimental and applied, which was carried out with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up research design and experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the research was made up of women aged 18 to 40 with borderline personality disorder who visited Tawheed Clinic in Isfahan city (100 people). Among them, 27 people participated in the present research as volunteers and were randomly divided into 3 groups. Further, the experimental groups were subjected to group intervention for 8 sessions and 2 hours per week according to Table 1 and 2, and the control group did not receive any intervention, and then the post-test was conducted for both experimental and control groups. It should be noted that the research tools included the Borderline Personality Questionnaire (BPI) designed by Leishner-Nigg, the Borderline Personality Scale (STB) designed by Jackson and Claridge. Results: The results of the present research showed that there is a significant difference between the effects of two types of intervention on identity disturbance, reality testing, fear of intimacy, despair, impulsivity, dissociative symptoms in different stages and between different groups. Therefore, Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to determine the location of the difference, and based on this test, it was determined that the scores of all variables of borderline personality disorder in both experimental groups and in the post-test stage are relatively the same and lower than the Go group. In other words, both experimental groups had high and relatively equal effectiveness on improving these attachment styles. Also, these results show that identity confusion and hopelessness are significant in both groups, but the treatment based on emotion regulation has a more effective effect on the scores of this scale. Also, the fear of intimacy and impulsivity in both groups compared to the pre-test in both the post-test and follow-up phases of the experimental group has a significant difference, but reality therapy has registered more effectiveness than emotion regulation, and this is while the variable of fear Intimacy showed a significant difference compared to the pre-test in the experimental group only through reality-based therapy, and emotion regulation therapy could not have a significant effect on this variable, and finally, dissociative symptoms of borderline personality disorder in none of the treatments. There was no significant difference in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test and the follow-up compared to the pre-test and post-test in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results of the research showed that the emotion regulation therapy of the Gross model and reality therapy are effective in reducing most of the symptoms of borderline personality disorder in women. Growing evidence over the past decades has identified emotion regulation and reality therapy as helpful in mental health. In all these researches, emotion regulation and reality therapy have been used to improve and reduce symptoms of disorders in this field. Goodman (2014) concluded in a research that dialectical behavior therapy and emotion regulation and amygdala activity are effective in reducing the symptoms of borderline personality disorder (25). Tousli and Agha Mohammadian (2017) studied the effectiveness of group reality therapy on the symptoms of love trauma and the overall performance of emotionally defeated people, and the results showed the effectiveness of this method in reducing the symptoms of patients (30). In fact, emotion regulation is a diverse set of control processes. It is with the aim of managing when and where and how and in what form our emotions are experienced or expressed. Emotion regulation can include a set of cognitive processes that occur automatically or with effort. Such processes allow people to enjoy most of the positive events in their lives and avoid negative events and increase or decrease their intensity or even create a facial expression of emotion, according to society's customs. In the emotional regulation process model, emotion regulation and its integration somehow moderates the contradictions within the person or between the person and the environment and in this way helps the person to be able to separate himself from his thoughts. Therefore, the findings of the present research seem reasonable.  }, Keywords = {Emotion regulation, Reality therapy, Borderline personality disorder}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {287-296}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی درمان گروهی تنظیم هیجان و واقعیت درمانی بر اختلال شخصیت مرزی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: طبق تحقیقات، درمان تنظیم هیجان و واقعیت درمانی بر بسیاری از اختلالات روانی موثرند. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تعیین تاثیر درمان گروهی تنظیم هیجان و واقعیت درمانی بر علایم اختلال شخصیت مرزی بود. روش کار: برای انجام تحقیق نیمه تجربی و کاربردی حاضر از بین زنان دارای اختلال شخصیت مرزی مراجغه کننده به کلینیک روانشناسی توحید اصفهان (100 نفر) 27 نفر به صورت داوطلب بعنوان نمونه انتخاب و بطور تصادفی به 3 گروه تقسیم شدند و پرسش­نامه­های شخصیت مرزی لیشنرنیگ و  شخصیت مرزی جکسون و کلاریج را تکمیل کردند. سپس گروه­های تجربی 8 جلسه و هفته­ای 2 جلسه در برنامه­های خود شرکت کردند. نهایتا از آزمون تحلیل واریانس با اندازه­گیری­های مکرر و تعقیقبی بونفرونی برای تحلیل داده­ها استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که نمرات اختلال شخصیت مرزی در هر دو گروه آزمایشی و در مرحلۀ پس آزمون، نسبتا یکسان و کمتر از گروه گواه بود. همچنین آشفتگی هویت و ناامیدی در هر دو گروه معنادار است ولی درمان مبتنی بر تنظیم هیجان اثر بخشی بیشتری دارد. همچنین هر دو گروه آزمایش بر ترس از صمیمیت و تکانشگری تاثیر دارند اما واقعیت درمانی تاثیر بیشتری دارد. اما ترس از صمیمیت تنها در گروه درمان مبتنی بر واقعیت تفاوت معناداری داشت. نهایتا علائم تجزیه­ای بیماری شخصیت مرزی در هیچ یک از درمان­ها و در مراحل مختلف نسبت به گروه گواه تفاوت معناداری نداشت. نتیجه­ گیری: با توجه به نتایج استفاده از درمان گروهی تنظیم هیجان و واقعیت درمانی جهت بهبود وضعیت زنان دارای اختلال شخصیت مرزی توصیه می­شود.}, keywords_fa = {تنظیم هیجان , واقعیت درمانی , اختلال شخصیت مرزی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6767-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6767-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Rezaeirad, Mojtab}, title = {Investigate the Relationship between the Dimensions of Organizational Health on the Academic Optimism of The Professors of Islamic Azad University Sari Branch}, abstract ={Background & Aims: One of the most important resources of any organization is the human force of that organization. Organizational health is one of the most telling and obvious indicators of organizational effectiveness. In a healthy organization, the manager has a very friendly and supportive behavior with his employees and has unity in his plans. Employees also have a greater desire to work in the organization and do things more effectively. Organizational health is more about the durability and survival of the organization in its environment and adaptability to it and the promotion and expansion of its ability to compromise. Factors such as the perception and perception of employees, the way of managing affairs, the policies of the organization, the nature and extent of supervision, job security, working conditions, status and dignity, the level of salaries and wages, the establishment of mutual relations, supervisors, peers, and supervisors, and the personal life of employees. The general public thinks of optimism as seeing the glass as half full seeing a shiny layer in every phenomenon, or the habit of expecting a happy ending for every real problem. The angle of positive thinking from positive thinking and optimism indicates that optimism requires repeating self-reinforcing phrases such as "I am improving in different ways every day" or visualization. That all work is done successfully. In all these cases, there are manifestations of optimism and positive thinking, but optimism is deeper than these. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the relationship between the dimensions of organizational health on the academic optimism of the professors of Islamic Azad University Sari branch. Methods: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of method, which was carried out in the field. The statistical population of this research includes all the professors of Islamic Azad University, Sari branch, who were working in 1401. The number of the statistical population was 360 people according to the inquiry from the recruitment unit of Azad University of Sari. According to the table of Karjesi and Morgan, 186 people were selected through a simple random sampling method. The research tools included two organizational health questionnaires by Hoy and Feldman (1996) and an academic optimism questionnaire by Baird et al. (2010), both of which were standard questionnaires. Their reliability coefficient was calculated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient for organizational health (0.92) and academic optimism (0.79), which indicates the appropriate reliability of this questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the demographic variables and SPSS software was used to check the research hypotheses. One of the most important prerequisites for performing parametric tests is checking the normality of data distribution in the dependent variable. For this purpose, for each of the studied variables, the test of normality of data distribution has been done. Results: The findings of the research show that the significance level of the variables of organizational health and academic optimism (Sig=0.000) is smaller than the predicted error (α=0.05), so the relationship between the variables is statistically significant. It is significant and since the calculated correlation coefficient is equal to 0.585, it can be concluded that there is a direct and significant relationship between organizational health and academic optimism of professors. In a more detailed explanation, it can be said that so far, different conceptualizations of optimism have been implemented, an example of which is nature optimism and explanatory optimism. Optimism of nature or tendency is a general expectation based on the fact that in the future, more good events will happen than bad events. Shier et al. argue that optimistic people, in the face of difficulties, continue to pursue their valued goals and by using effective coping strategies, they and their states adjust their personalities so that they can reach their goals. One of the fundamental changes that happened in recent decades in the field of psychology is that unlike the previous psychologists who focused their research and scientific works on the disturbing aspects of thoughts and pathological aspects of the psyche. were focused on human beings, today many psychologists, in addition to dealing with the morbid and pathological aspects of the human psyche, also pay attention to the positive aspects of human thoughts, beliefs, feelings and behaviors. The concept of optimism is one of the central and important topics of positive psychology, which emerged in the field of psychology as a result of the value change in beliefs, in recent decades, by people such as Allport, Erikson, Fromm, Maslow, Rogers, and Peterson. and tries to make the presence of positive components in various aspects of human life more vivid and impressive with scientific methods and perspective. Higher education is one of the most basic and important organizations in the world today, and most people have direct and indirect relations with this organization, and this shows the key and vital role of this institution in the complex life of humans. Knowledge of organizational health can be a facilitator and predictor of the quality and continuity of the health system, and it can lead to the implementation of programs in a scientific and expert manner, avoiding imprudent actions. Organizational health refers to an environment that facilitates the growth and development of an organization and enables the achievement of goals. Organizations, while thinking about their preservation and survival, should take a step beyond this view and pay attention to their consequences and effects on the society. Social responsibility is considered as an important issue for any organization, the factor of its survival or decline. Conclusion: The results of the research showed that there is a significant relationship between organizational health and the academic optimism of teachers, and according to the results of this research, it was determined that the contribution of each component of organizational health in predicting the academic optimism of teachers is different.}, Keywords = {Academic Optimism, Organizational Health, Professors}, volume = {29}, Number = {8}, pages = {297-305}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی رابطه بین ابعاد سلامت سازمانی بر خوش‌بینی تحصیلی اساتید دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ساری}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: یکی از مهم­ترین منابع هر سازمانی، نیروی انسانی آن سازمان است ؛ لذا هدف مطالعه بررسی رابطه بین ابعاد سلامت سازمانی بر خوش بینی تحصیلی اساتید دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ساری بود. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از حیث هدف، کاربردی و از نظر روش توصیفی و از نوع همبستگی بوده که به صورت میدانی اجرا گردید. جامعه آماری این تحقیق شامل کلیه اساتید دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ساری بوده که در سال 1401 مشغول به فعالیت بودند. تعداد جامعه آماری بنا بر استعلام از واحد کارگزینی دانشگاه آزاد ساری برابر با 360  نفر بود. حجم نمونه طبق جدول کرجسی و مورگان 186 نفر از طریق روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند. ابزار تحقیق شامل دو پرسشنامه سلامت سازمانی هوی و فیلدمن (1996) و پرسشنامه خوش­بینی تحصیلی بیرد و همکاران (2010) بود که هر دو پرسشنامه استاندارد بودند. ضریب پایایی آن ها از طریق ضریب آلفای کرونباخ برای برای سلامت سازمانی (92/0) و خوش بینی تحصیلی (79/0) محاسبه شد که نشانگر پایایی مناسب این پرسشنامه می­باشد. برای توصیف متغیرهای جمعیت شناختی از آمار توصیفی و برای بررسی فرضیه های تحقیق از نرم افزار SPSS استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: یافته­های تحقیق نشان می­دهد که مقدار سطح معناداری متغیرهای سلامت سازمانی و خوش بینی تحصیلی از مقدار خطای پیش‌بینی شده کوچکتر می­باشد، بنابراین رابطه بین متغیرها از لحاظ آماری معنادار است و از آنجاییکه ضریب همبستگی محاسبه شده برابر با 585/0 می­باشد، می­توان نتیجه گرفت که بین سلامت سازمانی و خوش بینی تحصیلی اساتید رابطه مستقیم و معنادار وجود دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که بین سلامت سازمانی و خوش­بینی تحصیلی معلمان رابطه معناداری وجود دارد و با توجه به نتایج تحقیق حاضر مشخص گردید که سهم هر یک از مولفه­های سلامت سازمانی در پیش­بینی خوش­بینی تحصیلی معلمان متفاوت است.}, keywords_fa = {خوش بینی تحصیلی, سلامت سازمان, اساتید}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8575-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8575-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Hamzehlo, Masoud and Roozbayani, Mania and Shirvani, Hossi}, title = {The Effect of Fatty Liver Disease on the Expression of RXFP1 and CTGF Genes in Cardiac Tissue of Wistar Rats}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Performing physical activity and having a healthy body is one of the most essential life needs of people with fatty liver. In recent years, studies have been performed on the relationship between fatty liver and arthrosclerosis. The results of these studies indicate the relationship between the Non-alcoholic fatty liver and arthrosclerosis of coronary artery disease. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with a sedentary lifestyle and poor eating habits around the world Fatty liver is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries and coronary artery stenosis can affect extracellular matrix factors such as CTGF and RXFP1, which play a role in the formation or non-formation of fibrosis. Studies have shown that fatty liver disease can be effective in causing atherosclerotic changes in arteries and increasing the thickness of the carotid artery as an indicator of atherosclerosis, which can be seen even in mild degrees of fatty liver. Relaxin in all parts of the body can have different expressions of RXFP1 receptor in different arteries, so in rats this receptor is strongly expressed in aortic endothelial cells and RXFP1 activates cAMP, cGMP and cAMP signaling pathways in ERK1 / 2 endothelial cells On the other hand CTGF is mainly synthesized by liver cells in the liver and is strongly induced in liver fibrosis CTGF is induced by fibroblast TGF-β cells and mediates the growth and secretion of extracellular matrix. These results indicate that CTGF is the mediator of many TGF-β-probiotic activities Therefore, the aim is to investigate the effect of this disease on two extracellular matrix genes of the heart. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were randomly divided into 3 groups: control, healthy and fatty liver steatosis. The control group was initially performed in the victim and tissue study And the two healthy and fatty liver groups spent two weeks in the same condition There was a healthy group from the beginning to the end of the study and they did not receive any intervention. Mice in the fatty liver group received oral tetracycline at a dose of 100 mg / kg at a dose of 1.5 ccs per mouse for two weeks. The average weight of the mice was 300 g, of which 100 mg / kg was used for 3 mice, of which 100 mg was dissolved in 4.5 cc and each rat was gavaged 1.5 cc. Fatty liver was modified by measuring liver enzymes (SGPT) and a number of biochemical variables. At the end of the second week, rats two groups were healthy and fatty liver48 hours after the last day (10 to 12 hours of fasting), the studied rats in each group were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of 10% ketamine at a dose of 50 mg/kg and 2% xylosin at a dose of 10 mg/kg. became were sacrificed and heart tissue sample were taken to test for RXFP1 and CTGF gene expression. In each group, tissue analysis was performed by Real Time PCR technique. First, primer design was performed and then total RNA was extracted from tissues and converted to cDNA. Then cDNA was Replicated by PCR and examined for the expression of the mentioned genes. Results: After the second week and examining expression level of RXFP1 and CTGF genes between control, healthy and fatty liver groups, ANOVA test results showed that the expression level ofRXFP1 and CTGF genes (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0001, respectively) In the fatty liver group, significantly increased compared to the healthy and control groups Considering the value of P<0.05, the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between the level of RXFP1 in different research groups was rejected with 95% confidence. The results between the steatosis group and the other two groups were significant in increasing the level of RXFP1 gene expression. Therefore, it can be said that in the presence of fatty liver, the expression of RXFP1 gene increases in the heart tissue of male rats in order to inhibit fibrosis. Also, in terms of significance, the results between the steatosis group and the other two groups were significant in increasing the level of CTGF gene expression. Therefore, it can be said that in the presence of fatty liver in the steatosis model, the CTGF gene expression increases in line with the increase in cardiac fibrosis. Overall, our results showed that with the onset of fatty liver disease, both connective tissue growth factors and relaxin increased in the heart, and an increase in connective tissue growth factor indicates cardiac tissue damage, which can lead to heart tissue fibrosis. Therefore, these findings can help new therapies aimed at modulating the effects of CTGF and the use of RXFP1 as a new direction for further clinical studies. Our other findings showed that with induction of fatty liver, the level of RXFP1 in heart tissue increased from the beginning and did not change until the end of the two weeks. The expression level of RXFP1 gene in steatosis fatty liver groups (BS, CS) was significantly higher than the other 2 groups on the other hand the increase in connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in this study was probably to produce extracellular matrix and compensate for their degradation, and the increase in RXFP1 was to prevent collagen deposition in ECM connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in cardiac tissue increased sharply, such that its rate increased up to 7 times in the first two weeks compared to the control group, and this increase continued until the end of the two weeks, that increased 10 times However, this method should be considered with more caution because high expression of CTGF increases the level of fibronectin, collagen I and III proteins in the extracellular matrix, followed by myocardial infarction Conclusion: The fatty liver model of steatosis increases the expression of cardiac CTGF gene and fibrosis, and also increases the RXFP1 gene, which has anti-fibrosis activity. CTGF (CCN2) in response to tissue damage initiates signaling pathways of connective tissue regeneration Therefore, and cardiac tissue fibrosis. RXFP1, which is a component of the extracellular matrix and is most commonly expressed in aortic endothelial cells exerts most of its physiological effect on the cardiovascular system through NO (Nitric oxide).}, Keywords = {Fatty liver,RXFP1,CTGF genes}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر بیماری کبد چرب بر بیان ژن‌های RXFP1 و CTGF در بافت قلبی رت‌های ویستار}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: کبد چرب با افزایش خطر بیماری‌های قلبی عروقی و تشکیل پلاک‌های آترواسکلروتیک در عروق کاروتید همراه است و تنگ شدن عروق کرونری می‌تواند در فاکتورهای ECM از قبیل CTGF و RXFP1 که در ایجاد یا عدم فیبروز نقش دارد مؤثر باشد لذا هدف بررسی تأثیر این بیماری بر دو ژن ECM قلب است. روش کار: در این مطالعه 24 سر رت نر ویستار با وزن 200 – 250 گرم در 3 گروه کنترل، سالم و کبد چرب به صورت تصادفی تقسیم شدند. گروه کنترل همان ابتدا مطالعه قربانی و بافت‌برداری انجام شد و دو گروه سالم و کبد چرب دو هفته را در شرایط یکسان سپری کردند. گروه سالم از ابتدا تا انتهای مطالعه وجود داشتند و هیچ مداخله‌ای را دریافت نمی‌کردند. موش‌های گروه کبد چرب به مدت دو هفته، روزانه، تتراسایکلین خوراکی با دوز mg/kg 100 دریافت کردند. 100 mg به ازای هر 1 kg برای 3 موش استفاده شد. تاییدیه کبد چرب را از طریق اندازه‌گیری آنزیم کبدی (SGPT) انجام شد. در پایان هفته دوم رت‌های دو گروه قربانی شدند. یافته‌ها: پس از بررسی میزان بیان ژن‌های RXFP1 و CTGF بین گروه‌های کنترل، سالم و کبد چرب، نتایج آزمون آنوا نشان داد که میزان بیان ژن‌های RXFP1 و CTGF (به ترتیب 0001/0 p= و 0001/0 p=) در گروه کبد چرب، به طور معناداری نسبت به گروه سالم و کنترل افزایش یافته است. در کل نتایج ما نشان داد که با شروع بیماری کبد چرب هردو CTGF و ریلکسین در قلب افزایش یافت و افزایش CTGF نشان از آسیب بافت قلب می‌باشد لذا این یافته‌ها می‌تواند به روش‌های درمانی جدید با هدف تعدیل اثرات CTGF و از سویی استفاده از RXFP1 به عنوان یک جهت جدید برای مطالعات بالینی بیشتر کمک نماید.  نتیجه‌گیری: مدل کبد چرب باعث افزایش بیان CTGF قلبی و از سویی RXFP1 نیز افزایش می‌یابد.  }, keywords_fa = {کبد چرب. ژن‌های RXFP1 و CTGF}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7025-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7025-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Karimi, Mansour}, title = {Predicting the Effect of Family Assessment on Hyperactivity Mediated by Mental Health in Adolescents}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Self-concept is one of the most important factors for success in people's lives. If a person knows his abilities and talents and has a positive perception of his abilities and believes that he can achieve something with it, he has talent. This increases efficiency and effectiveness and achieves goals. The value of a person is the most definite factor in the process of mental development. If a person feels positive about himself, he is healthier and perceives life more positively as natural. Self-concept includes the real and ideal self. Research has shown that his weakness. Conception can play an important role in the development of emotional and psychological disorders. Emotional and behavioral disorders of children are closely related to psychological problems of parents, especially mothers. No matter how severe their mental problems are, the incidence of this type of disorders in their children increases or low mental health of mothers and their stress, anxiety and depression is a family factor. It affects the incidence of emotional and behavioral disorders in children. In fact, certain characteristics of family relationships, especially parental deviations and inconsistencies, strict and unpredictable disciplinary methods, and lack of emotional support from parents can increase the risk of children with these disorders.. In a study in 230 people in Tehran as a sample, it was found that there is a significant negative correlation between conduct disorder and self-concept. Self-concept as a human personality trait is a unique quality. According to Aristotle and Plato, thinkers and philosophers of other ages have commented on the idea of self. Self-concept is instructive, and it is of great importance to both the individual and those who are involved in his upbringing in childhood, and no One is not born with a self-concept, but a self-concept is gradually emerging and at the same time has a dynamic, structured process. Happiness increases with age, education, artistic activity, sports, religion, physical and mental health, and social, family, optimism about the future, and attitudes toward happiness. A study conducted on self-concept and family communication model showed that these two have a significant relationship with each other and self-concept is based on family communication model, dialogue and harmony in high school students. The child's self-concept has a great impact. In such families, approval, love, caressing, encouragement, trust, and a sense of security are seen, and children receive less social problems due to receiving love, security from their parents, and more empowerment, and this process creates a positive self-concept in the child. Becomes. Findings showed that there is a relationship between parents' relationship with children and emotional-behavioral problems and there is a relationship between self-concept and family communication pattern. The present study also seeks to answer these questions: Does family performance have a significant relationship with behavioral disorders? Do behavioral disorders have a significant relationship with self-concept in adolescents? The aim of this study was to predict and evaluate family through self-concept on behavioral disorders of adolescent girls and boys aged 12 to 15 years in Tehran. Methods: The research was a descriptive survey. The sampling method was cluster sampling and available. The statistical population of the study included all adolescent girls and boys aged 12 to 15 years in Tehran who were studying in the first year of high school. The questionnaire was completed by 629 people (309 boys and 320 girls) online. The research tools are: family assessment questionnaires, behavioral disorders, self-concept. In order to analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient was used. Structural equation modeling of relationships between variables was analyzed using spss.26 and Amos.24 software. Results: The indirect effect of family assessment by self-concept, empathy and happiness on behavioral disorders was 0.08 and the total effect was 0.15. Among the dimensions of family functioning, there was no significant relationship between roles with attention problems, social aggression and anxiety-isolation (P <0.05). There was no significant relationship between emotional association with attention problems and social aggression (P < 0.05). However, positive and significant relationships were seen between other variables (P < 0.05) and the indirect effect of family functioning on behavioral disorders with mediating the role of self-concept is also significant (P < 0.05, IE = 0.03). Family performance can reduce behavioral disorders by increasing self-concept. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, family performance has a direct and significant effect on adolescent behavioral disorders. Because higher scores on family functioning mean a more unfavorable situation, behavioral disorders in adolescents appear to decrease as family performance improves, and vice versa. The indirect effect of family functioning on behavioral disorders is significant and family functioning can reduce behavioral disorders by increasing self-concept.  }, Keywords = {Behavioral Disorders, Family Assessment, Self-Concept, Family Function}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {12-20}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {پیش‌بینی تأثیر سنجش خانواده بر بیش فعالی با میانجیگری سلامت روانی در نوجوانان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: با توجه به اهمیت دوره نوجوانی و مشکلات عاطفی- رفتاری در این دوره سنی، نقش عملکرد خانواده در تغییرات اختلالات رفتاری اهمیت دارد. لذا هدف از پژوهش حاضر، پیش‌بینی تأثیر سنجش خانواده بر بیش فعالی با میانجیگری سلامت روانی در نوجوانان بود. روش کار: در این پژوهش توصیفی پیمایشی، جامعه آماری شامل کلیه نوجوانان دختر و پسر 12 تا 15 ساله مشغول به تحصیل در مقطع تحصیلی متوسطه دوره اول شهر تهران بود که با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه­ای و در دسترس تعداد 629 نفر (تعداد 309 پسر و 320 دختر) به‌عنوان نمونه آماری در نظر گرفته شد. از پرسشنامه‌های سنجش خانواده اپشتاین و همکاران (1983)، بیش فعالی کانرز (1999) و ارزیابی سلامت روان کودکان و نوجوانان 6 تا 14 ساله اسپرافکین، لانی، یونیتات و گادو (۱۹۸۴) استفاده شد. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: اثر غیرمستقیم سنجش خانواده به واسطه سلامت روانی بر بیش فعالی برابر 08/0 و اثر کل آن 15/0 بود. در میان ابعاد عملکرد خانواده، بین نقش‌ها با مشکلات توجه، پرخاشگری اجتماعی و اضطراب- گوشه‌گیری رابطه معناداری مشاهده نشد (05/0<P). نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج پژوهش، به نظر می‌رسد که با بهبود عملکرد خانواده، بیش فعالی در نوجوانان کاهش می‌یابند و بالعکس و عملکرد خانواده با افزایش سلامت روانی می‌تواند بیش فعالی را کاهش دهد.}, keywords_fa = {سلامت روانی, سنجش خانواده, بیش فعالی, عملکرد خانواده}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7279-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7279-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Aalimohammadi, Ashkan and Dinarvand, Reze and Dargahi, Zahra and MahmoudiTabar, Mina and KarimiBaliti, Parveen and Jahanshah, Fatemeh and Pirzadeh, Fatemeh}, title = {The Effectiveness of Emotionally-Focused Couple Therapy on Marital Adaptability and Happiness of Couples}, abstract ={Background & Aims: All human beings have a basic need for intimate relationships. To achieve this need and develop intimacy, marriage provides a unique and appropriate opportunity for human beings. One of the important aspects in marriage is marital satisfaction and marital compatibility. Marital adaptability is a process that occurs throughout life and refers to the characteristics of a harmonious marital relationship and having a good performance in marriage. The other important aspect is happiness. Happiness is an emotion that everyone wants and strives to achieve. The level of marital happiness implicitly indicates low levels of conflict and has positive effect on behavioral (such as adjustment) and communication (such as a desire to remarry your current spouse if possible to return to the early days) features. While marital relationship can be a source of many pleasurable experiences, it can also bring the most painful consequences. Researches has shown that two of the variables with which couples can have negative conflicts are marital adaptability and happiness. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Emotionally-focused couple therapy training on marital adaptability and couple happiness. This research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest method with control and experimental groups. Methods: The sample size consisted of 60 people (30 couples) who were selected by available sampling method from counseling centers in Ahvaz in the year 1400 and were assigned to two experimental and control groups by simple random sampling. The statistical criterion for entering the subjects of this study were couples who had a kind of marital adaptability problems and lack of happiness in their lives. First, the couples answered the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire developed by Michael Argyle and Peter Hills and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) 1976 by Graham B. Spanier, then the experimental group was trained in an approach-based emotion management (EFT) strategy for 8 sessions. At the end of 8 sessions of therapeutic intervention, post-test was performed and the necessary results were collected using SPSS 24 and processed. Then, in order to observe justice in the research, the control group underwent 8 sessions of treatment as the experimental group. Results: Based on the comparison of pre-test and post-test between the two groups, the results showed that teaching emotion management strategies based on Emotionally-focused couple therapy (EFT) approach has a significant effect (p≤0.05) on increasing marital adaptability and couple happiness. Levene homogeneity test, Regression slope test (T), Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk test, Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and ANKOA confirmed the validity and reliability of the data and analysis. Conclusion: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Emotionally-focused couple therapy on marital adaptability and happiness of couples. The results showed that Emotionally-focused training is effective in increasing marital adaptability of couples. These results are consistent with the results of studies by Soltani et al. (2012), Zia-ul-Haq et al. (2012), Najafi et al. (2014) and Ramezanzadeh et al. (2010). One of the reasons that Emotionally-focused couple therapy is effective on couple's marital adaptability is that compared to other therapies, in Emotionally-focused couple therapy, targeting both couples simultaneously in psychological intervention can be very useful. Emotionally-focused couple therapy will improve couples interactions by solving their emotional problems, identifying unexpressed and repressed emotions, and identifying their spouse's emotional and emotional needs, thus increasing the couple's expression of love and marital adaptability. Emotional couple therapy, based on the correct and appropriate release of emotions, stabilizing the couple's attachment style and reducing the couple's emotional, feelings and anxiety problems, and also increases their physical health. In Emotionally-focused couple therapy, people learn to understand their spouse's feelings and emotions, to talk about their own positive and negative feelings and emotions, and to be a good listener to their spouse. Correcting these seemingly simple things is a very important step in the mutual understanding of couples and improving the marital compatibility of couples. In the family, marital relationship can be a source of joy or a great source of suffering. Hence, one of the components of the quality of marital relations is marital happiness, which shows the general level of happiness of the individual from different dimensions of the marital relationship. The level of marital happiness implicitly indicates low levels of conflict and has behavioral (such as adaptability) and communication characteristics (such as the desire to remarry the current spouse if possible and return to the early days). Happiness is contagious, meaning that one person's happiness can bring happiness to others. Another is that it expands one's dependence on the environment and makes life more enjoyable. There is evidence to support this view, showing that people are happier in a successful marriage. A marriage in which people speak respectfully and frankly, in a safe environment expressing their emotions and forgiving each other's mistakes is usually accompanied by higher levels of satisfaction. So, this communication is more likely to lead to happiness. Therefore, recognizing and managing emotions can be effective in increasing the happiness of the experimental group after the test. Emotionally-focused couple therapy approach can change the couple's attachment styles and also change the cycle of defective marital interactions and create a safe communication environment, emotion planning and control the couple's behavior and increase marital satisfaction and consequently happiness. Also, negative emotions lead to a decrease in spouse's satisfaction with each other and positive emotions will increase spouse's satisfaction and peace with trust and ultimately cause their happiness. Based on the results of the present study, Emotionally-focused couple therapy can improve couple's adaptability and increase happiness in their lives. Therefore, this type of intervention is recommended to increase adaptation and happiness in couples.  }, Keywords = {Emotionally-focused couple therapy (EFT), Happiness, Marital adaptability}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {21-30}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی زوج درمانی هیجان مدار بر سازگاری زناشویی و شادکامی زوجین}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: تحقیقات نشان داده است که از جمله متغیرهایی که زوجین می­توانند با آن­ها درگیری منفی پیدا کنند، سازگاری زناشویی و شادکامی است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر تعیین اثربخشی آموزش زوج درمانی هیجان مدار بر سازگاری زناشویی و شادکامی زوجین بود. روش کار: این پژوهش از نوع نیمه آزمایشی و با روش پیش‌آزمون پس‌آزمون با گروه گواه و آزمایش بود. حجم نمونه شامل 60 نفر (30 زوج) که به شیوه نمونه‌گیری در دسترس از مراکز مشاوره شهرستان اهواز در سال 1400 انتخاب گردیدند و به شیوه تصادفی ساده به دو گروه آزمایش و گواه گمارده شدند. ابتدا زوجین به پرسشنامه‌های شادکامی آکسفورد و مقیاس سازگاری زناشویی اسپانیر پاسخ دادند، سپس افراد گروه آزمایش به مدت 8 جلسه تحت آموزش راهبردهای مدیریت هیجان مبتنی بر رویکرد قرار گرفتند. در پایان 8 جلسه مداخله درمانی، پس‌آزمون اجرا شده و نتایج لازم جمع­آوری و پردازش گردید. یافته‌ها: براساس مقایسه پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون دو گروه یافته‌ها نشان داد که آموزش راهبردهای مدیریت هیجان مبتنی بر رویکرد زوج درمانی هیجان مدار تأثیر معناداری (05/0 ≥ P) بر افزایش سازگاری زناشویی و شادکامی زوجین دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج پژوهش حاضر، زوج درمانی هیجان مدار می­تواند منجر به بهبود سازگاری زوجین و افزایش شادکامی زندگی آنان گردد. لذا این نوع مداخله برای افزایش سازگاری و شادکامی در زوجین توصیه می­گردد.  }, keywords_fa = {زوج درمانی هیجان مدار, شادکامی, سازگاری زناشویی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7422-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7422-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {SoltanDallal, Mohammad Mehdi and Nabatchian, Fariba and Sharifi-Yazdi, Sara and HaghighatKhajavi, Shabnam and pourmoradian, Mahdieh}, title = {Isolation and Identification of Bacillus cereus of Dry Bulk and Packaged Vegetables by Culture and PCR}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic, motile, beta-hemolytic, spore forming bacterium commonly The bacteria is commonly found in the environment, is often found in soil and vegetation, and can be present in foods. It can cause foodborne illness worldwide. B. cereus illness is related to many foods - beef, turkey, rice, beans, and vegetables. Specifically, the diarrheal illness is often related to meats, milk, vegetables, and fish. This product may be contaminated with many bacterial pathogens, including Bacillus cereus (4). There are several ways to store vegetables; one way is drying, which is important for several reasons: long-term storage, reducing the volume for the storage, and move products more easily and faster The emetic-type illness is most often associated with rice products, but it has also been associated with other types of starchy products such as potato, pasta, and cheese products (5). Some food-mixtures (sauces, puddings, soups, casseroles, pastries, and salads, have been associated with food-borne illness in general. There are two types of food-borne B. cereus illness. In the first, contaminated food (many types of food, often left at room temperature) makes its way to the small intestine where the toxin, in this case, a large-molecular-weight protein, is released. This can lead to diarrhea, cramps, and sometimes nausea. Usually, vomiting is not present in this form of illness (6, 7). Incubation for the first type is 6 to 15 hours. In the second type, affected food, most often starchy food, and classically, rice, contains a different type of toxin (cereulide, an ionophoric low-molecular-weight dodecadepsipeptide that is pH-stable and heat and protease-resistant). This toxin causes emetic-type B. cereus illness. The incubation period for this type is 30 minutes to 6 hours (9). Bacillus cereus is caused by the ingestion of food contaminated with either the enterotoxigenic B. cereus or with the emetic toxin. In non-gastrointestinal illness, reports of respiratory infections similar to respiratory anthrax have been attributed to B. cereus strains harboring B. anthracis toxin genes (10).  The spore of this bacterium is resistant to severe environmental conditions including heat, freezing, drying, and radiation, and may be considered an infectious agent for this bacterium. Changes in diet and lifestyle in recent years and the growing trend of using ready-made products (4). In the gastrointestinal tract (small intestine), vegetative cells, ingested as viable cells or spores, produce and secrete a protein enterotoxin and induce a diarrheal syndrome, whereas emetic toxin, a plasmid-encoded cyclic peptide (cereulide), is produced in food products and ingested as a formed toxin. Dry vegetables it is suitable for the survival quickly multiply at room temperature (12). There are two main types of intestinal illnesses caused by B. cereus. One is diarrheal, and one leads more to nausea/vomiting. B. cereus has also been implicated in infections of the eye, respiratory tract, and in wounds. The pathogenicity of B. cereus, whether intestinal or nonintestinal, is intimately associated with the production of tissue-destructive exoenzymes. Among these secreted toxins are four hemolysins, three distinct phospholipases, an emesis-inducing toxin, and proteases. The specific name, cereus, meaning "waxy" in Latin, refers to the appearance of colonies grown on blood agar.Bacillus cereus is one of the most important causes of spore-bearing bacteria such as Bacillus (5, 7, 11). The aim of this study was to isolate and identify Bacillus cereus in bulk and packaged dried vegetables by culture and PCR. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study from February 2019 to October 2020. In total 160 samples (80 from each of open and packed dried vegetables) were evaluated for the contamination of Bacillus cereus. 25 g of the sample was poured into 225 ml of peptone water and incubated at 37 ° C for 24 hours and then one ml of 0.1 dilutions of the suspension was inoculated into on the specific medium of Bacillus cereus (Scharlau, Spain). (MYP Agar) Mannitol Egg Yolk Polymyxin Agar. For the total count, 10 g of each dried vegetable was added into 90 ml of 0.1% peptone water and then 1 ml of dilutions (10-1, 10-2, 10-3), were inoculated into MYP Agar medium and incubated at 37 ° C for 24 hours. Large pink colonies (no fermentation of mannitol) with a precipitated halo (due to lecithinase production) were considered suspicious colonies. The identification was carried out by catalase and biochemical tests. anaerobic conditions, growth at 45 ° C, lestinase C test, hemolysis B in blood agar with 5% sheep blood, MR-VP test, penicillin sensitivity 10 IU test,and nitrate reduction(13). For molecular analysis, the polymerase chain reaction for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene was used to confirm Bacillus cereus. In order to extract DNA from a pure colony of bacteria, it was cultured in an LB medium and after incubation, the resulting culture was precipitated and the genome was extracted using phenol-chloroform. The quality and quantity of DNA extracted were evaluated by spectrophotometry and electrophoresis. The extracted DNA was frozen at -20 ° C for later use (14). The PCR program consisted of an initial temperature of 94 ° C for 5 min, then 35 cycles consisting of 94 ° C for 30 s, 52 ° for 30 s, and 72 ° for 30 s. PCR reaction was performed in Thermal Cycler (Primus 96, Peqlab Biotechnologie GmbH, Erlangen, Germany). The standard strain of 11778 Bacillus cereus was used as a positive control. The PCR product was electrophoresed in 1% agarose gel at a voltage of 100-80 volts and after staining with ethidium bromide 1 mg/ml was observed and photographed by a gel dock device. Initially, the PCR gradient for the gene was placed in the annealing temperature range of 50 to 60 degrees, which was finally selected at an optimum temperature of 52 degrees (15). Using SPS software, data were analyzed by chi-square test. p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The B. cereus contamination were found in 21 (26.25%) and 13 (16.25%) of open and packed dried vegetable samples respectively. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between contamination rate of B. cereus in open and packed dried vegetable samples. Also, contamination rate of B. cereus was not significantly different (p>0.05) among various kinds of vegetable samples. The results of this study showed that 34 (21.25%) out of 160 samples of dried vegetables were infected with Bacillus cereus by the phenotypic method. PCR results of the ITS gene showed that all 34 strains isolated by culture were also identified by molecular method. In total 7 (4.37%) dill, 5 (3.12%) tarragon, 5 (3.12%) parsley, 5 (3.12%) mint, 6 (3.75%) soup, 4 (2.5%) coriander and 2 (1.25%) turmeric were identified as Bacillus cereus respectively. Conclusion: Our study showed that despite the supply of packaged dried vegetables, there is still the possibility of microbial contamination, especially by anaerobic bacteria. Although the rate of contamination of dried vegetables in open packaged (13.2%) was more than dried packaged (12.8%).This percentage of contamination probably indicates a lack of hygiene in the drying process in both traditional and industrial forms.}, Keywords = {Bacillus cereus, Dried vegetables, Food poisoning, Molecular method}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {31-40}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {جداسازی و شناسایی باسیلوس سرئوس در سبزیجات خشک فله و بسته بندی شده به روش کشت و PCR}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: تغییر شیوه تغذیه و سبک زندگی در سال‌های اخیر، باعث اهمیت بیشتر به کیفیت سبزیجات خشک مصرفی و ارزیابی سلامت در آن‌ها شده است. سبزیجات خشک محل مناسبی برای ماندگاری باکتری باسیلوس به دلیل داشتن اسپور می‌باشد. هدف از این پژوهش جداسازی و شناسایی باسیلوس سرئوس در سبزیجات خشک فله و بسته‌بندی شده به روش کشت و PCR بود. روش کار: در یک مطالعه توصیفی مقطعی از بهمن 98 الی مهر 99، تعداد 160 نمونه سبزی خشک شامل 80 نمونه فله و 80 نمونه بسته‌بندی شده آماده مصرف از نظر آلودگی به باسیلوس سرئوس مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. بدین منظور ابتدا 25 گرم از نمونه در 225 میلی‌لیتر پپتون واتر ریخته شد، سپس یک میلی‌لیتر از رقت 1/0 سوسپانسیون تهیه شده بر روی محیط اختصاصی باسیلوس سرئوس (MYP Agar) تلقیح شد. در روز بعد کلنی‌ها از نظر واکنش‌های بیوشیمیایی طبق روش‌های استاندارد مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. به منظور بررسی مولکولی این باکتری، واکنش زنجیره‌ای پلیمراز برای ژن‌های انتخابی انجام شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از آزمون کای اسکوئر و نرم‌افزار SPSS استفاده شده و موارد 05/0 P< معنی‌دار در نظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: یافته‌های حاصل از این مطالعه نشان داد که 34 نمونه (25/21 درصد) با روش فنوتیپی از سبزی خشک‌ها دارای آلودگی مشکوک به باسیلوس سرئوس بودند. با مطالعه ژن ITS، همه 34 جدایه باسیلوس سرئوس شناسایی شدند. سبزی شوید با 7 مورد (37/4 درصد) بیشترین آلودگی را داشت. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به مقاومت بالای اسپور باسیلوس سرئوس در برابر حرارت، این باکتری می‌تواند در فرایند خشک کردن سبزی زنده مانده و برای مصرف‌کنندگان ایجاد مسمومیت غذایی کند.}, keywords_fa = {باسیلوس سرئوس, سبزی خشک, مسمومیت غذایی, روش مولکولی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6910-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6910-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Dehghanipour, Faeghe and Barari, Alireza and Abdi, Ahmad and Farzanegi, Parvi}, title = {The Effect of Resveratrol Supplementation and Aerobic Exercise on Serum Levels of Activin A and TGF-β in Rats with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is one of the main causes of abnormal liver function, and the prevalence of this disease is reported to be around 20% in the world (1). NAFLD is often associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome (2). NAFLD includes the accumulation of triglycerides, necrosis, and apoptosis in fat cells, which are associated with inflammatory responses in the liver. In total, these cases increase the possibility of liver cirrhosis (4). The large family of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) together with TGF-β1 and activin-A is a part of bone morphogenic proteins and is considered a multipurpose cytokine in a wide range of tissues and cells. These factors play a role in cell differentiation, cell number homeostasis and tissue repair, inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis (5). Activin-A increases the expression of collagen and TGF-β1. It causes mitochondrial β-oxidation and downregulation of fatty acid synthase activity. In addition, activin-A inhibits proliferation and stimulates apoptosis of liver cells, which helps complete liver regeneration; Hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration are controlled by activin-A (7). Today, for the management of NAFLD, lifestyle modification techniques through changes in diet and physical activity are considered. Physical activity, including aerobic, resistance, and interval, reduces NAFLD disease by regulating intrahepatic fat status, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy process (8). There are various medicinal agents for the treatment of various diseases. The combination of using herbal medicines and engaging in physical activity has attracted the attention of researchers. Among these substances is resveratrol, which is found in purple and red plants, especially in the skin of red grapes and the berry family (9). Resveratrol has antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory uses, and was first extracted from an Asian plant called Polygonum capsidatum (10). Resveratrol has inherent protective properties to prevent the spread of disease. Its anti-inflammatory effect has been determined by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and preventing the production of nitric oxide in macrophages. Reservatol also regulates lipid metabolism and prevents lipid oxidation and platelet aggregation (11). Methods: In this experimental study, 56 old male Wistar rats with an age of 40-50 weeks and an average weight of 250-300 grams were selected. At first, the rats were divided into two groups: control and NAFLD patients. The rats in the control group were fed a standard diet (including 12% fat, 57% carbohydrates, 28% protein, and 3% other items) for 6 weeks. To induce NAFLD, rats in the experimental group were subjected to a high-fat diet (including 22% fat, 50% carbohydrate, 24% protein, and 4% other items) for 6 weeks. Then, the rats of the patient group with NAFLD were divided into 7 groups, and each group included 7 rats. Seven groups include (1) patient group, (2) group receiving saline, (3) group receiving resveratrol supplement, (4) continuous training group, (5) intermittent training group, (6) continuous training-resveratrol group, and (7) intermittent training-resveratrol group. The rats in the training group and the supplement+training group were familiarized with the treadmill for 5 minutes at a speed of 8-10 m/min with zero inclines for one week during 5 sessions. The main continuous training program was carried out for 8 weeks and 5 sessions per week, in the first week, the speed was 15 meters per minute and the time was 5 minutes. Every week, the speed increased by 1-2 meters per minute and the time increased by 1-2 minutes. In the eighth week, the speed reached 20 meters per minute and the time was 60 minutes (12). The interval training program started in the first week with a speed of 10 meters per minute and a time of 10-15 minutes with a zero-degree slope. In the following weeks, training consisted of 10 minutes daily (2:30 x 4) at a speed of 50 m/min and a 10-degree incline with periods of 2:30 minutes (more than 90% of maximal oxygen consumption), separated by 3-minute rest periods. The number of sessions was 5 sessions per week (13). In the supplement and supplement+training groups, they were injected intraperitoneally with a dose of 20 mg per kilogram of body weight. After completing the research period, all rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine and xylazine 48 hours after the last training session. Liver samples were kept at -80 C. Serum activin-A and TGF-β levels were measured using a kit and ELISA method. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality of data distribution. If the data were normal, one-way variance analysis and Tukey's post hoc statistical tests were used. The significance level for all calculations was considered p≥0.05. All statistical operations were performed using SPSS version 20 software. Results: Data analysis shows that there is a significant difference in the mean and standard deviation of TGF-β and activin-A serum levels between different groups (P=0.0001). It was also observed that aerobic training and red grape extract (resveratrol) have a significant effect on the serum levels of TGF-β and activin-A in elderly rats with NAFLD in different groups (P=0.0001). Conclusion: The findings of the present research showed that the lowest serum levels of activin-A were observed in the resveratrol+continuous training group and the highest levels were observed in the patient and saline groups. Fatty liver increased activin-A levels in the patient group, and aerobic training and red grape extract (resveratrol) significantly decreased serum activin-A levels in elderly rats with NAFLD in the resveratrol+continuous training group; Of course, in the supplement group, continuous training and interval training+resveratrol also had a decreasing trend, but it did not reach a significant level. NAFLD appears to result from an imbalance between hepatic fatty acid synthesis and oxidation (5). Our findings suggest that NAFLD should be added to the list of liver disorders that could be activin-A-mediated mechanisms. Previously, activin-A was reported to inhibit liver growth by inhibiting hepatic proliferation and inducing apoptosis, as well as by inducing extracellular matrix production during liver fibrosis (14). The results of the present study showed that the levels of TGF-β increased in the high-fat food consumption group; while training and resveratrol supplementation decreased the level of TGF-β in the experimental groups. Studies have shown that the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway may play an important role in activating HSCs and regulating the production, degradation, and accumulation of ECM proteins (19). Therefore, inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway can be an attractive therapeutic target for the prevention of liver fibrosis (20). Finally, the findings of the current research showed that the serum levels of TGF-β and activin-A increased in rats with NFALD. The reason for the increased levels of cytokines may be related to the cirrhosis process itself. In previous research, it has been shown that poor liver function leads to cirrhosis secondarily and disrupts the metabolism of TGF-β and causes the accumulation of this multifunctional cytokine in the body.  }, Keywords = {Resveratrol Supplementation, Aerobic Training, Activin-A, TGF-β, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {41-51}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر عصاره انگور قرمز و تمرینات هوازی بر مقادیر سرمی Activin A و TGF-ß در رت های مبتلا به بیماری کبد چرب غیر الکلی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بیماری کبد چرب غیرالکلی (NFALD) یکی از علت‌های اصلی عملکرد غیرنرمال کبد می‌باشد که می‌تواند منجر به نکروز و آپوپتوز شود؛ بنابراین هدف از تحقیق حاضر بررسی تأثیر عصاره انگور قرمز و تمرینات هوازی بر سطوح سرمی اکتیوین-A و TGF-β در رت‌های مبتلا به بیماری کبد چرب غیر الکلی باشد. روش کار: در این پژوهش تجربی 56 سر رت نر ویستار به صورت تصادفی به گروه سالم و گروه تجربی کبد چرب تقسیم شدند. رت‌ها در گروه تجربی روزانه رزوراترول را به میزان 25 میلی‌گرم به ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن از طریق تزریق داخل صفاقی دریافت می‌کردند. برنامه تمرین شامل 5 روز در هفته و به مدت 8 هفته بود. از روش آنالیز واریانس یک‌راهه و در صورت مشاهده تفاوت معنی‌دار آماری از آزمون تعقیبی توکی جهت تعیین محل اختلاف بین گروهی استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: کبد چرب موجب افزایش سطوح سرمی اکتیوین-A و βTGF- در گروه بیمار شد و همچنین تمرین هوازی و عصاره انگور قرمز (رزوراترول) موجب کاهش معنادار سطح سرمیاکتیوین-A و β TGF-در رت‌های مسن مبتلا به NFALD در گروه‌های تجربی شد. نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های تحقیق حاضر نشان داد که سطوح سرمی β TGF-و اکتیوین A در رت‌های مبتلا به NFALD افزایش یافته است؛ این احتمال وجود دارد که دلیل افزایش سطوح سایتوکاین‌ها احتمالاً به خود فرآیند سیروز مربوط باشد}, keywords_fa = {عصاره انگور قرمز, تمرینات هوازی, اکتیوین-A, TGF-β, بیماری کبد چرب غیر الکلی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6720-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6720-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Samadi, Ali and Abbassidaloii, Asieh and Barari, Alireza and Saeidi, Ayyoub}, title = {The Effect of Combined Training with Canagliflozin on Lipocalin-2 and Omentin in Type 2 Diabetic Men}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Recent findings suggest that type 2 diabetes is associated with abnormal production of adipokines (2). Impaired circulating levels of adipokines are associated with multiple cardiovascular complications in diabetes (3). Lipocalin-2 is one of the adipokines that increases in diabetic patients and its secretion is associated with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in these patients (4). also, Omentin-1 concentrations have been reported to decrease in patients with type 2 diabetes (11). Many efforts are being made to develop a drug that improves metabolism and prevents the complications of diabetes. Canagliflozin is an SGLT2 inhibitor drug that acts by inhibiting glucose reabsorption by the body, lowers plasma glucose levels, and improves insulin resistance (13). Prescribing this drug to type 2 diabetes can help improve blood glucose control and reduce body weight in these patients (14, 15). On the other hand, exercise has been used as an adjunct in drug therapy in the management of diabetes complications. Resistance training has been reported to be associated with significant increase in lipocalin-2 concentration in men with type 2 diabetes (16). However, the results of Hosseini et al showed that eight weeks of combined training did not have significant effect on lipocalin 2 in diabetic women (18). Also, significant increase (19) and no change (20, 21) of omentin-1 has been reported in patients with type 2 diabetes after exercise. Since no research has been done on the effect of combined exercise with medication on adipokines in type 2 diabetics, Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined training with Canagliflozin on lipocalin-2 and omentin-1 in type 2 diabetic men. Methods: This is a semi-experimental study. The statistical population of this study consisted of all patients with type 2 diabetes in the Tehran city in 2019. 44 men with type 2 diabetes (mean age 25-40 years) were randomly divided into four groups (n=11) of control, drug, exercise and exercise-drug groups. Subjects were given 200 mg of canagliflozin for 12 weeks (25). Combined exercises were performed 3 sessions per week, 45 minutes for 12 weeks (26). Blood samples and anthropometric characteristics were obtained before and 24 hours after the intervention at 12-hour fasting. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, t-test and Tukey post hoc test at P<0.05.  Results: The results showed that combined training and combined training with canagliflozin significantly reduced lipocalin-2 and significantly increased omentin-1 in type 2 diabetic men (P=0.001). Also, after the combined training intervention, canagliflozin and combined training with canagliflozin, the levels of lipocalin-2 and omentin-1 were lower and higher than the pretest, respectively (P=0.001). Conclusion: The findings of the present study show that combined training and combined training with canagliflozin significantly reduced lipocalin-2 and significantly increased omentin-1 in type 2 diabetic men. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (19, 26-28, 33). Various studies have examined the mechanisms of change in lipocalin-2 induced by exercise. Perhaps one of the reasons for the decrease in lipocalin-2 levels in the present study is the intensity of exercise. also, exercise has been reported to reduce the activity of the NF-κB and inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, and interleukin-1 beta, which activate lipokalin-2 expression (31), therefore It is possible that combined training in this study reduced lipocalin-2 by reducing the above factors. Some studies have reported that the reduction of lipocalin-2 is highly correlated with the reduction of adipose tissue, so that with the reduction of adipose tissue after exercise, the amount of lipocalin-2 decreases (28). also, Omentin-1 changes are largely a function of changes in body composition, including weight loss, fat mass, and body mass index and adipocyte size (35). In addition, in a study, changes in inflammatory levels have been reported to be an influential factor in regulating the expression of omentin-1 (36). Therefore, it is possible that in the present study, combined training increased the amount of omentin-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes by improving the composition of the body and inflammatory agents. The pharmacological effects of canagliflozin in the produced doses cause a significant increase in urinary glucose excretion and a decrease in hyperglycemia. Therefore, in explanation the results obtained in the present study, it can be said that canagliflozin with exercise, by lowering fasting blood glucose and also increasing insulin, may significantly improve the levels of adipokines in type 2 diabetic men. combined training was the strengths of the present study; because this type of exercise can have different responses and adaptations than other exercise programs. There were some limitations in the present study, such as the lack of measurement of other adipokines. According to the results, it seems that diabetics can benefit from combined exercise with canagliflozin to improve adipokines levels.}, Keywords = {Exercise, Canaglifosin, Lipocalin-2, Omentin-1, Type II Diabetes}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {52-62}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر یک دوره تمرین ترکیبی همراه با مصرف کاناگلیفلوزین بر لیپوکالین-2 و امنتین-1 در مردان دیابتی نوع 2}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: آدیپوکین­ها در بسیاری از فرآیندهای متابولیک از جمله مصرف انرژی، کنترل اشتها، حساسیت به انسولین و تنظیم چربی زایی نقش دارند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی تأثیر یک دوره تمرین ترکیبی همراه با مصرف کاناگلیفلوزین بر لیپوکالین-2 و امنتین-1 در مردان دیابتی نوع 2 بود. روش کار: در این تحقیق نیمه تجربی، 44 مرد مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 با میانگین سن 40-25 سال از شهر تهران در سال 1398 به صورت تصادفی در چهار گروه (هر گروه 11 نفر) کنترل، دارو، تمرین و تمرین-دارو قرار گرفتند. تمرینات ترکیبی 3 جلسه در هفته، 45 دقیقه و به مدت 12 هفته انجام شد. آزمودنی­ها داروی کاناگلیفلوزین با دوز 200 میلی گرم را به مدت 12 هفته مصرف کردند. قبل و 24 ساعت بعد از مداخله در وضعیت 12 ساعت ناشتایی از آزمودنی­های هر گروه نمونه خون و ویژگی­های آنتروپومتریک اندازه­گیری شد. داده­ها با استفاده از تحلیل واریانس دو­طرفه با اندازه­گیری­ مکرر، t همبسته و آزمون تعقیبی توکی تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته­ ها: نتایج نشان داد که تمرین ترکیبی و تمرین ترکیبی همراه با کاناگلیفلوزین موجب کاهش معنی­دار سطوح لیپوکالین-2 و افزایش معنی­دار امنتین-1 در مردان دیابتی نوع 2 شد (001/0=P). همچنین پس از دوره مداخله تمرین ترکیبی، کاناگلیفلوزین و تمرین ترکیبی همراه با کاناگلیفلوزین سطوح لیپوکالین-2 و امنتین-1 نسبت به پیش­آزمون به ترتیب کمتر و بیشتر بود (001/0>P). نتیجه­ گیری: به نظر می­رسد افراد دیابتی می­توانند جهت بهبود سطوح آدیپوکاین­ها از مزایای تمرین ترکیبی همراه با کاناگلیفلوزین بهره ببرند.  }, keywords_fa = {تمرین, کاناگلیفلوزین, لیپوکالین-2, امنتین-1, دیابت نوع 2}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6536-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6536-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Dehghanian, Maryam and Ghasemi, Farangis}, title = {The Effect of Aqueous-Alcoholic Extract of Ducrosia anethifolia on Cerebellar Tissue of Diabetic Rat’s Embryo}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Since ancient times, medicinal plants have been used to treat a wide range of diseases. In recent decades, despite the progress of chemical pharmacy, the use of medicinal plants is still considered. Different parts of the plant contain many compounds with different properties, and some plants have antidiabetic properties (1). Although reasons such as cheapness, fewer complications, and easier access are considered for using herbal drugs (1), this class of drugs is not completely safe (2). Moshgak with the scientific name Ducrosia anethifolia has beneficial properties, including antioxidant properties (10) and the ability to reduce the activity of enzymes interfering in the metabolism of carbohydrates, such as alpha glycosidase ( 11). Moshgak is native to Iran and is widespread in the southern regions of the country, including Fars province (12). This plant is used raw and cooked in the diet, especially in the southern regions of the country. In addition, many useful properties have been reported for it, which can be pain-relieving, antimicrobial (13), and antifungal (14). The effect of the leaf extract of this plant on the nervous system and its anti-depressant (15) as well as the enhancement of spatial memory and learning level in mice (16) has also been reported. The presence of flavonoid compounds, monoterpenes, and coumarins such as pangolin, myrcene, and limonene in it have given antioxidant properties to this plant (11). The many benefits reported for this plant, which fortunately has widespread in Iran, become an incentive for further research about its effect on living beings. Maybe by confirming its positive effects as a complementary medicine, it will be suggested to the pharmaceutical industry. Regarding the use of herbal remedies in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of an aqueous-alcoholic extract of Ducrosia anethifolia on the brain protection of diabetic rat embryos. Methods: In this study, 48 rats after fertilizing were made diabetic with a single dose of 80 mg streptozotocin. To prepare the aqueous-alcoholic extract of mashgak leaves, 40 g of dried powder of the moshgak’s leaf was poured into a flask, 400 ml of ethanol was added to it, and it was mixed with a shaker at 250 rpm for 48 hours. Then it was filtered and concentrated in a rotary (17). To determine the appropriate dose of treatment, the lethal dose was estimated. Then the dose of 500 and 1000 mg/kg/bw of mashgak extract was determined as the minimum and maximum dose, respectively. The rats were diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose (80 mg) of streptozotocin in citrate buffer and pH = 4.5 kg/bw of rat on the first day of pregnancy. The rats with fasting glucose of more than 130 mg/dL were considered diabetic rats. Rats were divided randomly into 6 groups: control group (healthy rats without any treatment), Sham group1 (healthy rats which receiving meshgak extract), Sham group 2 (diabetic rats without treatment), Sham group 3 (diabetic receiving 5 mg/kg/bw of glibenclamide), treatment groups 1, 2 (diabetic rats receiving 1 ml meshgak extract at doses 500 and 1000 mg/kg/bw respectively). Treatment was done from the 6th to the 20th day of gestation, and blood sampling was done at the end of treatment. 2 cc of blood was taken from the heart of the rats, and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. The separated serum was analyzed to determine the level of glucose, insulin and malondialdehyde enzyme by enzymatic method and using specific kits in the lab. Then the embryos were dissected, and their brains were removed and fixed in formalin 4%. After tissue passage in the automatic Tissue Processor (model 2000 DS) according to the standard method, sections (5μm) were prepared and their slides were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. About 30 slides of 10 series of longitudinal, sagittal, and cross sections were examined by light microscope. The thickness of the brain layers was measured using the Image analysis software on the micrographs, and counting the cells in each layer using the disector technique and  Grids-stero lite software was determined (18). Obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software (15), and the groups were compared by Duncan test. Results: There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in maternal blood glucose, malondialdehyde, and reduction of insulin in sham 2 compared to the control group, while it was compensated significantly in the treatment groups. Although these groups had significant differences from the control group (Fig 1-3). The thickness of the cerebral cortex, white matter, and especially gray matter in the diabetic group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group and sham 1, and it was significantly compensated in the treated group with Glibenclamide (sham 3) and Moshgak extract (Fig 4, 5). The observed changes in the different layers of the gray matter also follow the trend of decreasing the number of cells in the control group 2 (diabetic) and a significant increase in the number of cells in the same layers in the rats which received Glibenclamide (sham 3), and Moshgak extract (Fig 6-8). The results indicate a greater effect of the aqueous-alcoholic extract of Moshgak on the brain tissue compared to the antidiabetic drug Glibenclamide, although none of them were able to adjust the changes completely. Conclusion: According to obtained results, the extract of Moshgak leaf can partially compensate for the adverse effects caused by diabetes on the brain tissue in the embryo. The decrease in blood glucose along with the increase in insulin as well as the decrease in malondialdehyde enzyme indicates the decrease in the complications of diabetes on the brain tissue of the fetus, which is obtained as a result of the consumption of Moshgak extract. The compensation of the tissue changes including the changes observed in the thickness of the cortical layers as well as the number of cells in each layer of the cortex also confirms the biochemical results. Therefore, it is possible to mention the Moshgak extract of marigold as a factor in improving the effects of maternal diabetes on the cortical tissue of the fetus. For a definitive statement regarding the anti-diabetic properties of this plant, it is suggested to conduct more studies on the effect of the compounds of this extract, especially on the beta cell line in the pancreas.  }, Keywords = {Insulin, Gestational diabetes, Brain cell, Malondialdehyde}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {63-74}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثر عصاره آبی-الکلی مشگک (Ducrosia anethifolia) بر بافت مخ در جنین موش صحرایی دیابتی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: با توجه به استفاده از داروهای گیاهی در درمان دیابت، این تحقیق با هدف بررسی اثر عصاره گیاه آبی- الکلی مشگک (Ducrosia anethifolia) در محافظت مغز جنین موش صحرایی دیابتی انجام شد. روش کار: 48 موش ماده پس از لقاح، با تک دوز  mg80 استرپتوزوتوسین دیابتی شدند. موش‌ها در 6 گروه شامل گروه کنترل، شاهد 1 (سالم دریافت‌کننده عصاره مشگک)، شاهد 2 (مـوش دیابتی بدون تیمار)، شاهد 3 (دیابتی دریافت‌کننده mg/kg/bw 5 از داروی گلیبن‌کلامید) و گروه‌های تیمار 1، 2 (دیابتی دریافت‌کننده  cc1 میلی‌لیتر عصاره مشگک با دوز mg/kg/bw 500 و 1000) تقسیم شدند. تیمار از روز 6 تا 20 بارداری انجام و پس از خونگیری از مادر، جنین‌ها خارج گردیدند. از بافت مغز جنین‌ها به روش استاندارد، اسلاید تهیه نموده و بافت مخ میکرومتری شد. داده‌های حاصل با نرم‌افزار (15) SPSS، تحلیل و گروه ها با آزمون دانکن مقایسه شدند. یافته‌ها: افزایش معنی‌دار (05/0p<) قند و مالون دی آلدهید و کاهش انسولین در خون مادر گروه شاهد 2 در مقایسه با کنترل دیده شد که در گروه‌های تیمار با عصاره مشگک کاهش معنی‌دار یافت. ضخامت قشر مخ، ماده سفید، ماده خاکستری و تعداد سلول‌های هر لایه در جنین‌های گروه دیابتی بدون تیمار در مقایسه با کنترل کاهش معنی‌دار نشان داد که در گروه‌های تیمار با مشگک جبران شده است. نتیجه‌گیری: عصاره مشگک مشابه با داروی گلیبن‌کلامید با کاهش قند خون موش مادر، آثار سوء دیابت در بافت مغز جنین را کاهش داده است.  }, keywords_fa = {انسولین, دیابت بارداری, سلول مغزی, مالون دی آلدهید}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6099-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6099-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ghalavand, Akbar and Behzadinejad, Hafez and Movahedrad, Sara and Maleki, Farzad and RhmaniGhobadi, Marya and Fathi, Kayhan and MirpourShirkhoda, Shahi}, title = {Relationship between Quality of Life and Cardiorespiratory Endurance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and impaired metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. This disease is caused by defects in insulin secretion, insulin function, or both (1, 2). This chronic disease can have serious short-term and long-term consequences that affect the health and quality of life (QOL) of patients (3). Type 2 diabetes accounts for approximately 90% of all cases of diabetes and is associated with a variety of immutable and modifiable risk factors (4). QOL refers to a person's individual perception of physical, emotional, and social status (5, 6). Patients with type 2 diabetes have a lot of stress to treat and their QOL is lower than healthy people (7, 8). Also, for chronic diabetics, complete cure cannot be achieved and clinical interventions can provide a good estimate of disease control, but the ultimate goal of diabetes care is to prevent the patient's QOL from worsening (3). It is important to understand the predictors and identify risk factors for QOL, and these factors may be targeted for prevention (5). Since the improvement of QOL is one of the important goals of treatment of diabetic patients (3, 10) and studies have shown that diabetes can have negative effects on physical function, development of complications, mental and psychological and personal, family and social relationships (15, 16); Therefore, understanding the factors related to QOL is of particular importance in the treatment programs of these patients (5). Cardiorespiratory endurance is one of the health-related physical fitness factors (2). Cardiorespiratory endurance is defined as the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen during physical activity and is usually defined as the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) during submaximal or maximal tests. The main determinants of VO2max are cardiovascular function, cardiac output, pulmonary diffusion capacity, oxygen carrying capacity, liver function, and other environmental constraints such as muscle diffusion capacity, mitochondrial enzymes, and capillary density, all of which are examples of determinants. Are VO2max (2, 21). VO2max is associated with functional capacity and human function and has been shown to be a strong and independent predictor of mortality from all specific causes and diseases (22). Physical activity and the resulting cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with several health benefits, including reduced risk of diabetes, cardiovascular complications, and mortality (23). In view of the above, cardiorespiratory fitness is a variable related to mortality prediction and as a health-related variable in diabetic patients (23); Therefore, cardiorespiratory fitness can be considered in determining the strategies of primary and secondary prevention programs of cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes; Considering the importance of factors related to the prediction and identification of risk factors for QOL (5); It is necessary to measure the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness as a health-related physical fitness variable with QOL in patients with type 2 diabetes. In view of the above, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between QOL and cardiorespiratory endurance in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In this cross-sectional correlational study, 150 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly selected from patients that had referred to health centers in Zabol city, which included 75 women and 75 men. QOL, demographic characteristics and history of diabetes in patients were measured using a questionnaire. Blood variables were measured on an empty stomach. Cardiorespiratory fitness was also measured using the Tecumseh step test. Pearson correlation coefficient was used for statistical analysis. Results: There was a positive and significant relationship between cardiorespiratory endurance and QOL in patients with type 2 diabetes. There was also a significant negative relationship between cardiorespiratory endurance with glycemic control, age and history of type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: In the study of the relationship between cardiorespiratory endurance and QOL, the results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between cardiorespiratory endurance and QOL in patients with type 2 diabetes. In a study of patients with type 2 diabetes, Leite et al. (2009) reported that a decrease in VO2max is associated with impaired insulin sensitivity, and that the most common abnormality in the population is at risk for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and a decrease in VO2max is one. Is an important risk factor for disease progression (28). Low resting heart rate and VO2max are associated with a reduction in cardiovascular events (29). Cardiorespiratory disorders are more common in diabetic patients and may partly explain the morbidity and mortality in these patients. There are several potential causes for dysfunction in diabetics: hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, microvascular dysfunction, myocardial dysfunction, and skeletal muscle changes. These changes are somewhat reversible, and improvement in each of these components may increase functional capacity in diabetic patients (30). Interventional studies indicate an increase in VO2max in adaptation to exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes (2, 31, 32). It can be said that with increasing cardio-respiratory endurance, the level of health increases and with increasing health, patient satisfaction with treatment and satisfaction with QOL improve (27). Also, The results of the present study showed that there was a significant negative relationship between aerobic fitness and HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Jekal et al. (2010) in a study that examined aerobic fitness and HbA1c levels, stated that people with higher cardiorespiratory fitness had better weight and lower HbA1c levels than people with lower endurance (25), which It was consistent with the results of the present study. Abushamat et al. (2020) also stated in their research that diabetes leads to decreased cardiorespiratory function, which is associated with poor glycemic control and its complications (35). Physical activity is effective in controlling blood glucose in diabetics; because it increases insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance and decreases the level of hyperglycemia in these patients (36). Adaptations in insulin signaling as well as insulin receptors can lead to better blood glucose uptake by muscles. Increasing the number of GLUT4 carriers and increasing muscle mass, which plays a major role in blood glucose uptake, increases the body's response to insulin (38). The results of the present study also showed that there was a significant negative relationship between aerobic fitness and history of diabetes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Hadipoor et al. (2014) also introduced the years of diabetes as one of the factors affecting the physical dimension and QOL of these patients (45). Due to the fact that type 2 diabetes is associated with aging (46) and also the complications of diabetes, including cardiovascular complications with a history of diabetes and poor glycemic control are increased (47); with an increased history of diabetes, it reduces cardiorespiratory endurance in these people. On the other hand, due to having an active lifestyle and higher level of physical fitness, in addition to controlling blood sugar, the potential benefits of physical activity on reducing the complications of diabetes can be enjoyed (44, 50), which can improve QOL in patients with Type 2 diabetes is effective (50, 51). Overall, the results of our study showed that cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with improved QOL in patients with type 2 diabetes, which was negatively associated with age, duration of diabetes, and HbA1c levels.  }, Keywords = {Type 2 diabetes, Cardiorespiratory endurance, Quality of life, Glycemic control}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {75-85}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی ارتباط کیفیت زندگی و استقامت قلبی-تنفسی در بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: استقامت قلبی-تنفسی یکی از فاکتورهای مرتبط با سلامت می‌باشد که می‌تواند در کیفیت زندگی (Quality of life-QOL) بیماران دیابتی مؤثر باشد. هدف تحقیق حاضر بررسی ارتباط QOL با آمادگی قلبی- تنفسی در بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 بود. روش کار: در پژوهش مقطعی همبستگی حاضر از میان بیماران مراجعه‌کننده به مراکز بهداشتی شهرستان زابل 150 بیمار مبتلا به دیابت نوع دو با به صورت تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند که شامل 75 زن و 75 مرد بودند. QOL، مشخصات دموگرافیک و سابقه دیابت بیماران با استفاده از پرسش نامه اندازه‌گیری شدند. متغیرهای خونی به صورت ناشتا اندازه‌گیری شدند. آمادگی قلبی- تنفسی نیز با استفاده از آزمون پله تکومسه اندازه‌گیری شد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل آماری از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: بین استقامت قلبی- تنفسی و QOL بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 ارتباط مثبت و معنی‌داری مشاهده شد. همچنین بین استقامت قلبی- تنفسی با کنترل قند خون، سن و سابقه بیماری دیابت نوع 2 ارتباط منفی و معنی‌داری مشاهده شد. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج می‌توان گفت که کاهش عملکرد قلبی- تنفسی یکی از عوارض ناشی از دیابت نوع 2 می‌باشد که منجر به کاهش QOL این بیماران می‌باشد و در ارتباط با سابقه دیابت و کنترل ضعیف قند خون در این بیماران می‌باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {دیابت نوع 2, استقامت قلبی-تنفسی, کیفیت زندگی, کنترل قند خون}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7044-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7044-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Afsharpoor, Shahin and PouladiReyshahri, Ali and Keykhosrovani, Moloud and Ganji, Kamr}, title = {Comparison of the Effectiveness of Self-Compassion Therapy and Positivist Group Therapy on the Meaning of Life, Life expectancy, and Self-Care Behaviors in Patients with Type Two Diabetes}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Chronic diseases such as diabetes have a complex origin, slow onset, and unpredictable deterioration and recovery that requires self-care due to the long process. Diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, is one of the major threats to human health in the 21st century. This disease is one of the global problems and the main cause of death and disability. Uncontrolled diabetes often leads to complications such as heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, blindness, kidney disease, and amputation. Despite the cost of preventing and controlling diabetes, the number of patients is increasing every day, which seems to be a weakness in the psychological and self-care variables of these patients. Diabetes is at the heart of behavioral issues and psychological factors. And society plays a vital role in its management. Therefore, the study of psychological factors affecting this disease can be effective in controlling it. One of the most important psychological factors associated with diabetes that has been considered by researchers is the meaning of life. The meaning of life deals with the category of purpose or goals of human life in this world. A goal is a location and time that the person or other creature is looking for. Having a goal and using it among people helps them to seek the meaning of life in life. Research shows that there is a significant relationship between low hope and depressive symptoms. One of the effective treatments for people with chronic diseases is self-care. In this treatment, instead of focusing on changing people's self-esteem, people's relationship with their self-esteem changes. Self-improvement exercises emphasize relaxation, calm mind, self-compassion, and mindfulness, which will play an important role in calming the mind, reducing stress and negative spontaneous thoughts. In addition, compassion-focused therapy helps reduce clients' psychological problems by increasing internal awareness, acceptance without judgment, empathy, and constant attention to inner feelings. The effectiveness of this therapeutic approach on improving coping with stressful situations and reducing self-criticism, self-destructive thoughts, and rumination in patients has also been confirmed. Another therapeutic approach used for patients is positivist group therapy. Comparing different therapeutic interventions and finally choosing the best type of intervention based on the research results can be helpful. Among these, according to studies, the therapeutic approaches in the present study, ie positive psychotherapy due to focus on strengths and abilities on the one hand and compassion-focused treatment due to creating a sense of responsibility and self-worth on the other hand, can be effective in the field that for more certainty and to determine a stronger type of intervention in the present study, we seek to compare these interventions. In general, the results of this study can be used both theoretically and practically in medical science health centers, diabetes research centers, doctors, psychiatrists and psychologists, and scientific research centers such as universities. Methods: The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design with control and follow-up groups. The statistical population of the study consisted of all patients with type 2 diabetes in Bushehr in 1399, from which 45 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly in two experimental areas (15 people in each group) and The control group (15 people) was replaced. One experimental group was taught 8 sessions of the self-compassion therapy program and the second experimental group was taught 6 sessions of positive psychotherapy. The data collection included the meaning of life questionnaires of Steger et al. (2006), Hurts life expectancy (1992), and self-care behaviors of Diabetes Tobert, Hampson, and Glasgow (2000). Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: The results showed that both self-compassion and positive psychotherapy treatment programs increase the meaning of life, life expectancy, and self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that both treatments cause significant changes in the meaning of life, life expectancy, and self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes in the post-test and follow-up period and differ in the effectiveness of both. There is no intervention type. In other words, both types of treatment are beneficial for patients with diabetes. The findings will be explained below: The first finding of the study showed that both treatments increased the meaning of life in patients in the experimental groups. In this regard, it can be said that compassion itself has appropriate coping resources that help people to face the negative events of their lives. Self-compassion enhances the ability to interact with others and provides a clearer quality of dealing with emotions. Therefore, it can be said that injured people, by learning new sources of coping, can effectively and efficiently deal with the negative events of their lives and show good adaptation. Self-compassion is one of the most important components of mental health and has capabilities that people can achieve happiness and psychological well-being by learning and performing related skills. The second finding of the study showed that both treatments increased the life expectancy of patients in the experimental group. In the present explanation, it can be stated that although the presence of illness causes major psychological damage to the individual, but in the meantime, self-compassion training can act as a motivating force for the individual. Compassion in itself leads to increased social communication and reduced self-criticism, reduced rumination, reduced thought suppression, anxiety, and stress, as well as psychological balance, all of which play a key role in increasing their life expectancy. Thus, flexibility in thoughts and kindness to oneself causes people to have a realistic judgment about themselves, to analyze their functional shortcomings, and to make appropriate decisions to address them. The third finding of the study also showed that there was a significant difference between the self-care behaviors of patients in the experimental and control groups. In the present explanation, it can be stated that negative ideas and attitudes about themselves are the main part of the change, and through the treatment of compassion, individuals learn to apply new experiences that this It promotes ideas such as alternative and more adaptive burdens; adaptive adaptation to unpleasant events such as chronic illness by focusing on assessing that situation increases patients' ability to make new connections. See ideas, organize information, integrate, and come up with new solutions to problems. In other words, increasing self-compassion leads to more self-care.  }, Keywords = {Self-compassion therapy, Positivist group therapy, The meaning of life, Life expectancy, Self-care behaviors, Patients, Diabetes}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {86-99}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه‌ی اثربخشی درمان شفقت به خود و روان درمانی مثبت نگر بر معنای زندگی، امید به زندگی و رفتارهای خودمراقبتی در بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بیماری دیابت نوع 2، بر خلق و خوی بیماران اثر منفی دارد و برای افزایش امید به زندگی این بیماران، راهکارهای روان درمانی بسیاری وجود دارد، بنابراین پژوهش حاضر با هدف مقایسه­ی اثربخشی درمان شفقت به خود و گروه درمانی مثبت‌نگر بر معنای زندگی، امید به زندگی و رفتارهای خودمراقبتی در بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 انجام گرفت. روش کار: روش پژوهش حاضر نیمه آزمایشی بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش را کلّیه­ی بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 شهر بوشهر در سال 1399 تشکیل می‌دادند که با روش نمونه‏گیری در دسترس از بین آن‌ها 45 نفر انتخاب گردیده و به‏طور تصادفی در 2 ﮔﺮوه آزمایش (هر گروه 15 نفر) و 1 گروه کنترل (15 نفر) جایگزین شدند. به یک گروه آزمایش، 8 جلسه برنامه‌ی درمانی شفقت به خود و به گروه آزمایش دوم 6 جلسه روان­درمانی مثبت­نگر آموزش داده شد. برای جمع­آوری داده­ها از پرسشنامه­ها­­ی معنای زندگی استگر و همکاران (2006)، امید به زندگی هرث (1992) و رفتارهای خودمراقبتی دیابت توبرت، هامپسون و گلاسکو (2000) استفاده شد. داده­ها از طریق آزمون آماری تحلیل کوواریانس چند­متغیری و آزمون تعقیبی بونفرونی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند.  یافته ­ها: یافته‏ها نشان داد که هر دو برنامه درمانی شفقت به خود و روان­درمانی مثبت­نگر موجب افزایش معنای زندگی، امید به زندگی و رفتارهای خودمراقبتی در بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 می­گردد (05/0>P). نتیجه­ گیری: با توجه به این نتایج می‌توان بیان نمود که استفاده از درمان شفقت به خود و روان درمانی مثبت‌نگر می‏تواند قابل کاربرد برای متخصصین در جهت بهبود شرایط بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 باشد.}, keywords_fa = {درمان شفقت به خود, گروه درمانی مثبت‌نگر, معنای زندگی, امید به زندگی, رفتارهای خودمراقبتی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7198-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7198-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mojdeh, Meraj and Peeri, Maghsoud and Azarbayjani, Mohammad Ali}, title = {The Effect of Aerobic Training and Tribulus Terrestris Extract on Muscle Atrophy Indices and Oxidant-Pro-Oxidant Balance in Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscles of Type 2 Diabetic Desert Rats}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Performing normal daily activities requires sufficient muscle size and strength, and atrophy has a negative effect on the overall quality of life; So that the decrease in skeletal muscle mass leads to a decrease in human performance, long-term health and low quality of life. Diabetes is associated with the development of secondary complications in various organs, especially skeletal muscle atrophy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and Tribulus terrestris extract on muscle atrophy indices and oxidant-pro-oxidant balance in extensor digitorum longus muscles of type 2 diabetic desert rats. Skeletal muscle is an important organ for glucose storage and metabolism, apart from being a power-producing machine. Considering the important role of exercise and physical activity along with herbal supplements in health and prevention and treatment of complications caused by diabetes, especially in the vital organs of the body such as skeletal muscles, it seems that investigating the effects of sports activities and herbal supplements on The markers of muscle atrophy are of great importance, but according to the investigations, the data in this regard are very limited. Methods: For implementation of this experimental research, 42 male wistar desert rats 2 months old (average weight 180±20 g) were randomly divided into 7 groups. In order to induce muscle atrophy, Dexamethasone (750 μg/kg/day) was injected intraperitoneally into desert rats. desert Rats were diabetic using peritoneal injection nicotinamide-STZ. desert Rats in supplemented groups received Tribulus terrestris hydroalcoholic extract with doses of 5 and 10 mg per day by gavage method. Aerobic training was performed on a treadmill at a speed of 23 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week for eight weeks. Using Real Time PCR and PAB methods, plantar muscle tissue was measured using immunoassay method. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to ensure the normal distribution of variables. Two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to compare the average changes of the investigated factors in the groups. The significance level was considered as p≤0.05 in all cases. All statistical operations were performed with SPSS software version 23. Results: Thistle plant extract (F=136.305, P=0.001, µ=0.901) and the interaction between training and thistle plant extract (F=419.949, P=0.001, µ=0.966) had a significant effect on the level of MURF-1 in extensor digitorum longus muscle. . Also, the amount of MURF-1 in the long extensor muscle of the toes with the 5-gram dose was significantly lower than the 10-gram dose group (P=0.0001). The results showed that aerobic training, Tribulus extract and combined intervention of Tribulus extract with aerobic training resulted in a significant decrease in the expression genes of Atrogin-1, MURF-1, MiR-29b (p=0.001) and significant increase in methyl guanine (p=0.001) and oxidant-pro-oxidant balance (PAB) levels in male wistar desert rats exposed to dexamethasone (p=0.001). Conclusion: The findings of this research show that aerobic training led to a significant decrease in Atrogin-1, MURF-1 and MiR-29b gene expression and a significant increase in methylguanine levels and oxidant-prooxidant balance in type 2 diabetic rats. Aerobic exercise has been shown to reduce DNA damage caused by oxidants. Decreased insulin and increased oxidative stress seem necessary for protein breakdown and muscle atrophy. Therefore, negative regulation of anabolic processes as well as oxidative stress occurred in STZ-treated animals can activate muscle proteolysis and increase MuRF1 expression. Regarding the effect of exercise on the expression of MuRF1 in type 2 diabetic samples, there have been few studies that have expressed different mechanisms in the interpretation of the results; The response of MuRF1 to sports activity can change under the influence of various factors, including the subjects' training history, the intensity and duration of the activity, or the effect of repeated activities. On the other hand, it seems that Hsp25 is one of the mediators that regulate the atrophy pathway, which plays an important role in dealing with atrophy in diabetic conditions, so that increasing its amount due to exercise reduces atrophy and decreases the expression of MuRF1. The mechanism of MiR-29b changes due to exercise training is not well defined. However, miR-29 targets have been found to include IGF-1, p85a, and myeloblastosis-related protein B (B-myb) in mouse muscle tissue. IGF-1 and p85a are important regulatory proteins for protein translation via miR-29 to inhibit myogenin and protein synthesis, thereby reducing protein components during muscle atrophy. The effect of exercise on redox status depends on many factors, such as type of exercise, exercise load, as well as age, gender, risk factors, and physical condition. Short-term exercises may increase oxidative stress and imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant agents and ultimately lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. However, long-term exercise may enable ROS detoxification by increasing cellular antioxidant activity or stimulating the expression of genes such as Mn-SOD. Other findings of the research show that milk thistle extract and the interaction of exercise and milk thistle extract reduce Atrogin-1, MURF-1 and MiR-29b gene expression and increase methylguanine levels and oxidant-prooxidant balance in the extensor toes long muscle tissue in rats. He had type 2 diabetes. Other findings of the research show that milk thistle plant extract and the interaction of milk thistle plant extract with the reduction of Atrogin-1, MURF-1 and MiR-29b gene expression and the increase of methylguanine levels and the oxidant-prooxidant balance of the extensor digitorum longus muscle tissue in diabetic rats. Type 2 was included. It has been determined that the extract of this plant has hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties in the experimental model of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin. In the present study, the hydroalcoholic extract of thistle plant with doses of 5 and 10 mg per kilogram of body weight per day was able to help reduce muscle atrophy in type 2 diabetic rats, and the lower dose brought more benefits. Due to the presence of large amounts of alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, as well as the antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of milk thistle, and based on the findings of this research, it can be said that the presence of antioxidants in milk thistle can reduce muscle atrophy. The inhibitory effect of regular exercise is also at least partly due to adaptation to oxidative stress. The process of adaptation related to exercise is not only related to the production of ROS levels, but also causes an increase in antioxidants and the activity of enzymes that restore the damage caused by oxidative damage (43). Therefore, the interaction of exercise and milk thistle extract with antioxidant effects and reduction of lipid peroxidation helps to improve muscle atrophy indicators in diabetic subjects. In general, according to the few studies conducted in this regard, research on the effect of sports activity and milk thistle plant extract on muscle atrophy indicators in type 2 diabetic subjects needs more research. There were also limitations in the current research, among which we can mention the lack of measurement of other indicators of oxidative damage. In summary, the results of this research showed that aerobic exercise, milk thistle plant extract and the combined intervention of aerobic exercise and milk thistle plant extract can probably be effective in the treatment of muscle atrophy caused by type 2 diabetes and the intervention of a lower dose of this plant extract can give better results. to be accompanied. Aerobic training, Tribulus extract and combined intervention aerobic training and Tribulus extract can probably be effective in treating muscle atrophy due to type 2 diabetes and lower dose intervention of this herbal extract can have better results. Diabetes leads to changes in cellular proteins, oxidative stress and disruption of the cellular defense system. It seems that the reduction of oxidative stress caused by exercise in diabetic subjects in the present study has a positive effect on the negative regulation of MuRF1 expression at the end of the exercise period. The mechanism of Atrogin-1 changes following exercise is not well defined. Therefore, the interaction of exercise and milk thistle extract with antioxidant effects and reduction of lipid peroxidation helps to improve muscle atrophy indicators in diabetic subjects. In general, according to the few studies conducted in this regard, the research on the effect of sports activity and milk thistle plant extract on muscle atrophy indicators in type 2 diabetic subjects needs more research. There were also some limitations in the current research, including the lack of measurement of other indicators of oxidative damage.}, Keywords = {Diabetes, Aerobic training, Tribulus terrestris, Muscle Atrophy, Oxidant-pro-oxidant balance}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {100-112}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر تمرین هوازی و عصاره گیاه خارخاسک بر نشانگرهای آتروفی عضلانی و تعادل اکسیدانت-پرواکسیدان در عضله تند انقباض باز کننده طویل انگشتان پای موش‌های صحرایی دیابتی نوع 2}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: دیابت با توسعه عوارض ثانویه در اندام‌های مختلف به ویژه آتروفی عضلات اسکلتی همراه است. هدف از انجام این تحقیق، تعیین تاثیر تمرین هوازی و عصاره گیاه خارخاسک بر نشانگرهای آتروفی عضلانی و تعادل اکسیدانت-پرواکسیدان در عضله تند انقباض باز کننده طویل انگشتان پای موش‌های صحرایی دیابتی نوع 2بود.   روش کار: در این مطالعه تجربی، 42 سر موش صحرایی نر ویستار دو ماهه از نژاد ویستار (میانگین وزن 20±180 گرم) به طور تصادفی در 7 گروه قرار گرفتند. به منظور القاء آتروفی عضلانی، دگزامتازون (750میکروگرم بر کیلوگرم در روز) به صورت داخل صفاقی به موش­های صحرایی تزریق شد. موش­های صحرایی با استفاده از تزریق درون صفاقی نیکوتین آمید-استرپتوزوتوسین، دیابتی شدند. موش­های صحرایی در گروه­های مکمل، عصاره هیدروالکلی گیاه خارخاسک با دوزهای 5 و 10میلی­گرم به ازای هرکیلوگرم وزن بدن در روز به روش گاواژ دریافت کردند. تمرین هوازی روی تردمیل با سرعت 23متر در دقیقه،30 دقیقه در روز، 5 روز در هفته و به مدت هشت هفته اجرا گردید. یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد که تمرین هوازی، عصاره خارخاسک و مداخله ترکیبی عصاره خارخاسک با تمرین هوازی منجر به کاهش معنی­دار بیان ژن‌های Atrogin-1 ، MURF-1 و MiR-29b (001/0p=) و افزایش معنی­دار سطوح متیل گوانین و تعادل اکسیدانت-پرواکسیدانت (PAB) در موش های صحرایی دیابتی شد(001/0p=). نتیجه‌گیری: تمرین هوازی، عصاره گیاه خارخاسک و مداخله ترکیبی تمرین هوازی و عصاره گیاه خارخاسک احتمالاً می‌تواند در درمان آتروفی عضلانی ناشی از دیابت نوع 2 اثرگذار باشد و مداخله دوز کمتر این عصاره گیاهی می‌تواند نتایج بهتری به همراه داشته باشد.}, keywords_fa = {دیابت, تمرین هوازی, عصاره خارخاسک, آتروفی عضلانی, تعادل اکسیدانت-پرواکسیدانت}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6365-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6365-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {khosravi, Shaqayeq and Shabodi, Fereshte and Ashayeri, Neda and BasirGhafouri, Hamed and Rezai, Mahdi and MahmoudinezhadDezfouli, Seyedeh Mahs}, title = {Frequency of High Serum Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) Levels in Hospitalized Patients with Influenza in 2019}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Influenza is one of the leading causes of respiratory illness in children and adults with underlying disease and the elderly. The virus kills large numbers of people annually, and dangerous types of the virus are associated with pneumonia and complications. Muscle pain is one of the most common findings in this disease, which is associated with myoglobinuria and increased levels of creatine phosphokinase (CPK). Patients with high CPK levels are associated with more complications and a higher risk of hospitalization. There has been a lot of research on the high levels of CPK in these patients, but the association of this enzyme in the blood of hospitalized patients with influenza has not been done and it is important to pay attention to the levels of this enzyme in hospitalized people. Serum CPK levels in the flu can be used as a diagnostic marker and predict the effects of the flu. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the level of CPK in patients with influenza and its differences in different ages. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 264 patients with influenza resulting in hospitalization with an age range of one month to 90 years who were referred to Hazrat Ali Asghar and Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital in Tehran in autumn and winter of 1398, were Were examined. The clinical signs of influenza were evaluated in these patients and the frequency of lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, myoglobinuria, positive blood culture and blood CPK level were measured in vitro. The relationship between influential variables such as myalgia and myoglobinuria and platelet status with high CPK levels was investigated. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software version 23. Results: The mean age of patients was 24.99 years. 54.2% were male. Prevalence of clinical symptoms of patients based on age groups showed that 176 (66.7%) had chills, 179 (67.8%) had myalgia, 115 (43.5%) had pharyngitis, 242 (98.4%) Cough, 119 patients (45%) had sputum, 58 patients (22%) had headache, 66 patients (25%) had shortness of breath and 68 patients (25.6%) had diarrhea. Among these, the highest and lowest prevalence of myalgia were in the age group of 21-40 years and children under 5 years, respectively, which was statistically significant (P = 0.027). There was also a significant difference in the prevalence of pharyngitis (P ˂0.001), sputum (P = 0.004) and shortness of breath (P ˂0.001) in patients. CPK levels were about 50% higher than normal and did not differ between age groups and sexes. Lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia had a prevalence of 41%, 25% and 20%, respectively. Myoglobinuria had a prevalence of 82%, which was more common in the under-5 age group. In the group with normal CPK, the prevalence of myoglobinuria was nearly 30% higher. Also, the prevalence of high CPK in the group with myoglobinuria was almost 35% higher than the group without it, which indicates the relationship between the prevalence of high CPK and myoglobinuria (P = 0.02). There was a significant relationship between patients' blood platelet status and high or normal CPK (P = 0.01). The prevalence of myalgia in the group with high CPK was 52% higher than the group without myalgia and in the group with myalgia, the prevalence of high CPK was 16% higher and the prevalence of myalgia symptom was statistically significant (P = 0.004). Positive blood cultures were higher in adults and the elderly than in youth and children, and among the clinical signs, CPK was associated only with myalgia. Conclusion: High levels of CPK were observed in half of the patients and our findings showed that high levels of CPK were significantly associated with myalgia and myoglobinuria and platelet status. This indicates that the increase and decrease of this enzyme can affect the fate of the disease. It is suggested that future studies investigate the association of CPK levels with lymphopenia and leukopenia and immune cells. Examination of CPK levels in future patients can be effective in identifying the risk factor for disease severity and help in better treatment and reduction of disease complications.}, Keywords = {Influenza, CPK, Myoglobinuria, Myalgia, Myoglobinuria}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {113-123}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {فراوانی سطح سرمی کراتین فسفو کیناز (CPK) بالا در بیماران بستری شده مبتلا به آنفولانزا در سال 2019}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بیماری آنفلوانزا یکی از علل اصلی عوارض ناشی از بیماری‌های تنفسی در کودکان و افراد بزرگ‌سال دارای بیماری زمینه­ای و افراد مسن می­باشد. این ویروس سالانه جمعیت بسیار زیادی را به کام مرگ می‌کشد و انواع خطرناک ویروس، بیماری با پنومونی و عوارض همراه است. درد عضلانی یکی از یافته­های شایع در این بیماری است که با میوگلوبینوری و افزایش سطح آنزیم کراتین فسفو کیناز (CPK) همراه می­باشد. بیماران با سطح بالای CPK با عوارض بیشتر و احتمال بستری بیشتری همراه هستند. لذا مطالعه‌ی حاضر با هدف بررسی سطح CPK در بیماران مبتلا به آنفلوانزا و تفاوت آن در سنین مختلف انجام شد. روش کار: در این مطالعه توصیفی-تحلیلی، 264 بیمار مبتلا به آنفلوانزای منجر به بستری با محدوده­ی سنی یک ماه تا 90 سال که در پاییز و زمستان سال 1398 به بیمارستان حضرت علی اصغر و حضرت رسول اکرم تهران مراجعه کرده بودند، مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. علائم بالینی آنفلوانزا در این بیماران بررسی شد و فراوانی لنفوپنی، ترومبوسیتوپنی، نوتروپنی، میوگلوبینوری، کشت خون مثبت و میزان CPK خون در آن‌ها به روش آزمایشگاهی اندازه­گیری شد. داده­های به­ دست آمده با نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 23 تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: میانگین سنی بیماران برابر 99/24 سال بود. شیوع CPK بالا در گروه دارای میوگلوبینوری، نسبت به گروه فاقد آن، نزدیک به 35 درصد بیشتر بود که نشان‌دهنده ارتباط شیوع CPK بالا با میوگلوبینوری بود (02/0P=). بین وضعیت پلاکت خون بیماران و بالا یا نرمال بودن CPK نیز ارتباط معنی­داری یافت شد (01/0P=). شیوع میالژی در گروهی که CPK بالا داشتند 52 درصد بالاتر از گروه بدون میالژی و در گروهی که میالژی داشتند، شیوع CPK بالا 16 درصد بیشتر بود که این شیوع علامت میالژی از نظر آماری معنادار بود (004/0P =). کشت خون مثبت در افراد بزرگ‌سال و مسن بالاتر از جوانان و کودکان بود و از بین علائم بالینی نیز CPK تنها با میالژی ارتباط داشت نتیجه‌گیری: سطح بالای CPK در نیمی از بیماران مشاهده شد و یافته‌های ما نشان داد که سطح بالای CPK با میالژی و میوگلوبینوری و وضعیت پلاکت ارتباط چشمگیری داشت. این مسئله نشان می‌دهد افزایش و کاهش این آنزیم در سرنوشت بیماری می‌تواند تأثیرگذار باشد. پیشنهاد می‌شود در مطالعات بعدی ارتباط سطوح CPK با لنفوپنی و لوکوپنی و سلول‌های سیستم ایمنی بررسی شود. بررسی سطوح CPK در بیماران مبتلا در آینده می‌توان در شناسایی ریسک فاکتور شدت بیماری مؤثر باشد و به درمان بهتر و کاهش عوارض بیماری کمک کند.}, keywords_fa = {آنفلوانزا, CPK, میوگلوبینوری, میالژی, میوگلوبینوری}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7042-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7042-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Habibi, Nazanin and Rekabi, Mahsa and Nazari, Mohamm}, title = {Mir-183 and FOXO1 Gene Expression Changes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Breast Cancer Patients}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Today, cancer is considered as a major health problem and affects the health of society. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women after lung cancer. According to epidemiological studies, cancer is the second most common cause of death after cardiovascular disease worldwide and the third leading cause of death after cardiovascular disease and accidents in less developed countries. Cancer occurs as a result of uncontrolled cell division, which is the result of environmental factors and genetic disorders. The four key genes involved in cancer cell development include oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, and programmed death genes. The prevalence of breast cancer varies from about 8 to 12 women in different communities. About 30% of all monogenic breast cancers are due to mutations in the BRCA breast cancer genes, which will eventually lead to breast cancer with a dominant inheritance pattern. Repair genes naturally make proteins and enzymes that repair damaged genes. When these genes are mutated, they cannot repair the defects of other genes. One of the repairing genes is BRCA-1 gene, which has a hereditary role in the production and growth of cancer cells in female breasts when it has a mutation. MicroRNAs are a group of short, single-stranded (between 19 and 23 nucleotides) and non-coding conserved RNAs that act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in a wide range of animals, plants, and viruses. The FOXO1 gene is one of the targets of miR-183, which is involved in the maturation of lymphocytes, and increased expression of miR-183 in cancer patients will interfere with immune function. Studies on miR-183-3p in breast cancer have shown that this microRNA is a Tumor suppressor-mir (Ts-mir) that prevents tumor formation and differentiation and has an inhibitory role. Another feature is the inhibition of cell proliferation and metastasis and stops the cell cycle in the G1 stage. miR-183 can play a role in other cancers in addition to breast cancer, depending on the type of target and location of activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression changes of miR-183 in nuclear nuclei of breast cancer patients. Methods: The study was performed on 60 samples including two groups of patients and healthy people. All actions and tests performed in this research and sampling have been approved by the work instructions of the ethics committee of Qom branch of the Azad University (ethics code: IR.IAU.QOM.REC.1397.010). Study steps include: extraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), extraction of RNA from PBMCs obtained from patients, design of specific primers for target genes, synthesis of cDNA from RNAs obtained, quality control of cDNA synthesized with Use of beta-actin and 5SrRNA housekeeping genes and ensure cDNA health, Real Time PCR to study changes in FOXO1 gene expression, changes in miR-183 and finally statistical analysis. In this study, the results obtained from Real-time PCR (Ct) were analyzed using LinReg software by examining the amount of fluorescence read by the device for each sample and the efficiency of each sample, the Ct of the reference gene and the target gene in both patient and healthy groups The data were then used and analyzed by Rest 2009 to determine whether the P-value was less than 0.05. Results: The results of analysis of data obtained from Real time-PCR show that the expression of FOXO1 gene in peripheral blood cells significantly decreases in samples of breast cancer patients compared to healthy individuals (P < 0.05). While in the expression of miR-183 gene, a significant increase was observed in the samples of people with breast cancer compared to the group of healthy people (P <0.001). Conclusion: Decreased expression of FOXO1 gene reduces the maturation of lymphocytes and this function weakens and suppresses the immune system, which results in the proliferation and differentiation of cancer cells and tumor spread, which can be used as a biomarker. Limitations of the study include the small number of patients, the lack of classification of patients based on markers such as Her2nue, BRCA-1 and other diagnostic markers.}, Keywords = {Breast cancer, FOXO1, miR-183, Gene expression, Peripheral blood mononuclear cell}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {124-131}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تغییرات بیان Mir-183 و ژن FOXO1 در سلول‌های تک‌هسته‌ای خون محیطی بیماران مبتلا به سرطان پستان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: امروزه، سرطان به عنوان یک معضل عمده‌ی بهداشتی و تأثیرگذار بر سلامت جامعه محسوب می‌گردد. microRNA ها گروهی از RNA های حفاظت شده تک‌رشته‌ای کوتاه (بین 19 تا 23 نوکلئوتید) و غیر کد کننده هستند که به عنوان تنظیم‌کننده‌های بعد از رونویسی بیان ژن، در گستره وسیعی از حیوانات، گیاهان و ویروس‌ها، عمل می‌کنند. ژن FOXO1 یکی از اهداف miR-183 می‌باشد که در بلوغ لنفوسیت‌ها مؤثر بوده و افزایش بیان miR-183 در بیماران مبتلا به سرطان باعث تداخل در عملکرد سیستم ایمنی خواهد شد. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی تغییرات بیان miR-183 و ژن FOXO1 در سلول‌های تک‌هسته‌ای خون محیطی (PBMCs) مبتلایان به سرطان پستان بود. روش کار: مطالعه بر روی 60 نمونه شامل دو گروه بیمار و سالم انجام شد. مراحل انجام مطالعه شامل: جداسازی سلول‌های PBMC، استخراج RNA از PBMCs به دست آمده از بیماران، طراحی پرایمرهای مخصوص­ برای ژن‌های هدف، سنتز cDNA از RNA های به دست آمده، کنترل کیفیت cDNA سنتز شده با استفاده از ژن خانه‌دار بتا اکتین و 5SrRNA و حصول اطمینان از سلامت cDNA، انجام Real Time PCR جهت بررسی تغییرات بیان ژن­ FOXO1، بررسی تغییرات میزان miR-183 و در نهایت آنالیزهای آماری توسط نرم‌افزار Rest 2009 انجام شد. یافته‌ها: با آنالیز داده‌ها مشخص گردید که افزایش معنی‌دار miR-183 (001/0P<) و کاهش FOXO1 (05/0P<) در خون بیماران مبتلا به سرطان پستان وجود دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: کاهش بیان ژن FOXO1 و نیز افزایش بیان miR-183 باعث کاهش بلوغ لنفوسیت‌ها شده و این عملکرد باعث تضعیف و سرکوب سیستم ایمنی می‌گردد که نتیجه این اتفاق تکثیر و تمایز سلول‌های سرطانی و گسترش تومور می‌گردد که می‌توان از آن به عنوان بیومارکر تشخیصی یا پیش‌آگهی استفاده نمود.}, keywords_fa = {سرطان پستان, FOXO1, miR-183, بیان ژن, سلول تک‌هسته‌ای خون محیطی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7055-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7055-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Rasoulof, Hossein and Hosseini, Seyed Ebrahim and Mehryar, Amir Houshang and Javidi, Hojatalah}, title = {Evaluation of the Efficiency of Some Mitochondrial Function Biomarkers in the Differential Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Performance Characteristic Curve (ROC) Analysis Method}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Autism disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose symptoms are mainly in the early months of life, especially between 12 and 24 months and in general, up to 3years of age, and due to severe and persistent deficiencies in communication and interactions. Social, communication skills, limited, inflexible, and repetitive patterns appear in behavior, activities, and interests, as well as cognitive and functional disorders. However, what has been studied so far has shown that mitochondria play an essential role in degenerative diseases, and its various effects are mainly through the cellular redox mode by mitochondria and through oxidation and reduction of NADH. H+ and NAD + are maintained; Are interconnected. Abnormal accumulation of oxygen/nitrogen reaction species and superoxide formation can lead to oxidative stress and their accumulation may damage cellular structures. Superoxide is also immediately converted to hydrogen peroxide by superoxide dismutase enzymes. The presence of hydrogen peroxide may be toxic to cells. The brain, on the other hand, is one of the main consumers of oxygen, and mitochondria are the largest source of energy for the normal functioning of brain cells, and as a result, large amounts of reactive oxygen species accumulate in several areas of the brain. However, at least in some cases, there are relatively weak protection mechanisms. Because of this, the brain may be very sensitive to attacks related to the accumulation of radicals. In addition, mitochondria play an important role in calcium homeostasis, signaling, and regulation of apoptosis. Also, growing nerve cells have a vital need for oxidative phosphorylation for important growth processes, and the immature brain is uniquely vulnerable to defects in bioenergy capacity; Thus, mitochondrial disorders may lead to a variety of developmental neurological disorders . In general, conducting such research is of particular importance, especially given the growing number of patients with autism spectrum disorders and the various challenges in the timely and accurate differential diagnosis of these disorders. In this regard, after reviewing the literature and the existing research background, it was found that so far in our country, no research has been conducted to evaluate the biomarkers of mitochondrial function in people with autism spectrum disorder. Methods: To conduct the present applied research, among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder in Tehran, among patients with nausea (51people), 10affected children and 10healthy children were randomly selected and divided into two experimental and control groups. Were divided. The required data were then used through demographic information questionnaires, history and medical records, Gilliam-2 Autism Rating Scale and laboratory kits. Finally, the data were analyzed using the rock curve. Results: The results presented in Table2 and the value of AUC= 0.890, it can be said that the ability to test or test creatine phosphokinase (CPKMB) in the diagnosis of ASD disorder is in the category or "good and close to excellent level." Also since the probability value is equal to 0.0032; It can be said that this result is significant and can be cited at the level of significance of five percent (and even one percent). Based on the findings, the number of cutting points is also equal to>24.0, which shows; Based on the diagnostic test (CPKMB), people with creatine phosphokinase levels greater than 24.0 units can be identified; He was considered a person with symptoms of autism. Individuals whose test scores are less than 24.0 are also identified as asymptomatic or healthy. Based on the information in Table3 and the value obtained for the curve surface (AUC= 1.000), it can be said that the ability of the Lactate test to diagnose this disorder is complete and "excellent" and shows that this test has a very good performance in the field. It is the correct identification and determination of healthy people with disorders. The numerical value of the cutting point is also equal to>21.5, which shows; Based on the Lactate diagnostic test, those whose lactate level is more than 21.5 units can be identified; Considered people with autism spectrum disorder. Those whose test results are less than 21.5 units are also considered healthy. Based on the data in Table4 and the value obtained for the subsurface (AUC= 0.790), it can be said that the ability of the Pyruvate test to diagnose ASD is "relatively good". Accordingly, since the probability value of Pvalue is equal to 0.0284, it can be said that this result is significant and can be cited at the level of significance of five percent and even one percent. The numerical value of the cut-off point for this experiment is equal to <0.865, which indicates; Based on the Pyruvate diagnostic test, people with a pyruvate score of less than 0.865 can be considered a person with ASD. Those for whom the number obtained is more than 0.865 units are also recognized as healthy. Based on the information in Table5 and the value obtained for the cut-off point (AUC= 0.970), it can be said that the ability of the L:P test to diagnose this disorder is "excellent" and efficient. Accordingly, at the significance level of five percent and one percent, since the probability value or Pvalue is equal to 0.0004; It can be said that this result is meaningful and worthy of citation. The numerical value of the cut-off point in this test is equal to>31.05, which shows; Based on the L:P diagnostic test, those with a lactate to pyruvate or L:P ratio greater than 31.05 can be considered as having symptoms of ASD. Those with an L: P score of less than 31.05 are also considered healthy. Based on the results of Table 6 and AUC = 0.765, it can be said that the ability of Creatinine test to diagnose autism spectrum disorder is in the category of "relatively good". Since the probability value P for this test (creatinine biomarker test) is 0.0452; It can be said that this result, at the level of significance of five percent, is significant and worthy of citation. Obviously, this result, at a significance level of one percent, is not worthy of citation and significance. Conclusion: The studied biomarkers have high and very good diagnostic power and efficiency in the field of accurate and early assessment and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (especially in severity levels 2 and 3), and they can be used along with other diagnostic biomarkers, along with other measurement methods. Evaluated and diagnosed this disorder, and in the first three years of the child's development, as a golden and very sensitive and important period of diagnosis and treatment of autism, achieved a more accurate differential diagnosis and education, rehabilitation and treatment or improvement of symptoms at the most appropriate time. Possibly, he started and achieved better results in this regard. Also, according to the results of evaluation and measurement of biomarkers of mitochondrial function in each diagnosed individual, based on the new and valuable approach of "Molecular Psychology and Molecular Psychiatry", one of the new and appropriate methods for each individual (including individual or personal molecular medicine) to modify And used to improve mitochondrial dysfunction (for example, drug therapy to regulate serum levels of the aforementioned molecules in the patient to a normal level and reduce related symptoms), and finally, to reduce the symptoms and relative treatment of the person with autism.  }, Keywords = {Autism Spectrum Disorder, Biomarker, Rock Curve}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {132-146}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی کارایی برخی از بیومارکرهای عملکرد میتوکندری در تشخیص افتراقی اختلال طیف اوتیسم با بهره‌گیری از روش تحلیل منحنی مشخصه عملکرد (ROC)}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اختلال طیف اوتیسم، نوعی اختلال عصب‌رشدی یا فراگیر رشد است که بر رشد طبیعی مغز، بویژه در زمینه‌های مختلف أثیر می‌گذارد. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر بررسی کارایی برخی از  بیومارکرهای معملکرد میتوکندری در تشخیص افتراقی اختلال طیف اوتیسم با بهره­گیری از روش تحلیل منحنی مشخصه عملکرد بود. روش­ کار: برای انجام تحقیق کاربردی حاضر از بین کودکان و نوجوانان (3 تا 13 ساله) مبتلا به اختلال طیف اوتیسمِ در شهر تهران از بین افراد داوزلب (51 نفر) به صورت تصادفی 10 کودک مبتلا و 10 کودک سالم انتخاب و به دو گروه آزمون و گواه تقسیم شدند. سپس داده‌های مورد نیاز، از راه پرسشنامه‌های اطلاعات فردی، تاریخچه‌ای و پیشینه و پرونده پزشکی، مقیاس ارزیابی رتبه‌بندی اوتیسم گیلیام-۲ و کیت­های آزمایشگاهی  استفاده شد. در نهایت داده­ها با استفاده از منحنی راک مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد توانایی آزمایش یا تست کراتین فسفوکنیاز (CPK MB) در تشخیص اختلال ASD در رده یا «سطح خوب و نزدیک به عالی»، توانایی تست لاکتات در سطح عالی و توانایی تست کراتینین در سطح به نسبت خوب است. نتیجه ­گیری: با توجه به نتایج تحقیق پیشنهاد می­شود جهت تشخیص اختلال طیف اوتیسم از آزمایش بیومارکرهای عملکرد میتوکندری استفاده شود.}, keywords_fa = {اختلال طیف اوتیسم, بیومارکر, منحنی راک}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7290-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7290-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {AkbariOghaz, Nahid and Abolghasemi, Jamileh and TorabpourToroghi, Masoud and Rimaz, Shahnaz}, title = {Investigation on the Risk Factores for Mortality of Patients with COVID-19 and Prioritization These Factores Using Neural Network in Some Southern Cities of Iran}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Epidemics of human viruses began during the period of Neolithic around 12,000 years ago. Humans developed more densely population which allowed viruses to spread rapidly among communities. Also, plant and livestock viruses increased along with human viruses (2). At the January 2020, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19 7th human coronavirus) was discovered in Wuhan, Hubei province of China. COVID-19 virus caused six million deads in the world to date and cussed infection of more than seven million of cases in Iran (1). This infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This virus was contagious and fast-spread. Despite the aquarantine politics, SARS-CoV-2 virus caused many permanent economic and health damages in most countries. Coronaviruses are positive-sense, single- stranded enveloped RNA viruses with helical capsids that infect a wide range of hosts including humans, bats, other mammals, and birds (2). Coronaviruses are belonging to Nidovirales order, Coronaviridae family, Coronovirinae subfamily and four genera of alpha, beta, delta, and gamma. Alpha and beta coronaviruses are known as human infection agents. SARS-COV-2 virus abilities are including: high mortality number, short period of incubation, widespread transmission protocols, asymptomatic infection and affecting on most vital organs (heart, brain, lungs and …) which have attracted the health system attention and caused neglect to the other chronic and non-communicable diseases (4). Therefore, the disease incidence, prevalence and prioritization around the world may change in the future. From the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, some symptoms and risk-factors have been introduced to the world as the increase elements of morbidity and mortality. Studies have shown that having any kind of underlying diseases and risk factors will be effective in the COVID-19 disease severity and mortality (6). Some of these important risk factors are including of chronic kidney disease, hypertension, age, gender, obesity, obstructive pulmonary diseases, diabetes, lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and liver disease. Also, each risk factors have different impact in different geographic areas (7). Some factors, such as different viral load kinetics in each individual person, epidemiological history, therapeutic or pharmacological effects and immune response have some major impacts on the laboratory diagnostic results. Due to the successive mutations of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the high incidence disease, it seems that the vaccination alone cannot prevent the COVID-19 (9). On the other hand, the World Health Organization has warned about the vaccination as the only pandemic control protocol. Therefore, the prevalence of morbidity and mortality have become the public health concerns in the world since the beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic and the vaccination. Recognizing of the risk-factors and symptoms on COVID-19 in different geographic areas can be a helpful source to prevent the mortality. Understanding risk factors can help the world to control of the coronaviruses pandemic period and similar situations in the future. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the risk-factors of mortality of COVID-19 patients in three cities of Khuzestan province, Iran. Methods: This research was an analytical cross-sectional study. Some details of 27963 COVID-19 patients such as clinical symptoms, individual characteristics and underlying diseases were gathered from hospitals in Abadan, Shadegan and Khorramshahr cities in Khuzestan province, Iran, from 20 February 2020 to November 2020. All the under-study population was previously investigated in terms of COVID-19 infection by the medical examinations and laboratory methods. This under-study population was categorized into three different groups such as hospitalized, outpatients and dead patients. Hospitalized patients have admitted in general or ICU (Intensive Care Unit) sector. Obtained database of COVID-19 patients was analyzed by IBM SPSS version 22.0 under regression, logistic model (univariable and multivariable logistic regression models) with 95 percent confidence level. Also, the neural network method was used for prioritizing of significant risk factors for mortality. At the end of the analysis, the models of multiple logistic regression and neural network were evaluated for Goodness of Fit. In this study, the anonymity principle and patient's preservation of personal information was considered during analytical method. Results: The mean of age was 40 years. The sex ratio was higher for men. That ratio for dead patients were approximately 63 years (from 62.7597 to 64.9854). The number of hospitalizations and deaths was occurred in May-July 2020 and the greatest number of deaths reports was belonged to Abadan city. The most recognized prevalent symptoms were cough, fever, hard breath and sickness which observed more within dead patients. Prevalent underlying diseases were diabetes, hypertension and blood diseases. The mortality risk factors of the multivariable logistic regression model were diabetes, age, blood diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, respiratory diseases and cancers. Also, variables such as diseases related to blood lipid, gender and thyroid diseases were removed from the model of multivariable logistic regression according to the model univariable logistic regression under 0.2 confidence level because they had no statistical significance for entering to the model of multiple regression. According to neural network analysis, age was the most important mortality risk factor. Other important risk factors were neurological diseases, blood diseases, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancers respectively. The odds ratio of mortality increased with increasing number of underlying diseases among COVID-19 patients. The presence of at least one risk factor increased the odds of mortality approximately 8.3 times. Variables as kidney diseases, hypertension, Immunodeficiency and obesity were not recognized as mortality risk factors in the model of multivariable logistic regression. Conclusion: This study investigated the effective risk factors for mortality among patients with COVID-19 in southern of three cities of Abadan, Khorramshahr and Shadegan of Khuzestan province, Iran. According to the prioritizing in neural network and risk factors of mortality, we recommend that after attention to age as the most important risk factor for mortality, COVID-19 patients with blood and neurological disease history should receive more public health care services than the others till the end of COVID-19 pandemic period. Although, antigenic mutations of COVID-19 virus have reduced the effectiveness of recent vaccines. However, risk factors for mortality of COVID-19 patients as the important disease prevention levels are need more attention from health politicians. Understanding risk factors of mortality, can be useful for future researches and similar epidemic or pandemic of any coronaviruses.  }, Keywords = {Risk factor, Mortality, COVID-19, Iran, Comorbidities, Neural network}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {147-158}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {عوامل مؤثر بر مرگ‌ومیر مبتلایان کووید 19 و اولویت‌بندی این عوامل با استفاده از شبکه عصبی در برخی شهرهای جنوبی ایران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: به­نظر می‌رسد با جهش‌های پی­درپی ویروس و بروز بالای موارد بیماری، تزریق واکسن به تنهایی قادر به جلوگیری از ویروس کووید19 نمی‌باشد. شناسایی عوامل خطر بیماری و عوامل موثر بر مرگ­ومیر، به عنوان راه اصلی پیشگیری، ابزاری مفید در جهت درک اپیدمیولوژی بیماری و تدوین پروتکل­های موثر  بوده و به پژوهش­های مشابه نیز کمک خواهد کرد. هدف از این مطالعه، تعیین عوامل موثر در مرگ­ومیر مبتلایان کووید 19 در شهرستان‌های آبادان، خرمشهر و شادگان استان خوزستان بود. روش‌ کار: مطالعه حاضر، از نوع مقطعی تحلیلی بوده و نتایج آن، حاصل از تحلیل اطلاعات  27963 نفر از مبتلایان کووید19، در شهرستان‌های آبادان، خرمشهر و شادگان استان خوزستان بود. اطلاعات پیرایش­شده، در سطح اطمینان 95 درصد، با نرم‌افزار  SPSS (نسخه 22) تحلیل شده‌اند. همچنین برای بررسی درصد اهمیت و تعیین اولویت‌های عوامل تأثیرگذار، از شبکه عصبی استفاده شده است. یافته‌ها: بر اساس نتایج مطالعه، میانگین سنی مبتلایان 40 سال و نسبت جنسی در مردان، بیشتر از زنان بود. عوامل مؤثر مرگ‌ومیر در مدل رگرسیونی، سن، دیابت، بیماری‌های قلبی-عروقی، بیماری‌های مرتبط با خون، بیماری‌های تنفسی، بیماری‌های عصبی و سرطان‌ها بود. اولویت­بندی عوامل موثر مرگ­ومیر بر اساس شبکه‌ عصبی، نشان داد که مهم‌ترین عامل مؤثر در مرگ‌ومیر، سن، و به ترتیب: بیماری‌های سیستم عصبی، بیماری‌های مرتبط با خون، بیماری‌های تنفسی، بیماری‌های قلبی-عروقی، دیابت، سرطان‌ و بدخیمی­ها بود. نتیجه‌گیری: باتوجه‌به تعیین عوامل تأثیرگذار و تعیین اولویت‌های بهداشتی، توصیه می‌شود که پس از توجه به عامل سن، بیماران کووید 19، باسابقه بیماری‌های عصبی و بیماری‌های مرتبط با خون، در اولویت خدمات بهداشتی تا پایان کامل همه‌گیری کووید 19 قرار گیرند. اگرچه تنوع سویه‌های مختلف ویروس کووید 19 باعث کاهش کارایی واکسن‌های اخیر شده­است؛ اما، عوامل تأثیرگذار در مرگ‌ومیر مبتلایان کووید 19، با وجود تنوع سویه‌ها، به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین خط پیشگیری از بیماری، در اولویت بهداشتی بوده و نیازمند توجه سیاستمداران است.}, keywords_fa = {مرگ‌ومیر, کووید 19, شبکه عصبی, بیماری‌های همراه, ایران, عوامل خطر}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7439-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7439-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {ShatizadehMalekshahi, Somayeh and Omidi, Ameneh and Veisi, Pars}, title = {The Impact of COVID-19 during Pregnancy on Fetal Brain Development}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The development of the brain as the most complex structure of the human body is a long process that begins in the third week of pregnancy and continues until adulthood and even until the end of life (1). Human brain myelination begins one to two months before birth in the visual system and eventually lasts until the age of two in other sensory systems and then the motor systems (4). Processes associated with normal brain development involve a wide range of molecular events, including the expression of genes and environmental events (1). If the brain is exposed to some environmental factors, its normal development will be disrupted (2) because the fetus is very sensitive to physical and chemical disruptive factors in different stages (5). Generally, factors that upon exposure during pregnancy lead to changes in the growth or structure of the developing fetus and ultimately cause defects in the physical structure or abnormalities in fetal behavior are called teratogens (6). Some viral infections have devastating impacts on the developing fetal brain. Viruses like Zika and cytomegalovirus can pass directly through the placenta to the fetal brain. These viruses cross the blood-brain barrier of the developing fetus, infecting and damaging brain tissue (9,10). Other infections including the influenza virus that do not cross the placental barrier have been associated with adverse effects on neural growth in offspring, mainly through mechanisms involved in activating the immune system of the mother, placenta, and subsequently the fetus (11,12). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new type of coronavirus that emerged in late 2019 and its related disease is known as coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Nowadays, great attention is paid to COVID-19 infection in pregnant women and possible damage to their offspring. Although studies on COVID-19 are progressing rapidly, the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on fetal growth are unclear (16). In this review, we discussed evidence on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy on neurodevelopmental outcomes. Moreover, potential mechanisms by which prenatal SARS-CoV-2 exposure might impact the developing fetal brain were explored. These mechanisms are as follows: (1) direct fetal infection of neurologic tissues via transplacental transmission of the virus (2) impaired placental function resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with an increased risk of neurologic harm (e.g. fetal growth restriction and preterm birth) (3) via MIA (maternal immune activation) during neurodevelopment in pregnancy (16,17,18). A growing body of evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause acute and chronic neurological complications in adults and children (19,20,21). There is no definite link between prenatal SARS-CoV-2 exposure and developmental neurological disorders in offspring, which may be partly due to the fact that most children born to infected mothers, are still very young for diagnosis of many developmental neurological conditions. However, epidemiological and clinical data indicate the potential of SARS-CoV-2 exposure during pregnancy to influence early neurodevelopmental outcomes. Preliminary data on the immune and inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy showed proinflammatory cytokines in pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 that IFN-γ and IL-6 play the most important role (33,34). Significant infiltration of maternal immune cells into the placenta has been observed in cases of severe maternal COVID-19 and high SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the placenta (38). In placental specimens without evidence of direct SARS-CoV-2 infection, upregulation of the inflammatory pathways of natural killer cells (NK cells), T cells in mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2, and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in villi tissue of placenta were shown (35,36). The placenta is the primary source of serotonin for the developing fetal brain. Studies show that activation and inflammation of the maternal and placental immune systems alter placental serotonin signaling, which in turn affects fetal brain development through impaired synaptogenesis, neuronal migration, and axonal targeting (40,41). Activation of the maternal and placental immune systems is also associated with other changes in fetal brain neurotransmitter signaling, including dopaminergic, cholinergic, GABA, and glutamatergic systems, which affect fetal brain development conditions (42,43). Activation of the maternal and placental immune system is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction of the placenta and fetus, oxidative stress, and impaired protein homeostasis (44,45). Maternal and infant gut microbiome may also be important modulators of the effect of MIA on the developing brain. Given the extent of synapse formation in the fetus and infant, the microglial function is a critical goal for research to better understand the effect of SARS-CoV-2-induced immune activation on the developing fetal brain (46). Transmission of the virus through the placenta, which can infect neural tissue, can have lasting and devastating consequences for the developing fetus's brain. A key factor in understanding the risk of possible fetal infection is whether maternally acquired SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted from the placenta (a primary physiological and immune barrier that prevents the virus from being transmitted from mother to fetus) (48). Most of the evidence to date shows that the negative effects of neurodevelopment of SARS-CoV-2 infection occur mostly through activation of the mother and placenta's immunity rather than direct fetal infection with SARS-CoV-2 in utero. The data showed that the rate of SARS-CoV-2 positivity in infants in pregnancies exposed to SARS-CoV-2 is between 1% and 3%, and placental infection is a relatively rare event. A meta-analysis of case reports and case series estimated the placental infection rate at 7% (49). Mechanisms of protection against placental infection include low maternal SARS-CoV-2 viremia, maintenance of immune defense at the syncytophoblast border, and failure to express the molecules required (ACE2 and TMPRSS2) to bind and enter SARS-CoV-2 into the syncytrophoblast (36,37). Due to the small number of cases of placental infection and vertical transmission, data on completed pregnancies exposed to SARS-CoV-2 are now available throughout the developmental period (first to third trimesters). To date, no specific congenital syndrome has emerged following prenatal SARS-CoV-2 exposure indicating direct fetal infection (50,51). All of these data point to the activation of the maternal and placental immune systems and the subsequent activation of the fetal nervous system as the primary stimuli of neurodevelopmental complications in children exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Instead, direct infection of the placenta and fetal brain with Zika virus or cytomegalovirus infection has been observed. The data presented demonstrated the potential for maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection to stimulate maternal, placental, and fetal immune activation. Future studies will need to evaluate whether the fetoplacental immune responses in maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with neurodevelopmental morbidity in offspring. The Effect of infection time, different strains of the virus, fetal gender, and prenatal status (eg, maternal cardiac metabolic status, substance use, stress, drug use) on offspring's neurodevelopment is important in the next generation for a comprehensive understanding of the potentially lasting impact of the COVID-19.  }, Keywords = {SARS-CoV-2, Brain, Pregnancy, COVID-19}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {159-171}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بیماری کووید-19 در زمان بارداری و پیامدهای آن بر رشد مغز جنین}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: برخی از عفونت‌های ویروسی در دوران بارداری می‌توانند اثرات ماندگار و بالقوه ویرانگر بر روی مغز جنین در حال رشد داشته باشند. در حال حاضر، توجه زیادی به عفونت کووید-19 در زنان باردار و آسیب های احتمالی در سلامت نوزادان آ نها وجود دارد. اگرچه مطالعات روی کووید-19 به سرعت در حال پیشرفت است، اثرات SARS-CoV-2 بر رشد جنین نامشخص است. روش کار: در این مقاله مروری، شواهدی را در مورد تأثیر عفونت SARS-CoV-2 در دوران بارداری بر پیامدهای رشد عصبی فرزندان ارائه نمودیم و همچنین مکانیسم‌های بالقوه‌ای را که توسط آن ها قرار گرفتن در معرض SARS-CoV-2 قبل از تولد ممکن است بر مغز جنین در حال رشد تأثیر بگذارد، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.  یافته‌ها: از جمله این مسیرها می توان به این موارد اشاره نمود: (1) عفونت مستقیم بافت‌های عصبی از طریق انتقال ویروس از راه جفت، (2) اختلال در عملکرد جفت که منجر به پیامدهای نامطلوب بارداری مرتبط با افزایش خطر آسیب عصبی (مانند محدودیت رشد جنین و زایمان زودرس) می شود و (3) از طریق MIA (maternal immune activation) در طول مراحل کلیدی رشد عصبی در بارداری. داده های ارائه شده پتانسیل عفونت SARS-CoV-2 مادر را برای تحریک سیستم ایمنی مادر، جفت و جنین و در نتیجه پتانسیل برای رشد عصبی نامطلوب جنین را نشان می دهد. نتیجه‌گیری: مطالعات آینده باید به این سوال پاسخ دهند که آیا پاسخ های ایمنی جنینی-جفتی مشاهده شده در عفونت SARS-CoV-2 مادر می تواند با عوارض عصبی در فرزندان مرتبط باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {کروناویروس سارس-2, مغز, بارداری, کووید-19}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7555-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7555-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Shafiee, Emad and Sadeghpour, Majid and Stabraghi, Ehsan and Amini, Kumarss}, title = {Evaluation of Yeast Isolated from Industrial Waste to Remove Selenium and the Use of Biomass in Livestock and Poultry Food}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Bioavailability is a good alternative to conventional physical and chemical methods for removing toxic metals from groundwater and wastewater. Selenium is a non-metallic substance. Although large amounts of selenium are toxic, proper consumption is essential for specific cellular functions. In the seasons when there is a maximum spawning rate, due to the excretion of high levels of selenium through the eggs from the body, the balance of selenium in the body is disturbed and its amount is reduced to a minimum and the body becomes susceptible to virus attack. Laying birds are more common (1, 2). Reproduction of viruses, especially avian influenza, also requires selenium, which is higher due to the high proliferation of viruses, but the selenium required for a virus is very low, and if there is enough selenium in animals, the virus enters the body. In other words, the virus poisons itself with selenium, and this is a schematic example of the fight against toxins, as well as a way to fight and defend the type of prevention, not when the disease occurs. falls down. Numerous microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, molds, algae and higher fungi that are grown on a large scale can be used as a rich source of protein for humans and animals. Yeasts are among the organisms that are widely used to produce protozoan proteins, and the most important of them are Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, Candida, Didium, etc. (5). Methods:  In this research, phenotypic and genotypic study was carried out on the use of isolated yeast from industrial effluents with the aim of eliminating Selenium biological and the production of biomass as a feed for livestock and poultry. In the present study, yeast strains were isolated from wastewater and after confirmation by using the replication of the ITs region and their evolutional correlation with S1 strains (Candida albicans NG67) and S2 (Candida albicans m48a) selenium removal was performed. Sequencing: To confirm the sequences obtained by PCR, the sequencing reaction was performed according to Sanger method by Gene Fanavaran Company. In this sequencing, the Cycle Sequencing Kit Big Dye Terminatorv3.1 from Applied Biosystems and the ABI Sequence Analyzer 3130xl from the same company were used. The sequence of each DNA strand was analyzed using the corresponding chromatogram and Chromas (Technelysium) software. The questionable bases were examined by careful examination of the chromatogram and comparison with the chromatogram of the reverse string sequence. Chromas (Technelysium) software was used to analyze and compare all genetic changes. Results:  The ability of these isolates to tolerate selenium was performed using PYT agar medium containing different concentrations of 4-15 mM of Se2 +. Selenium-capable strains of reddish colonies contained Selenite in PYD Agar medium. These strains were selected as superior strains. Enrichment and Determination of Selenium Resistance Pattern in Yeast Strains: After optimizing the reaction conditions of bilenium selenite removal reaction by single factor method and finding appropriate values of reaction parameters, the effect of heating time on removal efficiency was investigated. Based on the results obtained after 72 hours of heating, the resting yeast cells were able to remove more than 93% of the selenium in the conversion medium, indicating the potential potential of the microbial catalyst to remove toxic selenium from the reaction medium. Conclusion: The MFC test was conducted to select the best yeast strain for performing desulphurisation tests. The resistance pattern of isolated yeast strains according to MFC showed that the highest resistance to toxic selenite ions (tolerance greater than 22 g / l) was related to strain S1. The microbial protein produced in this study is widely used and can be used as an additive and probiotic in the diet of livestock, poultry, and aquatic animals. In the present study, yeast strains were isolated from wastewater and after confirmation, selenium removal was performed by replicating the ITs region and investigating their evolutionary relationship with strains S1 (Candida albicans NG67) and S2 (Candida albicans m48a). For this purpose, selenium-capable strains of red colonies in PYD agar medium contained selenite. These strains were selected as the top strains. Then, in order to select the best efficient yeast strain for selenite removal experiments, MFC test was performed. Resistance pattern of isolated yeast strains according to MFC showed that the highest resistance to toxic selenite ion (tolerance above 22 g / l) was related to S1 strain. These results are consistent with the study of Ashnagarov et al. Protozoan protein can be produced from various sources. Researchers have conducted various studies on the production of protozoan proteins from substrates such as agricultural wastes (molasses, rice, citrus), chemical by-products (methane and petroleum derivatives), and fishery wastes (such as shrimp skin). Each of the studies used different microbes or microbes and the conditions for preparing the growth medium of the microorganisms used were different. The results of studies by Scholes et al. Showed that the amount of crude protein in SCP produced from yeasts was between 39-68%, while this amount in bacterial SCP was about 82%. The amount of essential amino acids of yeast protein was between 6.4-6.4% per gram of protein. However, the amount of total fat in protein with different microbial origins has been variable. The results of the present study also confirm the above results. The results of a study by Samuel et al. In 1992 showed that when using microbes, the average crude protein in fish and crab waste was 60.4% and 44.1%, respectively. Ferrer et al. Used shrimp shells to produce microbial protein and used marine yeast to achieve this goal. The results showed that the specific growth rate and crop production coefficient were 0.398 per hour and 447% kg dry cell weight, respectively. Recently, due to the lack of protein, efforts have been made to discover alternative sources of common food and feed. SCP is cheap for everyone and safe to eat. Genetically modified, high-yielding non-toxic microbes can also be used to increase SCP production. During a study, scientists coated medical lenses with selenium to prevent bacteria from growing and multiplying on the lenses (11).}, Keywords = {Yeast, Industrial sewage, Selenium}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {172-182}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارزیابی مخمرهای جداشده از پساب‌های صنعتی جهت حذف سلنیوم و به‌کارگیری بیومس تولیدی در غذای دام و طیور}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: جذب زیستی جایگزین مناسبی برای روش‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی مرسوم برای حذف فلزات سمی از آب‌های زیرزمینی و پساب‌ها است. در این تحقیق، مطالعه فنوتیپی و ژنوتیپی به‌کارگیری مخمرهای جداشده از پساب‌های صنعتی باهدف حذف زیستی سلنیوم و به‌کارگیری بیومس تولیدی به عنوان غذای دام و طیور انجام شد. هدف نهایی ارزیابی مخمرهای جداشده از پساب‌های صنعتی جهت حذف سلنیوم و به‌کارگیری بیومس تولیدی در غذای دام و طیور است. روش کار: در مطالعه حاضر سویه­های مخمری از پساب فاضلاب جداسازی شد و پس از تأیید آن‌ها با استفاده از تکثیر ناحیه ITs و بررسی ارتباط تکاملی آن‌ها با سویه‌های S1 (کاندیدا آلبیکانس NG67) و S2 (کاندیدا آلبیکانس m48a) حذف سلنیومی انجام شد. یافته‌ها: بررسی توان این جدایه‌ها برای تحمل سلنیوم با استفاده از محیط کشت PYT agar حاوی غلظت‌های مختلف از 4 تا 15 mmol از Se2+ انجام شد. سویه‌های دارای قابلیت سلنیوم کلنی‌های قرمزرنگ در محیط PYD آگار حاوی سلنیت بود. این سویه‌ها به عنوان سویه‌های برتر انتخاب شدند. در ادامه به منظور انتخاب بهترین سویه مخمری کارآمد برای انجام آزمایش‌ها سلنیت زدایی، آزمون MFC انجام شد. نتیجه‌گیری: الگوی مقاومت سویه‌های مخمری جداشده با توجه به MFC نشان داد که بیش‌ترین مقاومت به یون سمی سلنیت (تحمل‌پذیری بالاتر از 22 gr/l) مربوط به سویه S1 بود. پروتئین میکروبی تولیدشده در این تحقیق کاربرد فراوانی داشته و می‌توان از آن به عنوان یک ماده افزودنی و پروبیوتیک در جیره غذایی دام، طیور آبزیان استفاده نمود.}, keywords_fa = {مخمر, فاضلاب صنعتی, سلنیوم}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6510-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6510-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Shahbazi, Behnam and Anbarian, Mehrdad and GhiamiRad, Amir and SalekZamani, Yaghoub and Dolatkhah, Ne}, title = {The Effect of Three Weeks of Deep Sensory Training with Ultrasound on Pain and Electromyographic Activity of Selected Muscles in Futsal Players with Chronic Ankle Pain while Walking}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Following a serious injury, microtrauma and as a result of microscopic damage in joint surfaces, pain disorders in the skeletal and muscular system develop over time. Pain in the musculoskeletal system, in addition to injury, causes secretion and fatigue in the pastoral structure, which leads to disruption of the neuromuscular system. Although the foot is the last part of the lower limb chain and resists the incoming forces, it is expected to cause movement pathology, pathokinesiology and increased stress and thus injury due to improper distribution of forces. It reaches the tissues and muscles of the leg, and as a result, the risk of joint pain increases. In futsal, which is one of the vulnerable sports, most of the injuries of the lower limbs are assigned to the wrist and knee, According to the report of the National Association of American Sports Science Colleges, ankle injuries compared to other body joints in disciplines such as; It has basketball, volleyball, futsal, etc. Ankle pain can be caused by aspirin, instability, arthritis, gout, tendonitis, fracture, nerve compression and infection in this joint. In this popular field, due to the fact that players have to withdraw from this sport due to pain and injury in their basic ages, and as a result, talents are not lost, attention was paid to movement sciences and rehabilitation. Familiarity with biomechanical principles in injury or disease is a very important part of air and treatment activity. If we can provide a targeted ability in ankle pain and evaluate and perform the tasks they do in static and dynamic conditions, it will allow athletes and even non-athletes to return to sports faster and more confidently. And they do everyday, was a witness The first step in this field is to know the rehabilitation method that optimally minimizes the frequency of pain and re-injury. As a result, biomechanical principles and evaluations become reliable in treatment and help to increase better performance. Research shows that mechanical proprioception movements with ultrasound supplements improve and increase neuromuscular function and balance of the plantar pressure center, as well as a significant reduction in pain, in the same direction, from existing changes and the degree of impact on foot posture or position. in which the patient is located, by using biomechanical evaluations in the initial or final stages of the rehabilitation period, it helps the treatment to increase the effectiveness of the methods used with higher validity and to use better methods with higher effectiveness. take. Take, Therapeutic strategies to prevent and increase the return to daily and sports activities include: external supporters, manual therapy, and deep sensory exercises, which generally divide rehabilitation into two types, mechanical and physical. Studies have shown that deep sensory exercises and orthoses and tapings reduce the amount of damage by 50%. In addition, the postural changes or the condition in which the patient or the injured person is located, recovery during the rehabilitation phase helps the specialists to take appropriate actions to have a better effect. In the meantime, examining the amount of electrical muscle activity and the pressures on the person in the biomechanical analysis of the person will give valuable information about treatment and rehabilitation strategies. According to the available documents, foot and ankle problems even cause pain in the upper limb areas such as the back due to its effects on the posture and the way the forces interact in walking over time. Considering the increasing trend of basic ages in futsal, in order to avoid re-injury or to prevent it, it is necessary to take preventive measures. In this approach, the use of proprioception exercises and the use of ultrasound waves on the injured area of the ankle have a significant effect on the walking process, the sense of the position of the ankle joint, and the function of the muscles around the joint. Failure to use proprioception exercises reduces performance and ankle sprains, which is the result of instability followed by chronic ankle pain. is looking for To get a better result, the use of ultrasound therapy modality by applying a length of heat in the ankle along with deep sensory exercises will be useful in controlling and improving the function of the device and foot posture. In rehabilitation planning, understanding the mechanism of applied forces will help professionals to provide the appropriate protocol to increase the function of the device and joints. Because a period of rehabilitation before and after the changes in the posture or the condition in which the patient or athlete is located, can have a great help in the therapeutic methods of care and treatment of its effectiveness in the treatment protocol. it shows. In most cases, in the field of rehabilitation, the therapist is unwilling and according to the conditions of the teams and the pressure of the coaches and sports managers upon the player's return, he trains and competes with the speed of action of the fields. But this athlete's return is mostly temporary and causes joint injuries and choices in the future. Therefore, in the evaluations and screenings at the beginning and end of the season, as in the field of football, in this field as well, the amount of injuries can be minimized by taking into account clinical evaluation tests. In this study, our aim was to investigate the effects of deep sensory training with ultrasound therapy on the chronic ankle pain of young players along with the evaluation of the center of pressure and the changes in the activities of the 2 specialized muscles, tibialis anterior and peroneus longus during walking, in response to changes in their activity can help people with ankle injuries. Methods: The statistical sample of this study included 24 people (12 people in the experimental group and 12 people in the control group). Pain intensity in both groups was assessed through the standard Visual analogue scale form, which is characterized by a pain scale of 1 to 10, and the selection criterion was a score of 7 (high pain intensity). Also, for analysis and evaluation of electrical muscle function by electromyography system of anterior tibialis and peroneus longus muscles, subjects of both groups were recorded using UK Biometrics system in stance phase in 14-meter path of both groups (pre-test). The experimental group then received a deep sensory training protocol with 3 MHz ultrasound for three weeks. The control group performed its normal activities during this period. After the treatment period, both groups re-tested and checked the pain and recorded the electrical activity of the muscles as a pre-test (post-test). For statistical analysis, correlated T-test was used for intra-group comparison and independent for inter-group comparison (p<0.05). Results: The results showed a significant difference only in the activity of Peroneus longus muscle in comparison with pre- and post-test of the experimental group. Also, a significant difference in the amount of pain in the experimental group before and after rehabilitation interventions was observed in the comparison within the group. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be mentioned that the use of deep sensory exercises with ultrasound waves as an effective method in the rehabilitation of the musculoskeletal system in chronic pain can be used by physiotherapists and other sports rehabilitation specialists. Because its effectiveness was effective in reducing the amount of pain and normal function of selected muscles in static and dynamic positions (walking).}, Keywords = {Ankle pain, Deep sensation, Ultrasound, Electromyography, Futsal}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {183-196}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر سه هفته تمرینات حسی عمقی همراه با امواج فراصوت بر درد و فعالیت الکترومایوگرافی عضلات منتخب در فوتسالیست‌های دارای درد مزمن مچ پا حین راه رفتن}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: کمک به بازگشت ایمن ورزشکار آسیب­دیده (RTS) در کوتاه­ترین زمان در حد زیادی به بازتوانی مناسب و به­موقع وابسته است. هدف این مطالعه تعیین تأثیرات تمرینات حسی- عمقی همراه با اولتراسوند تراپی بر میزان درد مزمن مچ پای بازیکنان جوان همراه با ارزیابی تغییرات فعالیت 2 عضله تخصصی تیبیالیس آنتریور و پرونئوس لانگوس حین راه رفتن بود. روش کار: نمونه آماری پژوهش حاضر شامل 24 نفر (12 نفر گروه تجربی و 12 نفر گروه کنترل) بود. شدت درد در هر دو گروه از طریق فرم استاندارد Visual analogue scale مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. فعالیت الکترومایوگرافی عضلات تیبیالیس آنتریور و پرونئوس لانگوس آزمودنی­های دو گروه در فاز استانس در مسیر 14 متری هر دو گروه ثبت شد (پیش آزمون). سپس گروه تجربی به مدت سه هفته پروتکل تمرینات حسی- عمقی همراه با امواج فراصوت را با فرکانس 3 مگا هرتز دریافت کردند. گروه کنترل در این مدت فعالیت‌های معمولی خود را انجام می‌داد. گروه­ها پس از دوره، مجدد آزمون‌های تعیین شدت درد و ثبت فعالیت الکتریکی عضلات را مانند پیش آزمون انجام دادند (پس‌آزمون). برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل آماری از آزمون T همبسته برای مقایسه درون‌گروهی و T مستقل برای مقایسه بین گروهی استفاده شد (05/0p<). یافته‌ها: نتایج اختلاف معنادار را تنها در فعالیت عضله پرونئوس لانگوس در مقایسه پیش و پس‌آزمون گروه تجربی نشان داد (005/0p=). همچنین، اختلاف معناداری در میزان درد در گروه تجربی قبل و بعد از اعمال مداخلات توان‌بخشی را در مقایسه درون‌گروهی مشاهده شد (016/0 p=). نتیجه­ گیری: بر اساس نتایج این مطالعه، می‌توان ذکر کرد که استفاده از تمرینات حسی عمقی به همراه امواج فراصوت می‌تواند به­ عنوان روشی مؤثر در توان‌بخشی درد مزمن مچ پای ورزشکاران آسیب­دیده بکار گرفته شود.}, keywords_fa = {درد مچ پا, حسی عمقی, امواج فراصوت, الکترومایوگرافی, فوتسال}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7335-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7335-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Zamannamian, Kamran and Yaghoobi, Abolghasem and Mohammadiarya, Alirez}, title = {Efficacy of Family-Oriented Respectful-Spiritual Psychological Intervention on the Mental Health and Spiritual Vitality of the Male Adolescents in the Puberty Period}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Although mental, emotional and social variables play an important role in the general health of teenagers, but without a doubt, the meaning that teenagers find for themselves in life, i.e. spiritual vitality, can also affect their lives. In fact, vitality and spiritual health is the newest dimension of health, which is placed next to other aspects of health such as physical health, mental health, and social health. In a comprehensive definition, it can be said that spiritual vitality is having a sense of acceptance, morality, a sense of positive mutual connection with a sovereign and superior holy power with others, which comes about through a dynamic and coordinated cognitive, emotional, action and personal consequence process (7). Since the family is the center and core of care, the most effective services are those that emphasize the role of the family and strive to empower families, because the family-centered approach is effective for children, parents, families, and service providers. It improves medical services and increases families' satisfaction with the services provided. This is despite the fact that the performance of each person within the family system, especially the guardian, who is a mental-behavioral model for continuing, maintaining and changing the behavior of other family members, affects the psychological and social well-being of children (9). Therefore, family-oriented educational intervention means providing information to families about various issues or mental disorders and methods of prevention, coping and facing them. The main goal in family-oriented educational interventions is to improve the attitude and change the behavior of family members, especially spouses (10). According to the mentioned materials, the use of effective psychological interventions can provide the ground for the normal social and emotional development of teenagers. However, it should be noted that teenagers should assume professional and social roles upon entering adulthood. Therefore, weakness in effective emotional components such as mental health and weak spiritual vitality can make them face many problems. Therefore, considering the strong role of mental health and spiritual vitality in adolescence and its extensive effects on the personal, social and professional life of adolescents, it is necessary to take appropriate measures to improve this component. At the same time, it is necessary to address the research gap. As such, conducting family-oriented research in order to reduce the psychological and emotional problems of adolescents in the high-risk period of puberty has been largely neglected. Now, considering the research gap (lack of similar research) and considering the effectiveness of family-oriented interventions, the main problem of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of family-oriented spiritual-respectful psychological intervention on the mental health and spiritual vitality of adolescents during puberty. Methods: In order to conduct the present semi-experimental research, which was conducted with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up period, among adolescent boys (13 to 15 years old) present in the first secondary schools of the 5th district of Tehran in the academic year 2018-2019, whose score less than 65 in the mental health questionnaire and less than 70 in the spiritual vitality questionnaire, 25 teenagers were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly divided into two experimental groups (13 people) and control group (12 people). In the following, the samples of the mental health questionnaire of Goldberg and Hiller (1979) which has 28 questions, 14 of which measure psychological well-being and 14 of which measure psychological helplessness in a five-point Likert scale from 0 (completely disagree) to 4 (completely agree) The range of scores is between 0 and 112. Scores lower than 65 indicate the presence of damage in the mental health process of a person (4), and the spiritual vitality scale of Polotzin and Ellison (1982) which has 20 questions, 10 of which are religious health and 10 Another question measures existential health. The range of religious and existential health score is 10-60, each separately. For religious and existential health sub-groups, there is no leveling and judgment is based on the obtained score. The higher the obtained score, the higher the sign of spiritual and existential vitality. The score of spiritual vitality is the sum of these two subgroups, the range of which is 20-120. Answers to the questions were categorized on a six-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. In negative questions, scoring is done in reverse. Obtaining scores less than 70 indicates a person's lack of spiritual vitality. Finally, descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to check the normality of the distribution of variables, Levine's test to check the equality of variances, Mochelli's test to check the assumption of sphericity of the data, and mixed analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to test the research hypothesis. became. Results: According to Table 3, the effect of the factor of group membership (respectful-spiritual family-oriented psychological intervention) on the scores of mental health and spiritual vitality of male adolescents during puberty is significant (p<0.001). The effect size shows that group membership (respective-spiritual family-centered psychological intervention) explains 44 and 42 percent of the difference in mental health and spiritual vitality scores, respectively. Also, the results indicate that the interaction effect of the type of treatment and the time factor on the mental health scores and spiritual vitality of male adolescents during puberty is significant (p<0.001). As the results of Table 4 show, there is a significant difference between the average scores of the pre-test, post-test and follow-up in the variables of mental health and spiritual vitality. This means that family-centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention has been able to significantly change the post-test scores and follow-up mental health and spiritual vitality of adolescent boys in the puberty period compared to the pre-test stage. Another finding of this table showed that there is no significant difference between the average scores of the post-test and follow-up stages. This finding can be explained by the fact that the scores of mental health and spiritual vitality of adolescent boys in the puberty period, which underwent a significant change in the post-test phase, were able to maintain this change during the follow-up period as well. In a summary, it can be stated that family-centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention has been able to lead to a significant change in the mean scores of mental health and spiritual vitality of adolescent boys in the post-test phase, and this effect has maintained its stability in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: The results showed that family-centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention had a significant effect on the mental health and spiritual vitality of male adolescents during puberty and was able to improve the mental health and spiritual vitality of these adolescents. In the present explanation, it can be said that family-oriented psychological intervention improves the management of emotions and feelings (19). Based on this, family-oriented psychological intervention by improving the skills and management of emotions, cognitions and cognitive processing causes adolescents to show better mental health. In addition, during the family-centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention training sessions, parents were taught to familiarize themselves with the psychological, emotional and cognitive characteristics of adolescence and learn ways to establish healthy relationships with adolescents. Such a process made it possible for parents to establish normal psychological and emotional relationships with their children and in this way prevent the occurrence of challenges between them. Based on such a trend, the amount of mental and emotional disturbance of teenagers is reduced and they show better mental health. The second finding showed that family-centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention had an effect on the spiritual vitality of adolescent boys during puberty. In the present explanation, the concepts taught during the sessions should be addressed. First of all, it should be mentioned that family-based education is able to strengthen the communication of family members with each other by promoting the culture of mutual thinking and negotiation, and in this way, it helps to improve the mental, emotional and cognitive health of the people present in the family (25). This process can also prepare the ground for improving the cognitive and emotional processing of children, and in this way, their mental and spiritual vitality increases.  }, Keywords = {Psychological Intervention, Family-Oriented Respectful-Spiritual, Mental Health, Spiritual Vitality, Puberty}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {197-208}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی مداخله روان‌شناختی تکریمی – معنوی خانواده‌محور بر سلامت روان و نشاط معنوی نوجوانان پسر در دوره بلوغ}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: سلامت روانی و نشاط معنوی به‌عنوان فاکتورهای مؤثر در عملکرد روانی، اجتماعی و هیجانی نوجوانان به شمار می‌روند. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تعیین اثربخشی مداخله روان‌شناختی تکریمی- معنوی خانواده‌محور بر سلامت روان و نشاط معنوی نوجوانان پسر در دوره بلوغ بود. روش کار: برای انجام تحقیق نیمه‌آزمایشی حاضر که با طرح پیش‌آزمون- پس‌آزمون با گروه گواه و دوره پیگیری دو ماهه انجام شد از بین نوجوانان پسر دوره بلوغ (13 تا 15 ساله) حاضر در مدارس متوسطه اول منطقه 5 شهر تهران در سال تحصیلی 99-1398 با استفاده از نمونه‌گیری هدفمند 25 نفر انتخاب و به شیوه تصادفی در گروه‌های آزمایش (13 نفر) و گواه (12 نفر) تقسیم شدند. والدین نوجوانان حاضر در گروه آزمایش مداخله روان‌شناختی تکریمی- معنوی خانواده‌محور را طی سه و نیم ماه در 14 جلسه 75 دقیقه‌ای دریافت نموده و تمام آزمودنی­ها پرسشنامه­های‌ سلامت روان (گلدبرگ و هیلر، 1979) و نشاط معنوی (پولوتزین و الیسون، 1982) را تکمیل کردند. نهایتاً از شیوه تحلیل واریانس آمیخته و آزمون تعقیبی بونفرنی جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که مداخله روان‌شناختی تکریمی- معنوی خانواده‌محور بر سلامت روان و نشاط معنوی نوجوانان پسر در دوره بلوغ تأثیر معناداری داشته (001/0>p) و سلامت روان و نشاط معنوی را بهبود داد. نتیجه ­گیری: با توجه به نتایج می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که مداخله روان‌شناختی تکریمی- معنوی خانواده‌محور می‌تواند به‌عنوان یک درمان کارآمد جهت بهبود سلامت روان و نشاط معنوی نوجوانان مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.  }, keywords_fa = {مداخله روان‌شناختی, تکریمی-معنوی خانواده‌محور, سلامت روان, نشاط معنوی, بلوغ}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7622-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7622-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Shokrpourshafiei, Shiva and Khalatbari, Javad and Ghorbanshiroudi, Shohreh}, title = {The Effect of Social Support Components with the Mediating Role of Assertiveness on the Quality of Life of Working Women in Tehran}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The quality of life in terms of people's perception of their position in life and in the cultural context and value system in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations and concerns and including the individual's physical health, psychological health, level of independence and self-adherence. Social relationships, personal beliefs and their relationships with important aspects of the environment and... quality of life is related to the mental evaluation that takes place in the environmental, social and cultural context (2). On the other hand, considering the importance of women's role in the family, and their impact on raising children and the subsequent development of society, the quality of life of working women is of great importance. Therefore, the identification of factors related to the quality of life in different strata of society has always been of interest to researchers, and in this field, various researches have been conducted and various variables have been identified. In this regard, one of the important factors in the quality of life is social support. A person who has social support is aware that there are others who will support him in difficult situations. Certainly, a person who has high social support has less tension in his life and different aspects of his life have a higher quality. In general, social support is one of the components that is of great importance for mental and physical health (4). Daily courage is another important factor related to the quality of life. Bold behavior is an interpersonal behavior that includes honest and relatively honest expression of thoughts and feelings, in a way that is socially appropriate and takes into account the feelings and comfort of others. In general, boldness can be the ability to honestly express opinions, feelings and Knowledgeable attitudes without feeling anxious. Courage also includes defending one's own rights, so that the rights of others are not violated (11). In this regard, in a study by Hodgis (2018) in the study of nursing students, they showed that a higher level of assertiveness is related to a lower level of depression. In such a situation, a person's life is associated with fewer conflicts and chaos and, of course, with a higher level of relaxation and quality (4). Therefore, the researcher is trying to answer the question whether it is possible to predict the quality of life based on the components of social support with the mediating role of assertiveness in working women in Tehran? Methods: In order to conduct the present applied research, which is descriptive and correlational, 500 people were selected as a sample from among the people who worked in Tehran between 1399-1400, and after explaining the purpose of the research, the questionnaires were selected. Gambrill and Reiji's assertiveness and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) complemented Zimmet et al. Finally, the data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and path analysis and AMOS software. Results: According to the results of Table 2 and Figure 1, the coefficient observed at the level of P≥0.01 shows a positive and significant correlation between the components of friends, family and others in women with high quality of life. Examining the fit indices obtained from the structural model test showed that the model has a good fit with the collected data (df = 126, N = 448, df = 414.103, CFI = 0.99, GFI = 0.98, GFI = 0.89). = AGFI and RMSEA = 0.071). Table 1 shows the total and direct path coefficients between research variables in the structural model. According to Table 2, the total effect (sum of direct and indirect effects) of friends, family and others on the quality of life is positive and significant at the 0.01 level (P<0.01, β=0.222). And the total effect of friends, family and others on the quality of life is significant at the level of 0.05. Also, the indirect effect of friends on quality of life is positive and significant at the 0.01 level (P<0.001, β=0.190). The indirect effect of psychological family on quality of life is positive and significant at the 0.01 level (P<0.001, β=0.15). And the indirect effect of others on the quality of life is positive and significant at the 0.01 level (P<0.001, β=0.14). Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the components of social support (friends, family, and others) have a direct and indirect effect on the quality of life of working women in Tehran, and the quality of life can be predicted based on these components. In explaining this finding of the present research on the effect of the quality of life of working women, it can be noted that the difficulties of working at home and outside the home at the same time put additional pressure on working women. Housewives have more opportunities to take care of housework and rest than working women, while working women, in addition to doing household activities, must also be responsible for the tasks and demands of their workplace, so there is less opportunity for them to rest. In such a situation, the work pressure is doubled and of course it reduces the time and energy needed to deal with personal and marital affairs. In general, it seems that stressful and emotional factors in the work environment, especially therapeutic jobs, increase the feeling of irritability and tension in women, and this unwanted group may carry this amount of pressure home with them, which causes women to show signs of distress and show involvement, which naturally reduces the quality of life affected by these troubles (17). On the other hand, family support and other people are positively related to mental and physical health that is evaluated by the individual himself. The family is considered a refuge and a powerful source of support for the individual against changes and plays an important role in how its members deal with stress. and members can have a positive influence on each other in stressful situations. It is possible that working women refrain from expressing their stress and problems to their friends because their friends avoid communicating clearly about stressful factors. Also, working women may ask for help from people who are not able to help them. Also, due to cultural and personal reasons (negative sense of self-identity), most female heads of the household do not want to express their problems to their friends, so they do not receive much help from them (12). In general, social support as a positive factor can increase a person's perception of the quality of life, and as a result, this research has shown that women who have received social support received higher scores in quality of life.  }, Keywords = {Courage, Social Support, Quality of Life, Working Women}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {209-215}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر مؤلفه‌های حمایت اجتماعی با نقش واسطه‌‌ای جرات ورزی بر کیفیت زندگی زنان شاغل شهر تهران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: کیفیت زندگی در وقع ادراک افراد از جایگاه خود در زندگی و در زمینه فرهنگی و سیستم ارزشی که در آن زندگی می­کنند، می­باشد. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تأثیر مؤلفه‌های حمایت اجتماعی با نقش واسطه‌‌ای جرات ورزی بر کیفیت زندگی زنان شاغل شهر تهران بود. روش کار: بدین منظور برای انجام تحقیق کاربردی حاضر که از نوع توصیفی و همبستگی می‌‌باشد. از بین زنانی که از پاییز 99 تا پایان بهار 1400 در مشاغل مختلف شهر تهران مشغول به کار بودند با استفاده از روش نمونه‌‌گیری در دسترس تعداد 500 نفر به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب شده و پرسشنامه‌‌های جرات ورزی، حمایت اجتماعی و کیفیت زندگی را تکمیل کردند. در نهایت داده‌‌ها با استفاده از آزمون همبستگی پیرسون و مدل تحلیل مسیر تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد مؤلفه‌های حمایت اجتماعی به‌صورت غیرمستقیم (به‌واسطه جرات ورزی)، مثبت و معنادار بر کیفیت زندگی زنان شاغل (001/0>P) اثر دارند. نتیجه ­گیری: نتایج تایید کننده نقش مؤلفه‌های حمایت اجتماعی در افزایش کیفیت زندگی زنان شاغل می‌‌باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {جرات ورزی, حمایت اجتماعی, کیفیت زندگی, زنان شاغل}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7641-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7641-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Firoozi, Maryam and Barari, Alireza and AbbassiDaloii, Asieh and Abednatanzi, Hossei}, title = {The Effect of Interval Training and Consumption of Urtica dioica Hydroalcoholic Extract on Heat Shock Protein 70 and Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer in C57 Rats with Melanoma Cancer}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Melanoma, caused by gene mutations of melanocytes, is the most aggressive skin cancer (1). The pathogenesis of melanoma is complex and involves genetic and environmental factors. The increased incidence of melanoma in developed countries is mostly due to excessive exposure to sunlight (ultraviolet light), which is the main risk factor for cutaneous melanoma (2). The interaction of melanoma cells with other cells residing in the tumor microenvironment significantly affects tumor biology such as proliferation, differentiation, and growth (3). Collective action of molecular chaperones is also necessary to maintain cellular homeostasis leading to survival (4). In human cells, stress-induced Hsp70 is expressed in the cytosol of many tumors, where it performs a wide variety of chaperone functions such as folding-unfolding and translocation of polypeptides across cell membranes, cloning and dissociation of protein complexes, and regulation of protein activity (5). High expression of Hsp70 is associated with tumor initiation, progression and survival in various types of cancer (7,8). Molecular studies show that subunits of the HSP70 protein family reduce the stability of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase-inducible protein (CD147) by increasing ubiquitin-proteasome degradation, thereby inhibiting lactate and glycolysis, and ultimately metastasis and cell migration (9). On the other hand, the tendency of melanoma cells to invade distant tissues depends on their interaction with tumor microenvironment cells and the efficiency of the immune response (10). CD147, also known as Basigin, is a highly glycosylated type I membrane protein of the large family of immunoglobulins (11). A previous study has shown that CD147 plays a key role in cell apoptosis (12). In recent years, due to fewer side effects of herbal medicines, the use of plant-derived compounds as anti-cancer drugs has increased significantly. Clinical studies show that nettle species contain compounds that show activity against cancer cells (16,17). Exercise can also reduce the risk of cancer by changing the response of immune factors (18). Wennerberg et al. (2020) found in a breast cancer model that incorporating 30 minutes of treadmill running five days per week during the anti-PD-1/radiotherapy course reduced tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells and increased the infiltration of tumor cells. becomes CD8+ T, which is more useful for the function of immune cells (19). However, in Crosby et al.'s (2021) research, there was no statistically significant change in quality of life, fatigue, physical performance, cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, psychological distress, cognitive performance, or treatment-related side effects compared to physical activity or exercise (20). Previous reports have shown the antitumor activity of nettle in various human malignancies, such as breast, lung, and prostate cancers (17,22). However, despite the therapeutic benefits of nettle plant, the effects of nettle extract on changes in immune and growth factors in melanoma cancer are not clear. Considering the therapeutic benefits of nettle plant as well as the positive effect of exercise in reducing the effect of interval training and consumption of Urtica dioica hydroalcoholic extract on Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (CD147) in C57 rats with melanoma cancer. Methods: In this experimental study, 20 C57 rats were randomly divided into four groups include control (cancer), Urtica dioica (cancer), and Urtica dioica - interval training (cancer). One week after the induction of melanoma cancer, the experimental group consumed 30 mg/kg/day nettle ethanol extract orally for 8 weeks. The interval exercise program included running on a treadmill 60 minutes at a speed of 28 meters per minute, five days a week for six weeks. The HSP70 and CD147 ranks were measured by Real time PCR. The data were analyzed and analyzed by One -way variance analysis and the Toky's test at the p<0.05. Results: The results showed that interval training, Urtica dioica hydroalcoholic extract and interval training with Urtica dioica hydroalcoholic extract consumption led to significant increase in the amount of HSP70 and significant decrease in the amount of CD147 in C57 rats with melanoma cancer (P<0.001). Conclusion: The findings of the present research show that interval training led to a significant increase in the level of heat shock protein 70 and a significant decrease in the level of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in C57 mice with melanoma cancer. The findings of the present research are consistent with some results of previous studies (19,25). HSP70 induction depends on exercise intensity. High-intensity exercise has a greater effect on stimulating heat shock reactions (26). It seems that one of the effective mechanisms of exercise training on the levels of heat shock proteins is the increase in body temperature and the occurrence of oxidative stress during physical activity, which can be the reason for the increase of these markers after exercise. One of the important mechanisms of CD147 effect in promoting cancer metastasis is the metabolic regulation of the tumor microenvironment through interaction with specific MCTs, such as MCT4, which helps to facilitate lactate transport and tumor glycolysis (29,30). Little is known about the regulation of heat shock proteins in CD147 expression. In one study, it was shown that the reduction of the HSP70 protein family was associated with the increase of CD147 protein expression in human cancer cell tumors, suggesting that the negative regulation of the HSP70 protein family maybe It can increase the migration of cancer cells by upregulating CD147. This hypothesis is supported by findings that the HSP70 protein family negatively regulates the abundance and membrane expression of CD147 protein in cancer cells (9). Also, the results of our study show that nettle hydroalcoholic consumption led to a significant increase in the level of heat shock protein 70 and a significant decrease in the level of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in C57 mice with melanoma cancer. Stinging nettle extract may exert biological anticancer activities through various mechanisms, including antioxidant and antimutagenic properties, induction or inhibition of key processes in cellular metabolism, and the ability to activate apoptotic pathways (17). The most likely explanation for the significant anticancer effect of nettle is its content of flavonoids and other known molecules and/or as yet unknown substances. In addition, the findings of our study show that interval training with the consumption of nettle hydroalcoholic significantly led to a further decrease in the level of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in C57 mice with melanoma cancer. Therefore, it is possible that intermittent exercises in combination with nettle hydroalcoholic consumption may lead to a more effective regulation of immune factors in melanoma cancer, but a definitive statement requires more research in this field. The main strength of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of several interventions to identify the best intervention. The current approach results in more informed decisions. There were also limitations in the present research, among which we can point out the small number of samples in the present research, therefore, a similar study with the measurement of these indicators in a high number of samples is suggested. It is also suggested that similar research be done by measuring immune growth factors following other exercise protocols. The results of the present study showed that interval training, nettle hydroalcoholic consumption and interval training combined with nettle hydroalcoholic consumption were associated with a significant increase in heat shock protein 70 and a significant decrease in extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in C57 mice with melanoma cancer. Therefore, it seems that intermittent exercises and nettle hydroalcoholic consumption can help regulate growth and immune factors in melanoma cancer.  }, Keywords = {Melanoma, Intermittent exercise, Urtica dioica hydroalcoholic, Heat shock protein 70, Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {216-226}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر یک دوره تمرین تناوبی و مصرف هیدرو الکلی گزنه بر پروتئین شوک گرمایی 70 و القاء کننده متالوپروتئیناز ماتریکس خارج سلولی در موش‌های C57 مبتلا به سرطان ملانوما}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: پیشنهاد شده است که درمان هدفمند عوامل رشد و ایمنی ممکن است منجر به مهار مؤثرتری از تکثیر و عود تومور در سرطان ملانوما شود. هدف این پژوهش بررسی تأثیر یک دوره تمرین تناوبی و مصرف هیدرو الکلی گزنه بر پروتئین شوک گرمایی 70 (HSP70) و القاء کننده متالوپروتئیناز ماتریکس خارج سلولی (CD147) در موش‌های C57 مبتلا به سرطان ملانوما بود. روش کار: در این تحقیق تجربی، 20 سر موش C57 به صورت تصادفی به چهار گروه کنترل (سرطانی)، تمرین (سرطانی)، گزنه (سرطانی) و تمرین – گزنه (سرطانی) تقسیم شدند. یک هفته پس از القا سرطان ملانوما، عصاره اتانولی گیاه گزنه به میزان mg/kg 30 به مدت هشت هفته مصرف کردند. برنامه تمرین تناوبی شامل دویدن روی تردمیل هر جلسه 60 دقیقه با سرعت 28 متر بر دقیقه، پنج روز هفته و به مدت شش هفته اجرا شد. میزان بیان ژن HSP70 و CD147 موش­ها به روش RT-PCR اندازه­گیری شد. داده­ها به روش تحلیل واریانس یک­طرفه و آزمون تعقیبی توکی در سطح معنی­داری P<0.05 تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته­ ها: نتایج نشان داد که تمرینات تناوبی، مصرف هیدرو الکلی گزنه و تمرینات تناوبی به همراه مصرف هیدرو الکلی گزنه منجر به افزایش معنی‌دار میزان HSP70 و کاهش معنی‌دار میزان CD147 در موش‌های C57 مبتلا به سرطان ملانوما شد (001/0>P). نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج، به نظر می­رسد تمرینات تناوبی و مصرف هیدرو الکلی گزنه بتواند به ​​تنظیم عوامل رشد و ایمنی در سرطان ملانوما کمک کند.  }, keywords_fa = {سرطان ملانوما, تمرین تناوبی, عصاره گزنه, پروتئین شوک گرمایی 70, القاء کننده متالوپروتئیناز ماتریکس خارج سلولی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7640-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7640-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Safari, Sana and Jannesar, Hadi}, title = {Identifying the Effective Components on Professional Competencies of Faculty Members in the Distance Learning Platform}, abstract ={Background & Aims: This study aims to identify the effective components on professional competencies of faculty members in a distance education platform.Today universities compete in multi-dimensional markets (national and international student, research, enterprise) they are required to maintain solvency and comply with benchmarks and legal frameworks, to produce high quality research work, keep student consumers happy, produce good graduates—the list of imperatives grows. Since the role of higher education is decisive in economic, social, technological and cultural development of the country and the specialized manpower required by different sectors are trained by higher education. Therefore, the strengthening and development of higher education is the basis for the development of other sectors. Among these, one of the main and important factors of the country education system are faculty members. So, their ability and competencies have a direct impact on the performance of higher education.  New missions in the university system and understanding the multi-semantic concept of the university have always been the necessity of paying attention to the subject of faculty members by policy makers and higher education managers. Therefore, the reaction of universities to the issue of faculty members' competencies as one of the main assets of the university has always become an attractive and significant subject in academic circles, so that over time universities and higher education institutions have found that they need programs that essentially help them in managing, developing and improving this capital. This attention comes at a time when confrontation with the developing global economy, global communication through new technologies and systems, the growth of higher education costs, the emergence of new knowledge and research capabilities, the rise of global education and literacy, and the emergence of trans-competitiveness in the fields of higher education have made it inevitable to increase organizational efficiency for universities and higher education centers. Experts believe that faculty members' quality and competence level is one of the important factors in students' success. Therefore, lack of necessary skills and competencies by professors can affect the faculty members and students' performance. Given the importance of the subject over the past decade, the study of faculty members' competencies, especially at the graduate level, has been considered by many researchers in the field of education, teaching and professional development. The importance of this issue is that the students' fate depends on their professors and their level of competence in various fields. Competencies refer to a person's knowledge, skills, abilities, or personality traits that directly affect his or her job performance. The concept of competency has a long history in the field of management and is more applicable to leaders and managers. Competency is a combination of explicit and implicit knowledge, behavior, and skills that give individuals the potential and capacity to perform tasks effectively. The current situation of the country's universities, which with the increasing demand for higher education and increasing degree of degree, along with the increasing tendency of the private and semi-private sector to establish universities and higher education institutions, often of poor quality, can have a negative impact on university faculty performance. Criticisms such as the reduction of quality, the incompatibility of university output with the needs of the labor market, business and the sacrifice of education and research, have targeted these organizations with severe criticism that the lack of attention to it at the micro level, A number of undocumented and unqualified citizens want to occupy top positions at the macro level and will slow down the process of moving towards sustainable development. What are the qualifications of faculty members to affect the development of the distance education system and how vital and sensitive the contribution of each factor is an issue that will be studied in the present study. Currently, one of the most important challenges facing Iran's higher education is the little and brief development of faculty members of universities. The present study seeks to identify the components affecting the professional competencies of faculty members in the context of distance education in order to consider them in policy making and planning to improve the quality of human resource development. Methods: The research design is descriptive survey. The qualitative section was used to deduce the model. In the quantitative stage, the Delphi method based on experts’ judgement was used to indexing the model. The statistical population (N=190) in this research was the faculty members of Payam Noor University of Khorasan Razavi who were selected and navigated based on Krejcie and Morgan (1970) Table of determining sample size (N=120). The data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire that was edited and modified in several stages. The validity of the questionnaire was measured through construct validity and its reliability was calculated through Chorenbach α (94%) Obtained. Based on literature and research history, the components were identified. The identified and effective components on professional competencies of faculty members including knowledge, skills, behavior, attitudes and sub-factors are relevant to each factor.In this paper, recent articles, theses and sources were studied and 120 items related to the professional competencies of faculty members, were extracted and given to the experts in the first stage. Out of this number, 20 items with standard deviations above one and below average were removed based on analysis.In the second stage, the items were examined for re-examination in the form of a questionnaire by 15 experts. In the second stage, 93 items, out of 110, were finally approved. The professional competency questionnaire of the faculty members has construct validity based on the experts’ view and the reliability of the questionnaire was determined to be 0.943. Results: To find the effective fundamental variables which affect e-learning, the Delphi method was used. The effectiveness of knowledge factor (0.314), skill factor (0.219), behavior factor (0.125) and attitude factor (0.255) were obtained. In this study, knowledge factor with specific value (6.66) and explained variance (12.40) had the highest share among factors affecting faculty members' competencies. Cultural knowledge with factor load (0.80), computer literacy with factor load (0.78), information literacy with factor load (0.75) and job knowledge with factor load (0.70) are the most effective variables of knowledge factor, respectively. According to the obtained results, it can be stated that the highest value is related to knowledge dimension and the lowest value is related to behavior dimension. Conclusion: The value of human resources capital in the development and use of main competencies and capabilities cannot be underestimated. For maintaining and following developments in human resources’ tasks and functions, experts in human resource must acquire and develop a new set of competencies to complete their changing roles and responsibilities.  Developing learning culture, improving communication channels, developing team skills and creating an organizational climate combined with meaningful feeling, competence, independence, trust and participation can play an important role in promoting faculty members' performance.  }, Keywords = {Competency, Faculty Members, Distance Education, Knowledge, Skills, Behavior, Attitude}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {227-241}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {شناسایی مؤلفه‌های مؤثر بر شایستگی‌های حرفه‌ای اعضای هیئت‌علمی در بستر آموزش از دور (مطالعه موردی: دانشگاه پیام نور)}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: ارتقا کیفیت دانشگاه‌ها ارتباط مستقیم با عملکرد اعضای هیئت‌علمی دانشگاه‌ها دارد. هدف از این پژوهش شناسایی مؤلفه‌های مؤثر بر شایستگی‌های حرفه‌ای اعضای هیئت‌علمی در بستر آموزش از دور بوده است. روش‌ کار: روش پژوهش توصیفی از نوع پیمایشی می‌باشد. در بخش کیفی برای استنباط مدل از روش فراترکیب استفاده شد. در مرحله کمی نیز برای برازش مدل از شاخص‌های برازندگی بهره گرفته شده است. جامعه آماری در این پژوهش اساتید هیئت‌علمی دانشگاه پیام نور استان خراسان رضوی (تعداد 190) بوده است که بر اساس جدول مورگان حجم نمونه 120 نفر انتخاب و پیمایش صورت گرفت. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها پرسشنامه محقق ساخته بوده است که در چندین مرحله ویرایش و اصلاح شده است. روایی پرسشنامه از طریق روایی سازه و پایایی پرسشنامه از طریق آلفای کرونباخ (94%) به دست آمد. بر اساس ادبیات و پیشینه پژوهش مؤلفه‌ها شناسایی و برای پی بردن به متغیرهای زیربنایی عوامل اثرگذار بر آموزش الکترونیکی از فن دلفی استفاده شد. مؤلفه‌های شناسایی شده شامل دانش، مهارت، رفتار، نگرش و زیر مؤلفه‌های مربوط به هر عامل بودند. بر اساس نتایج دلفی چهار عامل مشخص شده با تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی و تاییدی مورد آزمون قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: میزان تأثیرگذاری عامل دانش 314/0 و عامل مهارت 219/0، عامل رفتار 125/0 و عامل نگرش 255/0 به دست آمده است. در این پژوهش عامل دانش با مقدار ویژه 66/6 و واریانس تبیین شده 40/12 بیشترین سهم را در بین عوامل مؤثر بر شایستگی‌های اعضای هیئت‌علمی دارد و دانش فرهنگی با بار عاملی 0.80، سواد رایانه‌ای با بار عاملی 78/0، سواد اطلاعاتی با بار عاملی 75/0 و دانش شغلی با بار عاملی 70/0 به ترتیب به عنوان مؤثرترین متغیرهای عامل دانش محسوب می‌شوند. با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده می‌توان عنوان کرد که بیشترین مقدار مربوط به بعد دانش و کمترین مقدار مربوط به بعد رفتار می‌باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: توسعه فرهنگ یادگیری، بهبود کانال‌های ارتباطی، توسعه مهارت‌های تیمی و ایجاد جو سازمانی توام با احساس معناداری، شایستگی، استقلال و اعتماد و مشارکت می‌تواند در ارتقای عملکرد اعضای هیئت‌علمی نقش بسزایی ایفا نماید.}, keywords_fa = {شایستگی اعضای هیئت‌علمی, آموزش از دور, دانش, مهارت, رفتار, نگرش}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6574-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6574-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Sabouri, Haleh and Zarei, Eghbal and Samavi, Abdolvahab and AmirFakhraei, Azit}, title = {The study of Changes in Quality of Life and Mental Well-being with an Acceptance and Commitment-based Treatment Approach}, abstract ={Background & Aims: People who report low psychological well-being due to the experience of unpleasant emotions and negative evaluation of life events affect their level of commitment in married life and lead to a tendency to betrayal. Given that the conditions underlying betrayal are provided among students and due to the consequences of the tendency to betrayal in the young generation, identify the factors associated with it and on the other hand study specific treatment approaches in this field that their effectiveness in different samples It has been shown to be an effective step in reducing the tendency to betray. People who report low psychological well-being due to the experience of unpleasant emotions and negative evaluation of life events affect their level of commitment in married life and their quality of life. This study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment on psychological well-being and quality of life in married students with a tendency to infidelity. Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental study with an expanded research design (pretest-posttest with two experimental groups and a control group). The statistical population in this study included all married students aged 20-47 years with an average age of 33.5 studying in the Sirjan University in the number of 700 people. Available sampling method was used to select married students with a tendency to betrayal. In the first stage, in order to determine the cut-off point, considering that the scores of the questionnaires are in the range, 30 married students aged 20-47, studying in technical and humanities colleges, were randomly selected as a pilot and then they were asked to Complete the questionnaires of attitudes toward betrayal, psychological well-being and quality of life. After calculating the scores of these thirty people and estimating the mean and standard deviation of the components, the cut-off score was defined. In other words, the cut-off score was found to be two standard deviations above the mean in the attitude to betrayal attitude scale and one standard deviation below the average of the pilot group in the welfare scale. Then, in the first phase of the study, 500 couples aged 47-20 years were selected by convenience sampling method and the attitude toward infidelity questionnaire was administered as the first screening. A total of 183 people who obtained a cut-off score in the Betrayal Attitude Questionnaire were selected and entered the second stage of screening and completed the Psychological Well-Being and Quality of Life Questionnaire. Then, 45 of them were randomly selected and randomly assigned to two groups (experimental group and control group). It should be noted that the members completed the profile form containing the contact number to coordinate the meeting, the location of the meetings, completing the questionnaires in the post-test and follow-up phase, as well as the informed consent form to participate in the research. The two experimental groups underwent 8 sessions of two two-hour sessions (once a week) at the Sirjan Branch of Azad University in the second semester of 1997-98. At the end of the sessions, members of all three groups completed the questionnaire as a post-test. In order to remind up to three months, one session was held for the experimental groups every month and after three months in the follow-up phase, they completed the welfare questionnaire. ACT treatment courses were performed in 8 2-hour group sessions per week for experimental groups. For data collection, the short form of Reef Psychological Well-Being and Quality of Life Questionnaire of the World Health Organization was used. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance and Beferroni post hoc test. Results: Based on the results, the difference between the adjusted means of the two groups in the variables of psychological well-being and quality of life and its dimensions in the post-test and follow-up stages compared to the pre-test stage was statistically significant (p≤0.05). The findings also showed that there were significant changes in psychological well-being scores and quality of life in the post-test and follow-up stages in the ACT group. Conclusion: These findings indicate the usefulness of ACT treatment on psychological well-being and quality of life in married people with a tendency to betrayal. These findings can be promising in planning preventive and therapeutic interventions. However, more controlled studies are needed in this area. This research, like any other research, had limitations in generalizing and interpreting the results as follows. In acceptance and commitment therapy, the emphasis is on increasing the individual's desire to experience internal events as they are. Here, the goal was to help people experience the thought of betrayal only as a thought and instead of responding to it by doing what it is. Life is important for him and in line with his values, that is, the existence of a thought with the content of betrayal was not an issue in itself, but the main issue was the person's attempt to respond to the betrayal thought (ie the act of betrayal). Horror events (such as thoughts of betrayal) are what is called psychological resilience. When a person constantly reminds himself that his life in the present moment requires a behavioral effort in line with goals and values and not focusing on disturbing and imposed thoughts, no doubt reducing the focus on the intensity and frequency of thoughts. Will also be reduced One of the main consequences of the end of this process is to improve the quality of life. Acceptance and commitment therapy enhances the level of psychological flexibility and it is believed that if people have the appropriate psychological flexibility, they can easily overcome their psychological and even social problems. When every human being is trapped in psychological inflexibility, the quality of life declines because the person feels trapped in a context in which valuable things are replaced by thoughts and efforts focused on avoiding worry and negative thoughts. Will not have a favorable living conditions. Continuing a negative assessment of living conditions that are accompanied by inflexible behaviors will simply weaken the quality of life in people. From this perspective, it is natural for married people with a tendency to betrayal to feel that their quality of psychological and social life is poor and undesirable, but when they entered the process of commitment and acceptance of treatment, they learned this type of treatment by relying on metaphorical techniques. To spend less energy on experiential avoidance and instead focus their energy on more flexible behaviors. This path to self-transformation and life in the end provided the basis for improving the quality of life of married students. In this study, compassion-focused therapy increased the quality of mental, social and physical life of the subjects. Creating a non-judgmental, compassionate, flexible and moment-by-moment relationship using mindfulness techniques in interpersonal relationships of couples with the potential for infidelity can Useful forms of mindfulness and creating a satisfied view in people caused them to enjoy their existing relationships and use all their efforts in the marital relationship environment based on value-based goals and thus the quality of their psychological and social life.}, Keywords = {Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Psychological well-being, Quality of life}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {242-253}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی تغییرات سطح کیفیت زندگی و بهزیستی روانی با رویکرد درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: افرادی که بهزیستی روانشناختی پایینی را گزارش می­کنند به دلیل تجربه هیجانات ناخوشایند و ارزیابی منفی  رویدادهای زندگی بر میزان کیفیت زندگی آنها تأثیر می­گذارد. این پژوهش با هدف اثربخشی درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر بهزیستی روانشناختی و کیفیت زندگی اجرا شد. روش کار: طرح تحقیق از نوع نیمه آزمایشی بود. جامعه آماری شامل دانشجویان متأهل مشغول به تحصیل در سال تحصیلی 1398-1397 دانشگاه آزاد سیرجان نفر بود. با استفاده از روش نمونه­گیری در دسترس تعداد 500 نفر انتخاب و بعد از دو مرحله غربالگری، تعداد 30 نفرکه نمره برش را کسب نمودند به شکل تصادفی در دو گروه 15 نفره (آزمایش و کنترل) قرار گرفتند. دوره­ی درمانی پذیرش و تعهد طی 8 جلسه 2 ساعته به صورت هفتگی برای گروه­ آزمایش اجرا شد. برای جمع داده­ها از فرم کوتاه پرسشنامه بهزیستی روانشناختی ریف و کیفیت زندگی سازمان بهداشت جهانی استفاده شد. داده­ها از طریق تحلیل واریانس با اندازه­گیری مکرر و آزمون تعقیبی بنفرونی تحلیل شدند. یافته ­ها: بر اساس نتایج، تفاوت میانگین­های تعدیل شده دو گروه در متغییر بهزیستی روانشناختی و کیفیت زندگی و ابعاد آن، در مرحله پس آزمون و پیگیری نسبت به مرحله پیش آزمون از لحاظ آماری معناداربود. همچنین یافته­ها نشان دادند نمرات بهزیستی روانشناختی و کیفیت زندگی در مرحله پس آزمون و پیگیری در گروه پذیرش و تعهد تغییرات معناداری داشته است.  نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های مذکور گویای سودمندی درمان پذیرش و تعهد بر بهزیستی روانشناختی و کیفیت زندگی است. این یافته­ها می­تواند در طرح­ریزی مداخلات پیشگیرانه و درمانی امید بخش باشد.}, keywords_fa = {درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد, بهزیستی روانشناختی, کیفیت زندگی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6902-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6902-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {GhobadiLamooki, Leyla and Salehi, Mohammad and SaffariyanHamedani, Saee}, title = {Presenting a Paradoxical Cognitive Strategy Model on Human Resource Agility}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Educational organizations are one of the main pillars in human society and the development and survival of societies depends on the good performance of these organizations. Universities are among the social systems. In which real power arises from recognizing patterns of change, measuring and seizing opportunities. In this type of environment, human resources need many competencies for survival, because they operate in an atmosphere of confusion, uncertainty and instability due to the complexities of the environment. What is defined as situations of multiplicity and contradiction is pressure, anxiety, unhappiness, or responding to difficult situations and ultimately responding appropriately to difficult choices in order for the organization to grow and prosper. In these circumstances, identifying cognitive strategies leads to increased organizational performance. And while reducing the emotions caused by dealing with paradoxical phenomena, tensions and ambiguities arising from thinking and expressing organizational experiences, manpower agility by creating a balance between influential factors such as Cognitive abilities, an emotion that reinforces a positive attitude in employees to confront the organization with a turbulent environment to increase productivity and consequently a competitive advantage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of paradoxical cognitive strategy on human resource agility. Methods: In this mixed research (qualitative-quantitative), in the qualitative section, the statistical population was selected from among the professors of universities in Mazandaran province in 2020 and the information was obtained through purposeful sampling and interviews. Semi-structured items were collected considering the theoretical saturation law. In a small part of the statistical population consisting of heads of units, faculties, deputy heads of units, faculty members and all administrative, educational, research, financial and student officials, 341 people using stratified random sampling method and based on Cochran's formula 181 people were selected as a statistical sample. Also, the validity of the researcher-made questionnaire in this section was confirmed by the content and structure and the reliability of the questionnaires was estimated and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha 0.91 and 0.94, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS and lisrel 8.8 software. Results: The results showed that paradoxical cognitive strategies have a positive and significant effect on human resource agility. The results also showed that the elements and components of the paradoxical cognitive strategy are effective in manpower agility of 38% in the free universities of Mazandaran. Conclusion: In general, it can be acknowledged that the human resources in the university should accept the paradoxes, understand and avoid the potential for anxiety in order to strengthen the defensive responses that prevent the rapid and adaptable agility of the human resources. Slowly Educational organizations are one of the main pillars in human society and the development and survival of societies depends on the good performance of these organizations. Universities are among the social systems. In which real power arises from recognizing patterns of change, measuring and seizing opportunities. In this type of environment, human resources need many competencies for survival, because they operate in an atmosphere of confusion, uncertainty and instability due to the complexities of the environment. Organizational complexity shows the degree of differentiation within the different elements of the organization, and in the current situation, unprecedented, dynamic and nonlinear changes in the environment of organizations have increased. Changes that have led to unexpected, unforeseen and surprising issues. Organizations have to increase their internal complexities to cope with these complexities. Increasing internal complexities create the ground for the emergence of puzzles, multiplicities and contradictions in the organization that can not be eliminated due to external and internal dynamics of organizations. In addition, organizations pursue contradictory results in order to survive and maintain themselves in the competitive arena. What is defined as situations of multiplicity and contradiction is pressure, anxiety, unhappiness, or responding to difficult situations and ultimately responding appropriately to difficult choices in order for the organization to grow and prosper. Paradoxes are paradoxical yet interconnected elements that exist simultaneously and persist over time; These elements are logical when considered individually, but seem irrational, inconsistent, and tolerable when put together. Theorists have turned their attention to how to withstand the stresses hidden in paradoxes, because it is very difficult to constantly balance or create the desired level that relieves stress. Practical perspectives on conflicting stresses show that stresses are created at the micro level where individuals face stresses over identity, conflicting roles, and performance expectations. What is defined as stressful situations is the stress caused by physical, emotional, and psychological conditions resulting from prolonged engagement with difficult emotional conditions that gradually accumulate over time and, as a combination of unstable emotions, the inability to cope. Relaxation, feelings of discomfort, loneliness, sleep problems, excessive smoking, high blood pressure and gastrointestinal disorders are experienced. In these situations, identifying cognitive strategies with the ability to understand and express emotions as much as possible, self-regulation, self-awareness, spontaneity and social ability all lead to increased organizational performance. And while reducing the emotions caused by dealing with paradoxical phenomena, tensions and ambiguities created by thinking and expressing organizational experiences, manpower agility by creating a balance between influential factors such as capabilities Cognitive, the emotion that strengthens the positive attitude of employees to confront the organization with the turbulent environment to increase productivity and consequently provides a competitive advantage. In other words, the role of psychological beliefs allows people with high levels of perception of emotional abilities to be able to deal with paradoxical stress, report less perceived stress, and job satisfaction, feelings. They should be more successful and motivated. So, the cognitive strategy of paradox can be considered from social, psychological and medical dimensions, because in recent years in the country, there are moves to pay attention to the effect of psychological therapies in reducing stress. And a number of occupational counselors, psychologists, psychotherapists and psychiatrists in counseling clinics use coping techniques.  }, Keywords = {Cognitive strategy, Paradox, Manpower agility}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {254-262}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارائه مدل استراتژی‌های شناختی و منطقی کنترل پارادوکس بر چابکی نیروی انسانی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: عدم شناخت رفتار پارادوکس­ها، تقلیل چابکی ذهن، عدم انعطاف­پذیری فردی و سازمانی، کاهش بهره­وری و کاهش حس وحدت منابع انسانی را در بر دارد. بنابراین هدف از پژوهش حاضر تأثیر استراتژی­ شناختی پارادوکس بر چابکی نیروی انسانی بود. روش کار: در این پژوهش آمیخته، در بخش کیفی، انتخاب جامعه آماری از بین اساتید دانشگاه­های استان مازندران در سال 1399 به تعداد 10 نفر صورت گرفته و اطلاعات از طریق اجرای مصاحبه­های نیمه ساختار یافته با در نظر گرفتن قانون اشباع نظری گردآوری گردید. در بخش کمی جامعه آماری متشکل از روسا واحدها، دانشکده­ها، معاونین واحدها، اعضای هیات علمی و کلیه مسئولین اداری به تعداد 341 نفر که براساس فرمول کوکران تعداد 181 نفر به عنوان نمونه آماری انتخاب شده­اند. روایی پرسشنامه محقق ساخته به­ صورت محتوی و سازه تأیید و پایایی پرسشنامه­ها نیز از طریق آلفای کرونباخ 91/0 و برآورد و مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار spss21  و lisrel8.8 تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد که استراتژی شناختی پارادوکس بر چابکی نیروی انسانی تأثیرگذاری مثبت و معناداری دارد. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که عناصر و مؤلفه­های استراتژی شناختی پارادوکس در چابکی نیروی انسانی 38 درصد در دانشگاه­های آزاد مازندران مؤثر است. نتیجه ­گیری: به طور کلی می­توان اذعان داشت که نیروی انسانی در دانشگاه باید پارادوکس­ها را پذیرفته، درک کرده و از پتانسیل اضطراب در جهت تقویت پاسخ­های دفاعی که مانع از چابکی سریع و سازگار نیروی انسانی می­شود خودداری کند.  }, keywords_fa = {استراتژی شناختی, پارادوکس, چابکی نیروی انسانی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7385-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7385-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {GhorbaniNasrabadi, Zahra and Samiei, Roohallah and Aghajani, Tahmoores}, title = {The Role of Behavioral and Structural Factors in the Development of Knowledge-Based Human Resources in The University of Medical Sciences of One Country}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The rapid development of organizations is highly dependent on the development of knowledge, technology and information and one of the basic and important components for the development of any organization is the knowledge and science in the organization. In knowledge-based and leading organizations, human resources are the most important asset of the organization and the realization of assigned goals and missions and gaining superiority is closely related to the competence and capability of human resources. On the other hand, today behavioral issues play an important role in various human fields. Behaviors can have desirable functions in organizational areas and lead to improved organizational status in various fields, including knowledge. Structural factors are one of the factors that can analyze organizational phenomena and management and psychology in people based on them. Structural factors are paths, channels and vessels in which organizational processes and operations are ongoing and have been formed and almost fixed during organizational changes and include components such as organizational structure, methods improvement, mechanized information system, payment system, Selection and employment, job appointment and promotion and performance appraisal. In this regard, one of the important issues in today's environment is the development of knowledge-based human resources. Due to its relationship with community health, the University of Medical Sciences needs to share as much knowledge and use efficient methods in providing quality services, reduce health costs, and meet the needs of clients in a timely manner. New information management and establishment of human resource system is knowledge-based and ultimately knowledge management. Lack of establishment of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences, on the one hand can reduce the motivation and job satisfaction of employees and consequently reduce the efficiency and effectiveness of the health system. On the other hand, the lack of a knowledge-based human resources system can prevent the formation of smart networks and knowledge sharing professions, the departure of experienced and specialized personnel from the university, weak creativity and organizational innovation, and weaken participation and team spirit. Lack of attention to behavioral and structural issues for the development of human resources, especially in the University of Medical Sciences, has caused a great deal of readiness to develop knowledge-based human resources in this university. These ambiguities have led to the lack of operational solutions for the development of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences. Therefore, the aim of this study was to the role of behavioral and structural factors in the development of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences of one country. Methods: The research method is descriptive correlation which was applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study included all managers and experts of the University of Medical Sciences in one country (150 people) who were selected as sample. The method of data collection in the present study was field. The instruments of the present study included 3 questionnaires of knowledge-based human resource development, behavioral factors questionnaire and structural factors questionnaire. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 professors and the construct validity was examined based on confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire based on Cronbach's coefficient of score is 0.82, respectively; 0.86 and 0.85 were obtained. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (structural equations with partial least squares approach) with PLS and SPSS software have been used. Results: The results showed that the model of the effect of behavioral and structural factors on the development of knowledge-based human resources has the necessary and desirable fit. Also, according to the research findings, behavioral factors have an effect on the development of knowledge-based human resources by 0.601 and structural factors have an effect on the development of knowledge-based human resources by 0.304. Conclusion: The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research. Knowledge-based human resources can have the necessary efficiency in forming a competitive advantage in any environment and organization. Organizations are witnessing the arrival of new forces that have different demands and expectations from previous generations of workers. These people try to reach a logical solution to organizational problems and issues with their comprehensive knowledge of the issues around them. There was a fact in the past that knowledge-based people do not fit well with the context of Iranian organizations, and it was observed that the confrontation between the forces of students and other forces that are in the majority, in major organizations cause intellectual conflict and sometimes unpleasant psychological dimensions to knowledge. In most organizations, the effort to stabilize and maintain the status quo prevailed over the effort for dynamism and change, and leadership did not have a high position alongside coaching, which is a basic need of knowledge-based forces. Other issues in organizations were worn-out structures and bureaucracies in them, which combined with the low quality and quantity of information access tools posed many problems for knowledge-based forces. Today, attention to knowledge-based human resources is one of the important pillars of organizations. The results of the present study showed that behavioral factors have significant effect on the development of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences of one country. Improving behavioral factors can provide the basis for the development of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences in one country. The results of the present study also showed that structural factors have a significant impact on the development of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences of a country. So that the improvement of structural factors can provide the basis for the development of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences. In today's turbulent world and complex competitive environment, the existence of knowledge and knowledge-based human resources as a valuable, strategic and assuring resource is a superior strength for organizations. The knowledge of employees about their country's market in terms of language, legal system, international market information and business operations is obvious. Today, organizations are trying to become knowledge-based. They are using their brains more than their hands and the need to use knowledge is increasing. The increasing importance of knowledge in modern organizations has necessitated the need to focus on knowledge management as an organizational asset. In the meantime, knowledge-based employees are of far greater importance; Because they are the bearers of tacit knowledge of organizations. The University of Medical Sciences, as one of the important centers of the country, must always have an experienced human resource in order to succeed. Knowledge-based human resources in this university can meet the needs of this university in the field of expert manpower as well as sufficient knowledge. It seems to Behavioral factors play a greater role than structural factors in the development of knowledge-based human resources in medical universities.  }, Keywords = {knowledge-based, behavioral, Structural, Medical sciences}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {263-271}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {نقش عوامل رفتاری و ساختاری در توسعه منابع انسانی دانش محور در دانشگاه علوم پزشکی منطقه یک کشور}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: دانشگاه علوم پزشکی به عنوان یکی از مراکز مهم کشور می­بایستی همواره در جهت کسب موفقیت از نیروی انسانی خبره و باتجربه برخوردار باشد. تحقیق حاضر با هدف نقش عوامل رفتاری و ساختاری در توسعه منابع انسانی دانش محور در دانشگاه علوم پزشکی منطقه یک کشور طراحی و اجرا گردید. روش کار: روش تحقیق توصیفی همبستگی است که از لحاظ هدف، کاربردی بود. جامعه آماری تحقیق شامل کلیه مدیران و کارشناسان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی منطقه یک کشور بودند که بر اساس روش نمونه­گیری تمام شمار تعداد 150 نفر به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. روش گردآوری اطلاعات در تحقیق حاضر به صورت میدانی بود. ابزار تحقیق حاضر شامل 3 پرسشنامه محقق ساخته توسعه منابع انسانی دانش محور، پرسشنامه عوامل رفتاری و پرسشنامه عوامل ساختاری بوده است. روایی صوری و محتوی پرسشنامه توسط 10 نفر از اساتید تایید و روایی سازه نیز بر اساس تحلیل عاملی تاییدی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. پایایی پرسشنامه نیز بر اساس ضریب آفای کرونباخ به ترتیب برابر با 82/0؛ 86/0 و 85/0 بدست آمد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از آمار توصیفی و آمار استنباطی (معادلات ساختاری با رویکرد حداقل مربعات جزئی) با نرم افزارPLS  و SPSS استفاده شده است. یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد مدل اثرگذاری عوامل رفتاری و ساختاری بر توسعه منابع انسانی دانش محور دارای برازش لازم و مطلوب می باشد. همچنین عوامل رفتاری بر توسعه منابع انسانی دانش محور به میزان 601/0 و عوامل ساختاری بر توسعه منابع انسانی دانش محور تاثیری به میزان 304/0 اثر دارد. نتیجه­ گیری: به نظر می­رسد عوامل رفتاری نسبت به عوامل ساختاری در جهت توسعه منابع انسانی دانش محور در دانشگاه­های علوم پزشکی نقش بیشتری دارند.  }, keywords_fa = {دانش محور, رفتاری, ساختاری, علوم پزشکی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6823-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6823-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {EsmaeliZamanabad, Maryam}, title = {Investigating the Relationship between Spiritual Health and the Improvement of Mental Disorders in Students}, abstract ={Background & Aims: One of the important challenges of teachers in classrooms is to focus students' attention on subjects and help them learn. One of the factors affecting the academic progress of students is the presence of variables such as mental health that can affect learning. Students are considered the main assets of any society, and improving the level of mental health and reducing mental disorders in these people is an important matter, and having healthy students, both physically and mentally, can achieve the main goals of society's health, because one of the important goals in society is to have healthy people physically and mentally. Many factors are involved in reducing mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, and stress, which are spiritual health and spiritual care. Spiritual health leads to the improvement of the level of emotional and physical needs of the disease among patients, reducing pain, stress, and negative emotions and reducing the risk of depression and suicide. It has been reported that people who receive adequate spiritual care have a higher level of life expectancy. When people's spiritual needs are not met, lower levels of life satisfaction are observed. It seems that unfulfilled spiritual needs have a profound effect on people's mental health. These adverse outcomes include decreased quality of life, increased risk of depression, and decreased perceived spiritual well-being. The necessity of the existence of spirituality in human beings is like the necessity of the existence of inhaling and exhaling for the body to be alive. Spirituality can be identified for all human beings in all societies and all over the world. Spirituality is one of the life-giving principles of human existence and has been accepted by many religions, cultures, and traditions all over the world. On the other hand, there are still opinions that consider spirituality to be internal from birth and in a static state, and that spirituality is acquired through life experiences. Spirituality is considered to be an inner experience and both a connection to a transcendent power and a reality for increasing awareness and connection with oneself and others and a greater reality. Spiritual health is considered a protective factor in promoting health and preventing diseases, while spiritual health can be mentioned as a successful and helpful strategy for human life in all stages and areas of life, including situations full of stress, diseases, and even death. Considering the importance of the role of students in the future of any country and the lack of studies regarding the role of spiritual care on the level of mental disorders, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between spiritual health and the improvement of mental disorders in students. Methods: The statistical population of this descriptive-correlation study included all female students of the second secondary level of Miandoab city who were studying in 1400 and their number was equal to 1800 people, and the sample size was 317 people through Morgan's Kargesi table. , was selected by a simple random sampling method. In this research, Polotzin and Ellison's spiritual health questionnaire and mental disorders (depression, anxiety, stress) Lavibond et al. (1995) were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation test and multivariate regression. Results: The results showed that the correlation coefficient calculated between spiritual health and stress (0.438) and spiritual health and anxiety (-0.324) as well as spiritual health and depression (-0.282) is smaller than the error level of 0.5 is 0.0, so it can be concluded that there is a relationship between spiritual health and stress, anxiety, and depression of students, and since the value of the calculated correlation coefficient is negative, therefore the relationship between them is negative and inverse. Conclusion: Spiritual health leads to the improvement of the level of mental disorders (stress, anxiety, and depression) in students, so it is suggested that teachers and educational staff as well as parents take measures to increase the level of spiritual health in students. The current research, like any other research, has limitations that can clarify the findings and suggestions of the research and help future researchers to adopt effective measures to deal with the threat of internal and external validity of research projects. to give The basic limitations of the current research are as follows: the bias of people towards answering the questions of the questionnaires, which reduces the accuracy of the results to some extent, the presence of unwanted variables that affect the results of the research, and the lack of use of other research tools such as observation and interview. It has been associated with the subjects and only using the questionnaire. This research was conducted only on the population of secondary school female students of Miandoab city, and caution should be taken in generalizing the results to other regions and cities. The level of honesty of the respondents to the questions in the questionnaires is one of the uncontrollable limitations. Also, several questionnaires were completed at home, and the existing conditions may affect the way of answering. It is suggested that at the beginning of the academic year, by referring to the students' files, they should try to identify those who have a low level of spiritual health, and with the cooperation of the director and vice-chancellor, to adopt strategies to increase the level of spiritual health, for example, encouraging and persuading students. Parents and educators should conduct regular and continuous religious activities. To reduce the problems of students who have mental disorders, help from the school staff and parents, because a working group gives better results. In briefing sessions with families, problems such as mental disorders and complications of lack of spiritual health level and methods of identifying students with such problems should be pointed out and we ask parents to continuously monitor the behavior of students and communicate with the relevant teachers in In this field, they should cooperate as much as possible so that if these cases are identified, they can quickly prevent and treat such problems.  }, Keywords = {Spiritual Health, Stress, Anxiety, Depression}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {272-281}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی رابطه بین سلامت معنوی بر بهبود اختلالات روانی در دانش آموزان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: یکی از راهکارهای روان درمانی و کاهش اختلالات روانی، سلامت معنوی و مراقبت از آن است. لذا هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی رابطه بین سلامت معنوی بر بهبود اختلالات روانی در دانش آموزان بود. روش­ کار: جامعه آماری این مطالعه توصیفی- همبستگی شامل کلیه دانش آموزان دختر مقطع متوسطه دوم شهر میاندوآب بود که در سال 1400 مشغول به تحصیل بودند و تعداد آن برابر با 1800 نفر بود که حجم نمونه از طریق جدول کرجسی مورگان به تعداد 317 نفر، به روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شد. در این پژوهش از پرسشنامه سلامت معنوی پولوتزین و الیسون و اختلالات روانی (افسردگی، اضطراب، استرس) لاویبوند و همکاران (1995) استفاده شد. داده­ها با استفاده آزمون همبستگی پیرسون و رگرسیون چند متغیره مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد چون ضریب همبستگی محاسبه شده بین سلامت معنوی و استرس (438/0) و سلامت معنوی و اضطراب (324/0-) و نیز سلامت معنوی و افسردگی (282/0-) کوچکتر از سطح خطای 05/0 می­باشد، لذا می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که بین سلامت معنوی و استرس، اضطراب و افسردگی دانش آموزان رابطه وجود دارد و چون مقدار ضریب همبستگی محاسبه شده منفی می­باشـد بنابرایـن رابطه بین آنها منفی و معکوس می­باشد. نتیجه­ گیری: سلامت معنوی منجر به بهبود سطح اختلالات روانی (استرس، اضطراب و افسردگی) در دانش آموزان گردید لذا پیشنهاد می­شود معلمان و دست اندرکاران آموزشی و نیز والدین به راهکارهای افزایش سطح سلامت معنوی در دانش آموزان مبادرت ورزند.  }, keywords_fa = {سلامت معنوی, استرس, اضطراب, افسردگی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7989-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7989-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {FarhangEsfahani, Alirez}, title = {Investigating the Relationship between Electronic Learning and Mental Health of Secondary School Students in Isfahan during the Covid-19 Epidemic}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The global epidemic of the disease caused by the coronavirus, a severe acute respiratory syndrome that emerged in December 2019, was not only considered a threat to the health and lives of millions of people around the world. In many countries, including our country, various solutions were presented so that the education of students is not interrupted during the period of social distancing and that the curriculum continues according to the pre-determined schedule. In fact, with the beginning of the closure of schools to help eliminate this virus, the concern of developing and implementing educational programs to continue education at home and in the conditions of home quarantine is one of the biggest challenges of educational systems, including education. In such a way that international institutions and organizations, such as the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization, were forced to work hard to develop curricula, instructions, and educational guides for these conditions. Although Covid-19 could have negative effects on educational activities, social distancing has stimulated the growth of online educational activities so that there is no disruption in education. The electronic learning system has created educational environments that are not dependent on any specific location or time and allows teachers to teach a course simultaneously or asynchronously or use a combination of these two modes. In this way, electronic education or education through virtual space was chosen as one of the important and serious programs in education. Electronic education and learning are one of the achievements that have transformed our world. E-learning is a new method in education that deals with providing and managing learning opportunities to improve knowledge and skills through the Internet and computer technology. Meanwhile, online electronic learning is described as a learning experience using various electronic devices (tablets, laptops, smartphones, etc.) with access to the Internet in simultaneous or asynchronous environmental conditions. Online e-learning can be a platform that makes the education process inclusive, creative, and flexible. Electronic learning as an educational medium in the classroom is a new experience for the teacher and students, which can be an effective step towards stabilizing and accelerating students' learning. On the other hand, the most important characteristics of secondary school learners that teachers should pay attention to can be classified into three types: cognitive, emotional, and social. The elementary course is one of the most important and sensitive academic courses, and it is very important for teachers and trainers to pay attention to the different characteristics of students' growth, and to know that electronic learning requires a series of hardware tools and its extensive use may affect the level of health. Mental Health Mental health is an issue beyond the absence or absence of mental illness. The positive dimension of mental health, which the World Health Organization relies on, is included in the definition of health: "Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease or disability". Therefore, mental health is a state of well-being in which a person recognizes his abilities and can adapt to the normal stresses of life and be useful and productive in terms of work. Since there are no social interactions (compared to the common and usual form in the real environment) in the context of electronic learning, learners must be able to maintain their mental health level. As a result, students who have more mental health and the necessary abilities to deal with common academic challenges can be more self-regulated and self-efficient than other students, and as a result, they are more successful. They achieve more success in subjects in which they are more interested and motivated, and more success provides more motivation for learning, academic progress, academic performance, and continuing education. According to research findings, there is little information on the relationship between electronic learning and students' mental health. Therefore, the current research was conducted to investigate the relationship between electronic learning and the mental health of secondary school students, and it will seek to answer the question of whether there is a significant relationship between electronic learning and the mental health of secondary school students. Methods: The present study is descriptive and correlational, and the statistical population of this study included all male students in the second year of high school in Isfahan, who were studying in the academic year 2001-2001. The statistical population according to the inquiry from the statistics unit of the Isfahan city education department was equal to 850 people. According to the table of Karjesi and Morgan, 265 people were selected through a simple random sampling method. Research tools included two electronic learning questionnaires by Watkin et al. (2004) and Goldberg's mental health questionnaire (1972). Pearson's statistical method was used for data analysis. Results: The research results showed that there is a relationship between e-learning and students' mental health. Conclusion: In general, all these topics indicate that there is a significant relationship between e-learning and mental health during the epidemic, or that the increase in e-learning increases the level of mental health. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between e-learning and mental health. The Department of Education is one of the most basic and important organizations in the world today, and students have a direct relationship with this organization, and this shows the key and vital role of this department in their complex lives. Knowledge of electronic learning and its better use can facilitate and predict the quality and continuity of mental health and lead to the implementation of programs scientifically and avoiding unwise actions. Mental health refers to the possession of understanding and decision-making and positive psychological characteristics that facilitate the growth and development of a person and enable the achievement of goals. While students are thinking about their survival, they should take a step beyond this view and pay attention to the consequences and effects on society. E-learning is considered an important issue for education and the factor of its survival, in this, paying attention to the mental health of students and using an effective solution for it is discussed. An office like the education department should pay attention to all educational levels (in-person and out-of-person) properly. One of the most important concerns of the producers and presenters of online learning courses is the integration of traditional and non-attendance educational strategies in these courses to retain learners and improve their learning, which can affect the mental states of learners. Be effective for this reason, school officials and workers have made a lot of efforts to develop and promote this learning style in their students, and they are trying to make this type of learning along with reducing its disadvantages. Students who are deprived of being in the space must have a level of self-efficacy to be able to use this technology, and if they are not taught, they will get confused and reduce the quality of education.  }, Keywords = {E-Learning, Mental Health, Students, Covid-19 Epidemic}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {282-289}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی رابطه بین یادگیری الکترونیکی و سلامت روانی دانش آموزان دوره متوسطه دوم شهر اصفهان در دوره اپیدمی کووید-19}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: استفاده از فضای مجازی برای یادگیری از دوران کووید-19، افزایش یافت که می‌توانست بر سطح سلامت روان فراگیران اثرگذار باشد. لذا هدف پژوهش، بررسی رابطه بین یادگیری الکترونیکی و سلامت روانی دانش­آموزان دوره متوسطه دوم شهر اصفهان انجام گرف. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از نظر روش توصیفی و از نوع همبستگی بوده و جامعه آماری این تحقیق شامل کلیه دانش آموزان پسر دوره دوم متوسطه شهر اصفهان بود که در سال تحصیلی 1401-1400 مشغول به تحصیل بودند. تعداد جامعه آماری بنا بر استعلام از واحد آمار اداره آموزش و پرورش شهرستان اصفهان برابر با 850  نفر بود. حجم نمونه طبق جدول کرجسی و مورگان 265 نفر از طریق روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند. ابزار تحقیق شامل دو پرسشنامه یادگیری الکترونیکی واتکین و همکاران (2004) و سلامت روان گلدبرگ (1972) بود. از روش آماری پیرسون برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که بین یادگیری الکترونیکی و سلامت روانی دانش آموزان رابطه وجود دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی همه این مباحث بیانگر آن است که در دوران اپیدمی بین یادگیری الکترونیکی و سلامت روانی رابطه معناداری وجود دارد و یا افزایش یادگیری الکترونیکی سطح سلامت روانی افزایش می­یابد.  }, keywords_fa = {یادگیری الکترونیکی, سلامت روانی, دانش آموزان, اپیدمی کووید-19}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7988-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7988-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Naghizadeh, Zahra and Abbaspour, Abbas and GhiasiNodooshan, Saeed and Feiz, Mahdi and Kuhpayehzadeh, Jalil and Tavousi, Mahmou}, title = {Evaluation of Medical Competency in Medical Graduates Working in Educational and Medical Centers in Tehran}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Measuring the learning environment is one of the necessities to improve the quality of students' learning. Therefore, in the curriculum planning based on competence, it is necessary to use the measurements to ensure the quality of education. Nowadays, international centers pay special attention to the issue of cultural competence, and since the beginning of the 1960s, they have investigated the theoretical foundations and definitions of the issue and have designed various models for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of cultural competence in world’s reputable medical sciences universities. Despite that the international scientific community has addressed this issue and in spite of the cultural diversity in Iran, it was only in the last few years that some review articles have emphasized the necessity of cultural competence in medical education and some studies have investigated and evaluated the learning environment using international tools. Also, reviewing the studies on new teaching approaches in Iran shows that although cultural competence is not considered in clinical education and they are not academically trained in the field of culturally competent care, the medical team fulfill the cultural needs of their patients based on their cultural intelligence and initiative. In this situation, only a small part of this culture would be officially transferred to students during the curriculum hours, and the acceptable values, beliefs and behaviors would be transferred through the covert curriculum. Accordingly, considering its importance and necessity, it is recommended that this issue should be taken into consideration in clinical education approaches, especially new approaches, and quantitative and qualitative studies should be used to measure and improve the education of this important notion. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the cultural competence status of medical graduates in Tehran in order to provide a model that is appropriate for the background and context of Iran’s universities. Methods: This research is descriptive and analytical. The data collection tool in this research was a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire included demographic information and the second part had 64 valid and reliable questions in 4 main subgroups as: cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skills and transcendental motivation. This questionnaire was conducted on a statistical sample of 800 graduates of medical sciences, working in hospitals and medical centers in Tehran, using random sampling method. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS-24 and internal correlation, independent t-test and analysis of variance were analyzed. Results: Out of 800 questionnaires, 542 were returned, of which 507 questionnaires were thoroughly completed; which is an acceptable 67% return rate. Also, 82.6 percent of the respondents were women which indicates that women cooperate more in filling out the questionnaires as they participate more in the activities and were more in number. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole instrument (64 questions) was 0.96. The highest value for the domain of transcendental motivation was 0.89 and the other domains were 0.88. The results of the independent t-test show that although there is no significant difference between male and female medical students regarding the status of cultural competence, the average scores of men were higher than women in the domains of transcendental motivation, knowledge and cultural skill. But women had a higher score in the domain of cultural awareness. Also, the results of the independent t-test based on marital status show that there was a significant difference between the average scores in 4 domains (transcendental motivation, cultural awareness, knowledge and skills) in which the average scores of married people were higher than single respondents. The results of the one-way ANOVA analysis showed that there is no significant difference between cultural competencies based on the university, but there is a significant difference in accordance to age, field of study, degree, work experience and workplace. According to age, in all the 4 domains, the average score increases while aging. Also, based on the field of study, the average of 3 domains (cultural awareness, knowledge and skills), nursing students had a higher average, and in the domain of transcendental motivation, midwifery and then nursing students had a higher average than other fields. Finally, the average score increases with the increase in work experience. The final average of the questionnaire was calculated as 3.92+0.48 out of 5, in which the highest score was for the domain of transcendental motivation with a score of 4.15+0.48 out of 5, followed by awareness and skill; the knowledge domain had the lowest average with a score of 3.68±0.59 out of 5. According to the averages obtained in different domains, the general statue of cultural competence of medical students in Tehran is higher than average and is acceptable. In the field of the transcendental motive, respecting values and beliefs, giving priority to humanity and paying attention to God's consent had the highest average, and to enjoy serving different people had the lowest average. In the domain of cultural awareness, the awareness of one's own cultural beliefs and attitudes had the highest average, and familiarity with the differences in health behaviors of different cultures had the lowest average; in the domain of cultural knowledge, knowing spiritual and religious beliefs had the highest average, and knowing common methods of traditional treatments, knowing the history of traditions and knowing the nutritional beliefs of different cultures had the lowest average. In the domain of cultural skills, serving without bias and practicing communication skills had the highest average, and generating new knowledge had the lowest average. Conclusion: This study showed that the graduates' evaluation of the cultural competence of the educational environment is positive, therefore, it is recommended to emphasize using appropriate methods to enhance the factors that have positively affected the evaluation of students.  }, Keywords = {Evaluation, Cultural Competence, Medical Sciences Graduates}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {290-307}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارزیابی میزان شایستگی فرهنگی دانش‌آموختگان علوم پزشکی مشغول به کار در مراکز آموزشی درمانی شهر تهران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: سنجش محیط یادگیری از ضرورت‌های بهبود کیفیت یادگیری دانشجویان است. بنابراین، در برنامه ریزی درسی مبتنی بر شایستگی نیز باید از سنجش برای اطمینان از کیفیت آموزش استفاده کرد. هدف از این پژوهش ارزیابی شایستگی فرهنگی دانش آموختگان علوم پزشکی در بین فارغ التحصیلان علوم پزشکی می‌باشد. روش کار: این پژوهش ازنوع توصیفی-تحلیلی می‌باشد که با استفاده از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته معتبر و پایا به روش تصادفی بر روی800 نفر از فارغ التحصیلان علوم پزشکی مشغول به کار در مراکز آموزشی درمانی شهر تهران انجام گرفت. داده‌های حاصل وارد نرم‌افزار آماری  SPSSنسخه 24 شده و با انجام آزمون‌های آماری مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرارگرفت. یافته‌ها: از بین 800 پرسشنامه پخش شده، 542  پرسشنامه  بازگشت یافت که از این بین 507 پرسشنامه به درستی  تکمیل شده بود (میزان پاسخگویی 67%). ضریب آلفای کرونباخ برای کل ابزار (64 سوال) 96/0بود.  بیشترین مقدار برای حیطه انگیزه متعالی 89/0 و بقیه حیطه‌ها 88/0را نشان داد. میانگین نهایی پرسشنامه 48/0±92/3 از 5 محاسبه شد که بیشترین امتیاز برای حیطه انگیزه متعالی با امتیاز48/0±15/4 از 5 و بعد از آن به ترتیب آگاهی، مهارت بود و حیطه دانش کمترین میانگین را با امتیاز 59/0±68/3 از 5 داشت. با توجه به میانگین امتیازات کسب شده در حیطه‌های مختلف، وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ شایستگی فرهنگی دانش‌آموختگان  علوم پزشکی در ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ و ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﺳﺖ. نتیجه‌گیری: این مطالعه نشان دادکه ارزیابی فارغ التحصیلان از میزان شایستگی فرهنگی محیط آموزشی مثبت است بر همین اساس پیشنهاد می‌شود با استفاده از روش‌های مناسب در جهت تقویت عواملی که باعث ارزیابی مثبت دانشجویان شده است تاکید گردد.  }, keywords_fa = {ارزیابی, شایستگی فرهنگی, دانش آموختگان علوم پزشکی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5997-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5997-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Shahnavazi, Hossein and Farhangi, Aliakbar and GodarzvandChegini, Mehr}, title = {Stress and Stress Management in Legal Medicine}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Stress is derived from the Latin word stringer, which means to hug, squeeze, and squeeze.In today's medical science, there are different equations and perceptions of it: "urgency" and "compulsion" to stimuli, excitement to the psychological reactions that occur, urgency and compulsion to physiological changes resulting from these perceptions. In general, stress refers to the force that causes some significant changes in a system when applied to it. The term refers to physical, psychological, social forces and pressures.In this case, stress in this sense is a cause and is the prelude to some disabilities. On the other hand, stress is a state of psychological stress that is caused by the types of forces or pressures mentioned above, and therefore stress in the second sense of a disability. Pressure and stress may be perceived differently by people. People's physical and emotional status, lifestyle, financial status determines the level of being affected by these changes. In today's society, stress-related diseases increase day by day, so the people and institutions are confronted with an important problem to be faced. Since they provide service to intensively stressed individuals and also the staff encounters with stressful situations very often, the field of legal medicine considered as a work environment a lot more stressful than the other work environments. While providing the service, legal medicine workers, they see a lot of patients and patient relatives with many different levels of health problems. These situations threatening an individual's health and causing stress due to uncertainty and obscurity affect the legal medicine workers as well as the clients. According to the definition of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), job stress occurs when there is no coordination between job needs and abilities, capabilities and desires.  The level of this stress varies in different professions and occupations, and professions and occupations that deal with human services create a lot of stress. Stress is also directly related to job satisfaction and performance and is one of the components of health, safety and comfort. Since it is completely impossible to eliminate stress, it seems necessary for different people to learn how to deal with and manage it . Various factors affect the physical and mental condition of medical staff. Some of these factors are related to the work environment and some are related to outside the work environment such as their quality of life, problems and social issues.Among the factors related to the work environment, we can mention the presence in different departments of forensic medicine with different working conditions. Identifying areas that bring more stress or less job satisfaction to staff will lead to better planning and more attention to these areas.Different departments of forensic medicine have their own working conditions and characteristics, including the number of clients, the condition of the injured, the type of disease, the number of staff, the status of colleagues and encountering bodies, and so on. Accordingly, different variables such as stress and job satisfaction can be present in them to different degrees.Therefore, it seems that research is needed to determine the strategy for legal medicine workers to deal with stress based on working conditions.This study was conducted to determine the stress level of legal medicine workers in the workplace, the factors affecting it and their coping strategies. Methods: In this descriptive study, it is aimed to identify the stress factors and the strategies in coping with stress of the tehran legal medicine workers. The statistical population of the study included all workers in four departments of legal medicine, including clinical examinations Necropsy, commission and laboratory, which was selected based on Cochran's table, 217 of which completed 210 questionnaires. Besides the questions about the demographic features, 8 questions about the work life of the staff, 3 questions about the resources about the resource of stress, 10 questions about the change in their behavior under stress, 1 question about measuring the reactions to stress, totally 27 questions are included in the survey. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS program. Data were evaluated by using number percentage calculations and chi-square importance test. Results: It’s found out that among the legal medicine workers in the study, 53% of them are male, 32.8% of them are between 45-49 years old, and 41% of them have an undergraduate degree. 60% of respondents are active in the clinical examination department, 52% of them have an experience between 10-19 years. Among the legal medicine professionals in the study, 83% was determined to have a source of stress. Major causes of stress are; by 53% the work ignored by others, by 37% inequitable distribution of tasks, by 31% the widespread use of gossip in the workplace, by 30% relations with management, and by 28% injustice in performance evaluation. The legal medicine professionals expressed their methods of coping with stress as follows: 42% of them say “I endure in silence and burn myself out”, 36% say “I try to solve it on my own”, 36% say “I share it with my best friends or family and try to find a solution”, 27% say “I direct myself to another thing and try not to occupy my mind with the problem”, 26% say “I yell at people around me and take out my anger on them”. Conclusion: It has been determined that among the workers of Tehran legal medecine, 83% have a source of stress. The most common stress factors are; work ignored by others, inequitable distribution of tasks, the widespread use of gossip in the workplace, relations with management, injustice in performance evaluation, fear of patient dissatisfaction and complaints. These results are consistent with the findings of several studies. that examined job stress in different jobs and confirms that today everyone in any place and situation feels some degree of stress in their work environment and this It is a tangible and undeniable thing in modern organizations. Some differences are shown between the results of the study and the results obtained.The difference between the stressors is noticeable.The number of legal medecine clients, lack of workers and equipment and excessive workload are not determined as stressors.Instead, our research has shown that stressors are caused by an organization's management style.In addition, it is thought to be due to policies implemented over the years   Recently, great importance has been given to the client and the created salary puts a lot of pressure on the staff of different legal medicine departments.When assessing the stressors of legal medicine practitioners, we saw some statistical differences.For physicians, the highest stress factor can be classified as fear of client dissatisfaction, and neglect of work by others. Some differences have been identified between our results and those of other studies.The biggest reason is that recently the policy of honoring clients has caused a bit of stress to legal medicine workers due to the protection of the client.  }, Keywords = {Legal Medicine Workers, Occupational Stress, Tress Factors, Stress Management}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {308-318}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {استرس و مدیریت استرس در پزشکی قانونی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: مدیریت استرس به منظور حفظ سلامت روحی و جسمی، کیفیت زندگی و بهره‌وری افراد در زندگی روزمره‌شان اهمیت دارد، لذا هدف از این پژوهش تعیین عوامل اصلی استرس و راه‌های مقابله با آن است که کارکنان پزشکی قانونی با آن روبرو هستند. روش کار: در این مطالعه داده‌ها توسط پرسشنامه‌های رو در رو از 217 کارمند شاغل در بخش های مختلف پزشکی قانونی استان تهران به دست آمده است. این داده‌ها با نرم‌افزار SPSS 16.0 مورد تجزیه‌وتحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها: در پایان این مطالعه، 83 درصد از مشارکت‌کنندگان اعلام کردند که آن‌ها عوامل استرس مختلفی دارند. در این نمونه مطالعه شده، کم‌اهمیت جلوه دادن کار توسط دیگران، توزیع نابرابر وظایف، شایعات بی‌اساس محل کار مشترک، روابط با مدیران، بی‌عدالتی در ارزیابی عملکرد و همچنین نارضایتی مراجعین و ترس از شکایت به عنوان عوامل استرس‌زای اصلی بیان شده است. در میان کارمندان پزشکی قانونی که در این پژوهش شرکت کردند، مشخص شده است که تفاوت‌های قابل‌توجهی در عوامل استرس با توجه به حرفه آن‌ها وجود دارد. مشکلات اقتصادی 19% برای پزشکان ، 29% برای کارشناسان فنی و49 % برای کارکنان غیرفنی است. نادیده گرفته شدن کار توسط دیگران 44%، برای کارکنان غیر فنی، 27% برای کارشناسان فنی و 13% برای سایر کارکنان است. نتیجه گیری: بر اساس نتایج پژوهش، مدیران پزشکی قانونی می‌توانند بـا برقـراری ارتبـاط صحیح و درک مناسب از شرایط کاری در بخش‌های مختلف پزشکی قانونی، به عنوان یک منبع آموزشی- حمایتی عمـل کـرده و میـزان آسیب‌پذیری پزشکان، کارشناسان و کارکنان پزشکی قانونی را کاهش دهند. از این رو بایستی عواملی که باعث افزایش رضایت شغلی و کاهش استرس شغلی به خصوص در کارکنان شاغل در بخش تشریح پزشکی قانونی از سوی مسئولین ذیربط مورد توجه قرار داد تا در نهایت به ارتقاء خدمات به مراجعین منجر شود.  }, keywords_fa = {کارکنان پزشکی قانونی, استرس شغلی, عوامل استرس‌زا, مدیریت استرس}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7746-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7746-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mirzaei, Behnam and Rajabi, Hamid and Motamedi, Pezhman and Sohailnader, Shabnam}, title = {The Effect of Functional Exercises Training on Glycemic Control and Nerve Conduction Velocity in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that is spreading rapidly around the world (1). Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes, with progressive destruction of the sensory and motor nerves of the lower extremities in these patients. Peripheral nerve problems in these patients also lead to functional deficits and muscle mobility (5, 6). In general, it is agreed that metabolic and vascular disorders caused by diabetes lead to peripheral neuropathy and nerve damage in these patients (8). Based on the hypotheses that cause diabetic neuropathy, it can be said that the use of exercise can be effective in improving diabetic neuropathy by improving vascular function (13, 14) and controlling blood sugar (13-15). The present study was to determine the effect of a period of functional training on blood sugar control and nerve conduction velocity in patients with diabetic neuropathic disorders. Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes, with progressive destruction of the sensory and motor nerves of the lower extremities in these patients. Peripheral nerve problems in these patients also lead to functional deficits and muscle mobility (5, 6). In general, it is agreed that metabolic and vascular disorders caused by diabetes lead to peripheral neuropathy and nerve damage in these patients (8). Based on the hypotheses that cause diabetic neuropathy, it can be said that the use of exercise can be effective on diabetic neuropathy by improving vascular function (13, 14) and controlling blood sugar (13-15). The present study was to determine the effect of a period of functional training on blood sugar control and nerve conduction velocity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In the present quasi-experimental study, 12 patients with type 2 diabetes living in Karaj (45-65 years old) were selected as the research sample and randomly divided into 2 groups of 6 exercise and control intervention. The training protocol in the present study was a researcher-made protocol that adjusted the volume and intensity of training based on exercise recommendations for patients with type 2 diabetes. The training program was performed for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. These exercises were designed as exercises at home. The exercises were designed to improve general endurance, endurance, strength, muscle flexibility and balance and with the approach of improving the function of the neuromuscular system and were designed as a station (20). In order to study blood variables 48 hours before and 48 hours after the intervention, fasting blood sampling was performed and electromyography devices were used to evaluate the nerve conduction velocity (21). Dependent t-test and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis; Statistical analysis was measured using SPSS software version 26 and the significance level was P <0.05. Results: According to the results of paired sample t-test  after the training period, a significant decrease where founded in fasting blood sugar (P = 0.046), fasting insulin (P = 0.033) and insulin resistance (P = 0.028) and a significant increase There was founded in median sensory nerve conduction velocity (P = 0.037) and a median motor nerve conduction velocity (P = 0.001) in the exercise group compared to baseline values, but no significant difference was observed in the measured variables in the control group ( P < 0.05). In comparison between the changes, the results of independent t-test showed that there were significant differences in fasting blood sugar (P = 0.007), fasting insulin (P = 0.019), insulin resistance (P = 0.005), Median sensory nerve conduction velocity (P = 0.005) and median motor nerve conduction velocity (P <0.001) compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that after the training period, a significant decrease in levels of fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin and insulin resistance was observed compared to the control group without exercise. Due to the pathology of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance in insulin-sensitive tissues such as muscle tissue and adipose tissue, blood glucose levels increase in these people, and due to increased hyperglycemia, diabetic patients develop complications of diabetes, including neuropathy (7). Even a session of physical activity has been reported to stimulate glucose uptake by upregulating GLUT4 levels in sarcoma. This effect is independent of the effect of insulin and glucose uptake continues for several hours after the end of physical activity. Physical activity also increases insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle; this effect lasts for several hours after the end of physical activity and is clearly dependent on insulin and insulin function in target tissues (22). Regarding the chronic effect of regular exercise on blood sugar control in patients with diabetes, it can be said that regular exercise helps control blood sugar and thus reduces hyperglycemia in these people due to increased cell sensitivity to insulin-dependent molecular pathways. Which improve insulin signaling (ACC and MAPKs PI3-kinase) as well as insulin-independent pathways (Akt and mTOR AMP-kinase), control glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and prevent the complications of diabetes (1, 13, 23). In investigating the effect of exercise on nerve conduction velocity, the results of our study showed that after the training period, a significant increase in sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity was observed compared to the pretest and control group; The results of our study showed the effect of almost twice the effect of exercise on increasing the conduction velocity of the median motor nerve compared to the conduction velocity of the median sensory nerve. The conduction of a shock in the human nerve depends on the electrochemical activity of single nerve fibers within the nerve (26). In their study, Galliro et al. (2021) reported that the rate of nerve conduction decreases in diabetic neuropathy, especially in the sensory fields in the lower extremities (18). It has been shown that metabolic abnormalities seen in impaired glucose tolerance may lead to changes in neural conduction (27). Given that diabetic neuropathy is associated with poor glycemic control, and in our study, increased nerve rate was negatively associated with insulin resistance, an increase in nerve conduction velocity can be justified; Research on laboratory animals has shown that exercise improves nerve function through adaptations in the presynaptic and postsynaptic sections (29). It has also been reported that impaired neural conduction in diabetic patients with mild to moderate peripheral neuropathy may be improved by drug doses of antioxidant supplements such as vitamin E (30). Although in the present study, factors related to free radicals, inflammatory factors or total antioxidant levels were not measured and were one of the limitations of the present study, but according to previous research results that show antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of exercise in diabetes (31), it can be said that exercise, like antioxidant vitamins, can improve nerve function. Overall, the results of the present study showed the positive effects of functional exercises on metabolic indicators and also increased nerve conduction velocity, which indicates the positive effects of functional exercises on preventing the complications of diabetic neuropathy.  }, Keywords = {Type 2 diabetes, Exercise training, Glycemic control, Nerve conduction velocity}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {319-327}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر تمرینات عملکردی بر کنترل قند خون و سرعت هدایت عصبی در بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: نوروپاتی دیابتی یکی از عوارض اصلی در دیابت می‌باشد که موجب اختلال در هدایت عصبی می‌شود. هدف تحقیق حاضر تعیین اثر شش هفته تمرینات عملکردی  بر کنترل قند خون و سرعت هدایت عصبی در بیماران  مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 بود. روش کار: در تحقیق نیمه تجربی حاضر 12 بیمار مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 ساکن شهر کرج به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی انتخاب شدند و به دو گروه تمرینات عملکردی و کنترل تقسیم شدند. تمرینات عملکردی به مدت هشت هفته، سه جلسه در هفته و هر جلسه تمرین شامل تمرینات عملکردی منتخب در گروه مداخله بود. 48 ساعت قبل و پس از دوره مداخله متغیرهای بیوشیمی و الکترومیوگرافی اندازه گیری شدند. برای تجزیه و تحلیل آماری از آزمون‌های تی وابسته  تی مستقل استفاده شد (05/0 ≥ P). یافته‌ها: پس از دوره مداخله تمرین کاهش معنی‌داری در قند خون ناشتا، انسولین ناشتا و مقاومت به انسولین نسبت به گروه کننترل مشاهده شد (05/0 > P). همچنین افزایش معنی داری در سرعت هدایت عصب حسی و حرکتی عصب مدیان پس از دوره مداخله در گروه تمرین نسبت به گروه کنترل مشاهده شد (05/0 > P). نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج می‌توان گفت که هشت هفته تمرینات ورزشی ترکیبی علاوه بر کنترل قند خون، موجب افزایش سرعت هدایت عصبی شد}, keywords_fa = {دیابت نوع 2, تمرین ورزشی, کنترل قند خون, سرعت هدایت عصبی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7390-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7390-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Abedi, Reza and Dedekhani, Hossei}, title = {Identifying Effective Drivers for Entrepreneurship by Relying on the Role of Personality Factors and Attitude}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Different categories of entrepreneurship have been presented, which were categorized into three dimensions: "individual (independent) entrepreneurship", "organizational entrepreneurship" and "corporate entrepreneurship". In organizational entrepreneurship, a person initiates risky activities in the organization. With the passage of time and conducting various studies, experts discussed issues related to the implementation of entrepreneurship throughout the organization, and as a result of these efforts, the concept of "corporate entrepreneurship" was formed. Corporate entrepreneurship is one of the main branches of entrepreneurship, which undoubtedly has a significant contribution to the success and excellence of companies and organizations. Corporate entrepreneurship is the commitment of the company to create and introduce new products, new processes and new organizational systems. Corporate entrepreneurship, including effective solutions for companies to face challenges such as the downsizing of large companies, a sense of distrust in the old ways of managing companies, international competition, mass departure of some of the best and brightest employees of the company to become independent entrepreneurs, the rapid growth of the number of competitors and The general tendency is to improve efficiency and productivity, stagnation, deficiency and weakness of managerial performance and the departure of innovative employees who are limited by the administrative hierarchy of the organization. Risky activity in the concept of corporate entrepreneurship means the development of a new activity within the framework of an existing organization. On the other hand, corporate entrepreneurship requires that the entire organization and its employees have an entrepreneurial spirit. Regarding the implementation of corporate entrepreneurship within the organization, all operational and middle levels should be involved in entrepreneurial activities, of course, the involvement of the lower levels of the organization in such activities requires the presence of appropriate views in high-level managers and the necessary support by them. Therefore, the existence of a good corporate governance system can be necessary and useful in creating and strengthening corporate entrepreneurship. The establishment of corporate entrepreneurship can lead to the development of entrepreneurial innovations from all aspects (decisions made by top, middle and operational management). Corporate entrepreneurship has three types of corporate risk actions, renewal and innovation activities with breaking frameworks that lead to changes in the competitive rules of the industry. In fact, entrepreneurship is considered as an effective agent for creating superior value in the market by leveraging innovation to create products, processes and strategies that better respond to the needs of customers and stakeholders. Marketing is considered the heart of entrepreneurship and the factor of creating competitive advantage in the company. Considering the significant role of the agriculture sector in employment (23 percent), food supply and its share in the value of the gross domestic product and non-oil exports (31 percent) and the high percentage of employment creation and entrepreneurship, the study of this sector of the industry is very attractive and practical. . The low productivity of capital in the livestock and poultry sector of the country shows that the livestock and poultry production units are small, small and old, and the losses of capital and energy are evident in these units. Due to the mismanagement caused by the inability to regulate the production and consumption market in this sector, they have lost their target markets and this is a process that is regulated with great efforts in competition with other competitors and is easily destroyed. Therefore, conducting studies with an entrepreneurial approach can improve the process and pave the way for the development and progress of this sector of the industry. According to the contents expressed in this research, we are trying to answer the question, what are the effective drivers of entrepreneurship, relying on the role of personality and attitude factors? Methods: This research is a qualitative research in terms of its fundamental purpose and method. The statistical population of the research included 11 academic experts and 9 experimental experts in the livestock and poultry industry. In this research, to record data, the flow of interviews was recorded verbally and in writing, and after each interview, it was entered into Nvivo software and coded for analysis. Fuzzy Delphi method was used for data analysis. Results: 22 concepts, 6 sub-categories and 2 main categories were extracted from the results. Entrepreneurial leadership with the components of risk-taking, pioneering and innovation, entrepreneurial attitude has sub-components including understanding the opportunity, the skill of starting new businesses and networking. Conclusion: Corporate entrepreneurship facilitates the organization's efforts in using its competitive advantages, exploring the opportunities and capabilities needed in pursuing and effectively exploiting those opportunities. In addition to innovation, as a separate identifiable strategy, it leads to increased profitability, renewal and modernization of the knowledge acquisition strategy to access future income streams, cost leadership and increase the satisfaction of the organization's stakeholders. In research related to corporate entrepreneurship, researchers have used various criteria to model the concept of corporate entrepreneurship. Some businesses are put into operation in less than a year, and some businesses need more than ten years to be put into operation. Therefore, it is not possible to issue a general judgment about the appropriate length of the window of opportunity. Markets grow at different rates over time, and the faster a market grows, the more opportunities there are. As the market matures, the window begins to close. In fact, without studying the mechanisms and factors affecting the generation and growth of entrepreneurial opportunities, a detailed understanding of the whole of entrepreneurship cannot be achieved.}, Keywords = {entrepreneurial leadership, entrepreneurial attitude,entrepreneurship}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {328-335}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {شناسایی پیشران‌های مؤثر بر کارآفرینی با تکیه بر نقش عوامل شخصیتی و نگرش}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: کارآفرینی شرکتی از جمله راهکارهای مؤثر جهت مواجهه شرکت‌ها با چالش‌هایی از جمله کوچک‌سازی شرکت‌های بزرگ، حس بی‌اعتمادی در روش‌های قدیمی مدیریت شرکت‌ها، رقابت‌های بین‌المللی‌، رشد سریع تعداد رقبا و تمایل ‌کلی به بهبود ‌کارایی‌ و بهره‌وری، ایستایی، نقصان و ضعف عملکرد مدیریتی و خروج کارکنان نوآور می‌باشد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسایی شناسایی پیشران های موثر بر کارآفرینی با تکیه بر نقش عوامل شخصیتی و نگرش انجام گرفت. روش کار: این پژوهش از نظر هدف بنیادی و از نظر روش از نوع تحقیقات کیفی می‌باشد. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل خبرگان دانشگاهی به تعداد 11 نفر و خبرگان تجربی به تعداد 9 نفر در صنعت دام و طیور بود. در تحقیق حاضر برای ثبت داده‌ها، جریان مصاحبه‌ها به شکل شفاهی و مکتوب ضبط شد و پس از انجام هر مصاحبه وارد نرم افزار Nvivo شد و جهت انجام تحلیل کدگذاری گردید. برای تجزیه وتحلیل اطلاعات از روش دلفی فازی استفاده شد. یافته­ ها: نتایج نشان داد 22 مفهوم، 6 مقوله فرعی و 2 مقوله اصلی استخراج شد. رهبری کارآفرینی با مولفه های ریسک‌پذیری، پیشگامی و نوآوری نگرش کارآفرینانه دارای مولفه های فرعی شامل درک فرصت، مهارت راه اندازی کسب و کارهای نوپا و شبکه سازی، می­باشند. نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج نشان داد واقعیت­درمانی می­تواند به این افراد کمک کند به خودشان به عنوان منشاء اعمال و کردار توجه کنند و با تأکید بر انگیزش درونی و احساس مسئولیت برای انجام رفتار باعث بالا بردن احساس ارزشمندی و کاهش احساس تنهایی شوند.}, keywords_fa = {رهبری کارآفرینی, نگرش کارآفرینانه, کارآفرینی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8321-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8321-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Jamshidi, Abasali and Mostafapour, Zahr}, title = {The Role of Theory of Mind and Self-Compassion in Predicting Academic Optimism of High School Students}, abstract ={Background & Aims: One of the important challenges of classroom is to focus students' attention on subjects and help them learn. One of the factors affecting the academic progress of students is the existence of variables such as theory of mind, self-compassion, and academic optimism that can affect learning. Academic optimism is an individual belief of that consists of three components: "Feeling of teacher's efficiency", "Trust in parents and students" and "Academic emphasis" which despite the economic and social level of students is related to academic progress. On the other hand, self-compassion includes taking care of oneself in the face of difficulties or perceived inadequacies; in such a way that painful and uncomfortable feelings are not avoided; rather, he approaches them with kindness, understanding, and a feeling of human commonality. The recent theoretical and research literature about the cognitive processes of understanding oneself and others, which is known as the ability of theory of mind, has been one of the major developments in evolutionary psychology during the last two decades. Therefore, according to the importance of the content mentioned above and the fact that no research has been found that includes all three components, the purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between the theory of mind and self-compassion with teachers' academic optimism and also to determine the level of predictability of optimism. The academic vision was based on the theory of mind and self-compassion. Methods: This research is applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of descriptive method. The statistical population includes all students of the second secondary level in Eslamshahr who were working in the year 1400, which was equal to 1600 people, and the statistical sample size was 310 people selected by the simple random sampling method through the Kargesi Morgan table. To collect data, Stirenman's theory of mind questionnaire (1999), Neff's self-compassion (2003), and Baird et al.'s academic optimism (2010) were used. Pearson's correlation coefficient test and multivariate regression were used for statistical analysis of data. Results: The results of the research showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the overall score and subscales of the theory of mind and self-compassion with academic optimism. The results of the regression analysis show that among the components of the theory of mind, the overall score of the theory of mind is a variable that entered the regression model and was able to explain about 7% of the changes related to academic optimism, and also among the components Self-compassion, subscale of self-judgment, is the first variable that entered the regression model and together with self-kindness variable and human commonalities variable, it was able to explain about 11% of the variance of academic optimism. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that the theory of mind and self-compassion are important and effective factors in increasing the level of academic optimism in  students, so paying attention to these factors is very important in achieving educational goals. One of the achievements of psychology and the field of mental health in recent years is highlighting the role of well-being, altruism, compassion towards oneself and others, and care in the mental and physical development of humans. In other words, mental stress and pressure are the opposite of human health and mental health. However, it is important to note that it is not possible to eliminate stress and psychological pressure in today's world. However, increasing mental abilities and creating effective capacities in improving mental health can be a good facilitator in enduring daily stresses and pressures. The theory of mind acts as an umbrella that covers people's understanding of their states of compassion for themselves and others. People like to understand the beliefs of others because they can predict, explain, and adjust their behavior and it can increase self-compassion and academic optimism. Also, according to the findings of the current research, it can be concluded that by providing training and exercises related to the promotion of the theory of mind as well as strategies for increasing self-compassion, the level of academic optimism has increased, and as a result, it can be accepted that there is a relationship between theory of mind and self-compassion. There is a relationship in predicting academic optimism. This research, like other research, has limitations. The results of the current research, it was limited to the community that participated in the research and cannot be generalized to other research communities. The existence of limited sources in the field of the role of theory of mind on academic optimism, especially experimental research inside and outside the country, did not allow the comparison of research results with other research done accurately. Since the parents' association is a great opportunity in the field of solving the educational and educational challenges of schools, it uses this golden opportunity to inform parents about their roles and skills in increasing the quality of self-compassion and training courses. The theory of mind was held and continued in Madras to realize the above effects.}, Keywords = {Theory of Mind, Self-Compassion, Academic Optimism}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {336-344}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {نقش تئوری ذهن و خود دلسوزی در پیش بینی خوش بینی تحصیلی دانش آموزان مقطع متوسطه}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: از تحولات عمده در روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی که در دهه­های اخیر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است، مبحث تئوری ذهن و اثرگذاری آن بر تحصیل می­باشد. لذا هدف پژوهش نقش تئوری ذهن و خود دلسوزی در پیش بینی خوش بینی تحصیلی دانش­آموزان مقطع متوسطه بود. روش کار: این پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر روش توصیفی از نوع همبستگی است. جامعه­ی آماری  شامل کلیه دانش­آموزان مقطع متوسطه دوم اسلامشهر که در سال 1400 بوده که مشغول به تحصیل بودند که برابر با 1600 نفر بود و حجم نمونه آماری از طریق جدول کرجسی مورگان به تعداد 310 نفر، به روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب گردید. برای جمع آوری داده­ها از پرسشنامه نظریه ذهن استیرنمن (1999)، خود دلسوزی نف (2003)، خوش بینی تحصیلی بیرد و همکاران (2010) استفاده شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل آماری داده ها از آزمون ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و رگرسیون چند متغیره استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که بین نمره کلی و زیر مقیاس­های تئوری ذهن و خوددلسوزی با خوش بینی تحصیلی رابطه مثبت و معنادار  وجود دارد. نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون نشان می­دهد که از بین مولفه­های تئوری ذهن،  نمره کلی تئوری ذهن متغیری است که وارد مدل رگرسیون شده و توانسته است حدود 7 درصد از تغییرات مربوط به خوش­بینی تحصیلی را تبیین کند و همچنین از بین مولفه­های خوددلسوزی زیرمقیاس قضاوت نسبت به خود اولین متغیری است که وارد مدل رگرسیون شده و به همراه متغیر مهربانی با خود و متغیر اشتراکات انسانی توانست حدود 11 درصد از واریانس خوش­بینی تحصیلی را تبیین کند. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می­توان بیان داشت که تئوری ذهن و خوددلسوزی از عوامل مهم و مؤثر بر افزایش سطح خوش­بینی تحصیلی در دانش­آموزان می­باشد لذا توجه به این عوامل از اهمیت بسزایی در دستیابی به اهداف آموزشی برخوردار می­باشد.}, keywords_fa = {تئوری ذهن, خوددلسوزی, خوش بینی تحصیلی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8519-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8519-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mahna, Aminreza and Moheb, Naeimeh}, title = {Factors Influencing the Phenomenon of Suicide (from Ideation to Action) Using the Decision Tree Algorithm}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Suicide is perhaps one of the saddest events in a person's life and one of the most painful problems in human society. The purpose of this research was to investigate factors affecting suicide from ideation to action based on Klonsky's theory in non-clinical populations. A person who can be said to be a masterpiece, intelligent, how can he decide to end his life and prefer not to live? Although many scientific and medical efforts are trying to protect people from diseases and injuries and perhaps increase their life span, on the other hand, we are witnessing an increase in the number of suicides and the unwillingness of a group of people to continue their lives. In recent decades, although studies have tried to reduce the number of suicides and somehow control this problem, we can practically see that the efforts have not had significant results, and relatively more modern humans have taken the path of giving up life than in the past and their primitive ancestors. At present, suicide is a major cause of concern and a serious problem for global health. The organization's statistics show that in 2023, worldwide, nearly 700,000 people will end their lives by suicide each year. Evidence suggests that for every adult who dies by suicide, there may be more than 20 Methods: : This research is basic in terms of its purpose and the method of carrying out descriptive research. The statistical population of this research was formed by all the people present in the social networks of Shahretbriez who could answer the questionnaire through the link to answer the questions. A sampling method was available and 638 were selected (based on about 20 people for each component of the model). The final sample was reduced to 607 people due to the failure of some participants in the final registration of answers. The entry criteria for this study were to have at least basic literacy to answer the questions and age (16-75), to have full consent, and also to be a volunteer for cooperation. To collect information, the questionnaires were placed in the dedicated link in social networks, and it was suggested that people participate in the research. In addition to ensuring the confidentiality of the participants, ethical considerations were observed in all stages of implementation. In this research, the data mining method and the decision tree technique were used to identify factors affecting suicide and provide a model to predict it. Finally, finding the answers to the study questions has been used. It is worth mentioning that in this study SPSS Modeler version 18 was used for data analysis. Results: The research findings showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between the variables of mental pain, perception of being a burden, hopelessness, and neutral affiliation in the order of importance in the possibility of suicidal ideation, and also between the variables of suicidal thoughts, suicide readiness, despair, fearlessness about death, affiliation. There is a significant relationship between pain neutrality and pain tolerance in the order of importance in predicting suicide attempts. The parental bond variable did not have a significant effect on the prediction of ideation and suicide attempts. The probability of correct prediction in the training and evaluation groups in the C5.0 algorithm is 92.2 and 88.65, respectively, while on the other hand, the probability of correct prediction in the training and evaluation groups in the CART algorithm is 85.11 and 80, respectively. Two other indices show the optimality of the tree model (AUC and GINI indices) in the two training and experimental groups of the variable of suicidal ideation by separating the C5.0 and CART algorithms. According to the overall importance of the studied variables, the variables of mental pain and perception of burden were more effective than other variables in predicting suicidal ideation. In this way, with the increase in the amount of psychological pain, the perception of being a burden, disappointment, and neutral belongingness, the possibility of suicidal ideation increased. On the other hand, the possibility of suicidal ideation decreased in lower amounts of psychological pain and mild hopelessness. Also, among the two levels of interpersonal relationship variables (perception of burdensomeness and neutral affiliation), perception of burdensomeness was more effective than the variable of neutral belongingness in predicting suicidal ideation, so that as the score of perception of burdensomeness increases, the probability of suicidal ideation is higher and lower. As it went, its score would decrease. Therefore, it can be concluded that the variable of psychological pain and the perception of being a burden from the variables of interpersonal relationships had a more transient effect on the probability of suicidal ideation in the participants in the study. According to the results of the modeling of the prediction of suicidal ideation in the present study, it seems that Most of the variables considered in the study have been able to show a significant effect on the occurrence of this phenomenon, but at the same time, the results of the statistical technique used in the study indicate that the variables of parental bonding (care and control) included in the studied model have not been able to have a significant effect. Conclusion: The variable of psychological pain showed the most importance in predicting the formation of suicidal ideation in the decision tree model, and also high values of psychological pain and despair, perception of being a burden, and neutral affiliation showed a higher probability of ideation in the model. In this study, among the three factors of suicide capacity, readiness to commit suicide, fearlessness of death, and pain tolerance, the variable of readiness to commit suicide showed the most importance in predicting suicide attempts. In terms of the decision tree model, it became important as a variable that was present in all the paths leading to suicide, along with suicidal ideation. In this study, among the three factors.}, Keywords = {suicide ideation, suicide attempt, pain, hopelessness, suicide}, volume = {29}, Number = {9}, pages = {345-353}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {علل تاثیرگذار بر پدیده خودکشی (از ایده پردازی تا عمل) با استفاده از الگوریتم درخت تصمیم}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: خودکشی شاید یکی از غم‌انگیزترین اتفاق های زندگی یک انسان و از دردناک‌ترین معضلات جامعه بشری می‌باشد. هدف از این پژوهش علل تاثیرگذار بر پدیده خودکشی (از ایده پردازی تا عمل) با استفاده از الگوریتم درخت تصمیم بود. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف بنیادی بوده و روش انجام تحقیق توصیفی است.بدین منظور تعداد 607 نفر در فضای مجازی به پرسشنامه‌های مقیاس افکار خودکشی بک، مقیاس فرم کوتاه ناامیدی بک، مقیاس درد روانی اشنایدمن ، پرسشنامه نیاز‌های بین فردی جوینر و همکاران ، پرسشنامه پیوند والدینی پارکر، مقیاس قابلیت کسب شده برای خودکشی و پرسشنامه اقدام به خودکشی پاسخ دادند. داده‌ها به روش داده‌کاوی و با استفاده از مدل درخت تصمیم تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها: یافته‌های تحقیق نشان داد بین  متغیرهای درد روانی، ادراک سرباربودن، ناامیدی و تعلق‌پذیری خنثی به ترتیب اهمیت در احتمال ایده‌پردازی خودکشی رابطه مستقیم و معنی‌دار وجود دارد و  همچنین بین متغیرهای افکار خودکشی، آمادگی جهت خودکشی، ناامیدی، بی‌باکی در مورد مرگ، تعلق‌پذیری خنثی و تحمل درد به ترتیب اهمیت در پیش‌بینی اقدام به خودکشی رابطه معنی‌دار وجود دارد.و متغیر پیوند والدینی بر پیش‌بینی ایده‌پردازی و اقدام به خودکشی تاثیر معنی‌داری نداشت. نتیجه‌گیری: متغیر درد روانی بیشترین اهمیت را در پیش‌بینی شکل‌گیری ایده‌پردازی خودکشی درمدل درخت تصمیم نشان داد و همچنین مقادیر بالای درد روانی و ناامیدی و ادراک سربار بودن و تعلق‌پذیری خنثی احتمال ایده‌پردازی بیشتری را در مدل نشان دادند. در این مطالعه نیز از سه عامل ظرفیت خودکشی آمادگی جهت خودکشی، بی‌باکی از مرگ و تحمل درد، متغیر آمادگی جهت خودکشی بیشترین اهمیت را در این میان در پیش‌بینی اقدام به خودکشی نشان داد. از نظر مدل درخت تصمیم به عنوان متغیری که در تمام مسیرهای منتهی به اقدام به خودکشی در کنار ایده‌پردازی خودکشی حضور داشت اهمیت پیدا کرد.}, keywords_fa = {ایده‌پردازی خودکشی, اقدام به خودکشی,درد, ناامیدی, خودکشی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8523-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8523-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Shirkhanzadeh, Maria and Hatami, Mohammad and SaramiForoushani, Gholamreza and Ahadi, Hass}, title = {The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Psychological Distress in People with Bulimia Nervosa}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Eating disorders are one of the most common mental / psychological disorders that cause many problems in physical health and mental function and also impair the quality of life of the sufferer and cause death. Eating disorders can cause eating disorders and threaten a person's health by altering their diet and receiving poor nutrients. Overeating disorder is an eating and eating disorder that is now officially recognized as a diagnosis. It affects approximately 2% of the world's population and can cause other health problems related to diets, such as high cholesterol and diabetes. Nutrition and eating disorders are not just about food, which is why they are known as mental disorders. People often use them as a way to deal with a deeper problem or other psychological condition such as anxiety or depression. People with anorexia nervosa may eat a lot of food in a short time, even if they are not hungry. Stress or emotional distress is often involved and may cause overeating. Lack of emotional regulation justifies overeating in various behaviors such as restricting food, valuing weight, shape, and negative emotions. Also, lack of emotion regulation has a strong relationship with overeating, so consuming too much food reduces the intensity of emotions. If emotion regulation fails, self-regulation in other areas, such as controlling eating behavior, can also fail; therefore, it seems likely that the models explaining overeating behavior in overeating disorder and overeating in obesity are related to failure in self-regulation due to intense emotions. Eating behavior is a complex phenomenon that involves the breadth and frequency of periods of eating and choosing daily foods and determines the amount of energy received by the individual and is the result of environmental, physiological, and psychological factors. Therefore, therapy can be effective in reducing eating disorders that can help the person in controlling his behavior and emotions. A meta-analytical look at the therapies used to treat eating disorders in the last decade shows that most research has focused on cognitive-behavioral therapy. The cognitive-behavioral approach of eating disorders focuses on cognitive distortions and attempts to change emotions and behaviors, and focuses on behavior. The therapist helps the patient identify their cognitive distortions and replace them with more positive and realistic ways of thinking. There is a vacuum of research in this area. Given the above, the present study seeks to answer the question of whether the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on psychological distress, obesity, and emotion disorder in people with bulimia will be different? Methods: Due to the nature of the subject of the present study, the method of the present study is quasi-experimental and is a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population was considered as high school students. Therefore, the statistical population of the present study is all-female high school students in Kerman in District 2 of Education. The sample size was selected as a multi-stage cluster from 4 girls' high schools. First, through bulimia (bulimia nervosa) Gormali, Black, Duston, Radin (1982) questionnaire, and clinical interview, 45 students with bulimia nervosa were identified and selected and randomly assigned to three groups of 15. Inclusion criteria were having the conditions to participate in intervention sessions (availability), determining students' satisfaction with cooperation, not taking medical and psychiatric drugs, not having acute medical or metabolic disorders through screening tests and exit criteria these included not being able to attend intervention sessions (unavailability), student dissatisfaction, taking medications and psychiatry, and having an acute medical or metabolic disorder. The research instrument was Gormali, Black, Duston, Radin's (1982) Overeating Behaviors Scale (DAS). The experimental groups underwent cognitive-behavioral intervention. Data analysis was performed using an independent t-test. Results: The results of this test indicate that there is a significant difference between the depression subscale and the psychological distress variable of people with bulimia nervosa in the two post-test groups. Also, the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the rate of anxiety and depression in the post-test was not significantly significant. Conclusion: The cognitive-behavioral approach of eating disorders is based on cognitive distortions and attempts to change emotions and behaviors and focuses on behavior. The therapist helps the patient identify their cognitive distortions and replace them with more positive and realistic ways of thinking. Explaining the result, it is stated that the disorder of emotions and feelings in students is one of the major problems in adolescence, which is a critical and sensitive period, which has unpleasant consequences, including bulimia nervosa. Is created. Adolescent students with bulimia nervosa develop unregulated emotions, feelings, and emotions. Emotional Dysregulation plays a significant role in the development and persistence of eating disorders. People with overeating disorders use inefficient and troublesome methods to deal with their emotions. These techniques may temporarily reduce arousal, but over time, not only do they intensify emotional coping, but they themselves become a problem, suggesting that overeating behaviors are in fact maladaptive ways to control emotion. Explaining the result also states that anxiety and worry is a good opportunity for common behavioral disorders such as anxiety, depression, and stress. Therefore, in these situations, restoring a sense of control and increasing self-confidence and a sense of self-efficacy can be an important factors in treatment and recovery. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is one of the treatment approaches that help to solve the problems caused by dysfunction in emotions, cognitions, and behavior using a systematic and purposeful method. In other words, it can be said that in cognitive behavioral therapy, the strengths of behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy approaches, ie objectivism, evaluation, and measurement on the one hand and the involvement of memory in cognitive reconstruction and information interpretation, on the other hand, are gathered. And in the form of a single body in the form of a new approach. People with binge eating disorders are often more obese than people with anorexia nervosa. Therefore, the primary focus of treatment in this study was weight loss, and clients were told that the primary priority in treatment was to eliminate overeating behaviors and develop good habits. Eat, to achieve this goal. Second, issues such as obesity, nutrition, and regular exercise were considered. There is no difference in the cognition of people with bulimia nervosa.  }, Keywords = {Cognitive-Behavioral, Psychological Distress, Bulimia Nervosa, Overweight}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی رفتار درمانی- شناختی بر پریشانی روانشناختی در افراد مبتلا به پرخوری عصبی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اختلالات خوردن یکی از اختلالات شایع روانی/ روان‌تنی به شمار می‌روند که مشکلات فراوانی در سلامت جسمانی و عملکرد روانی را باعث می‌شوند. تحقیق حاضر با هدف اثربخشی رفتار درمانی- شناختی بر پریشانی روان شناختی افراد مبتلا به پرخوری عصبی انجام شد. روش کار: در این مطالعه نیمه آزمایشی، جامعۀ آماری شامل کلیۀ دانش آموزان دختر مبتلا به پرخوری عصبی بود که در مقطع مَتوسطه دوم شهر کرمان در ناحیۀ 2 آموزش و پرورش مشغول به تحصیل بودند. حجم نمونه برابر با 30 نفر در نظر گرفته شد که به دو گروه 15 نفره تجربی و کنترل تقسیم شدند. ابزار تحقیق شامل پرسشنامه‌های رفتارهای پرخوری گورمالی و همکاران (1982)، پریشانی روانشناختی لاویبوند و لاویبوند (1995) بود. جلسات درمان شناختی- رفتاری در مدت 12 جلسه و به مدت تقریبی 2 ماه به طول انجامید. تحلیل داده­ها با استفاده از آزمون تی مستقل انجام گرفت. یافته‌ها: نتایج بررسی درون گروهی نشان می‌دهد که در گروه تجربی سطح رفتار پرخوری،  افسردگی، اضطراب، استرس کاهش معنی‌داری داشتند. همچنین نتایج بررسی بین گروهی در مرحله پس آزمون نسبت به پیش آزمون دو گروه نشان می‌دهد که تفاوت معنی‌داری بین سطح متغیرهای مورد مطالعه گروه تجربی با گروه کنترل مشاهده شد. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که مداخله‌های روانشناختی از قبیل رفتار درمانی- شناختی بر میزان رفتار پرخوری،  افسردگی، اضطراب، استرس در افراد مبتلا به پرخوری عصبی مؤثر است، لذا بکارگیری این گونه مداخله‌ها برای افراد مبتلا به پرخوری عصبی لازم و ضروری است.}, keywords_fa = {شناختی-رفتاری, پریشانی روان شناختی, پرخوری عصبی, اضافه وزن}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7294-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7294-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Shamsi, Somaye and Ebrahimimoghadam, Hosein and AbolmaaliAlhoseini, Khadijeh}, title = {Presenting the Model of Structural Equations for Predicting Psychological Distress Based on Mindfulness and Personality Traits with the Mediating Role of Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease that brings many physical and psychological complications, the chronic nature of which, the lack of definite prognosis and treatment, and the involvement of a person at a young age cause many psychological problems in patients, including psychological distress. Becomes According to the results of research, people with multiple sclerosis suffer from psychological distress due to their disease. So that the severity and catastrophizing of pain along with psychological distress is always considered a significant problem in multiple sclerosis patients. Psychological distress has negative and irreparable effects on physical, mental, and behavioral health, which is very costly for a person and will bring adverse consequences; for this reason, it is necessary to know the factors affecting it. Mindfulness can be one of the important and influential factors in people's psychological distress. Mindfulness is a person's clear awareness of what is happening inside and in interaction with the external environment in successive moments of perception, which can help free people from automatic thoughts, habits, and unhealthy behavior patterns. Mindfulness is paying attention in a special and purposeful way, in the present tense and without judgment and prejudice. Based on the background, if it is possible to deal with unpleasant emotions and symptoms of psychological distress by developing mindfulness skills, it can be expected that weakness in these skills will increase the possibility of a person suffering from psychological distress. Also, the research background has shown that mindfulness can play a role in the relationship between mental health and psychological distress, which indicates that mindfulness can reduce the negative consequences of psychological distress in people. In addition to mindfulness, which plays an important role in psychological distress, Zuckerman's alternative five-factor model personality traits are also a determining and important factor in predicting psychological distress. Human personality can be defined as a dynamic organization within a person consisting of biological-psychological and social systems, which are responsible for regulating and adapting to the changing environment. Clinical findings show that mental pressure caused by daily life events gradually affects the activity of different body systems, including the immune system, and can weaken and disturb patients with multiple sclerosis, and among them, personality traits can have this effect. Adjust or strengthen. On the other hand, people with multiple sclerosis show different reactions to this disease according to their personality traits, which can affect their quality of life. The quality of life is expressed from an objective point of view, while others express it from a subjective point of view. The objective view considers the quality of life as obvious and related to living standards, which include physical health, personal conditions, social relationships, or other social and economic factors. On the other hand, the subjective point of view considers the quality of life synonymous with the happiness or satisfaction of the individual and emphasizes cognitive factors in the evaluation of the quality of life. The research that has investigated the relationship of these variables by considering the mediating role of the quality of life-related to health in the form of a research model has been less investigated. Therefore, in this research, the question is answered whether psychological distress is predicted based on mindfulness and personality traits with a mediating role of health-related quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis. Methods: The statistical population of this descriptive-correlation study included all patients with multiple sclerosis who were referred to the MS Association of Tehran and were studying in 2020-2021, and 400 people were selected by the available non-random sampling method (online method). And they responded to Kessler et al.'s Psychological Distress Questionnaire (2003), Baer et al.'s Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (2006), Zuckerman-Coleman Zuckerman Personality Questionnaire (2002), and World Health Quality of Life Questionnaire Short Version (2004). Then the proposed model was analyzed through the structural equation model. Results: The results showed that the direct paths of mindfulness, anxiety/neuroticism, sociability, activity, and aggression/hostility were significant for psychological distress. But the direct path of sensation seeking/impulsivity on psychological distress was not significant. Also, the indirect effects of mindfulness, anxiety / neuroticism, sensationalism / impulsivity, and aggression / hostility through the mediating role of health-related quality of life on psychological distress were significant. However, the indirect effects of socialization and activity through the mediating role of health-related quality of life on psychological distress were not significant. The structural model of the research had a favorable fit. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that psychological categories are important in patients with multiple sclerosis, and the results of this study are an important step toward knowing the factors affecting psychological distress in patients with multiple sclerosis. One of the limitations of the research was the data collection, and implementation of part of the research questionnaires offline, that is, by creating a link, placing the questionnaires in it, and sharing in virtual social media, which allows the researcher to directly monitor the response of the sample. There were no In using the results, it should be noted that the findings of this research were limited to patients with multiple sclerosis who referred to the MS Association of Tehran, so caution should be used in generalizing the results to other cities due to ethnic and cultural differences. Observed in the generalization of the results. Due to the spread of the coronavirus, the questionnaires were implemented online and the other part was face-to-face, this possibility was only available for multiple sclerosis patients who had access to the questionnaire link or were present in the association at the time of the research. Therefore, many other patients who did not have access to the online link or were not present in the forum at the time of the research did not have a chance to answer the questions of the questionnaires, which was beyond the control of the researcher. It is suggested that in the next research, all questionnaires should be administered in person, observing social distancing, so that the researcher can be a guide for sample people to answer if necessary.  }, Keywords = {psychological distress, mindfulness, personality traits, quality of life, multiple sclerosis.}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {10-23}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارائه مدل پیش بینی پریشانی روانشناختی بر اساس ذهن آگاهی و ویژگی‌های شخصیتی با نقش میانجی کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت در بیماران مبتلا به اسکلروزیس}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: در بیماران مبتلا به اسکلروزیس چندگانه، بهبود کیفیت زندگی برای افزایش طول عمر اهمیت دارد. لذا هدف از این پژوهش پیش بینی پریشانی روانشناختی بر اساس ذهن آگاهی و ویژگی­های شخصیتی با نقش میانجی کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت در بیماران مبتلا به اسکلروزیس چندگانه بود. روش کار: جامعه آماری این مطالعه توصیفی- همبستگی شامل کلیه بیماران مبتلا به اسکلروزیس چندگانه مراجعه کننده به انجمن ام اس شهر تهران مشغول به تحصیل در سال 1400-1399 بود و به شیوه نمونه‏گیری غیرتصادفی در دسترس (شیوه آنلاین) 400 نفر انتخاب‌ و به پرسشنامه پریشانی روانشناختی کسلر و همکاران (2003)، پرسشنامه ذهن آگاهی پنج عاملی بائر و همکاران (2006)، پرسشنامه شخصیت زاکرمن-کلمن زاکرمن (2002) و پرسشنامه کیفیت زندگی بهداشت جهانی نسخه کوتاه (2004) پاسخ دادند. سپس الگوی پیشنهادی از طریق مدل معادلات ساختاری تحلیل شد. یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد که مسیرهای مستقیم ذهن آگاهی، اضطراب/ روان‌رنجورخویی، مردم آمیزی، فعالیت و پرخاشگری/ خصومت بر پریشانی روانشناختی معنادار بودند. اما مسیر مستقیم هیجان‌طلبی/ تکانشی بر پریشانی روانشناختی معنادار نبود. همچنین اثرات غیرمستقیم ذهن آگاهی، اضطراب/ روانرنجورخویی، هیجان‌طلبی/ تکانشی و پرخاشگری/ خصومت از طریق نقش میانجی کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت بر پریشانی روانشناختی معنادار بود. اما اثرات غیرمستقیم مردم آمیزی و فعالیت از طریق نقش میانجی کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت بر پریشانی روانشناختی معنادار نبود. مدل ساختاری پژوهش برازش مطلوبی داشت. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می­توان بیان داشت که نتایج این مطالعه گام مهمی در جهت شناخت عوامل مؤثر بر پریشانی روانشناختی در بیماران مبتلا به اسکلروزیس چندگانه می­باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {پریشانی روانشناختی, ذهن آگاهی, ویژگی‌های شخصیتی, کیفیت زندگی, اسکلروزیس چندگانه}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7772-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7772-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Sorkhi, Hadi and Nikkhah, Atefeh and Ebrahimazdehmojaveri, Parisa and Hajiahmadi, Mahmood and Mohammadi, Mohsen and MahmoodiNesheli, Has}, title = {Diagnostic Value of Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) in Differentiating Pyelonephritis from Acute Cystitis in Children with Urinary Tract Infection}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial and frequently recurring infection during childhood, especially in the ages of three months that can involve upper UTI (pyelonephritis) and lower UTI (cystitis). There are three forms of urinary tract infections include pyelonephritis, cystitis and bacteriuria without symptoms.  Approximately 10-30% of children experience a urinary tract infection in the early years of life. The prevalence of UTI has estimated 36.8% in some third world countries. Enterobacteriacea, especially Escherichia coli has been detected as the most common cause of UTI. The crucial criteria to diagnose of UTI are including: fever, pyuria, the growth of organism more than 105  colonies in culture medium. Nowadays, antibiotic resistance is a global concerning among pediatric patient with UTI. The other important issues are including, urine reflection and scar in the lining of the kidney tissue, failure in growth and function of kidney, chronic of kidney and eventually kidney graft and dialysis. So fast diagnostic and treatment of these patients to prevent of development is so important. Although DMSA scanning is a gold standard to detect of renal parenchymal tissue involvement but due to high cost, no accessible in all of the clinical centers and exposure to dangerous chemical substances of radioactive, it is used less. Some clinical symptoms, such as fever, stomachache, backache, nausea, anorexia and inflammatory markers such as white blood cell (WBC), Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR),C_ Reactive Protein (CRP ) can be handy methods to detect of the site of urinary infectious, but it is not reliable method. So there is not a practical, fast and reliable method to separate of pyelonephritis and cystitis. Pyelonephritis can lead to scar and the next stages high blood pressure and kidney failure. The prevalence of kidney scars due to pyelonephritis had reported 26.5% to 49%.  Mean platelet volume (MPV) is an important index in detection of inflammatory. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of MPV in differentiation of pyelonephritis from cystitis in children with UTI. Methods: In this analytical cross- sectional and diagnostic study which was approved by the Ethics Committee of Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran, with the ethics code IR. MUBABOL1724132572, a total of 141 children (1 month to 18 years) with urinary tract infections hospitalized in pediatric Hospital of Amirkola, Babol were enrolled from 2015 to 2020. Inclusion criteria including positive urine culture and exclusion criteria including negative urine culture, lack of diagnosis of pyelonephritis and cystitis, lack of cooperative of patients and the history of blood disorder associated with abnormal platelets (Bernard-Soulier syndrome, gene mutation myh9, ITP). Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, diagnosis of pyelonephritis and the result of positive culture, patients enrolled to this study. And then, whole blood specimens from patients were collected to detect of MPV, CRP, and ESR. According to traditional guidelines, chocolate/ blood agar (non selective medium) used for routine urine cultures. MPV was investigated and compared between patients with pyelonephritis and cystitis. Diagnostic value of MPV by statistical indicators specificity, sensitivity and AUC were calculated and finally statistical analysis of data was carried out using the SPSS (v 16.0) software package.The statistical tests, such as chi- square test, independent t- test, Mann withney, Spearman rank correlation, ROC and Kolmogorov-Smirnov were used in this study. P-Value less than 0.05 were assumed as statistical significance. MPV was evaluated in patients with pyelonephritis and cystitis by independent t- test. Correlation analytical was used to detect of relationship between MPV, ESR, CRP and leucocytes among two groups of pyelonephritis and cystitis. ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve) was used to evaluate and comparison of sensitivity, specificity and the area under the curve for the MPV in patients with pyelonephritis and cystitis. Results: Among 141 patients with UTI, 63.8% with pyelonephritis and 36.2% with cystitis enrolled in this study. MPV in patients with reflux was detected 8.67± 0.95 fl and in patients without reflux was detected 8.66± 0.99 fl. This finding was no statistically significant difference between MPV and reflux (P= 0.96). In this study, according to two groups of patients with pyelonephritis and cystitis the frequency of bacteria was investigated. The most common pathogen among both groups of patients was detected Escherichia coli. There was no statistically significant between type of pathogen among two groups ( P= 0.167).  The result of laboratory variables investigation in both groups of pyelonephritis and cystitis were detected 8.7 fl and 8.5 fl, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between two groups (P= 0.329). Although there was no statistically significant difference in platelet count (P= 0.374), leucocyte (P= 0.115) and lymphocyte (P= 0.073), but we found statistically significant differences in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) between two groups, (P= 0.001). MPV comparison results between two groups (pyelonephritis and cystitis) showed there was no statistically significant difference between two groups.  There was no statistically significant between MPV and ESR, CRP and leucocyte, (P> 0.05). Conclusion: According to the result of our study, the role of MPV in differentiating pyelonephritis from acute cystitis was detected. The evidence of this study showed MPV has low diagnostic value in differentiating pyelonephritis from acute cystitis in children with UTI.  So, detection of Mean platelet volume is not an appropriate method and it needs to more studies to find Para clinical factor in diagnostic is worth wealthy.  }, Keywords = {Children, Mean Platelet Volume, Urinary tract infection, Cystitis, Pyelonephritis}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {24-32}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارزش تشخیصی حجم متوسط پلاکتی (MPV) در افتراق پیلونفریت از سیستیت حاد در کودکان مبتلا به عفونت ادراری}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: عفونت ادراری یکی از شایع‌ترین عفونت‌ها در کودکان می‌باشد که می‌تواند مجاری ادراری تحتانی یا فوقانی را درگیر کند. حدود 30- 10 درصد کودکان در اولین سال‌های زندگی، عفونت ادراری را تجربه می­کنند. حجم متوسط پلاکتی (Mean platelet volume -MPV) یک شاخص مهم در تعیین التهاب است. هدف از انجام این مطالعه، بررسی ارزش تشخیصی MPV در افتراق پیلونفریت از سیستیت حاد در کودکان مبتلا به عفونت ادراری بوده است. روش  کار: در این مطالعه توصیفی-مقطعی، تحلیلی و تشخیصی، 141 کودک (یک ماه الی 18 سال) مبتلا به عفونت مجاری ادراری بستری در بیمارستان کودکان امیرکلا، بابل مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند و میزان MPV بین پیلونفریت (90 نف) و سیستیت (51 نفر) مقایسه شد. همچنین میزان ارزش تشخیصی MPV با استفاده از شاخص­های آماری اختصاصیت و سطح زیر منحنی محاسبه گردید و یافته‌های حاصله مورد آنالیز آماری قرار گرفت و (05/0  P<) معنی دار تلقی شد. یافته‌ها: میانگین MPV در گروه پیلونفریت 7/8 فمتولیتر و در گروه سیستیت 5/8 فمتولیتر بود که نشان می‌داد اختلاف آماری معناداری بین دو گروه پیلونفریت و سیستیت وجود نداشت (329/0 = P). میزان MPV، در 6/55 درصد  در گروه پیلونفریت و 1/43 درصد در گروه سیستیت بالا بود که اختلاف آماری معناداری را نشان نمی‌داد (157/0 = P).  بر اساس آنالیز ROC سطح زیر منحنی MPV برای پیلونفریت 563/0و برای سیستیت 416/0 بود، که برای پیلونفریت یالاتر بوده و با در نظر گرفتن نقطه برش 6/8 فمتولیتر دارای حساسیت و ویژگی 7/56 درصد و 9/52 درصد بود. نتیجه‌گیری: هدف از انجام این مطالعه بررسی نقش MPV به منظور افتراق پیلونفریت از سیستیت حاد انجام شد. بر این اساس، حجم متوسط پلاکتی ارزش تشخیصی نسبتاً پایینی در افتراق پیلونفریت از سیستیت حاد در میان کودکان مبتلا به عفونت ادراری دارد.}, keywords_fa = {کودکان, حجم متوسط پلاکتی, عفونت ادراری, سیستیت, پیلونفریت}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7159-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7159-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ghanaati, Sepideh and HosseinpourDelava, Sedigheh and Zarinkolah, Azam}, title = {The Effect of Eight Weeks of Combined Training on Glycemic Control in Girls with Type 1 Diabetes}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common endocrine disorders in children (5), which affects approximately 1 child under the age of 18 out of every 300 to 500 people (1). Time trend evaluation studies have shown that the prevalence of type 1 diabetes in childhood is increasing in all parts of the world, and the average relative increase is 3 to 4 percent per year. Also, the age of onset of type 1 diabetes in children has decreased. It is believed that non-genetic factors are important for the development of type 1 diabetes and its increase, but scientific evidence is insufficient and the causes of this increase and the current epidemic are still unknown (6). This disease is strongly related to microvascular and macrovascular complications, whose pathophysiological mechanisms are diverse and sometimes unclear (7, 8). Improving blood sugar control in diabetic patients leads to a reduction in the incidence of chronic complications of the disease and, of course, the cost of the resulting treatment (9). The main treatment in type 1 diabetes is the use of insulin, and an important part of nursing education in these patients includes education related to diabetes management regarding glycemic control in these children (9). Carrying out regular wind activities and an active lifestyle as a non-pharmacological intervention method is effective in promoting public health and also reducing the complications of some chronic diseases (10-12). One of the positive effects of regular exercise is improving carbohydrate metabolism in metabolic disorders, which can prevent complications related to hyperglycemia (13-15). Due to the high cost of treatment, non-pharmacological methods such as regular physical activity can play an important role in glycemic control and complications caused by diabetes in these people (5). In fact, type 1 diabetes is a challenging problem to manage various physiological and behavioral symptoms. Despite the importance of regular exercise in these people, it is very difficult to manage different methods of physical activity, especially for people with type 1 diabetes, and to provide health care in these people. People with type 1 diabetes, as a part of inactive people from the general population with an unhealthy physical index, are not very willing to participate in physical activity (16). One of the factors related to the low level of physical fitness and reluctance to participate in physical activities in these people is due to the fear of hypoglycemia (5). Although regular exercise can improve the health and well-being of children with type 1 diabetes; However, there are several barriers to exercise for a person with diabetes, including fear of hypoglycemia, loss of glycemic control, and inadequate knowledge about exercise therapy; Therefore, providing an exercise program in accordance with scientific sports recommendations as well as the needs related to motor development for these people can be beneficial (16). Considering the prevalence of type 1 diabetes and its irreversible complications, especially in younger children, as well as the importance of hyperglycemia control, it is important to reduce diabetic complications in these patients (8). Although exercise can be effective in improving the health of children with type 1 diabetes; But due to the difference in research results, more research is needed to prescribe a suitable exercise program for these people, which justifies the necessity of the present research; Therefore, the current research was designed with the aim of investigating the effect of selected combined exercises on glycemic control of girls with type 1 diabetes. Methods: In quasi-experimental study 20 female patients with type 1 diabetes (age: 11.17 ± 2.60 years, height: 138.41 ± 12.10 cm, weighs: 32.24 ± 8.28 kg) using random sampling and they were divided into two training and control groups. Exercise training was done for eight weeks, three sessions per week and each session consisted of 60-90 minutes of combined training. Blood sampling was performed before and after the intervention period. Paired-samples t-tests were used to investigate within groups changes and independent t-tests were used to examine between groups. Results: After the training period, the results a significant decrease in 2-Hour Plasma Glucose was observed in both exercise (P = 0.044) and control (P = 0.022) groups. There was also a significant decrease in fructosamine levels in the training group (P = 0.002). In the study of intergroup changes, fructosamine changes in the exercise group were significant compared to the control group (P = 0.038), but no difference was observed between level of fasting blood sugar (P = 0.201) and 2-Hour Plasma Glucose (P = 0.143) between exercise and control groups. Conclusion: Regarding the relationship between physical activity and glycemic control in type 1 diabetes, it can be said that exercise in the training session can improve the sensitivity of insulin-sensitive cells such as muscle fibers like other people (27, 28); Admon et al showed in a study that a session of aerobic exercise can reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type 1 diabetes (29). In a meta-analysis, Burns et al stated that the combination of aerobic and resistance exercises can improve insulin sensitivity in children (30) and both types of exercises should be considered in designing exercises to improve insulin sensitivity. Among the effective mechanisms for improving insulin sensitivity after exercise, there are molecular mechanisms effective in insulin signaling, as well as a small increase in glucose membrane transporter-4 (GLUT4) after regular exercise in muscle cells, as well as an increase in GLUT4 accumulation. pointed out in the sarcoplasmic membrane (31-33). In this regard, Knudsen et al. showed that exercise increases GLUT4 in insulin-responsive storage vesicles and T tubules, and the accumulation of insulin-sensitive GLUT4 in sarcolemma and endosome membrane increases (34). Of course, in the present study, the level of muscle GLUT4 of the subjects was not checked due to the invasiveness of the muscle biopsy test, which is one of the limitations of the present study. Given that exercise can increase insulin sensitivity; In these people, during sports training and after training, it is necessary to consume smaller amounts of injectable insulin (5, 35). Considering that regular exercise can increase insulin sensitivity and reduce blood sugar levels during exercise as well as hours after exercise, in total, the cumulative effects of regular exercise along with drug treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes, It can prevent hyperglycemic damages such as glycosylation of proteins and cells of other body organs and prevent microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes in the long term (8, 36). Ghalavand et al showed in their research that regular exercise training increased insulin sensitivity and decreased 2-hour blood sugar (5). Although, in the present study, it was not possible to check glucose at different hours after exercise, and the fructosamine index was used as the average euglycemia of the subjects. Despite the positive benefits of fructosamine, including shorter life span and greater sensitivity to HbA1c and not being affected by factors related to hemoglobin changes, for a more accurate interpretation of fructosamine, it is necessary to check the amount of serum proteins (25), which was not measured in the present study. And it was one of the limitations of the present research. The findings of the present research showed that eight weeks of selected combined exercises improve glycemic control in the form of a decrease in serum fructosamine in girls with type 1 diabetes, and that exercise can play a positive role in the management of diabetes in these people.  }, Keywords = {Type 1 diabetes, Combined Exercise training, Glycemic control, Fructosamine}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {33-42}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر هشت هفته تمرینات ترکیبی بر کنترل قند خون در دختران مبتلا به دیابت نوع 1}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: دیابت نوع 1 یکی از بیماری‌های متابولیک شایع در کودکان می‌باشد. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تعیین اثر هشت هفته تمرینات ترکیبی بر کنترل گلیسمی در دختران مبتلا به دیابت نوع 1 بود. روش کار: در تحقیق نیمه تجربی حاضر 20 دختر مبتلا به دیابت نوع 1 (سن: 60/2 ±  17/11 سال، قد: 10/12 ±  41/138 سانتی متر و وزن: 28/8 ±  24/32 کیلوگرم)، به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی انتخاب شدند و به دو گروه تمرین و کنترل تقسیم شدند. تمرینات ورزشی به مدت هشت هفته، سه جلسه در هفته و هر جلسه تمرین شامل 90-60 دقیقه تمرینات ترکیبی انجام شد. قبل و پس از دوره مداخله خونگیری انجام شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل آماری از آزمون های تی وابسته برای بررسی تغییرات درون گروهی و تی مستقل برای بررسی تغییرات بین گروهی استفاده شد. یافته ها: پس از دوره تمرین کاهش معنی داری در سطح قند خون 2 ساعته در هر دو گروه تمرین (044/0 = P) و کنترل (02/0 = P) مشاهده شد. همچنین کاهش معنی داری در سطح فروکتوزآمین در گروه تمرین (002/0 = P) مشاهده گردید. در برررسی تغییرات بین گروهی تغییرات فروکتوزآمین در گروه تمرین نسبت به گروه کنترل معنی دار بود (038/0 = P)، ولی تفاوتی بین سطح قند خون ناشتا (201/0 = P) و قند خون 2 ساعته (143/0 = P) بین گروه های تمرین و کنترل مشاهده نشد. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به اثر تمرینات ورزشی ترکیبی بر کاهش فروکتوزآمین به عنوان شاخص کنترل گلیسمی در بیماران دیابتی می‌توان گفت که تمرینات ورزشی ترکیبی نقش مثبتی در کنترل قند خون کودکان مبتلا به دیابت نوع 1 دارد و این بیماران می‌توانند برای مدیریت قند خون از برنامه تمرینات ورزشی ترکیبی استفاده نمایند.  }, keywords_fa = {دیابت نوع 1, تمرینات ورزشی ترکیبی,کنترل قند خون, فروکتوزآمین}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6226-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6226-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Karimi, Zohreh and Ghazalian, Farshad and Ebrahim, Khosrow}, title = {Comparison of the Effect of Gender on Hemodynamic Factors and Normetanephrine after Boxing Exergame, with and without Blood Flow Restriction}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Despite the fact that researchers have recently turned their attention to the new style of video games with movement (exergames) and considering that these games have been recently accepted as a kind of sports activity with a wide range of people as audience of these games both male and female in various ages, the influence of gender in response to various parameters, including hemodynamic factors, has not been addressed. Therefore, the above study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of gender on hemodynamic factors and normetanephrine after video boxing game with movement, with and without blood flow restriction. Methods: Fourteen healthy young people (Female: 8, Male: 6; Age: 30±10 years; BMI: 21±3 kg.m2) were divided into two groups of men and women and participated in two training sessions of boxing with Microsoft Kinect Xbox 360. Normetanephrine and some hemodynamic factors such as HR, SBP, DBP, RPP and MAP were measured before and after. At the beginning of each session, the subjects performed 5 minutes of warm-up exercises with stretching. Blood samples were taken from serum before training to test for serum Normetanephrine. A Cardiac Holter monitoring system was used to measure Heart Rate. All measurement instructions were followed in the measurement process; before the start of the game, the Avecinna My Patch Holter device with four cables were installed on the subjects' chests by f-55 SKINTACT chest leads made in Austria and poly-gel ultrasound gel to measure the heart rate. The selected exergame was boxing from Kinect Sports with Microsoft's Kinect X BOX360. Subjects were two groups of men and women and competed against each other for 20 minutes, the separated groups of women and men were fighting against each other. In the first week, seven subjects with BFR, which was imposed by an Iranian-made inflatable cuff with 15 to 20% systolic blood pressure restriction by a sphygmomanometer, played against seven competitors without BFR. After seven days, the training session was repeated, but this time the two groups were changed regarding BFR. At intervals of 5, 10, 15, and 20 games, the cuffs were opened and closed again. The Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) was also recorded by the Borg 10-point scale at the minutes of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes. Accordingly, the subjects were supposed to indicate the rate of perceived exertion by numbers when implementing the protocol. Blood samples were taken again by specialists present at the laboratory immediately after the game. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of data distribution. Independent t-test was used to compare before and after data of the two groups and the Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to evaluate the data of RPE and the significance level was considered as p≤0.05 for all statistical analyses. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Results: Statistical analysis of the present study showed that boxing exergame in both protocols with and without BFR led to a significant increase in hemodynamic variables except DBP in both men and women, but comparing the increase between the two groups of women and Men did not show significant outcomes. The results showed that although the comparison of increase in SBP, MAP, HR, RPP indices during both protocols in both groups of men and women was not significant; Men showed a greater increase in SBP, HR, RPP in the protocol with BFR compared to without BFR, while in the group of women it was quite the opposite. The group of women in the protocol without BFR showed a greater increase in these parameters compared to the protocol with BFR. Regarding MAP parameter, men in both protocols showed more increase than women. The results of the DBP data, showed an insignificant increase in both groups in the two protocols and no significant difference was observed between men and women. Regarding normetanephrine, like other parameters, the comparison of increase in normetanephrine in women and men during both protocols was not significant and, like the MAP parameter, in men, the increase in both protocols was greater than in women. The results of independent t-test related to hemodynamic and normathephrine indices are presented in the table below. Regarding the comparison of reported RPE, both groups of men and women reported significantly higher values ​​in the session with BFR, but the comparison of the values ​​reported in women and men did not show a significant difference in both protocols (without and with BFR, respectively F4,48=0.039, p=0.997; F4,48=1.426, p=0.240). However, in the protocol without BFR, women reported higher values ​​of RPE in all the above minutes. Conversely, in the protocol with BFR, men reported higher values ​​of PRE at different minutes. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that a exergame session in both with and without restriction of blood flow in the arteries of the hand, could not cause significant results in increasing hemodynamic factors, normetanephrine and RPE in both men and women. However, there were differences in the responses of some factors between the two groups. The reason for this insignificancy can be due to various factors such as the type of game chosen, the duration of training protocols or the competitiveness of the game that caused excitement in both groups and the degree of obstruction of blood flow and opening and closing the cuffs during the protocol with BFR.  the comparison of hemodynamic responses of men and women in the proposed protocol in the combination of exergame with different training methods such as BFR that was presented in this study has recently come to many researchers attention, that proves the potential of this new style of games with sports activities that appeals to a wide range of audiences. Therefore a closer look at the effects of this proposed protocol on the cardiovascular system and hemodynamic factors in long-term protocols and the comparison of gender responses in other age groups is required.}, Keywords = {Kaatsu Training, Normetanephrine, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, RPE}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {43-55}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه تأثیر جنسیت بر عوامل همودینامیکی و نورمتانفرین بعد از بازی بوکس ویدیویی همراه با حرکت، با و بدون محدودیت جریان خون}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: تاکنون کمتر به تأثیر جنسیت در پاسخ به پارامترهای مختلف از جمله عوامل همودینامیکی پرداخته شده است. از این رو پژوهش فوق با هدف مقایسه تأثیر جنسیت بر عوامل همودینامیکی و نورمتانفرین بعد از بازی بوکس ویدیویی همراه با حرکت، با و بدون محدودیت جریان خون صورت گرفت. روش کار: روش تحقیق حاضر نیمه تجربی بـود. از چهارده آزمودنی غیر ورزشکار (8 زن= 8/28Age:، kg/m2 1/21BMI:؛ 6 مرد= 3/31 Age:، kg/m2 1/24BMI:) طی یک فراخوان هدفمند دعوت شد تا در دو گروه زنان و مردان در دو جلسه تمرینی به بازی بوکس با کینکت ایکس باکس در دو حالت با و بدون محدودیت جریان خون (BFR -Blood flow restriction) بپردازند. برخی عوامل همودینامیکی،  نورمتانفرین قبل و بعد و فشاردرک‌شده (Rate of perceived exertion--RPE) دقایق مختلف جهت بررسی شدت فعالیت ثبت شد.  از روش آماری تی مستقل جهت مقایسه داده‌های قبل و بعد دو گروه و تحلیل واریانس با اندازه‌گیری مکرر برای مقایسه داده‌های درک فشار دقایق مختلف استفاده گردید. سطح معناداری برای تمام تحلیل‌های آماری(05/0P≤) در نظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: پروتکل‌ بازی بوکس همراه با حرکت، در دو حالت با و بدون BFR، منجر به تغییر معنادار در میزان افزایش فاکتورهای همودینامیکی، نورمتانفرین و فشار درک شده در گروه‌های زنان و مردان نگردید (05/0P≥). نتیجه‌گیری: بررسی دقیق‌تر اثرات فعالیت ورزشی بر سیستم قلبی و عروقی و عوامل همودینامیکی در پروتکل‌های طولانی مدت و مقایسه پاسخ‌های جنسیتی در گروه‌های سنی مختلف برای شناخت مکانسیم‌های احتمالی و ارائه توصیه‌های کاربردی در راستای اثر بخشی بهتر تمرینات ورزشی ضروری به نظر می‌رسد.}, keywords_fa = {تمرین کاتسو, نورمتانفرین, ضربان قلب, فشار خون, میزان فشار درک شده}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7189-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7189-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Omidi, Mahmoud and Koraei, Amin and Sodani, Mansour}, title = {Comparison of the Effectiveness of Structural Family Therapy and Gottman Couple Therapy on Cohesion, Adaptability and Communication of Non-adjustment Couples}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Family formation begins with the union of a man and a woman, and one of the manifestations of a successful married life is the establishment of constructive interactions between husband and wife (1) Marriage plays an important role in the mental health of individuals, and if married life does not meet the needs of couples, not only will mental health not be realized, but it will also have negative consequences (2) Evidence shows that dissatisfaction in marital relationships and emotional breakdown between couples leads them to divorce or divorce (3). The goal of couples participating in family and couple therapies is to improve exchanges, increase trust, resolve conflicts and strengthen intimacy between themselves despite the persistence of problems (8). When the family is considered as a system, the processes of this system such as communication, exchange patterns and boundaries, hierarchy, adaptation and family functioning are better understood. Families and couples change their growth path in response to stressful situations, and Olson's complex circular pattern can well illustrate these changes. The complex cyclical pattern of family and marital systems expanded to fill the gap between research, theory, and practice in systems theory. This model focuses on communication systems and integrates three dimensions of the family. These three dimensions have been repeatedly discussed in family therapy perspectives and models. These three dimensions include cohesion, adaptability, and communication (9). Consistency addresses the issue of how systems strike a balance between separation and coexistence (5, 6). Adaptability refers to the degree to which family members or couples are able to change relationships, plans, and rules (5). Communication The third dimension is a complex circular pattern that is considered as a facilitator dimension. Using positive communication skills helps couples and families change their levels of attachment and adaptability so that they can meet their situational and developmental needs (11). Different theories and perspectives have been proposed on marital and family conflicts and the intervention methods have been developed based on these approaches, one of which is the structural family therapy approach. The emphasis of family therapy is on the family as a whole, which consists of subsystems within the family (12). The effectiveness of this approach has been shown in research in solving couples' problems (14, 15). Another approach to couple therapy is Guttman couple therapy (16,17). The effectiveness of Guttman couple therapy has been shown in several studies, including in solving couples' problems (23-25). Given the importance of Olson's Circumplex Model, it seems necessary to use approaches that can bring the couple's cohesion, adaptability, and level of communication to a desirable level, Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the compare the effectiveness of Structural Family Therapy and Gottman Couple Therapy on the cohesion, adaptability and communication of incompatible couples. Methods: The population of this study includes of non-adjustment couples referring to Behbahan Education Counseling Clinic in the first half of 1398, sample of 45 couples from this community was selected by available method and randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The quasi-experimental research design was pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. First, pre-test was taken from all three groups and then the experimental groups were exposed to Structural Family Therapy and Gottman Couple Therapy for 8 sessions and 90 minutes each session (one session per week). At the end of the sessions, all three groups underwent post-test and 1.5 months later underwent follow-up test. Participants completed the family adaptability and cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES-III) and the Communication level subscale of the ENRICH Scale. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate covariance analysis.  Results: The results showed that Structural Family Therapy and Gottman Couple Therapy significantly improved the cohesion, adaptability and communication of non-adjustment couples, Also, comparing the effectiveness of the two approaches shows a significant difference in favor of Gottman couple therapy group in the variables of cohesion and adaptability, and structural family therapy in the variable of communication. The results also showed that the effectiveness of these two approaches continued until the follow-up stage. The results were discussed in detail on the effectiveness of these approaches. Conclusion: The results showed that both approaches improved the cohesion, adaptability and level of communication in the experimental group. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (23،24،30). From the point of view of structural family therapy, changing the organization or structure of the family leads to better communication between family members and the construction of family boundaries, one of which is the pattern of marital communication, leads to healthy family functioning (13). Explaining the effect of structural family therapy on couple cohesion, adaptability and communication, we can say; Structural theory, by creating harmony between family members, especially the sub-system of marriage, creates a suitable structure and increases the closeness and cohesion of couples (13). This approach contributes to the health of couples and makes them feel better together by influencing family boundaries and making the boundaries within the family healthier. Structural family therapy helps couples to have a sense of individuality and a sense of belonging to the group by teaching them sufficient flexibility within clear boundaries and with proper functioning. In proper demarcation, the couple forms a stable system that helps them to show greater flexibility in making decisions and changing relationships and patterns. On the other hand, the findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research that have proven the effectiveness of Guttman's approach in solving couples' problems. (23،24،30). Explaining the significance of the effectiveness of Guttman couple therapy on cohesion, adaptability and couple’s communication, it can be said that according to Guttman, expressing interest, admiration and respect helps couples to get closer to each other and to Perform joint activities together on a daily basis. In a lasting marriage, the couple usually compromises and gently resolves their issues in favor of the parties (31). Also, teaching couples common sense leads them to establish a relationship with each other and to support their spouse's rules and suggestions. The effect of Guttman couple therapy on couple’s communication can also be said; Communication is a vital and important dimension in a couple's functioning, training in positive communication skills helps couples to meet their developmental needs. One of the things that hurts a couple's positive relationship is conflict. Conflict is inevitable in marital relationships. Guttman's theory teaches how to resolve conflicts and targets negative emotions during conflicts. Also, the results of comparing the two approaches showed that Guttman couple therapy has a greater effect on couples' cohesion and adaptability than structural family therapy. This difference in effectiveness can be related to the nature of Guttman couple therapy approach. On the other hand, the results showed that structural family therapy has a greater effect on couples' communication than Guttman couple therapy, which is also due to the structural emphasis on concepts such as family structure, interactions between members and family reconstruction (12). The statistical population, available sampling, and the design of the present study present limitations on the generalizations and interpretations that need to be considered. According to the results, it seems that structural family therapy and Guttman couple therapy can help to improve the psychological and marital characteristics of couples seeking divorce.}, Keywords = {Structural Family Therapy, Gottman Couple Therapy, Cohesion, Adaptability, Communication}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {56-67}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه اثربخشی درمان ساختاری خانواده و زوج درمانی گاتمن بر مؤلفه‌های الگوی حلقوی پیچیده اُلسون شامل پیوستگی، انطباق پذیری و سطح ارتباطات زوجین}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: خانواده و زوجین در مسیر رشدی خود در پاسخ به موقعیت‌های تنش‌زا دچار تغییراتی می‌شوند، الگوی حلقوی پیچیده اُلسون به خوبی می‌تواند این تغییرات را نشان دهد. هدف این پژوهش مقایسه اثربخشی درمان ساختاری خانواده و زوج درمانی گاتمن بر مؤلفه‌های الگوی حلقوی پیچیده اُلسون شامل پیوستگی، انطباق پذیری و سطح ارتباطات زوجین بود. روش کار: جامعه آماری این پژوهش کلیه زوجین مراجعه کننده به مرکز مشاوره آموزش و پرورش شهرستان بهبهان در بهار سال 98 بودند. آزمودنی ها شامل 45 زوج می باشند که نمره آنها در پیوستگی، انطباق پذیری و سطح ارتباطات پایین تر از میانگین بود و به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و یک گروه کنترل قرار گرفتند. طرح پژوهشی، پیش آزمون- پس آزمون و پیگیری با گروه کنترل بود. ابتدا از هر سه گروه پیش آزمون گرفته شد و سپس گروه های آزمایشی 8 جلسه 90 دقیقه‌ای (هر هفته یک جلسه) در معرض درمان ساختاری خانواده یا زوج درمانی گاتمن  قرار گرفتند. پس از پایان جلسات از هر سه گروه پس آزمون به عمل آمد. زوج‌ها یک ماه و نیم بعد نیز تحت آزمون پیگیری قرار گرفتند. داده‌ها با استفاده از تحلیل کواریانس تک متغییری و چند متغییری تحلیل شدند. یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد که درمان ساختاری خانواده  توانسته است بر پیوستگی، انطباق پذیری زوجین تأثیر بیشتری نسبت به زوج درمانی گاتمن داشته باشد و زوج درمانی گاتمن توانسته است بر سطح ارتباطات زوجین تاثیر بیشتری نسبت به درمان ساختاری خانواده داشته یاشد و این تاثیرات تا مرحله پیگیری ادامه داشته است. نتیجه‌گیری: به نظر می‌رسد درمان ساختاری خانواده و زوج درمانی گاتمن می‌تواند به بهبود ویژگی­های روان­شناختی و زناشویی زوجین متقاضی طلاق کمک کنند.  }, keywords_fa = {درمان ساختاری خانواده, زوج درمانی گاتمن, پیوستگی, انطباق پذیری, سطح ارتباطات}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6880-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6880-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Solhi, Mahnaz and Asivanzadeh, Ehsan and Irandoost, Seyed Fahim}, title = {Job Satisfaction and its Effective Factors among the Staff of Iran University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Human resources are the most important asset of an organization, and job satisfaction of employees is a vital issue and one of the signs of success of the organization (1). Job satisfaction refers to the sum of positive desires or feelings that people have about their job. That is, the more job satisfaction a person has, the more they love their job, the more they satisfy their needs through it, and the more they will have positive feelings about it (2). Various factors, such as the ability to work full time, personal independence while working, social status, job security, cooperation with staff, appreciation for work, as well as demographic factors such as age, gender, and educational degree, can affect job satisfaction (5-7). Job satisfaction can motivate employees to work more effectively, so that satisfied people will be more creative and productive than dissatisfied ones (6). Lack of job satisfaction reduces the morale of employees, and this will have adverse effects on the performance of the organization. Dissatisfaction with work can have a direct impact on the incidence of work accidents and unsafe behaviors (8). Overall, there is a strong relationship between employees' job satisfaction and their performance. In terms of the relationship between job satisfaction and performance, studies have shown that the performance of human resources in Iran in the last 10 to 20 years has decreased by about 25 percent (9). In addition to the importance of job satisfaction and organizational environments, in university centers, due to the presence of clients and students, job satisfaction is of special importance and a lack of it disrupts the work of clients as well as educational processes. University employees are involved in the education and training of trained forces in the community, and their job satisfaction affects their jobs and professions and will increase the productivity of the university system on a large scale (13). Therefore, considering the importance of job satisfaction for university staff in improving service provision, the present study was conducted at Iran University to determine the level of job satisfaction and the factors affecting it. Methods: The current study used a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) design. The statistical population included all employees of different administrative departments of the Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2016.  Cochran's sample size estimate formula, a known number of statistical population (about 2000 people), and the score of work satisfaction and dissatisfaction in Miao et al, 2017 were used to establish the sample size (14). The formula yielded a sample size of 460 respondents. To eliminate errors, the total number of samples was decided to be 500 people from among employees with diverse characteristics in July, August, and September 2016, taking into consideration 8% of the additional samples picked using simple random sampling. Inclusion criteria included at least one year of job experience and a willingness to engage in the study, whereas exclusion criteria included a refusal to participate and less than one year of work experience. Data was obtained using the Demographic Information Form and the standard 20-item Minnesota Job Satisfaction Scale established by Weiss et al. (1967). (15). This questionnaire assesses internal contentment (feelings about the intrinsic nature of the job) and outward satisfaction (feelings about the side characteristics of the job). The products are rated on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from one (totally unhappy) to five (very satisfied) (completely satisfied). The questionnaire yields a minimum score of 20 and a maximum score of 100. The total of the scores achieved in the two areas shows the individual's overall pleasure; a score of 20 to 47 indicates poor contentment, a score of 48 to 76 suggests moderate satisfaction, and a score of 77 to 100 indicates great happiness. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were accepted in the research by Pouladi and Reishahri, 2006 (16); Martins & Proença, 2012. (17). The implementation process was such that after approving the plan and receiving the code of ethics, the necessary permits for data collection were obtained, and during the process, sufficient information about the research objectives and confidentiality of personal information was provided to participants, and they were given written consent to complete it in a self-reported manner. Finally, 500 questionnaires were sent back, and descriptive and analytical methods were utilized to examine them using SPSS software version 20. Results: Most respondents (51.8%) were between 31 and 40 years old. Women included 71.8% and men 28.2% of the study subjects. Most respondents were married (76%) and had a diploma (50.6%). 299 subjects (59.8%) were employed on a contract, and the work experience of 11 to 20 years, with 40.4%, had the highest frequency. Internal job satisfaction, with a mean and standard deviation of 6.02 ± 29.26 and internal-external job satisfaction, with a mean and standard deviation of 30.27 ± 6.64 were the average levels. Total satisfaction, with a mean and standard deviation of 59.54 ± 11.46 was an average level of satisfaction. There was a statistically significant negative relationship between age and job satisfaction (r = 0.578; p =-0.003), i.e., with increasing age, job satisfaction decreased. There was a significant relationship between the mean gender score and job satisfaction (p = 0.02), where the average satisfaction of women was higher than that of men. There was a statistically significant relationship between the two variables of education level and job satisfaction (p = 0.433; r = 0.001), i.e. with increasing education, job satisfaction increased. Job satisfaction of individuals was significantly different with respect to their employment status (p = 0.001) and the average satisfaction of subjects with formal employment status was higher than other groups. But there was no statistically significant relationship between marital status and work experience with regard to job satisfaction score (p> 0.05).  Conclusion: Considering that employee work satisfaction was modest in the current study, promotional initiatives should be tailored to age, gender, degree of education, and employment position. It is important for universities of medical sciences and health services to keep people healthy, so the management system should be able to meet the needs of employees in terms of their health and comfort. This will not only improve job satisfaction but also improve service quality and organizational work efficiency.  }, Keywords = {Job satisfaction, Minnesota Questionnaire, Staff, Iran University of Medical Sciences}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {68-77}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {رضایت شغلی و عوامل موثر بر آن در کارکنان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: یکی از عوامل موثر بر سلامت کارکنان، رضایت آنان از شغل می‌باشد. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین میزان رضایت شغلی کارکنان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران و عوامل مؤثر بر آن در سال 1395 انجام شد. روش کار: در این مطالعه مقطعی از نوع توصیفی ـ تحلیلی، داده‌ها از طریق فرم مشخصات فردی و پرسشنامه مینه‌سوتا (MSQ) جمع‌آوری گردید. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه کارکنان اداری دانشگاه بود که با استفاده از نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده، 500 نفر از کارکنان واحدهای مختلف اداری و دانشگاهی که مایل به شرکت در مطالعه بودند، انتخاب شدند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS  نسخه 20 انجام گرفت.  یافته‌ها: میانگین و انحراف معیار نمره رضایت شغلی کارکنان 46/11 ± 54/59 بود که نشان می‌دهد رضایت شغلی آنان در سطح متوسط قرار دارد. بین رضایت شغلی با سن، جنس، سطح تحصیلات و وضعیت استخدام  کارکنان مورد بررسی رابطه آماری معنادار وجود داشت (05/0p<)، در حالیکه بین وضعیت تاهل و سابقه کار با رضایت شغلی ارتباط آماری معنادار دیده نشد. نتیجه‌گیری: میزان رضایت شغلی در کارکنان مورد بررسی متوسط است. طراحی مداخلات ارتقایی برای افرایش رضایت شغلی این کارکنان با توجه به سن، جنس، سطح تحصیلات و وضعیت استخدام این کارکنان  پیشنهاد می شود.}, keywords_fa = {رضایت شغلی, پرسشنامه مینه‌سوتا, کارکنان, دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6782-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6782-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mohebi, Nafiseh and Emamikhah, Maziar and Moghaddasi, Mehdi and Sepahvand, Mahsa and Bashiri, Maryam}, title = {Prevalence of Dysphagia in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Which Patients Are at Risk?}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Dysphagia is defined as swallowing dysfunction which leads to difficulty of passing food or water from mouth to hypopharynx or esophagus. Neurogenic dysphagia can be seen in lesions in one or both cerebral hemisphere or involvement of motor nucleus of swallowing muscles in brain stem or their motor axons (3,4). As mentioned in literature, swallowing dysfunction is one of the most common complications in acute stroke occurring in 13-94% of cases which can directly affect patients’ short term and long-term prognosis (2). It might complicate the course of acute stroke by developing malnutrition, dehydration, dependency on others, and silent aspiration pneumonia which all can lead to prolongation of hospital stay (5,6,7).On the other hand, dysphagia is considered as an independent predictor of mortality in acute stroke patients (2,8). Additionally, as discussed in many studies, location of brain infarction can predict the occurrence of dysphagia in stroke patients. For instance, infarctions in peri-insular cortex, right opercular cortex, left basal ganglia or thalamus are the most common sites leading to dysphagia following acute stroke. There are other factors associated with the occurrence of dysphagia in acute stroke including size of the infarction, right or left side of the lesion, age and gender of the patient and pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension or diabetes (20, 22). Furthermore, it is suggested to initiate oral feeding as soon as possible in stroke patients. Therefore, it seems that early identification of dysphagia in acute stroke patient would lead to appropriate swallowing treatments and decrease the risk of pneumonia and related complications following acute stroke (9,10). So, in this study we aimed to estimate the prevalence of dysphagia after acute ischemic stroke in patients referring to Rasool-Akram hospital, Tehran, Iran and revealing whether there is a correlation between incidence of dysphagia and stroke characteristics including vascular territory and right or left side of the stroke, demographic variables or pre-existing underlying diseases. Methods: In this historical cohort study, 177 patients with acute ischemic stroke who were admitted to Rasool-Akram hospital were evaluated. The study was performed for a-six-month period. Patients with incomplete medical records or who were suffering from dysphagia prior to their admission were excluded. Ultimately, 137 patients were included in our study and their medical records were carefully studied and data such as presence or absence of dysphagia following stroke within 48 hours of admission, demographic data including age and sex, history of previous stroke, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, side of the brain infarction (right or left) and vascular territory of acute stroke were all evaluated. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 and analytical significance was considered as p-value<0.05. Results: From 137 patients, 60.6% were male and 39.4% female with median age of 65.41± 13.51 years old, (the oldest patients was 95 years old and the youngest, 31 years old). Diabetes and hypertension were in 35.8% and 66.4% of patients, respectively. 34 patients (24.8%) were smoker and 40 patients (29.2%) had history of previous stroke. Dysphagia was seen in 43 patients so, the prevalence of dysphagia following acute ischemic stroke was estimated 31.4%. The localization of the infarction was divided into ten groups including complete middle cerebral artery (MCA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), striatocapsular infarction, peri-insular infarction, and centromsemiovale infarction, infarction in territory of internal carotid ICA, cerebellum, brain stem and diffuse small vessel diseases. Statistically significant, dysphagia was more common in middle cerebral artery infarctions (p-value= 0.017, OR= 2.75 CI (2.05-3.55)).  Regarding the side of the infarction, 43.8% of patients had cerebral infarction on the left side, 36.5% on the right, 2.2% bilaterally and 17.5% of patients had diffuse small vessel diseases. Interestingly, there was a significant correlation between the left side infarctions and dysphagia (p-value= 0.034). Also, there was a significant correlation between age and occurrence of dysphagia, so that the older age was associated with the higher risk of dysphagia. No significant correlation was revealed between dysphagia and other variables including patient’s gender, diabetes, hypertension, smoking and previous stroke in this study. Conclusion: In this study, 31.4% of patients had dysphagia after acute ischemic stroke which was nearly similar to other studies (12,13,14). However, in a meta-analysis study published in 2021, the prevalence of dysphagia following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been estimated up to 63.6% (23) and up to 55% in stroke patients (24). Association between dysphagia and different vascular territory infarction or lesions pattern had been evaluated in many studies with inconclusive results and approximately all vascular territories had been associated with dysphagia in various studies including anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), and vertebrobasilar arteries (16,21,22). However, in some studies no statistical significance was explored and it was revealed that probably this is the size of stroke that has an association with dysphagia rather than vascular territory of infarction (14). In this study, there was a statistically significant correlation between dysphagia and MCA territory infarctions. The side of the brain lesion is another item that has been discussed in studies and it is proposed that dysphagia is more common in left side strokes, the same result revealed in our study. Though there was no association between patients’ gender, smoking or underlying diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and dysphagia in this study, in one study, diabetes, female gender and older age was associated with higher risk of dysphagia (20). Nevertheless, more studies are required to evaluate association of these factors and risk of dysphagia more precisely. Currently, 2018 best stroke practice guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, support early detection for screening dysphagia and recommend adherence to dysphagia screening in acute stroke centers by healthcare professionals, however practice remains diverse. A recent systematic review assessed the benefits of early detection for dysphagia with bed sides screening by a non-swallowing expert in adult stroke. This survey revealed that evidence from both experimental and observational studies showed a considerable protective benefit of dysphagia screening following adult acute stroke which decreases post stroke complications including pneumonia, dependency on others foe feeding, and length of hospital stay, and mortality compared with similar patients with no or relatively less precise early detection (24). Since it is highly recommended to start oral feeding as soon as possible in stroke patients, it is worth to screen every stroke patient for dysphagia several times during first days of stroke to evaluate patient’s swallowing function and initiate appropriate feeding method accordingly. It seems that despite excellent strategies that have been developed during recent decades in acute stroke management or secondary prevention, dysphagia has been overlooked in practice and it appears that there are still some uncertainties regarding dysphagia screening benefit in patients with stroke and adequate comprehensive data is still lacking, especially in Iran. However, as explored in this study, dysphagia was a common consequence of stroke so that about one third of Iranian patients with acute ischemic stroke suffer from dysphagia which can result in unwanted complications or even death. This survey and similar ones, highlight the importance of early evaluation of dysphagia in acute stroke which can be easily performed by primary health care professionals in stroke institutions.  }, Keywords = {Ischemic stroke, Dysphagia, Middle cerebral artery}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {78-86}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {شیوع و عوامل خطر اختلال بلع در سکته مغزی ایسکمیک حاد}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: از آنجا که بیش از نیمی از بیماران سکته مغزی دچار دیسفاژی می‌شوند، و دیسفاژی به عنوان یک عامل مستقل برای بدتر شدن پیش آگهی سکته مغزی تلقی شده و منجر به بروز عوارضی مانند پنومونی ناشی از آسپیراسیون، سوء تغذیه، طولانی شدن مدت زمان بستری و حتی افزایش مرگ و میر بیماران سکته مغزی می‌شود، تشخیص زودهنگام دیسفاژی در بیماران سکته مغزی حائز اهمیت است. روش کار: دراین پژوهش کوهورت گذشته نگر، 137 نفر از بیماران سکته مغزی ایسکمیک بستری در بیمارستان رسول اکرم (ص) به صورت سرشماری و با بررسی پرونده‌های ثبت شده بیماران، اطلاعاتی از جمله سن، جنس، سابقه قبلی سکته مغزی، بیماری‌های زمینه ای محل آسیب مغزی، سمت آسیب (Side) و ابتلا به دیسفاژی، وارد مطالعه شدند. یافته‌ها: از بین 137 بیمار سکته مغزی ایسکمیک، تعداد 43 بیمار  پس از سکته به دیسفاژی مبتلا شدند. در 60 بیمار (8/43 درصد) سمت چپ مغز، در 50 بیمار (5/36 درصد) سمت راست دچار آسیب شده بود. بیشترین میزان آسیب نیز در ناحیه MCA بود و ارتباط معناداری بین آسیب در ناحیه MCA و دیسفاژی به دست آمد (017/0p =، 75/2OR= ، 55/3- 05/2CI: ). شیوع این اختلال در آسیب‌های نیمکره چپ مغز بیشتر بود و با افزایش سن نیز دیسفاژی بطور معنی داری افزایش داشت (049/0p =). نتیجه‌گیری: شیوع دیسفاژی در  مطالعه حاضر،  4/31% برآورد شد که ارتباط معنی داری با بروزسکته مغزی در حیطه شریان مغزی میانی (MCA) بویژه در سمت چپ  (8/43 درصد) و همچنین سن بالای بیماران داشت. بنظر می‌رسد سکته مغزی در حیطه MCA و سن بالا، می‌توانند عوامل خطر مستقل برای بروز دیسفاژی در بین بیماران مبتلا به سکته مغزی باشند .بنابراین توجه بیشتری به غربالگری وضعیت بلع این گروه از بیماران در روزهای ابتدایی سکته مغزی توصیه می شود تا بتوان عوارض دیسفاژی و میزان مرگ و میر و یا  ناتوانی بیماران را کاهش داد.}, keywords_fa = {سکته مغزی ایسکمیک, دیسفاژی, شریان مغزی میانی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6906-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6906-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mahmoudi, Seyed Ali Akbar and Madani, Zahra and Torabizadeh, Jila and AmouzadMahdirejei, Hassan and NadiGhara, Ali Asghar and Shafie, Seyed Ismail and Sadati, Seyyed Jaber and Sedaghatizadeh, Shahrokh}, title = {Comparison of the Effect of 8 Weeks of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Lipid Profile and Blood Pressure of Inactive Obese Women with Hypertension}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Lack of physical activity is a worrying condition because it leads to major health problems such as obesity, high blood pressure and various metabolic disorders. Exercise is a lifestyle change suggested to reduce atherogenic markers in adults. Increased physical activity and fitness are clearly associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, but the optimal type, intensity, and amount of exercise to reduce the risk factors for various cardiovascular diseases are unknown. Due to seemingly contradictory information, confusion has arisen about what exercise recommendations should be made in order to confer the greatest health benefits. Dyslipidemia is one of the most important complications of obesity with a high incidence of cardiovascular events. Previous prospective epidemiological studies have demonstrated a close association between lipid profiles and morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease. Epidemiological evidence suggests that physically active people are 30 to 50 percent less likely to develop type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease than sedentary individuals. Exercise has shown improvements in lipid profile and fat loss, whether with or without dietary restrictions or with or without weight loss. However, it is not known which exercise is the best and most effective way to improve lipid profile. High blood pressure is another complication of a sedentary lifestyle that is one of the most common medical disorders with an increased incidence of all causes of death and mortality due to cardiovascular disease. Exercise remains a fundamental treatment for the primary prevention, control and treatment of hypertension. The optimal frequency, intensity, time and type of exercise need to be defined to optimize the antihypertensive capacity of exercise, especially in children, women and the elderly, and certain ethnic groups. Increased physical activity is generally associated with a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease, probably due to improvements in its risk factors, such as improvement in lipid profiles and lowering blood pressure. Despite the many studies that have been done in examining the effects of exercise on the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, how much and what type of exercise is needed to get the best response and the most effective exercise is still unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks of aerobic and resistance training on lipid profile and blood pressure in obese sedentary women with hypertension Methods: In this study, 44 obese sedentary women with hypertension participated. These patients were randomly assigned to one of four groups, A (those receiving moderate intensity of aerobic training and 3 days per week, n =11), B (those receiving moderate intensity of aerobic exercises and 5 days per week, n = 11), C (those receiving moderate intensity of resistance training, 3 days per week, n =11), and D (those receiving moderate intensity of resistance training and and 5 days per week, n = 11). The values of lipid profiles, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure were recorded in each group before and after the intervention, and the final data were compared in each group with baseline status and compared to the other groups at the end of the study. Results: In the present study, there was a significant improvement in body weight and BMI in all four groups. After intervention in all groups, except for group A, HDL significantly increased and LDL decreased. HDL in group A was significantly lower than group C and D. Total cholesterol in group B was significantly higher than group C and D. For triglyceride levels, only a significant decrease was observed in the mean values of triglyceride group D compared to group B. Also, the mean systolic blood pressure significantly decreased in all groups except for group D and diastolic blood pressure in all 4 groups. At the end of the study, systolic blood pressure was significantly lower in group B than in groups A, C and D. while, diastolic blood pressure in group A was lower than group C and D and group B than group C and D respectively. Conclusion: All exercise protocols used in this study have shown a significant improvement in lipid profile and blood pressure systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure in sedentary overweight people with high blood pressure. But a remarkable point in this study was the observation of two different effects of aerobic and resistance training on two important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, namely, dyslipidemia and high blood pressure. Although both exercises were effective in improving lipid profiles and blood pressure, high volume resistance exercises seemed to have the most effective in improving lipid profiles, while aerobic exercise showed the highest efficacy in improving high blood pressure. All exercise protocols used in this study showed a significant improvement in lipid profile and systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure in sedentary obese people with hypertension, but a significant point in this study Observing two different effects of aerobic and resistance training on two important risk factors for cardiovascular disease, namely dyslipidemia and hypertension. Although both groups of exercises were effective in improving lipid profile and blood pressure, high-volume resistance training seemed to be most effective in improving lipid profile, while high-volume aerobic exercise was most effective in improving high blood pressure. One of the limitations of this study was the small sample size. Therefore, conducting more comprehensive studies in a larger statistical population seems to lead to more accurate results. Another limitation of this study was the lack of attention to diet as well as the type of blood pressure medication used by patients, which may affect the results. On the other hand, considering that in some lipid and blood pressure parameters there were differences between the participating groups at the beginning of the study that did not allow us to draw a definite conclusion, it seems that the groups are matched in terms of these parameters to provide A definite conclusion is very important.}, Keywords = {Aerobic Exercise, Resistance Training, Blood Pressure, Lipid Profiles}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {87-101}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه‌ی تأثیر 8 هفته تمرینات هوازی و مقاومتی بر پروفایل لیپیدی و فشار خون زنان چاق غیرفعال مبتلا به فشارخون}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: انجام تمرینات ورزشی برای کسب بهترین پاسخ در جهت کاهش سطح ریسک فاکتورهای قلبی- عروقی اهمیت دارند؛ بنابراین هدف مطالعه‎ی حاضر مقایسه اثر 8 هفته تمرین هوازی و مقاومتی بر روی پروفایل لیپیدی و فشار خون زنان چاق غیرفعال مبتلا به فشارخون بود. روش کار: بدین منظور 44 زن مراجعه کننده به کلینیک پزشکی ورزشی بیمارستان امام خمینی ساری به طور تصادفی در یکی از 4 گروه 11 نفره، A (تمرین هوازی با شدت متوسط و 3 روز در هفته)، B (تمرین هوازی با شدت متوسط و 5 روز در هفته)، C (تمرین مقاومتی با شدت متوسط و 3 روز در هفته) و  D(تمرین مقاومتی با شدت متوسط و 5 روز در هفته) قرار گرفتند. فشار خون و فاکتورهای لیپیدی در دو مرحله پیش آزمون و پس آزمون با استفاده از روش آماری آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه و آزمون تعقیبی توکی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: بعد از مداخله در همه گروه‏ها به جز گروه A مقدار HDL به طور معنی‌داری افزایش و LDL کاهش و مقدار کلسترول تام در گروه B به طور معنی‌داری بیشتر از گروه C  و D  بود. میانگین مقادیر تری­گلیسرید گروه D در مقایسه با گروه B تغییر معنی­­دار داشت و میانگین فشار خون سیستولیک در همه گروه‌ها به جز گروه D و دیاستولیک در هر 4 گروه بطور معنی‌داری کاهش یافت. نتیجه‌گیری: هر دو روش تمرینی بر بهبود پروفایل لیپیدی و فشارخون موثر بودند اما به نظر می‎رسد تمرینات مقاومتی با حجم بالا بیشترین اثربخشی را در بهبود پروفایل لیپیدی ارائه دادند.}, keywords_fa = {ورزش‌های هوازی, تمرینات مقاومتی, پروفایل لیپیدی, فشارخون بالا}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6977-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6977-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Talebian, Fatemeh and Azimilolaty, Hamideh}, title = {A Study of Procrastination and Related Psychosocial Factors among Medical Students: A Narrative Review Article}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Improving the level of health in society requires advancement in the level of education in universities of medical sciences. This improvement will only be achieved by removing the obstacles. One of the obstacles with which most of the students are encountered, and which has an unpleasant impact on learning and educational success, is called academic procrastination. Academic procrastination is considered as a common phenomenon due to the fact that it involves 70% of students. Academic procrastination means a delay in doing the assignments and completing the projects and preparing for exams. There are two types of procrastination in doing the assignments among students. The first type is purposeful procrastination. For instance, when students have to finish different assignments at the same time, they, therefore, prioritize the assignments. The second type is unreasonable procrastination, and we consider this type of  procrastination as academic procrastination. Procrastination has negative, irreparable impacts on medical students, for example, decrease in knowledge, and not learning the skills to take care of patients. At last, after entering the workplace, these people suffer from occupational anxiety and depression, medication errors, occupational burnout, lack of essential motivation to take care of patients and decrease in quality of providing services more than their other colleagues. According to the studies that were conducted, students of medical sciences are prone to mental disorders due to having certain study conditions, such as entering a large and stressful workplace, heavy study load, intense competition, educational period, uncertainty about future career. The students of today, will be the medical staff of future in health and medical field. Thus, in order to have a knowledgeable medical staff, we should take into account the consideration of students’ health at present. Despite the fact that there has been a large number of studies on the topic of influential factors on procrastination, there has not yet been shaped a clear insight on this topic. Given that academic procrastination is a common phenomenon among students, and has unpleasant effects, the researcher, thus, decided to conduct a reviewing study of the literature about procrastination incidence and the associated mental-social factors among students of medical sciences, so that a step is taken to be able to identify the dimensions of this issue and to develop approaches to decrease procrastination through the results obtained from this study. Methods: This article is a review study which was conducted in 2020. It was done through a search in databases of SID, Iran Medex, Google Scholar, Magiran, Medline, Science Direct, Scopus, ProQuest, by using the key words “procrastination”, “student”, “medical sciences”, in Farsi and also with their English equivalents. Inclusion criteria included descriptive and analytic studies, or narrative or systematic review studies, which at least contained an abstract in Farsi or English, with a time limit from 2010 to 2020. And exclusion criteria also included studies whose full text was not available in Farsi or English, and they were omitted from the study. 3110 articles in total were extracted in the initial searching. After omitting the repeated articles, 57 articles were obtained, and they were screened in two stages. In the first stage of screening, the titles and a general summary of the articles which were obtained, were investigated. Those articles which had the inclusion criteria and could answer the research questions of the present study, were selected. 30 studies were excluded in this stage. In the second stage of screening, the full text of the articles which were included after the previous stage, were investigated and those articles which were not related to the purpose of the present study (n = 7) were excluded from the list of the study. In the end, 20 articles were used to write this review article. Results: This review study demonstrated that the prevalence of academic procrastination among students of medical sciences in Master’s degree and in Dentistry, and students who reside in dormitory, is higher. And each of the variables which were mentioned were categorized in two categories of mental factors and social factors. Out of the 20 articles that were studied in this research, 16 articles were in Farsi and 4 articles were in English. In addition, most of the studies were conduced in the years 2018 – 2019. Out of all the articles which were investigated, categorization of the studies was carried out based on the content; it was in such a way that eventually the results of the study were categorized in two categories of: A) the level of procrastination in students, and B) psycho-social factors. psycho-social factors included the following sets: 1) psychological factors were divided to three sub-categories of mental illnesses (such as anxiety and mood disorders), mental abilities (such as self-efficacy, self-esteem, mindfulness, emotional intelligence, and optimism), and personal characteristics (self-discipline, self-regulation, inefficient schema, attributional style and perfectionism), 2) social factors were divided into two subcategories of social media and educational associated factors. The diversity of these studies is an indication of the wide coverage of this study in the researches which were conducted before. In order to observe the ethical considerations in the research, the studies which were used are mentioned and correctly written in the reference section. Conclusion: Review of different studies from all around the world indicates the high prevalence of academic procrastination among students of medical sciences. With regard to the above-mentioned impact and consequences of academic procrastination on students of medical sciences, and as a result, the incidence of these consequences in working environment of health and medical staff (the quality of caretaking and finally safety of the patient) which will have irreparable effects; it is, therefore, suggested to the managers of medical sciences that they plan strategy-training programs, such as holding workshops on improving motivation and academic achievement and positive psychology in order to reduce academic procrastination, specially in students who reside in dormitories, so that students can enjoy a better academic achievement. In addition to that, it is better to design and conduct an intervention study for determining the effectiveness of the techniques which were recommended.}, Keywords = {Procrastination, Student, Medical sciences, Psychosocial factors}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {102-115}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی اهمال‌کاری و عوامل روانی- اجتماعی مرتبط با آن در میان دانشجویان علوم پزشکی: یک مقاله مروری روایتی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اهمال‌کاری تحصیلی علاوه بر مشکل کنترل زمانی فرآیند پیچیده‌ای از مؤلفه‌های هیجانی شناختی و رفتاری را در بر می‌گیرد. این مقاله با هدف مروری بر میزان  اهمال‌کاری و عوامل روانی اجتماعی مرتبط با آن در میان دانشجویان علوم پزشکی  انجام شد. روش کار: این مقاله یک مطالعه مروری است که در سال 1399 با جستجوی در بانک‌های اطلاعاتی Google Scholar، SID، Iranmedex، Magiran، Medline، Science Direct، Scopus، ProQuest و با استفاده از کلمات کلیدی "اهمال‌کاری، دانشجو، علوم پزشکی" و معادل انگلیسی آن‌ها  "medical science، Procastination، student" انجام شد. در نتیجه جستجو 57 مقاله در بازه زمانی 2010 تا2020  یافت شد و در انتها 20  مقاله توصیفی تحلیلی مناسب برای مرور انتخاب شدند. یافته‌ها: این مطالعه مروری نشان داد، شیوع  اهمال‌کاری تحصیلی دانشجویان علوم پزشکی در مقطع کارشناسی ارشد و رشته دندانپزشکی بیشتر است و عواملی همچون خودتنظیمی، خودکارآمدی، خوش‌بینی، اعتیاد به اینترنت، علاقه‌مندی به رشته، جهت‌گیری هدفمند، انگیزه، سبک‌های منفی فرزندپروری، بهبود تقسیم زمان، مهارت مطالعه، پیشرفت تحصیلی، کمال‌گرایی، عزت نفس، ذهن آگاهی، فرسودگی تحصیلی، هوش هیجانی، اختلالات روانی (خلقی)، استرس، اضطراب، خوش‌بینی، طرح‌واره‌های ناکارآمد و سلامت روان با اهمال‌کاری مرتبط می‌باشد. هریک از متغیرهای نامبرده شده در دو طبقه، عوامل روانی و عوامل اجتماعی دسته‌بندی شدند. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به تأثیر و پیامدهای اهمال‌کاری تحصیلی بر دانشجویان توصیه می‌شود، استراتژی‌های آموزشی در جهت کاهش اهمال‌کاری تحصیلی به‌ خصوص در دانشجویان ساکن خوابگاه تدوین شود تا از پیشرفت تحصیلی و کاآی حرفه ای بهتری برخوردار شوند.  }, keywords_fa = {اهمال‌کاری, دانشجو, علوم پزشکی, عوامل روانی و اجتماعی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6868-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6868-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {HaghpanahSiasar, Behrouz and Abedini, Bahram and Aoseini, Seyd Ali}, title = {The Effect of Eight Weeks of Endurance Training with Royal Jelly and Propolis on Angiotensin-2 and Endothelin-1 in Heart Tissue of Ovariectomized Rats with Diabetes}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Patients who are diagnosed with diabetes are very susceptible to cardiovascular complications and cardiovascular diseases are considered the most important causes of death in these patients. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes is about 2-4 times that of non-diabetic people. Diabetic patients face endothelial damage and functional disorders. These disorders include functional changes of the endothelium, such as disorders in the regulation of vascular expansion and contraction and increased inflammatory activity, which is related to cardiovascular disease. Insulin is known as a direct and effective agent in the vascular endothelium, which affects the modulation of vascular tone. It exerts its effects on vascular tone through two pathways of nitric oxide release and endothelin-1. Endothelin-1 is a strong vasoconstrictor that is secreted by vascular endothelial cells. This substance is known as the strongest vasoconstrictor and its contraction effect is ten times more than angiotensin-2, vasopressin, and neuropeptide Y. Angiotensin II is the end product of the reaction catalyzed by the angiotensin-converting enzyme, a vascular activating peptide that causes the proliferation of smooth muscle cells of the vessel walls, Myocytes hypertrophy and the release of platelet-derived growth factor. All of these play a role in the occurrence of vascular disorders. To eliminate the undesirable redox state caused by estrogen deficiency, specific measures have been investigated, the most effective of which is hormone therapy; But at the same time, it increases the risk of coronary heart disease, pulmonary embolism, and breast, uterine, and ovarian cancer in consumers. Changing lifestyles and exercising can be effective in preventing menopause syndrome (8). Also, numerous types of research are conducted today to evaluate the effectiveness of compounds with antioxidant properties against cell damage caused by oxidant agents. Some research has shown that royal jelly reduces the complications of diabetes. Royal jelly can be considered a therapeutic method to prevent insulin resistance, which is associated with high blood pressure in patients with diabetes. Propolis is also a resinous substance that is collected by bees from different types of tree buds and is used to cover the parts of the hive and to seal the cracks and crevices of the pack. According to the issues raised and also considering that in the reviewed studies, no study was found that examined the effect of endurance training and royal jelly on menopause and its complications, so the present study seeks to find the answer to this question. The question is whether eight weeks of endurance training with royal jelly has a significant effect on the markers of angiotensin-2 and endothelin-1 in the heart tissue of Ovariectomized rats suffering from diabetes or not. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 Ovariectomized rats with diabetes (40 mg/kg Streptozotocin) were randomly divided into (1) OVXD, (2) Sham, and (2) groups. 3) RJ, (4) Pr, (5) ET, (6) ET+RJ, (7) ET+Pr, and (8) ET+RJ+Pr were divided. To investigate the effect of Ovariectomy and diabetes, 6 rats were considered as a healthy control group. Endurance training groups ran for eight weeks, three sessions a week and each session was 60 minutes with an intensity of 55-75% VO2 max on the treadmill, especially for rats. The royal jelly and Propolis consumption groups received 100 mg/kg daily supplements as a peritoneal injections. To analyze the data, a one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test was used. Results: The results showed that RJ and Pr decreased angiotensin-2 significantly less than the OVXD group (P≥0.05). In the ET+RJ group, the values of angiotensin-2 and endothelin-1 were significantly lower than in the OVXD group (P≥0.05). Also, in the ET+Pr group, the values of angiotensin-2 and endothelin-1 were significantly lower than in the OVXD group (P≥0.05). In the ET+RJ+Pr group, the values of angiotensin-2 and endothelin-1 were significantly lower than in the OVXD group (P≥0.05). The effect of exercise + royal jelly and also exercise + Propolis on the increase of angiotensin-2 and endothelin-1 was more favorable than the effect of ET, RJ, and Pr (P≥0.05). Conclusion: It seems that endurance exercise and royal jelly supplement alone have improving effects on the condition of heart tissue in diabetic conditions; but these two interventions, combined, complement each other's effect to improve the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in menopause and diabetes. The results of the present study showed that RJ values of MDA and angiotensin-2 were significantly lower than the OVXD group. Therefore, it seems that the use of antioxidant supplements such as royal jelly and Propolis can be effective in improving cardiovascular function through antioxidant pathways and reducing oxidative stress. Due to the increase of some antioxidants and the reduction of oxidative stress following sports training; it is suggested to use sports exercises similar to the present study to prevent the risk of a heart attack in menopause and diabetes. According to the interactive effects of endurance training with royal jelly on antioxidants, reducing oxidative stress is suggested in future studies to modulate oxidant-antioxidant and also reduce cardiovascular risk factors from the combination of these antioxidants along with sports activities.}, Keywords = {Exercise, Royal Jelly, Angiotensin-2, Endothelin-1, Heart Tissue, Orectomy, Diabetes}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {116-125}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثر هشت هفته تمرین استقامتی همراه با ژل رویال و بره موم بر انژیوتانسین-۲ و اندوتلین-۱ در بافت قلب موش‌های صحرایی اورکتومی شده مبتلا به دیابت}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: یائسگی و دیابت با بروز بیماری‌های قلبی- عروقی همراه است. لذا هدف مطالعه حاضر بررسی اثر هشت هفته تمرین استقامتی همراه با ژل رویال و بره موم در بافت قلب موش‌های صحرایی اورکتومی شده مبتلا به دیابت بود. روش­ کار: در این مطالعه تجربی تعداد 72 سر موش صحرایی اورکتومی شده و مبتلا به دیابت به طور تصادفی به گروه‌های سالم، کنترل دیابتی، شم، تمرین استقامتی، مصرف ژل رویال، مصرف بره موم، تمرین استقامتی+ژل رویال، تمرین استقامتی+ مصرف بره موم، تمرین استقامتی+ژل رویال+ مصرف بره موم تقسیم شدند. گروه‌های تمرین استقامتی به مدت هشت هفته، سه جلسه در هفته و هر جلسه 60 دقیقه با شدت با 55-75 درصد VO2max بر روی نوارگردان دویدند. گروه‌های مصرف ژل رویال و بره موم طی تحقیق روزانه 100  میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم مکمل را به صورت تزریق صفاقی دریافت کردند. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از آزمون آنالیز واریانس یک‌راهه همراه با آزمون تعقیبی توکی استفاده شد. یافته­ ها: نتایج نشان داد که در گروه‌های ژل رویال و بره موم مقادیر آنژیوتانسین-2 و در گروه‌های تمرین استقامتی+ژل رویال، تمرین استقامتی+ مصرف بره موم، تمرین استقامتی+ژل رویال+ مصرف بره موم مقادیر آنژیوتانسین-2 و اندوتلین-1 نسبت به گروه کنترل کاهش معناداری داشتند. اثر تمرین+ ژل رویال و همچنین تمرین+ بره موم بر تغییرات آنژیوتانسین-2 و اندوتلین-1 مطلوب‌تر از دیگر گروه‌ها بود. نتیجه­ گیری: به نظر می‌رسد ترکیب تمرین استقامتی و مکمل ژل رویال و بره موم تکمیل کننده اثر یکدیگر در راستای بهبود عوامل خطرزای بیماری‌های قلبی- عروقی در شرایط ابتلا به دیابت می‌باشند.  }, keywords_fa = {تمرین, ژل رویال, انژیوتانسین-۲, اندوتلین-1, بافت قلب, اورکتومی, دیابت}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7824-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7824-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Sadeghkhani, Mohammad Reza and Sadeghi, Heidar and Matinhomaee, Hass}, title = {The Effect of Eight Weeks of Combined Training (Plyometric and Resistance) on Selected Biomechanical Variables (Flexibility, Balance, Power And Speed) of Ectomorphic and Mesomorphic Athletics Boys}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Optimal performance of sports skills is due to the complex interaction of physiological, anthropometric, psychological and biomotor factors. The most important factors for success in various sports include bodybuilding, tactical, technical skills, mental abilities and athletes' experience (2). The performance of elite athletes who are active in various sports can be generally attributed to two factors: one is related to the level of training of these athletes and the adaptations made by them, and the other is related to genetic factors and the potential talents are the individual. Among these, their individual (genetic) characteristics can be partially identified by examining anthropometric characteristics and functional adaptations resulting from exercise using functional tests. Sports coaches, on the other hand, are always looking for ways to bring athletes to the highest levels of athletic performance(3). Sports experts and coaches have acknowledged that optimal performance depends on a number of factors, including physical, psychological, and skill factors. Anthropometric characteristics and physical condition, although they may be only part of the factors influencing sports activities, but it is important for coaches to identify these characteristics and be able to understand its value in their athletes (4). However, due to little research in the field of improving selected biomechanical variables in adolescent athletics and also the lack of research on the effect of physical characteristics on the effectiveness of training and the lack of research on combined training on performance and performance factors of adolescent athletes, conduct research The present is necessary and it is hoped that this research can take an effective and small step to reduce the research gaps in the field of athletics as an Olympic-oriented sport. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the main question whether eight weeks of combined training (plyometric and resistance) have a significant effect on selected biomechanical variables (flexibility, balance, power and speed) of ectomorphic and mesomorphic runners? Methods: The method of the present study was quasi-experimental and was done with pre-test, post-test and control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of adolescent athletes aged 12 to 17 years. The sample consisted of 15 ectomorphic adolescents, 15 mesomorphic adolescents and 15 adolescents as a control group who participated in the adolescent training of active teams in Tehran province leagues and were purposefully invited to participate as a statistical sample. In this study, the training program consisted of 8 weeks of specific training for each of the experimental groups that performed combined exercises for 8 weeks. The Sargent test was used to evaluate the power, the 30 m sprint test was used to evaluate the speed, the Star Test Equilibrium test (SEBT) was used to evaluate the dynamic balance, and the Flex board test was used to evaluate the flexibility. In this study, the training program included 8 weeks of specific training for each group as follows. The control group performed normal exercises with evidence, and the experimental groups performed selected plyometric or resistance exercises for 30 minutes, including 10 minutes of warm-up, and 20 minutes of special exercises. Also, the selected resistance training program was in three periods with 12 repetitions in each period, during which the subjects performed the mentioned exercises with 60% of maximum strength. To increase the speed or speed of movement, a training load with a weight of about 60-30 should be Percentage of the athlete's maximum strength. One minute between periods and two minutes between stations, active rest (flexibility and stretching movements) was considered and included the following movements: foot press, knee extension, knee flexion, lifting on the toe with weights, squats and lifting the pair was performed with weights (15). The subjects then performed plyometric exercises for 30 minutes. The selected plyometric exercise program was designed based on the principle of overload and each movement was performed in three fixed repetitive winds in each period in all weeks, between each stage. A minute of rest was considered. The exercises offered included speed jump with one and two legs, jumping from a squat position, bending the knee with a jump, jumping with the open leg forward, scissor jumping, and so on To analyze the data along with descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation, etc.), regression test, and analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS software version 24 were used. Results: Covariance test showed that the value of F related to covariance in all four research variables was not statistically significant (P≤0.05), on the other hand, the value of F related to the group in all four variables of research was statistically significant (P≥0.05).That is, after removing the pre-test effect, there is a significant difference between the mean scores of the two groups in the post-test of selected biomechanical variables in the ectomorphic group, so eight weeks of combined training on selected biomechanical variables (flexibility, balance, power and speed) Ectomorphic work is impressive. The covariance test in Table 3 showed that the value of F related to covariance in all four research variables was not statistically significant (P≤0.05), on the other hand, the value of F related to the group in all four variables of research was statistically significant (P≥0.05). is significant. That is, after removing the pre-test effect, there is a significant difference between the mean scores of the two groups in the post-test of selected biomechanical variables in the ectomorphic group; Therefore, the null hypothesis that the mean difference between the two groups in the post-test is not significant is rejected after eliminating the possible effect of the pre-test. Therefore, eight weeks of combined training affects the selected biomechanical variables (flexibility, balance, power and speed) of Mesomorphic runners. By comparing the effect sizes (ETA coefficient) in both ectomorphic and mesomorphic hands, it is found that the ectomorphic measurements have better performance in all four biomechanical variables. The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of combined training (plyometric and resistance) had a significant effect on selected biomechanical variables (flexibility, balance, power and speed) of ectomorphic and mesomorphic athletics boys. These exercises also have a greater effect on selected biomechanical variables of ectomorphic boys than in mesomorphic athletes. Conclusion: In this regard, it can be said that combined training improves muscle weakness and deficiency in ectomorphs in two ways, which first causes muscle hypertrophy through resistance training and as a result, plyometric training increases muscle well-being. However, mesomorphs have reached their optimal physical level due to adequate muscle volume and may require higher training volume and pressure to increase capabilities, so it can be concluded that the combination exercises used in the present study are suitable for ectomorphic individuals, but individuals Mesomorphs need more pressure and a higher volume of training to improve their physical performance, and this issue can be considered in the design of training and future research on this issue. Use combined exercises in athlete training programs.}, Keywords = {Plyometric training, Resistance training of selected biomechanical variables, Athletics}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {126-139}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر هشت هفته تمرین ترکیبی بر متغیرهای منتخب بیومکانیکی (انعطاف‎پذیری، تعادل، توان و سرعت) پسران دو و میدانی کار اکتومورف و مزومورف}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: رشته ورزشی دو ومیدانی از جمله رشته‌های ورزشی پایه و پر مدال در مسابقات جهانی و المپیک می‌باشد و لازمه موفقیت در آن بهبود عملکرد ورزشکاران در سنین پایه می‌باشد و شناخت بهترین راهبردهای بهبود عملکرد و ارتقاء سطح آمادگی و چگونگی تأثیر انواع تمرینات بر این ویژگـی‌ها در جهت ارائه برنامه‌های تمرینی مناسب از اهمیت و کاربرد خاصی برای مربیان و ورزشکاران برخوردار است.  لذا هدف از پژوهش حاضر تأثیر هشت هفته تمرین ترکیبی بر متغیرهای منتخب بیومکانیکی (انعطاف‎پذیری، تعادل، توان و سرعت) پسران دوومیدانی کار اکتومورف و مزومورف بود. روش کار: روش پژوهش حاضر نیمه‏تجربی بوده و با طرح پیش‌آزمون، پس‌آزمون و گروه کنترل صورت گرفت. جامعه آماری پژوهش را نوجوانان ورزشکار 12 تا 17 ساله تشکیل دادند. نمونه پژوهش شامل 30 نفر از نوجوانان اکتومورف در دو گروه کنترل و آزمایش(با میانگین سنی 37/1 ± 83/15 و شاخص توده بدنی 20/1 ± 14/20) و 30 نوجوانان مزومورف در دو گروه کنترل و آزمایش(با میانگین سنی89/0 ± 20/16 و شاخص توده بدنی 30/2 ±49/21) بودند که در تمرینات نوجوانان دو و میدانی حضور داشتند. در این مطالعه برنامه تمرینی شامل ۸ هفته تمرین ترکیبی برای هر یک از گروه‎های تجربی بود که تمرینات ترکیبی را به مدت 8 هفته و هر هفته سه جلسه انجام دادند. برای بررسی توان از آزمون سارجنت، برای بررسی سرعت از آزمون دوی سرعت 30 متر، برای بررسی تعادل پویا از آزمون تعادل تست ستاره (SEBT)، برای ارزیابی انعطاف‏پذیری از آزمون تخته انعطاف‏پذیری استفاده شد. برای تحلیل داده‌ها در کنار آمار توصیفی (میانگین و انحراف معیار و ...) از آزمون آنالیز کوواریانس در نرم‏افزار SPSS نسخه 24 استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که هشت هفته تمرین ترکیبی (پلایومتریک و مقاومتی) بر متغیرهای منتخب بیومکانیکی (انعطاف‎پذیری، تعادل، توان و سرعت) پسران دوومیدانی کار اکتومورف و مزومورف اثر معنی‌داری دارد. همچنین این تمرینات بر متغیرهای منتخب بیومکانیکی پسران دوومیدانی کار اکتومورف اثر بیشتری نسبت به ورزشکاران مزومورف ایجاد می‌کند. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این پژوهش می‌تواند مورد توجه و استفاده مربیان در توسعه آمادگی ورزشکاران دوومیدانی و همچنین استعداد یابی ورزشی در رشته دو و میدانی قرار گیرد.}, keywords_fa = {تمرین پلایومتریک, تمرین مقاومتی متغیرهای منتخب بیومکانیکی, دو و میدانی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7033-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7033-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Tavakoli, Mahtab and Marandi, Mohammad and Kargarfard, Mehdi and Pakrad, Behzad and Dehghan, Arash}, title = {The Effect of 8 Weeks Repeated Sprint Training on Buffering System and the Results of Three Different Types of Recovery}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Today, repeated high intensity endurance training is an integral part of the preparation of most team and individual sports, which, if not accompanied by proper recovery during or after physical activity, does not create the necessary adaptations and may Is to harm the athlete's performance under the conditions of competition or training (1, 2). Due to intense repetitive training, if the return to the original state is not done properly, it may cause over-training and injury in the athlete (3). Buffer capacity can be affected by the type of recovery (13). Therefore, in addition to the effect of the type of recovery on physiological factors and tampon capacity, exercise performed by the athlete is also effective in preparing for re-homeostasis and return to pre-workout conditions. However, it has received less attention in various studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training on the buffering system response to three types of active, passive, and stretching recovery in inactive girls. Methods: Thirty students of Farhangian University (age: 22.49±0.33 years, weight: 68.33±7.31 kg, height: 176.76±8.32 cm and BMI 23.12) performed three types of active, passive, and stretching recovery (n=10) during repeated high-intensity endurance test for one week in a crossover method. voluntarily divided into three groups of 10 to have a repetitive endurance test in a special recovery method including active recovery (running at 50% of maximum heart rate) at 5-minute break intervals between exercise protocols. , Passive (sleeping in an open arch) and stretching movements (upper body - lower body) participate (18). Before and immediately after the test, arterial blood samples were taken from the subjects and blood acidity, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide pressure and excess alkali were measured with a gas meter (Techno medica, GASTAT 700 series, Japan). To investigate the effect of different recovery methods between groups. Then, all subjects participated in 8 weeks of aerobic exercise (three sessions per week, 80-65% of maximum heart rate / week). At the end of 8 weeks, similar to the beginning of entering the design, the subjects again underwent a severe repetitive endurance test and participated in their specific restoration methods between stages of the test. Blood samples were taken again before and after the final intense repeated endurance test. At the beginning of the study, the health status and satisfaction of the subjects through a physical fitness questionnaire (22), the necessary conditions for participation in physical activity were examined and their health and readiness to cooperate with the research project was confirmed. During the field operation period, the subjects' food and drug consumption research was controlled as much as possible by presenting a specific and individual diet plan. 8-week endurance training: The first week of the independent variable application course was conducted to familiarize and prepare the subjects psychologically. Then the aerobic exercise program presented in Table 1 was performed for 8 weeks and three sessions per week. After getting acquainted with how to perform the training protocol, all the subjects performed a Repeated high intensity endurance training program including 60 meters running in 30 seconds with 30 seconds of rest 6 times in a row. Then, for 5 minutes, each subject participates in one of the recovery methods under review for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, the intense endurance test was repeated and at the end of the exercise, the recovery program was performed again. This training program and recovery methods were performed for 4 times. After 8 weeks of endurance training, the same program of Repeated high intensity endurance test was performed in different groups. Blood sampling was performed before and after the Repeated high intensity endurance test, at the beginning of the project and also after 8 weeks of endurance training. At each stage, 5 cc of arterial blood samples were taken by observing all necessary laboratory conditions, including impregnation of insulin syringe with heparin, and for analysis of blood gases in less than 15 minutes, it was transferred to a gasometer and then acidity. Blood, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide pressure, alkali excess and alkaline buffers were examined. It should be noted that all blood samples and tests were performed in the pre-test and post-test stages from 16:00 to 18:00. Results: Two-way ANOVA repeated measure showed that in the pre-test phase, there was no significant difference between the three types of recovery to pre-test for the study variables (P>0.05). In reference to pre-test, the changes in PH, HCO3-, PCO2 after eight weeks' endurance training showed a significant difference for active recovery(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the effect of endurance training for the three types of recovery to O2-sat, BE and BB (P>0.05).  Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that aerobic exercise improves the response of the tampon to three types of active recovery, inactive and stretching movements in inactive girls, among which the effect on active recovery is significant. During intense periodic activity in addition to H + Of lactic acid, most of the carbon dioxide produced by energy metabolism reacts with water to form carbonic acid under the influence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA). The result of this reaction is then decomposed into H + and -HCO3 and increases the extracellular H + concentration (23, 24). In summary, the present study showed that 8 weeks of intense aerobic exercise improved the tampon capacity of female students, which was more dramatic with active recovery. It seems that the type, intensity and duration of endurance training and types of recovery, as well as various methods of assessing tampon capacity are important in obtaining research results, while athletes enjoy the benefits of active recovery during intense repetitive training.. And this is while in untrained people, they give the same answers to different types of recovery. It seems that high aerobic fitness in trained people and finally strengthening the tampon device is a justification for the results of the present study. Future research by examining the effect of different types of recovery on novice and elite athletes as well as the synergy of sports and recovery exercises can provide more accurate information to coaches and athletes.}, Keywords = {Buffering System, Recovery, Aerobic Training}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {140-149}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر 8 هفته تمرین سرعتی تکراری بر سیستم بافری و نتایج ناشی از سه مدل ریکاوری مختلف}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: امروزه تمرینات استقامتی شدید تکراری بخش جدایی ناپذیری از تمرینات آماده سازی اکثر رشته­های ورزشی تیمی و انفرادی را تشکیل می­دهد که اگر با ریکاوری مناسب حین یا پس از فعالیت­های بدنی همراه نباشد، سازگاری­های لازم را ایجاد نکرده و ممکن است به اجرای ورزشکار تحت شرایط مسابقه یا تمرین آسیب بزند. بنابراین هدف این پژوهش بررسی تاثیر 8 هفته تمرین استقامتی بر ظرفیت تامپونی و نتایج ناشی از سه نوع ریکاوری فعال، غیرفعال و حرکات کششی در دانشجویان دختر غیرفعال دانشگاه فرهنگیان همدان بود. روش کار: تعداد 30 نفر از دانشجویان (سن  33/0±49/22 سال، وزن 31/7±33/68 کیلوگرم، قد 32/8±76/176 سانتیمتر و شاخص توده بدن 12/23 کیلوگرم بر متر مربع) سه نوع ریکاوری فعال، غیر فعال و حرکات کششی (هر گروه10  نفر) را در فاصله های استراحت 5 دقیقه ای بین پروتکل ورزشی آزمون استقامتی شدید تکراری انجام دادند. قبل و بعد از انجام پروتکل نمونه خونی شریانی گرفته شد. سپس آزمودنی ها در 8 هفته تمرین هوازی (سه جلسه در هفته، 65 درصد حداکثر ضربان قلب- هر هفته)، شرکت کردند. در انتهای 8 هفته، مطابق با ابتدای طرح، دوباره در آزمون استقامتی شدید تکراری شرکت نمودند و نمونه‌گیری‌ها قبل و بعد از آزمون مجددا اندازه گیری شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد در مرحله پیش آزمون تفاوت معناداری بین سه نوع ریکاوری برای متغیرهای پژوهش وجود ندارد (05/0<P). در  مقایسه با پیش آزمون اسیدیته خون، بیکربنات و فشار دی اکسیدکربن پس آزمون با ریکاوری فعال بعد از تمرینات استقامتی تفاوت معناداری را نشان داد (05/0>P). در مورد اثر تمرین هوازی برای سه نوع ریکاوری بر فشار دی اکسید کربن و اضافه قلیا و بافرهای بازی تفاوت معناداری مشاهده نشد (05/0<P). نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج پژوهش نشان می­دهد که تمرینات استقامتی اثر بیشتری را برروی متغیرهای ظرفیت تامپونی بوسیله ریکاوری فعال القا می‌کند.}, keywords_fa = {دستگاه تامپونی, ریکاوری, تمرین سرعتی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7041-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7041-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {MahdaviVasoklaei, Askari and KhatirPasha, Kiomars and HashemNejadAbersi, Fatemeh}, title = {Professional Ethics with the Approach of Higher Health Education}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Professional ethics is a branch of ethical knowledge that analyzes the ethical duties of a profession and its ethical issues. Professional ethics is a set of principles and standards of human behavior that determine the behavior of individuals and groups. The principles of professional ethics have a great burden and values, the observance of which plays a significant role in the observance of norms and the effectiveness of social interactions, and this requires basic and basic knowledge of the mentioned principles. Professional ethics is a rational thinking process that aims to determine the values ​​of the organization. Ethics in higher health education is a multi-dimensional concept and the origin of its effectiveness in it, for this reason, it has received the attention of many universities. The diversity of research in the field of professional ethics has confronted researchers and managers with many variables and dimensions in this regard. Higher health education is one of the subsets of science and technology systems, which is of particular importance due to the changing environment of health systems and the need for education to respond to this changing environment. The ethics of education in the university provides the benefits and individual and group well-being of students. Ignoring ethics in education harms students' ability to learn. Some of the ethical principles of university education include: respecting students as human beings, considering students as equals in counseling, teaching, and grading, and keeping students' grades confidential, so professors must observe the principles of professional ethics. (especially clinical professors) is of special value due to the effective role they have on the performance of learners and individuals. Faculty members as models and examples for students, besides their scientific role, also play a sensitive moral role. For this reason, in many universities and institutions of higher education, regulations with the title of ethical identifiers have been compiled. On the other hand, training and compliance with the principles of professional ethics in medical clinical fields are always the focus of attention. Clinical professional ethics means knowing and acting on the moral responsibilities that each person has towards others. In ancient Iranian medicine, the scholars of Iranian medicine, who were the Islamic Mujtahids of their era, believed in their monotheistic belief in virtue-based ethics between the doctor and the patient and considered attention to clinical ethics as the main condition for entering the medical field, along with medical services. Medical ethics is an interdisciplinary science whose subject is ethical issues in the field of medical sciences. Medical ethics tries to apply ethics in the field of practice of doctors and medical staff and the field of ethical decisions in medicine, and examines the obstacles to the observance of professional ethics; For example, these obstacles can be placed in the fields of management, environment, personal care and any factor that prevents the observance of professional ethics in clinical care. Therefore, according to the topics discussed in the medical community, the discussion of ethics has a special place due to the importance of the medical profession, so medical ethics has been assigned very serious and extensive scientific discussions. If the benefits of observing professional ethics are more comprehensive, the degree of commitment to its principles is of higher degree, and the more reasonable the restrictions imposed by the principles of professional ethics are, the more effective they are in the growth of the organization, the stronger the adherence will be. The interweaving of moral virtues with the medical profession has long given it sanctity and honor. Because the doctor is the trustee of the patient's life, wealth, and honor due to his profession. This principle of ethics in medicine has many examples, among them are trustworthiness towards public property (medical facilities and equipment) and human resources (doctors, nurses, workers in medical departments, students, and patients). Ethics in higher health education is a multi-dimensional concept, for this reason, it has been the focus of many universities. Education and compliance with the principles of professional ethics in medical clinical fields are always the focus of attention. Therefore, the present study is conducted to review professional ethics with the approach of higher health education. Methods: In this systematic review, of articles published in domestic and foreign journals available in databases; SID, Iran Medex, Pubmed, Google scholar, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science Uptodate, Magiran, were used in the range of 2000-2020. The search for articles was mainly done using the keywords professional ethics, higher education, medical science education, health and their English equivalent quality of learning experiences, effective learning, learners, and University of Medical Sciences. The inclusion criteria included all studies in line with the approach of professional ethics and effective higher health education, and the exclusion criteria were studies not related to the title. Two researchers searched the articles simultaneously and evaluated the quality of the articles separately in order to increase the validity and reliability of the study. The articles were evaluated based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selection of articles was done in such a way that at first, a list of titles and abstracts of all the articles available in the databases were prepared by the researcher and examined in order to determine and select relevant titles. Then related articles were entered into the research process independently of all cases. At the end of the search, 98 articles were obtained and finally, 14 articles that were of good quality were included in the systematic review. Results: It shows that the role of academic faculty members in universities is to improve moral education in universities. Some of the goals of professional ethics are: achieving prosperity and perfection, acquiring competencies and creating a foundation for guiding educators, medical errors and doctor's responsibility (confidentiality, truthfulness, confidentiality, etc.), ethics in education, research, ethical considerations for the development of ethics education Medicine based on Iranian-Islamic values ​​and holding a workshop on topics related to professional medical ethics for university faculty members. Conclusion: Professional ethics is one of the basic necessities in the health education system, and in order to achieve professional ethics in the health education system, the approaches mentioned in the higher health education system should be implemented. The professional ethics working group seeks to implement the professional ethics enhancement package from the total transformation and innovation plan packages in medical science education, which aims to institutionalize the responsive education approach in the health system and institutionalize professional ethics and communication skills. Values ​​and ethical principles and professional behavior at the core of all educational programs and activities, including the main goals of the Ministry of Health in the field of ethics and role models of professors in this regard, have the greatest impact on the education of students. Professional ethics is one of the basic requirements in the health education system, and in order to achieve professional ethics in the health education system, the approaches mentioned in the higher health education system should be implemented.  }, Keywords = {Professional Ethics, Higher Education, Medical Education, Health}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {150-157}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اخلاق حرفه‌ای با رویکرد آموزش عالی سلامت}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اخلاق در آموزش عالی سلامت مفهومی چند بعدی است، به همین دلیل مورد توجه بسیاری از دانشگاه‌ها قرار گرفته است. آموزش و رعایت اصول اخلاق حرفه‌ای در رشته‌های بالینی پزشکی همواره کانون توجه است. بر این اساس مطالعه حاضر با هدف مروری اخلاق حرفه‌ای با رویکرد آموزش عالی سلامت پرداخته شده است. روش کار: مطالعه حاضر یک مرور سیستماتیکی است که کلیدواژه‌ها براساس MESH تعیین و سپس جستجو در پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی؛SID ، Iran Medex، Pubmed،Google scholar ، Cochrane، Scopus، Web of Science، Uptodate،  Magiranانجام شد. نتایج جستجو و بررسی منجر به یافتن 98 مقاله که با همکاری نویسندگان مورد مطالعه و تحلیل موضوعی ابتدایی قرار گرفت در انتهای جستجو، تعداد 18 مقاله به دست آمد و در نهایت 14 مقاله که از معیارهای موضوعی و محتوایی و با هدف مطالعه مقاربت داشت وارد مطالعه مرور سیستماتیک شدند. یافته­ ها: نشان می­دهد نقش اعضای هیئت علمی دانشگاه‌ها، در اعتلای تربیت اخلاقی در دانشگاه‌هاست. شماری از اهداف اخلاق حرفه‌ای عبارت‌اند از: دستیابی به سعادت و کمال، کسب شایستگی‌ها و زمینه‌سازی برای هدایت متربیان، خطاهای پزشکی و مسئولیت پزشک (رازداری، حقیقت گویی، محرمانگی و ...)، اخلاق درآموزش،پژوهش، ملاحظات اخلاقی توسعه آموزش اخلاق پزشکی مبتنی بر ارزش­های ایرانی اسلامی و برگزاری کارگاه با موضوعات مرتبط با اخلاق پزشکی حرفه‌ای برای اعضای هیئت علمی دانشگاه. نتیجه­ گیری: اخلاق حرفه‌ای از ضروریات اساسی در نظام آموزش سلامت است و جهت دستیابی به اخلاق حرفه‌ای در نظام آموزش سلامت باید رویکردهای ذکر شده در نظام آموزش عالی سلامت اجرا گردد.  }, keywords_fa = {اخلاق حرفه‌ای, آموزش عالی, آموزش پزشکی, سلامت}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7560-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7560-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Baharestani, Sanaz and Amini, Naser and Keikhosrovani, Moloud and Azadi, Shahdokht and Mirzaei, Kamr}, title = {Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Emotional Safety Training on Beliefs about Marital Relationship, Sexual Expressiveness and Function in Women with Marital Conflicts}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Marriage is one of the most important interpersonal relationships that many people experience and it is a social institution based on which a man and a woman decide to live together as a couple through a legal, religious and moral obligation. They get married based on specific goals and wish to experience a stable and satisfying life. But when couples live a stable and satisfying life, they also experience conflicts in their life together. Marital conflicts are one of the common problems of couples and is due to the inconsistency of the couple in the type of their desires and expectations. Communication beliefs are also one of the factors that affect couples' relationship and according to Beck (1970) when our irrational beliefs decrease and logical beliefs replace them, marital satisfaction and compatibility will also increase. As long as couples are not aware that these thoughts are irrational and are somehow accustomed to these beliefs, they downplay and ignore their role in creating marital problems.Also, one of the effective factors in women's mental health in the process of marital life is their satisfactory sexual desires and reactions, which include physiological, psychosocial, developmental and sexual response dimensions. Understanding this cognition is problematic due to the specific research limitations, but the durability and stability of an important part of the marital relationship according to the values and norms approved by society, depends on sexual intercourse (frequency and type) between men and women and the couple talk about sex , Sexual desires and preferences and the discovery of other sexual preferences, have a great impact on establishing a marital relationship. Self-expression, which means "the ability to express feelings, thoughts and beliefs, and to defend one's rights in logical ways," has three dimensions of the power to express emotions; The power to articulate good and bad beliefs and thoughts and to make strong and clear decisions is the power to stand up for one's rights and not allow others to harm or abuse one's personal weakness. Obviously, not expressing feelings and emotions, in many cases, causes long-term sexual problems.Therefore, one of the interventions that can be used and researched in the case of people with marital conflicts is the emotional security model. The results of a study showed that emotional security training has a significant effect on women's marital conflict and its dimensions. Other findings of this study showed that emotional security training affects both dimensions of will and mental well-being neuropathy. In addition, in the case of emotion-oriented couple therapy, which is a method that is close to and somewhat overlaps with the method of emotional security, the results of Davarnia et al.'s(2014)research showed that emotion-based couple therapy training has reduced women's marital burnout. In fact, emotional security training focuses on increasing effective feelings about attachment, moderating self-esteem, and relieving oneself of unpleasant emotions such as shame. Weber is effective in increasing the emotion of happiness and reducing marital conflict.Therefore, considering the effect of emotional security training on couples' emotions and attachment, the important role of women in the family and their impact on other family members and the importance that marital beliefs, expression and sexuality can play in women's marital conflicts. Researchers and psychotherapists in Iran have not paid much attention to these preventive methods, including teaching emotional security to couples, and these methods need more scientific study. As a result, the question of the present study is whether emotional security training has a significant effect on marital beliefs, expression and sexual activity in women with marital conflicts? Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 50 women with marital conflicts were selected by the purposive sampling method and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Eight 90-minute sessions were held for the experimental group for 4 weeks and the control group did not receive any intervention during this period. Participants were measured by the Barati and Sanai (1996) Marital Conflict Questionnaire, the Idelson-Epstein (1982) Communication Beliefs, the Halbert Sexual Index (1992), and the Rosen et al. (2000) Sexual Performance Index. Results: The results of analysis of covariance, repeated measures test, and Bonferroni post hoc test showed that the scores of beliefs about Marital Relationship among the experimental group decreased significantly, but in the control group there was no significant decrease and the scores of Sexual Expressiveness and function among The experimental group had a significant increase, but in the control group there was no significant increase, so there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups. The follow-up results also showed that the effect of educational intervention was still stable. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that emotional safety training has a significant effect on beliefs about marital relationship,sexual expressiveness ,sexual function in the experimental group who received the educational intervention, compared with the control group who did not receive educational intervention Significant changes were experienced in the dependent variables and also the follow-up results showed that the effect of educational intervention in the experimental group was still stable. Therefore, the hypotheses were confirmed. As a result, based on the evidence of the present study, this educational program can be used to improve the beliefs about marital relationships and sexual expressiveness and function in women with marital conflicts. The Emotional safety training Training Program helps couples become aware of each other's perceptions by providing awareness of their beliefs and perceptions in the relationship. It then uses behavioral techniques (active listening and empathy) to create a healthier perception and clearer relationships.Teaching Behavioral Techniques Increases Positive Interactions such as Identifying and Expressing Emotions, Expressing Needs and Desires Instead of Expecting Mindfulness, Apologizing, and Forgiving When Angering, and Managing Conflict Instead of Withdrawing Couples' relationships become clearer, resulting in negative beliefs. Marital relationships are improved and marital conflicts are reduced.People also learn to increase their verbal and non-verbal interactions, to show sexual self-expression, including touching, hugging and kissing in relation to their spouse, and to express their thoughts and desires and be more physically close.Therefore, although these trainings do not deal directly with sexuality, but by promoting self-esteem, reducing negative emotions such as shame and increasing positive emotions and expressing them, the ground for increasing women's sexual activity is provided. The main limitation of this study is the taboo nature of sexual issues in society, and for this reason, some participants were cautious in their answers. Therefore, it is suggested that other researchers use this type of research with other effective intervention strategies on beliefs about Marital Relationship, Sexual Expressiveness and function in women with marital conflicts.}, Keywords = {Emotional Safety Training, Beliefs about Marital Relationship,Sexual Expressiveness,Sexual function,Marital Conflict}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {158-168}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی اثربخشی آموزش امنیت هیجانی بر باورهای روابط زناشویی، ابرازگری و کنش‌وری جنسی در زنان دارای تعارضات زناشویی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: تعارضات در روابط زوجین یکی از پیامدهای آسیب در خانواده  است. وجود تعارضات زناشویی نیز بین زوجین امری اجتناب ناپذیر و شایع به شمار می آید. لذا هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی اثربخشی آموزش امنیت هیجانی بر باورهای روابط زناشویی، ابرازگری و کنش‌وری جنسی در زنان دارای تعارضات زناشویی بود. روش کار: در این پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی تعداد 50 نفر از زنان دارای تعارضات زناشویی به روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل تقسیم شدند. برای گروه آزمایش 8 جلسه 90 دقیقه ای به مدت 4 هفته برگزار شد و گروه گواه در این مدت هیچ مداخله‌ای دریافت نکردند. شرکت کننده‌ها توسط پرسشنامه‌های تعارضات زناشویی براتی و ثنایی (1375)، باورهای ارتباطی  ایدلسون و اپستین (1982)، شاخص احقاق جنسی هالبرت (1992) و شاخص عملکرد جنسی زنان روزن و همکاران (2000) سنجیده شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که نمرات باورهای روابط زناشویی درمیان افراد گروه آزمایش، کاهش معناداری پیدا کرده است ولی در گروه گواه این کاهش معنادار وجود نداشته است و نمرات ابرازگری و کنش وری جنسی درمیان افراد گروه آزمایش، افزایش معناداری پیدا کرد ولی در گروه گواه این افزایش معنادار وجود نداشت؛ در نتیجه تفاوت معناداری بین دو گروه آزمایش و گواه وجود دارد. همچنین نتایج پیگیری نیز نشان داد که اثر مداخله آموزشی همچنان پایدار بود. نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس شواهد پژوهش حاضر می­توان از برنامه آموزش امنیت هیجانی جهت بهبود باورهای روابط زناشویی و  افزایش ابرازگری و کنش وری جنسی در  زنان دارای تعارضات زناشویی استفاده کرد.  }, keywords_fa = {آموزش امنیت هیجانی, باورهای روابط زناشویی, ابرازگری جنسی, کنش وری جنسی, تعارضات زناشویی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7632-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7632-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Karimlou, Fariba and Goodarzi, Kourosh and Karimi, Javad and Roozbahani, Mehdi}, title = {The Effect of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on Irrational Beliefs and Resilience of Addicts}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Addiction is one of the most important social deviations, which is the basis of many harms and social problems at the level of society. The side effects of addiction at the psychological and individual level have been and continue to be harmful to the social sector and society as a whole. In this regard, health is one of the main foundations of human life and the necessary conditions for fulfilling his social roles, and addicted people whose health is at risk in some way can continue their individual and collective activities in a desirable way who feels healthy and in addition to the socio-economic status, other factors such as biological, interpersonal and psychological-behavioral factors are also improved in them. Meanwhile, improving psycho-behavioral factors or psychological characteristics such as resilience and irrational beliefs are of particular importance. Resiliency of addicts can be affected by addiction and related conditions. Resilience of addicts can be affected by addiction and related conditions. Historically, the majority of preventive researches and development of interventions aimed at problematic behaviors have been focused on identifying risk factors and high-risk populations; Resilience is more than simply recovering from turmoil. Resilience increases the ability to tolerate and adapt to life crises and overcome them.  Also, addiction can intensify irrational beliefs. Irrational beliefs can become mandatory and definite goals, which if not met, lead to confusion and anxiety. The basic assumption of cognitive theories is that dysfunctional thoughts are involved in the way a person interprets and evaluates reality, and also the behavioral responses that result from certain interpretations are involved in the persistence of substance abuse disorder.  In this regard, any intervention that can affect the above variables and improve them, will create better conditions for the psychological condition of addicts. Research has shown that cognitive therapy training is effective in reducing the symptoms of irrational beliefs. Therefore, cognitive therapy based on mindfulness (MBCT), as an intervention can lead to improving resiliency and irrational beliefs in addicted people. In this type of treatment, mindfulness is non-judgmental and is based on the present. In fact, this type of treatment can help in releasing automatic thoughts, unhealthy habits and behavioral patterns, and therefore can play an important role in regulating behavior, including aggressive behaviors and increases the ability to tolerate and adapt to life crises and overcome them. In Iran, extensive research has not been done on the effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on improving the psychological characteristics of addicts. Therefore, investigating the effectiveness of this group of interventions on resilience and irrational beliefs of addicted people is of particular importance. So, the main application of the current research is regarding the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness (MBCT), because it can reduce the level of dependence addiction and have a positive effect on mental health indicators. Hence, in the present study, the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognition has been measured and its effects on resiliency and irrational beliefs have been investigated. Methods: The current research was semi-experimental and pre-test and post-test type with a heterogeneous control group. The statistical population in this research included all addicts who referred to addiction treatment clinics in Tehran with an age range between 18 and 65 years. The number of 40 people who met the criteria for entering the research, such as not suffering from chronic physical and mental illness, not taking certain drugs, and not attending the detoxification period, were selected as the sample group using the available non-random sampling method. Two groups (an experimental group and a control group) were randomly assigned. Then, the participants were randomly replaced in two groups. First, using Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003) and Jones irrational beliefs questionnaire (1968), the pre-test was performed on both groups. Then the experimental group was exposed to 12 sessions (3 times a week for 90 minutes), of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness (MBCT). It was based on the protocol of Teasdale et al (2000), but the control group did not receive any treatment program after the pre-test. Finally, the post-test was conducted for both groups. The research data were analyzed using the statistical method of multivariate covariance analysis. The data of this research were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods such as mean, standard deviation and variance as well as the inferential statistical method of multivariate covariance analysis with the help of SPSS 20 statistical software. Results: The results show that in the resiliency and irrational belief, after removing the effect of the pre-test on the dependent variable, it is observed that between the adjusted averages of the scores of all the dependent variables in patients with addiction according to group membership (experimental and control groups) There is a significant difference in the post-test stage (P<0.001). Therefore, cognitive therapy based on mindfulness (MBCT), has had an effect on reducing the resiliency and irrational belief scores of addiction patients in the experimental group in the post-test. Therefore, cognitive therapy based on mindfulness has had an effect on increasing the resiliency and irrational belief scores of patients with addiction in the experimental groups in the post-test. Conclusion: In explaining the results, it can be said that the goal of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness is to help people to experience their disturbing thoughts as a thought and to become aware of the dysfunctional nature of their thoughts and instead of responding to them, they only watch them. If they are in an addicted person, unusual issues become normal issues; Because of this, the addict basically has high expectations of situations. On the other hand, the addicted person not only always uses the projection mechanism, which is the basis of irrational beliefs, but also finds an irrational belief about addiction. In cognitive therapy based on mindfulness (MBCT), trainings such as letting go of negative thoughts and conceptualizing instead of self, strengthening the self-observer, accepting internal events instead of controlling them. In fact, the main goal of this treatment is to create psychological flexibility or resiliency; It means creating the ability to choose an action among different options that is more suitable, not that an action is performed or actually imposed on a person simply to avoid disturbing thoughts, feelings, memories or tendencies, such as drug addiction. With mindfulness in cognitive therapy, people are taught to live in the present and now and better deal with the challenges of addiction as well as the challenges after that. Also, in accordance with the findings related to resilience, the application of this method has been able to provide a kind of positive attitude towards the surrounding environment to addicts and basically improve the knowledge of the environment and thus prevent relapse. In other words, the application of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness has been able to provide addicts with a positive attitude towards the surrounding environment and basically improve their knowledge of the environment. In this way, it can be acknowledged that cognitive-behavioral treatments can be considered as a useful treatment by psychologists and counselors and can have a complementary aspect to drug treatment in improving psychological problems associated with addiction.}, Keywords = {Addiction, Cognitive Therapy Based on Mindfulness, Irrational Beliefs, Resilience}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {169-180}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی تاثیر شناخت درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی بر باورهای غیرمنطقی و تاب‌آوری معتادان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اعتیاد می‌تواند خصوصیات روانشناختی افراد معتاد نظیر باورهای غیرمنطقی و تاب‏آوری آن‏ها را تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. بنابراین، هر مداخله‏ای که بتواند متغیرهای فوق‏ را تحت تأثیر قرار داده و باعث بهبود آن‏ها شود، شرایط بهتری را برای وضعیت روان‏شناختی معتادان رقم خواهد زد. در این راستا، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثربخشی شناخت درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی بر باورهای غیرمنطقی و تاب‌آوری در معتادان انجام شد. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از نوع نیمه آزمایشی با طرح پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون با گروه کنترل ناهمسان بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل تمامی معتادان با دامنه سنی 65-18 سال مراجعه‌کننده به کلینیک‌های ترک اعتیاد شهر تهران بود. با روش نمونه‌گیری غیر تصادفی در دسترس تعداد 40 نفر انتخاب و به‌ صورت تصادفی در گروه آزمایشی و گروه کنترل، جایگزین شدند. ابتدا با استفاده از پرسش نامه‌های باورهای غیرمنطقی جونز و تاب آوری کونور و دیویدسون، پیش آزمون در مورد هر دو گروه اجرا شد. سپس گروه آزمایشی در معرض 12 جلسه شناخت درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی بر اساس پرتکل تیزدل و همکاران قرار گرفت، ولی گروه کنترل پس از اجرای پیش آزمون، هیچ برنامه درمانی را دریافت نکرد. نهایتاً پس آزمون در مورد هر دو گروه انجام شد. داده‌های پژوهش با استفاده از روش‌ آماری تحلیل کوواریانس چندمتغیره تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس چند متغیره نشان داد روش درمانی (شناخت درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی) منجر به بهبود باورهای غیرمنطقی و تاب‌آوری افراد معتاد می‌شود. نتیجه‌گیری: باتوجه به یافته‌‌های پژوهش، به نظر می‌رسد شناخت‌درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی به عنوان شیوه درمانی می توانند نقش موثری در بهبود  تاب‌آوری و باورهای غیرمنطقی معتادان داشته باشند.}, keywords_fa = {اعتیاد, باورهای غیرمنطقی, تاب‌آوری, شناخت درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7301-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7301-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ghalavand, Akbar and Fathi, Keihan and RahmaniGhobadi, Marya and Jafari, Mahmood and Moslehi, Motahareh and Mafakher, Leila and Zeighami, Fatemeh}, title = {The Role of Physical Activity in Modulating Covid-19 Neuropsychological Complications: A Narrative Review}, abstract ={Since 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic, triggered by SARS-CoV-2, represents the major global issue affecting the lifestyle of people around the world. Wuhan, China was the first city to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus, but the virus soon spread around the world, forcing the World Health Organization to declare a global epidemic on March 11, 2020 (1). Previous pathological conditions or comorbidities such as old age are one of the main causes of premature death and increased morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19 (4). Inactivity due to hospitalization and bed rest and reduced physical activity due to constant quarantine and social distancing can reduce the ability of organ systems to resist viral infection and the risk of damage to the immune, respiratory, and Increase cardiovascular systems, musculoskeletal and nervous system (4). On the other hand, the health benefits of physical activity, from cardiovascular health to mental health, have been well established (5). Decreased physical activity and increased sedentary behaviors were reported during quarantine in several populations, including children and patients with a variety of medical conditions (6). In general, COVID-19 lifestyle changes have led to a decrease in physical activity and consequently more inactivity in different parts of the community, which can pose a risk to general or mental health, especially for certain populations. In this study, we have tried to review the neurological and psychological effects of COVID-19 and the resulting lifestyle changes, and specifically the role of exercise in relation to these effects. Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) manifestations can occur during and after COVID-19, but the underlying mechanisms, symptomatology, and frequency of these complications are not well understood (7). Limited postmortem studies have shown signs of hypoxic brain damage and inflammatory neurological changes in the brainstem, while neuropathological data from the PNS are almost non-existent. Due to the cause, direct invasion of acute respiratory syndrome of COVID-19 virus to nerve tissue has been suggested in several cases, but autoimmune damage and neurological complications related to intensive care management can also be effective. The contribution of these mechanisms to the overall burden of CNS and PNS complications of COVID-19 is unknown (7). Follow-ups in Germany and the United Kingdom have shown that neuropsychological symptoms after COVID-19 in 20 to 70% of patients, even in young adults, last for months after the onset of respiratory symptoms, suggesting brain involvement persists (9). COVID-19, which enters through angiotensin-converting enzyme receptors, can damage endothelial cells, leading to inflammation, thrombosis, and brain damage. In addition, systemic inflammation leads to a decrease in monoamines and neurotrophic factors and activation of microglia, which leads to an increase in glutamate and N-methyl-d-aspartate-3 and excitatory toxicity, and these factors cause the onset or exacerbation of existing neuropsychiatric symptoms. They are already (9). However, the extent of damage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic strain is still speculated; it has recently been suggested that irregular neuro-endocrine-immune interactions may be behind psychiatric manifestations observed in quarantined individuals (12, 13). Persistent and increased stressful events can direct immune, endocrine, and nervous system responses primarily through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) mediated dysfunction (12), and changes in the levels of systemic inflammatory mediators or the brain predispose individuals to pathological psychological conditions. It acts like anxiety and depression. In addition, stress can be a potential trigger for neuroinflammation, a term used to indicate an imbalance or intensification of immune signals in the brain that can lead to several disorders such as aggression, psychosis, depression, and anxiety disorders (12). Covid 19 has also been shown to alter nerve growth factors that may affect the neuropsychological effects of Covid-19 (16,17). The current situation of the epidemic as a stressful situation has led to a decrease in physical activity in the general population. Considering that exercise training has been shown to be useful in a number of pathologies with which post-COVID-19 syndrome bears similarities in terms of symptoms and possible pathogenic mechanisms; therefore, it is necessary to consider the potential optimal effect that this has on the improvement or prevention of COVID-19 neuropsychiatric complications. Despite the benefits of exercise, there are limitations to sports activities for different people, which can endanger the neurological and mental health of different people, especially people with underlying diseases or people with special conditions such as patients, children and the elderly. A review of a study that specifically looked at the effect of exercise training on nerve function in patients with COVID-19 were not found; However, based on trials, general recommendations for exercise training in patients have been identified that may be beneficial to the neurocognitive effects of COVID-19 in both healthy individuals and those with COVID-19 syndrome. There is ample evidence that appropriate, supervised exercise may be an effective multisystem therapy to reduce the neuropsychological effects of COVID-19 syndrome, which is commensurate with the variety of cases and symptoms. Further studies on the effects of exercise-based therapies on post-COVID-19 syndrome are needed to provide practical insights into what type of exercise training should preferably be prescribed, with an emphasis on weight management and adherence strategies. In addition, the effect of post-COVID-19 syndrome on neuropsychological complications of certain demographic groups such as children, adolescents or the elderly remains unknown; Even exercise training and rehabilitation programs for neuropsychiatric complications in these individuals are not known. Overall, a multidisciplinary and integrated approach, part of which is related to sports science, is essential to improve individuals' clinical conditions; nevertheless, neurological and psychological aspects must be integrated into the assessment, as well as the social impact that this pathology entails. Due to the limitations of studies, new proposals for long-term research into the disease in an effort to restore full function and return to previous life are recommended.  }, Keywords = {Covid-19, Physical activity, Neurological complications, Psychological complications}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {181-192}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {نقش فعالیت جسمانی در تعدیل عوارض عصبی-روانی ناشی از کووید-19: مروری روایتی}, abstract_fa ={همه‌گیری کووید-19 (COVID-19)، یک مسئله جهانی تأثیرگذار بر سبک زندگی مردم در سراسر جهان است. علائم تنفسی و گوارشی با علائم عصبی روانپزشکی کوتاه مدت و بلندمدت و عواقب طولانی مدت مغزی همراه است. اگرچه تحقیقات زیادی برای بررسی عوارض مختلف این بیماری شده است، اما هنوز نگرانی­های جدی در مورد شناسایی عوارض عصبی-روانی این بیماری وجود دارد، که بهترین رویکرد درمانی را محدود می­کند. برنامه­های ورزشی و سطوح فعالیت جسمانی تعدیل کننده­های شناخته شده تظاهرات بالینی و پیش­آگهی در بسیاری از بیماری­های مزمن هستند. این مرور روایتی شواهدی در مورد سندرم پس از COVID-19 را برای کمک به شناخت بهتر عوارض عصبی-روانی این بیماری خلاصه می‌کند و توضیح می‌دهد که چگونه فعالیت جسمانی منظم ممکن است بر عوارض عصبی-روانی COVID-19 موثر باشد و می‌تواند اثرات بلندمدت عوارض عصبی-روانی COVID-19 را کاهش دهد.  }, keywords_fa = {کووید-19, فعالیت جسمانی, عوارض عصبی, عوارض روانی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7264-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7264-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Vafaeinezhad, Fereshteh and Koraei, Amin and Pasha, Rez}, title = {Comparison of the Effect of Premarital Education with Selection Method and Knowledge and El Sun\'s Approach on Communication Beliefs of Students\' Fear of Marriage}, abstract ={Background & Aims: As a social unit, the family includes the most, the deepest, and the most basic human relationships, which, in terms of their importance, role, and various applications, are of interest to religious and ethical scholars, education experts, sociology, and psychology. has taken (2). Therefore, the importance of recognizing and investigating the factors that cause the consistency and strength of this social institution can be a useful step in the direction of improving the level of society's culture (4). The tendency to marry is influenced by several factors. Among the various factors affecting marriage, social life is very important, and communication is one of the main skills of social life (6) and one of the factors that can weaken the effectiveness of a communication and cause a lack of understanding of the message sent. Or in other words, to decode it correctly, it is false beliefs, prejudices and negative attitudes (7). In fact, the farther the cognitive fields of the two elements of communication, i.e. the receiver and sender of the message, are from each other, the less effective the communication will be (8). A person's attitude towards marriage is his way of thinking and feeling about marriage (10). The attitude that a person has towards the future and the choice of a spouse can determine how to guide them in future relationships, and the lack of a positive attitude as a result of numerous individual and external reasons is considered to explain the lack of tendency of young people to marry (13). The effectiveness of the L-Son model has been confirmed in many other studies, including Sepehari Shamlou et al. These researchers showed that the approach of pre-marital education has been effective in increasing awareness of expectations, improving communication beliefs and marital satisfaction of married women. But the question is whether this approach has an effect on the communication beliefs of the fear of marriage among students or not? Another pre-marriage training program is pre-marriage awareness and interpersonal choices program. This program was based on the communication attachment model. OneApp was developed as a model for examining close relationships. This theoretical model is a representation of communication links in a relationship. Overall, this program provides a comprehensive and thorough review of the salient areas for explaining romantic relationships and a comprehensive framework for understanding the pattern of closeness and intimacy in premarital relationships. In confirmation of this result, Rajabi and colleagues in a research confirmed the effectiveness of this educational strategy on improving communication beliefs and reducing ineffective beliefs. According to the above, preparing for marriage is a relatively new approach to prevent dissatisfaction and failure in married life, and it is based on the view that boys and girls on the verge of marriage can learn how to have successful and stable marriages; Teaching pre-marital skills helps to strengthen and stabilize marriage, reduce divorce rate and improve the quality of marriage, and this doubles the tendency of researchers to follow up early and provide specialized intervention in order to have the best choice. However, the internal and external limitations in the constructs and dependent variables of the research are well indicative of the novelty of these trainings and the high prevalence of divorce and marital problems indicate the lack of sufficient attention of specialists to this important and vital training. Also, researchers still do not have a general opinion about the best consensus method. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to answer the question whether two premarital preparation strategies with Olson's approach and premarital education based on selection and awareness are effective on the fear of marriage of students on the verge of marriage? And which method is more effective? Methods: To conduct the present semi-experimental research, which was pre-test-post-test and follow-up with the test and control group, 45 people were selected from among the students on the verge of marriage of Dezful University of Medical Sciences using the available sampling method and considering the entry and exit criteria. In the form of three groups of 15 people, the training was divided into the method of choice and awareness, Elson's approach and control, and after completing the consent form, Idelson-Wapstein's (1982) communication beliefs questionnaires and Richard et al.'s (2007) fear of marriage. completed in the pre-test. Then the experimental groups received 90 90-minute sessions of their respective intervention. Finally, all subjects completed the questionnaires again. Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Shapiro-Wilk tests, analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni's post hoc analysis were used to analyze the data using SPSS version 24 software. Results: The results showed that the difference between the mean scores of fear of marriage in three stages of the research is significant (P≥0.001). Also, the average scores of this variable in the two experimental and control groups also have a significant difference (P≥0.001). The results have shown that nearly 53% of the individual differences are related to the differences between the three groups. In addition, the interaction between research stages and group membership is also significant (P=0.001). The amount of this difference is about 0.916. That is, 91% of the variance or individual differences are related to the differences between the three stages of the test and group membership. According to the results of the follow-up test, it was found that the difference between the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages was significant and it was found that in the structure of fear of marriage, the difference between the two stages of pre-test and post-test (P=0.001), pre-test and follow-up (0.001) =P) is significant; But the difference between the post-test and the follow-up was not significant. Conclusion: The results showed that the two methods of pre-marriage education, the method of choice and awareness and El Son's approach, have a significant effect on the communication beliefs of students' fear of marriage. In the explanation of the present research, it can be said that Elson's approach has four important features of an effective preventive approach, including the need to identify the factors that affect the success of marriage. The assessment of couples based on those factors considers the necessity of providing feedback and practice to couples in problem areas and emphasizing the training and practice of communication skills in conflict resolution (16) and these factors seem to be a reason for the findings of the present research. On the other hand, premarital education program includes five components of recognition, trust, encouragement, commitment and contact. A composite of these five relationship links provides a picture of overall perception in a relationship and meaningful information about feelings of love, attachment, and closeness in the relationship. This program organizes the five components of communication in two parts, intellectual and heart knowledge. The part of intellectual knowledge refers to the knowledge and understanding obtained from the spouse or fiancee in the step of familiarity and romantic relationships narrowly and deeply (28).}, Keywords = {Premarital education, El Sun, Selection and knowledge, Fear of marriage}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {193-202}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه تاثیرآموزش پیش از ازدواج به شیوه انتخاب و آگاهی و رویکرد ال سون بر باورهای ارتباطی ترس از ازدواج دانشجویان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: جوانان در آستانه ازدواج از یک ترس یا نگرانی در مورد ازدواج و مسائل مربوط به آن رنج می‌برند. بنابراین هدف از پژوهش حاضر مقایسه تاثیر آموزش پیش از ازدواج به شیوه انتخاب و آگاهی و رویکرد ال سون بر باورهای ارتباطی ترس از ازدواج دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی دزفول بود. روش کار: تحقیق نیمه‌آزمایشی حاضر از نوع پیش آزمون- پس آزمون و پیگیری با گروه آزمایش و گواه بود‌. بدین منظور از بین دانشجویان در آستانه ازدواج دانشگاه علوم پزشکی دزفول 45 نفر به طور داوطلب به عنوان نمونه در تحقیق حاضر شرکت کرده و به طور تصادفی به سه گروه آموزش به شیوه انتخاب و آگاهی، رویکرد ال سون و کنترل تقسیم شده و بعد از تکمیل فرم رضایت­نامه، پرسش نامه­های باورهای ارتباطی آیدلسون واپشتاین (۱۹۸۲) و ترس از ازدواج ریچارد و همکاران(2007) را در پیش آزمون تکمیل کردند. سپس گروه­های آزمایش 90 جلسه 90 دقیقه­ای مداخله مربوط به خود را دریافت کردند. در نهایت تمام آزمودنی­ها مجدداً پرسش نامه­ها را تکمیل کردند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد بین میانگین نمرات باورهای ارتباطی در سه مرحله تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد (001/0≥P). همچنین بین دو گروه تجربی با گروه کنترل تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد (001/0=P). از طرف دیگر مشخص شد بین پیش‌آزمون با پس‌آزمون (001/0=P) و پیش‌آزمون با پیگیری(001/0=P) تفاوت معنی‌داری وجود دارد، اما پس‌آزمون و پیگیری تفاوت ‌معنی‌داری وجود ندارد. نتیجه ­گیری: با توجه به نتایج، استفاده از دو نوع مداخله جهت کاهش ترس از ازدواج به زوجین توصیه می­شود.}, keywords_fa = {آموزش پیش از ازدواج, ال سون, انتخاب و آگاهی, ترس از ازدواج}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7345-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7345-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Felegari, Aabedin and Jadidi, Hooshang and Taghvaiinia, Ali and Morovati, Zekrollah}, title = {Investigating the Mediating Role of Mental Health Gains and Losses in the Relationship between Expectations and Academic Motivation}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Motivation is one of the most important elements of learning and progress. Although intelligence and talent are important and determining factors of students' learning, other factors are also important and influential besides these factors. Among these factors, motivational beliefs can be mentioned. Academic motivation generally refers to the motivations, needs, and factors that cause a person to attend educational environments and obtain an educational certificate. Motivation is defined as a process by which goal-oriented activities are stimulated and maintained. In the theoretical and conceptual models of motivation, progress, beliefs, and expectations of people, the most important and main determinants of progress behavior are considered. These models include attribution theory, expectation-value theory, self-determination theory, goal theory, and self-efficacy theory. When learners have the necessary motivation to learn, the process of communication is facilitated, content becomes more fluent, anxiety is reduced, and creativity and learning are manifested. Also, motivated students have positive motivational effects on the teacher and as a result, they make education satisfactory for both the teacher and the students. Also, the study showed that students' motivation affects all classroom activities. The issue of academic motivation is an essential issue for teachers and education custodians of different countries. Increasing the motivation level of students requires a change in the factors that motivate a person, which is divided into two categories, internal and external. Motivational beliefs, the expectation of success, and perceived subjective value act as mediating variables about cognitive processes and progress behaviors. At the most general level, it is assumed that the socio-cultural environment acts as the main source of influence on the mental processes of the individual. This environment includes stereotypes related to gender and culture, behaviors and beliefs of socializers, talents, and previous development of the individual. Considering that the researchers of expectancy-value theory have emphasized the different roles of task value, ability-expectation beliefs, task difficulty understanding, source of control, and previous progress in subsequent progress, it can be said that expectation-value can influence It has positive and negative effects on students' academic motivation, therefore, in this research, we seek to answer the following question. Do psychological and situational gains and losses in the relationship between expectations and values ​​affect academic motivation? Methods: The current research is of the correlation type, which examines the relationships between the variables of the proposed model using the structural equation modeling method. The statistical population of this research includes all secondary school girls and boys of Qorve city in the academic year 2020-2021, and the number of these students is reported to be 10,000 by the Ministry of Education. The sample size in this research was calculated using Cochran's pheromone equal to 384 people. The sampling method in this research is multi-stage cluster sampling. The city has two regions, north and south, and girls' and boys' schools, and one class from each school and each level were selected through virtual and in-person selection (according to the conditions of the corona disease and the strictness of the schools) and a questionnaire was provided to them. The main tool for collecting information in this research is a standard questionnaire (psychological gains and losses, expectations, academic motivation). In order to determine the presence or absence of a relationship or influence between the variables and to estimate and generalize the results obtained from the sample size to the statistical population from the Kolmogorov-Smiranov test, the simple correlation model with the obvious variable, the Pearson correlation coefficient test and the path model (mediator) to evaluate the hypotheses and data The research and the research conceptual model have been used. The tool for analyzing questionnaire data of this research is Spss statistical software and Amos structural equation modeling software. Results: According to the findings of this research, expectations have a positive effect on academic motivation. Expectations have a positive effect on psychological gains and losses. Psychological gains and losses play a mediating role in the relationship between expectations and academic motivation. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that by creating expectations in students, it is possible to help increase academic motivation. Also, according to the relationship between expectations and psychological losses, it can be concluded that by increasing expectations, psychological losses in students can be increased. In the model of expectation and value, these structures are the two main predictors of behavior leading to progress, and it is assumed that expectation and value have a direct effect on progress behavior, and the amount of expectation and value is influenced by the perception of the social environment, cultural context. Therefore, motivation and engagement are powerful processes that can motivate students to learn new skills on the one hand and can lead to a lack of engagement and educational self-destruction on the other hand. (Positive or negative reactions towards the teacher, classmates, university, or school; the feeling of belonging to the individual, conformity with the school or its demands). The review of the research literature shows that the educational involvement of parents is accompanied by the educational involvement of students, especially the concern to do homework at home and a positive attitude towards school. Students' involvement in school activities leads to educational progress, positive expectations about academic ability, improvement of academic performance, and reduction of dropping out. One of the limitations of this study is the inability to generalize to other cities in the country because the results of the study were only for students in Qorve. Also, the unnecessary strictness of the school administrators in distributing the questionnaire among the students can be mentioned, as well as the very poor cooperation of some students in answering the questions of the questionnaire, which we convinced them to cooperate with great difficulty and convincing explanations.}, Keywords = {Expectations, Academic Motivation, Psychological Gains and Losses}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {203-210}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی نقش میانجی سود و زیان سلامت روانی در رابطه میان انتظارات با انگیزش تحصیلی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: انتظار- ارزش می­تواند تاثیرات مثبت و منفی بر انگیزش تحصیلی دانشجویان و دانش آموزان داشته باشد بنابراین  این پژوهش با هدف بررسی رابطه انتظارات با انگیزش تحصیلی به واسطه سود و زیان­های روانی صورت پذیرفته است. روش کار: این پژوهش بر اساس معیار هدف در گروه پژوهش‌های کاربردی، بر اساس معیار زمان گردآوری داده‌ها در گروه پژوهش‌های معادلات ساختاری، بر اساس معیار ماهیت داده‌ها و مبنای پژوهش یک پژوهش کمی می‌باشد. اصلی‌ترین ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات‌ در این پژوهش پرسشنامه‌ استاندارد (سود و زیان روانی، انتظارات، انگیزش تحصیلی) می‌باشد، پایایی ابزار پژوهش نیز بر اساس آزمون آلفای کرونباخ برای متغیر سود و زیان روانی، انتظارات، انگیزش تحصیلی به ترتیب برابر با 75/0، 71/0 و 77/0 به تأیید رسیده است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل کلیه دانش آموزان دختر و پسر متوسطه دوم شهرستان قروه سال تحصیلی 1399-1400 بود. حجم نمونه در این پژوهش برابر با 384 نفر و شیوه نمونه‌گیریدر این پژوهش نمونه‌گیری خوشه­ای چند مرحله­ای بود. یافته ­ها: با توجه به یافته‌های این پژوهش انتظارات به صورت مثبت بر انگیزش تحصیلی اثر مثبت دارد. انتظارات به صورت مثبت بر بر سود و زیان­های روانی اثر دارد. سود و زیان­های روانی در رابطه بین انتظارات و انگیزش تحصیلی نقش واسطه­ای دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می­­توان بیان داشت که با ایجاد انتظارات در دانش آموزان می­توان به افزایش انگیزش تحصیلی کمک کرد. همچنین با توجه به رابطه بین انتظارات با زیان‌های روانی می­توان استنباط کرد که با افزایش انتظارات می­توان زیان­های روانی در دانش­آموزان را افزایش داد.  }, keywords_fa = {انتظارات, انگیزش تحصیلی, سود و زیان روانی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7681-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7681-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Sabaei, Yekta and Sarshin, Amir and Rahimi, Alireza and Feizolahi, Fo}, title = {The Effect of Caffeine Supplementation and Exhausting Exercise on Inflammatory Factors in Hot Environments}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The immune system is affected by a variety of physiological and psychological pressures (1). Exercise has been shown to impair immune system function, which appears to depend on the intensity and duration of exercise and the secretion of stress hormones (2). Exercise in a high temperature environment has a synergistic effect on stress responses to exercise (3, 4). Acute stress (e.g., cortisol) and inflammatory responses (e.g., cytokines) after exercise at warm temperatures are greater than those seen at lower temperature conditions (5). Heat stress caused by high ambient temperatures can affect physical function; Tolerance to exercise in hot environments is lower than cold environments (6). There have been numerous reports of increased plasma cortisol responses (9, 10) and production of cytokines (4, 11) seeking to limit fluid intake during acute exercise. Recently, Costello et al. (2018) showed that acute exercise in a warm environment increases the levels of interleukin-6 (IL6) and plasma cortisol only in conditions of fluid restriction (12). Ignoring the increase in physical and psychological stress experienced while exercising in conditions of ambient heat and dehydration combined with improper recycling can increase the risk of various diseases (4, 13) and impair athletic performance (14). Caffeine is one of the most common dietary supplements in the world, which has been used as a factor to increase physical-mental functions and delay fatigue in athletes (15). Also, caffeine, with its energizing and anti-inflammatory properties, in addition to increasing athletic performance, can reduce the inflammatory responses caused by strenuous exercise (16, 17). In this regard, Fedor (2010) examined the acute use of two doses of 4 and 7 mg / kg body weight of caffeine and showed that only higher doses of caffeine can prevent proinflammatory cytokines caused by moderate-intensity endurance training (18). Jafari et al. (2014) showed that acute consumption of 6 and 9 mg / kg body weight of caffeine inhibits the increased response of serum tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) following a period of debilitating resistance activity (19). However, the lack of effect of acute caffeine consumption on the response to inflammatory markers following exercise has also been reported in some studies (20, 21). consumption to possibly modulate the response to inflammatory parameters caused by exercise in conditions of ambient heat and dehydration has not been studied. Research findings also indicate a discrepancy between the results regarding acute caffeine consumption and the response to inflammatory markers following exercise; Considering the important role of caffeine supplementation along with exercise on physical function as well as reducing inflammation, it seems that the study of the effects of exercise and caffeine supplementation on inflammatory markers is of great importance, but according to studies, the findings are very limited in this regard. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of caffeine supplementation and exhausting exercise on inflammatory factors in hot environments. Methods: In this experimental study, 30 male athletes with an average age of 26.6 ± 3.9 years in dehydrated conditions were selected in an accessible and targeted manner and divided into three groups of caffeine consumption (number = 10 people), placebo group (number = 10 people) and the control group (number = 10 people) were divided. Caffeine group consumed 6 mg / kg body weight of caffeine. 60 minutes later, the subjects performed a series of increasingly exhausting aerobic exercise. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures, One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at the P<0.05. Results: The results showed that immediately after exercise, the levels of IL1B, TNFα and IL6 were significantly higher than the control group (p≥0.001). The caffeine group experienced a greater increase in IL6 (p≥0.001) and IL1B (p≥0.05) and a smaller increase in TNFα compared to the sham group (p≥0.001). Also, hs-CRP levels were significantly higher than baseline in the exercise group (p≥0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that maximal aerobic function increased following caffeine consumption. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (26-28). In this study, we used the Bruce treadmill test, while in the study, the 20-meter shuttle test was used as the maximum aerobic test. In addition, the high ambient temperature and dehydration conditions present in the present study could be another reason for the differences in the present results with the study of Lamina and Musa (29). The results showed that acute exercise significantly increased plasma IL1β, IL6, TNFα and hs-CRP levels in caffeine and sham groups. Consistent with these findings, increased blood levels of inflammatory agents following acute exercise have been reported in many studies (27, 30). Consistent with the results of the present study, previous studies have shown that caffeine consumption increased the IL6 response after maximal aerobic activity (34, 35). One of the reasons for this observation is that more cytokine secretion through caffeine consumption is associated with higher power output and greater metabolic stress (further increase in adrenaline and plasma lactate after exercise) (34, 35). Therefore, it seems that caffeine consumption may not have a direct effect on IL6, but rather increases the IL-6 response by increasing potency and consequently the need for higher metabolism. One of the important findings of the present study was that acute caffeine consumption did not affect basal inflammatory factors, because there was no difference between the mean levels of basal inflammatory factors in the study groups. This observation is consistent with the results of studies by Arsenault et al. (36) and Kempf et al. (37), but with the results of studies by Fletcher and Bishop (38) and Jafari et al. (19) that increase basal levels of inflammatory markers in response to Acute caffeine consumption has been reported to be inconsistent. One possible reason for this discrepancy may be related to the conditions of the subjects; The subjects in the present study were in dehydrated conditions and at ambient temperature, which may have increased the basal levels of inflammatory markers by increasing the secretion of stress hormones and, therefore, reduced the effect of caffeine on these factors. Because the secretion of stress hormones (epinephrine and cortisol) has been cited as one of the basic mechanisms for increasing basal levels of inflammatory markers due to caffeine consumption (38, 39).  In the present study, acute caffeine consumption further increased plasma IL6 levels in response to exercise. Consistent with this finding, some previous studies in this field have reported higher increases in plasma IL6 levels following exercise in subjects who consumed caffeine (35, 40). This higher increase in IL6 levels following caffeine supplementation is mainly attributed to a decrease in IL6 clearance by the liver, which occurs due to decreased visceral blood flow due to increased adrenaline (30). Another finding of the present study was that acute caffeine consumption reduced the rate of exercise-induced increase in TNFα. Horrigan et al. (2004) showed that caffeine consumption suppresses the production of proinflammatory cytokine TNFα in human blood and this effect is mediated by modulating the cyclic AMP / protein kinase A signaling pathway (41). Caffeine and its metabolite, theophylline, have also been shown to directly activate the enzyme histodoniestylase, which also distills central histone and reduces the transcription of inflammatory genes (17). In the present study, elevated IL1β and TNFα levels returned to baseline levels during blood sampling 24 hours after exercise in subjects experiencing caffeine supplementation, but remained elevated in the sham group. There were some limitations in the present study, such as the lack of measurement of other inflammatory factors. Examining the effect of different doses of caffeine supplementation after exercise can also help to better explain and interpret the results. This is a research weakness suggested by future studies to measure these post-exercise indicators along with caffeine consumption in athletes. It seems that the maximal exercise in hot environments and dehydration status increases the release of inflammatory markers that appear to be moderated by caffeine consumption. Also, caffeine use is associated with faster recovery of inflammatory status.}, Keywords = {Exhausting Exercise,Caffeine,Inflammatory,Dehydration Conditions,Hot Environment}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {211-221}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثر مکمل کافئین و فعالیت ورزشی وامانده ساز بر عوامل التهابی در محیط گرم}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: کافئین با داشتن خاصیت نیروزایی و ضدالتهابی می­تواند علاوه بر افزایش عملکردهای ورزشی موجب کاهش پاسخ­های التهابی ناشی از انجام فعالیت­های ورزشی شدید شود. هدف از مطالعه حاضر تبیین اثر مکمل کافئین و فعالیت ورزشی وامانده ساز بر عوامل التهابی در محیط گرم بود. روش کار: 30 مرد ورزشکار با میانگین سنی 9/3 ± 6/26 سال در شرایط کم­آبی بدن به صورت در دسترس و هدفمند انتخاب و به سه گروه مصرف کافئین (تعداد = 10 نفر)، گروه دارونما (تعداد = 10 نفر) و گروه کنترل (تعداد = 10 نفر) تقسیم شدند. گروه کافئین مقدار 6 میلی­گرم/کیلوگرم وزن بدن کافئین مصرف کردند. 60 دقیقه بعد از آن، آزمودنی­ها یک وهله فعالیت هوازی فزاینده وامانده­ساز را اجرا نمودند. داده­ها با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل واریانس عاملی با اندازه­گیری­های مکرر، آزمون تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه و آزمون تعقیبی توکی در سطح معنی­داری 05/0 p< تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد که بلافاصله بعد از فعالیت ورزشی، میزان IL1B، TNFα و IL6 به­طور معنی­داری بیشتر از گروه کنترل بود (001/0≥p). گروه مصرف کافئین افزایش بیشتر میزان IL6 (001/0≥p) و IL1B (05/0≥p) و افزایش کمتر میزان TNFα را در مقایسه با گروه دارونما تجربه کردند (001/0≥p). همچنین، مقادیر hs-CRP تنها در گروه­ فعالیت ورزشی به­طور معنی­داری بیشتر از حالت پایه بود (001/0≥p). نتیجه ­گیری: فعالیت ورزشی بیشینه در محیط گرم و شرایط کم­آبی بدن موجب افزایش رهاسازی شاخص­های التهابی می­شود که به نظر می­رسد با مصرف کافئین تعدیل می­شود. همچنین، استفاده از کافئین با بازیافت سریع­تر وضعیت التهابی همراه است.}, keywords_fa = {ورزش وامانده‌ساز, کافئین, التهاب, کم‌آبی بدن, محیط گرم}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7368-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7368-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Zargani, Javad and GhaseminezhadDehkordi, Atousa and Shabaninia, Meysam and Alam, Zahr}, title = {Identifying Indicators of Physical Literacy during the Outbreak of the Corona Virus and Investigating the Development of Physical Literacy of Students}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Intrinsic physical literacy is a reliable factor that, despite it, the skills, knowledge and attitude of children and teenagers develop in various activities and it causes balance and self-confidence in them to perform their activities (1). The term physical literacy refers to "motivation, confidence, physical strength, level of knowledge and perception that people seek to develop throughout their lives, in order to maintain physical activity at an appropriate level (2). Studies have shown that physical literacy is a part of human capacity that affects all stages of life and plays a significant role in perception, self-confidence and motivation (7). Quality physical education programs for the development of students' physical literacy are for them to be able to make active and healthy choices for the present and throughout their lives. However, due to the spread of the Covid-19 virus, the physical and movement activities of students have decreased in the current period. As mentioned earlier, physical literacy plays a significant role in perception, self-confidence, and motivation, and on the other hand, the spread of the corona virus can also affect people's confidence and mood (8). Therefore, apart from the other existing problems, in addition to the car life and the spread of apartment living, and as a result, the reduction of sports activities in the society, the Covid-19 virus has also affected the physical activity of the people in the society, especially the students, and these cases can cause irreparable damage. To import to the country in the future. Therefore, it is impossible not to consider the corona virus in the examination of physical literacy that is related to physical activity, in this particular age where there is a strong fear about sports activities (9). The Covid-19 virus has caused many problems in the field of sports (11); One of these cases can be seen as a decrease in motor activity and, as a result, physical literacy in students (12). According to the mentioned contents, the aim of the current research was to identify the indicators of physical literacy during the outbreak of the corona virus and to investigate the development of physical literacy of students. Methods: The purpose of this research is fundamental and it is a type of qualitative and quantitative (mixed) research that is used in the qualitative part of foundational data theory (which is also known as data-driven theory, contextual theory, and fundamental theory) and the method Strauss and Corbin (1990) were used. Therefore, the researcher decided to extract the causal factors of the physical literacy development of students during the outbreak of the corona virus and provide a suggested model with a qualitative research. Considering the executive nature of the work, in order to conduct the interview, the researcher interviewed experts and experts in the field of sports management, movement behavior and sports psychology, which was considered in the qualitative part of the sampling method in a targeted manner. Finally, theoretical saturation was achieved with 14 interviews. In order to accurately measure each of the obtained indicators, it was necessary to prepare a tool to measure the obtained indicators and determine the amount of each of the indicators, so the questionnaire as a quantitative tool in this research was used. In fact, the indicators discovered from the interviews were considered in the form of central codes as dimensions of the questionnaire and open codes as items, and finally they were converted into a questionnaire in a preliminary study with 110 samples. Therefore, the sample should also be considered in the quantitative section. In fact, the purpose of measuring indicators is to compare the level of development of physical literacy in the centers of different provinces of the country. Due to the fact that the development is different in different provinces of the country, therefore, in this study, the provinces were divided into two categories, rich and poor (14), and therefore, the cities of Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan as rich cities and Zahedan, Yasouj and Birjand were investigated as less privileged cities and physical education teachers were considered as the community. Therefore, in this research, in the quantitative part, two societies are considered. A wealthy society and a poor society with infrastructural facilities. The criterion for entering the research in the quantitative section was having at least five years of work experience and having a master's degree in physical education. Therefore, the questionnaire was prepared and distributed online. All steps of the present research have been approved by the Ethics Committee of Ahvaz University (IR.IAU.AHVAZ.REC.1401.075). A sample size of 539 people was considered and descriptive methods of structural equations and hierarchical analysis were used in the quantitative part. SPSS version 26 software was used in this research. Results: The findings of the interview in order to identify the causal factors for the development of students' physical literacy during the outbreak of the corona virus are presented in Table No. 1. All the interviewees were faculty members in sports management, growth and movement learning, and sports psychology with experience between 5 and 20 years. As you can see, 38 signs or open codes are placed in the form of 6 core codes and 3 selective codes. In this part, the questionnaire's standardization indicators are presented, and in the next stage, a comparison is made between privileged and non-privileged cities. The result shows that 68.53% of the physical literacy development causal indicators questionnaire is explained by six factors, and considering that the model is implemented in SPSS software and does not present an error, it can be stated that the determinants of the matrix coefficients The anticorrelation is zero and therefore this assumption is also met. Also, the KMO indices and Bartlett's sphericity test were in the optimal range (Table 2). Conclusion: The results of our research showed that the most important component was the environmental component. The environmental component overseeing culture building was the role of the media in the development of physical literacy, increasing the awareness of families and society. Also, the structural component was the second most important. Also, the hierarchical analysis showed that the software component is in the third rank and the management component is in the fourth rank. In the fifth category of hierarchical analysis, hardware facilities and in the sixth category were individual factors. These results show that an important step can be taken in maintaining the health of students by identifying the indicators of physical literacy during the outbreak of the Corona virus, and this requires comprehensive cooperation between the family, school and authorities, and with rational management and Allocating targeted programs can promote physical literacy and thus health-related goals in children and prevent the side effects of Covid-19 to some extent.}, Keywords = {Physical literacy, Corona virus, Student}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {222-232}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {شناسایی شاخصهای سواد بدنی در دوران شیوع ویروس کرونا و بررسی توسعه یافتگی سواد بدنی دانش آموزان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اصطلاح سواد بدنی به انگیزه، اعتماد، توان بدنی، سطح دانش و ادراکی اطلاق می­شود، که افراد به دنبال توسعه آن در طول زندگی خود، به منظور حفظ فعالیت بدنی در سطح مناسب هستند. هدف این پژوهش شناسایی شاخص­های علی سواد بدنی در دوران شیوع ویروس کرونا و بررسی توسعه یافتگی سواد بدنی دانش آموزان کشور بود. روش کار: این پژوهش از نوع آمیخته کیفی- کمی بود. جامعه­ی آماری این پژوهش اساتید عضو هیات علمی در رشته­های مدیریت ورزشی، رشد و یادگیری حرکتی و روان شناسی بودند که نمونه­گیری به صورت هدفمند انجام شد و با 14 مصاحبه اشباع نظری حاصل شد. در بخش کمی نیز جامعه­ی آماری دبیران ورزش بودند که معیار ورود به پژوهش داشتن مدرک کارشناسی ارشد و سابقه­ی کار حداقل پنج سال بود. یافته‌ها: نتایج کدگذاری کیفی 38 کد باز، 6 کد محوری و 3 کد گزینشی بود. نتیجه­ی تحلیل سلسله مراتبی نشان داد مولفه­ی محیطی مهم­ترین عامل و به ترتیب مولفه­ی ساختاری، مولفه­ی نرم­افزاری، مولفه­ی مدیریتی، امکانات سخت افزاری و عوامل فردی به منظور سواد بدنی بود. نتیجه‌گیری: نتیجه­ی تحلیل سلسله مراتبی نشان داد مولفه­ی محیطی مهم­ترین عامل و مولفه­ی فردی کم اهمیت­ترین عامل بودند که به منظور توسعه­ی سواد بدنی در دوران کرونا شناخته شدند.  }, keywords_fa = {سواد بدنی, ویروس کرونا, دانش آموز}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7760-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7760-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Soufi, Mahmoud and Mehrabian, Ahmad and Didehkhani, Hosein and Samiee, Roohall}, title = {Providing a Training Model in E-Business in the Field of Health Tourism in Iran}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Tourism is one of the most important industries to stabilize financial revenues worldwide (1). The use of tourism capacities to develop the financial issues of countries has led to extensive efforts by countries to develop tourism, which has paved the way for the development of tourism infrastructure (2). The tourism industry as an invisible export, if well planned and managed, is the most lucrative and most lucrative industry and contributes significantly to job creation due to the widespread dimensions of unemployment, wealth distribution, regional imbalances, poverty reduction. Improves the living standards and livelihoods of community members and plays positive cultural interactions (3). Tourism capacities have led to it being mentioned as a solution for the development of communities (4). The importance of tourism is so great that various researches have been done in this field and different results have been obtained, including: Nathan et al. (2019) examined the role of mass media in the ecotourism industry and concluded that the expansion of mass media has led to the creation of a global village today, which has made it possible to market through these media. In order to expand the tourism industry, we will witness nature tourism (11). Barari et al. (2016) analyzed the economic effects of urban tourism from the perspective of citizens (Case study: Babolsar city) and found that there is a significant relationship between tourism and economic development variables (12). So Considering the importance of tourism and especially health tourism on economic and regional development on the one hand and the importance of the role of information technology and especially e-business in the new era on the other hand and since the truth about the correct education model in the field E-business is not done The researcher is trying to answer the question whether education in e-business in the field of health tourism in Iran follows a suitable pattern or not? Methods: The present study is one of the mixed researches that was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively. Considering that the qualitative part of the present research was carried out in the first stage and then the quantitative part, so the present research is one of the exploratory researches in the mixed part. In the qualitative part of the research, the qualitative method of directional content analysis was used. Also, the present research is field in terms of implementation. Given that the results of the present study will be used by e-businesses, so it was an applied research. The statistical population of the present study in the qualitative part included experts in the field of health tourism and e-business and in the quantitative part of the statistical population included academic experts, business experts, owners of successful companies in the field of health tourism and specialists in the field of information and communication technology. In the qualitative part by snowball method, 14 people and in the quantitative part by targeted sampling method, 130 people, including 40 academic experts, 30 business specialists, 30 owners of successful companies in the field of tourism. Health and 30 ICT specialists were selected as a statistical sample In the qualitative part of the research, reliability (validity), transferability and verifiability were used to check the validity. Descriptive and inferential statistics were also used in the quantitative part of the research. In the descriptive statistics section, the mean and standard deviation were used and to validate the model and present the final model, the statistical method of structural equations was used. The whole process of data analysis was performed in SPSS and PLS software. Results: Open coding of education dimensions in the e-business model in the field of health tourism in Iran led to the identification of 16 primary indicators. After this stage, axial coding was performed and the categories of educational issues, idea generation, knowledge transfer and skill issues with unique features were extracted and educational dimensions were categorized in the form of these 4 categories. It was also found that all the relationships in the research model were confirmed (table 2). The results of the present study showed that all the identified dimensions have a significant role in the e-business model in the field of health tourism in Iran. Finally, the research model has a good fit. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the identified model was categorized into 4 categories of educational issues, idea generation, knowledge transfer and skill issues. It was also found that the research model has a good fit. In this regard Taghizadeh et al. (2011) pointed out that the development of medical tourism requires attention to educational aspects and knowledge promotion in this field (8). In another study in this regard, Radovich and Nola (2018) also found that paying attention to educational aspects in order to promote businesses related to health tourism can lead to the promotion of these businesses and improve the position of health tourism in communities (14). These results are consistent with the findings of the present study. Also, in another study in this field, Abadi et al. (2018) in a study that was conducted with the aim of strategically examining the development of medical tourism using the SWOT method, found that the strategic situation of medical tourism development in Yazd is in an aggressive state. They pointed out that the growth of awareness about this type of tourism puts the strategic position of this type of tourism in an aggressive position (15). Wang (2016) in a study aimed at developing Internet marketing strategies in the use of medical tourism, showed that the use of Internet marketing methods to develop medical tourism, while improving awareness and familiarity with medical purposes, causes To the path of growth and development of this type of tourism with a higher intensity (16). In general, the results of the present study showed that the four dimensions of educational issues, skills issues, idea generation and knowledge transfer in the field of education in e-business are effective in the Iranian tourism industry. On the other hand, it was found that the research model has a good fit, which all confirms the role of educational aspects in e-business in the field of health tourism. Therefore, paying attention to these dimensions is of special importance.}, Keywords = {Health tourism, Business, Electronics}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {233-242}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارائه الگوی آموزش در کسب و کار الکترونیک در حوزه گردشگری سلامت در ایران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: گردشگری از صنایع مهم جهت پایدارسازی درآمدهای مالی در سطح جهان می­باشد. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر ارائه الگوی آموزش در کسب و کار الکترونیک در حوزه گردشگری سلامت در ایران بود. روش­ کار: تحقیق حاضر از نوع آمیخته بود که به صورت کیفی-کمی اجرا شد. جامعه آماری این تحقیق در بخش کیفی شامل 14 نفر از خبرگان حوزه گردشگری سلامت و کسب و کارهای الکترونیکی و در بخش کمی شامل خبرگان دانشگاهی، متخصصان حوزه کسب و کار، صاحبان شرکت های موفق در حوزه گردشگری سلامت و متخصصان حوزه فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات بود. که به صورت هدفمند 130 نفر به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. برای گردآوری اطلاعات در بخش کمی از مصاحبه نیمه ساختار یافته و پرسشنامه محقق ساخته (شامل 4 بعد مسائل آموزشی، مسائل مهارتی، ایده­پروری و انتقال دانش) و در بخش کیفی از کدگذاری باز و محوری استفاده شد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از آمار توصیفی و آزمون معادلات ساختاری با استفاده از نرم افزارهای SPSS و PLS استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که الگوی آموزشی شناسایی شده در قالب 4 دسته شامل مسائل آموزشی، ایده پروری، انتقال دانش و مسائل مهارتی دسته بندی شدند و تمامی ابعاد شناسایی شده نقش معناداری در الگوی کسب و کار الکترونیک در حوزه گردشگری سلامت در ایران دارد. همچنین مشخص شد که مدل تقحیق از برازش مناسبی برخوردار می­باشد. نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج تحقیق حاضر تایید کننده نقش ابعاد آموزشی در کسب و کار الکترونیک در حوزه گردشگری سلامت می­باشد. بنابراین توجه به این ابعاد اهمیت ویژه­ای دارد.}, keywords_fa = {گردشگری سلامت, کسب و کار, الکترونیک}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6362-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6362-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Nickavar, Azar and Khalesi, Nasrin and Sadeghian, Mahnaz}, title = {Correlation of Prenatal Vitamin D Deficiency and Neonatal Urinary Tract Infection}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection during pregnancy and different age groups of children, including the neonatal period. It comprises 1/3 of bacterial infections in newborn infants, with a prevalence of 0.1-1% in term and 4-25% in preterm neonates. UTI occurs more commonly in male neonates (M/F: 2-6/1) for the higher incidence of structural abnormalities (1, 2). Urinary tract anomaly is found in about 20-50% of infants with UTI. UTI rarely occur during the first 3 days of life, and urine culture is not routinely recommended for the evaluation of early onset sepsis (3). Appropriate serum vitamin D level is important for the prevention of multiple infections during pregnancy, including UTI. Maternal serum vitamin D has a negative correlation with UTI (4, 5). The role of maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy as a risk factor of neonatal UTI remains controversial. This review study was performed to evaluate the correlation between maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and neonatal UTI for the early diagnosis and prevention of its complications. Methods: Relevant articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, ISI web of knowledge and scopus databases were evaluated in this review article to investigate the correlation between reduced maternal vitamin D and neonatal UTI up to 2022. Diagnosis of UTI was made in neonates with clinical manifestations of fever, vomiting, poor feeding, jaundice, failure to thrive, weight loss, diarrhea, irritability, lethargy, apnea, bradycardia, or abdominal distention associated with urine white blood cells more than 5/hpf, and positive urine culture (any growth of a single pathogen in suprapubic urine aspiration, or more than 104 CFU/ml of a single pathogen from urine obtained by urethral catheterization, or more than 105/ml of urine bag sample), if possible. However, urinalysis has low specificity and sensitivity for diagnosis of UTI in neonates, and does not consider as a part of evaluation. Vitamin D measurement has been defined by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) as; severe vitamin D deficiency (less than 12 ng/mL), deficiency (12-20 ng/ml), vitamin D insufficiency (20-30 ng/mL), vitamin D sufficiency (more than 30 ng/mL), and more than 50 ng/ml as the cause for concern. Discussion: Maternal UTI is a common infection during pregnancy with several adverse maternal and perinatal complications such as pre-eclampsia, chrorioamnionitis, growth and developmental delay, low birth weight (prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation) and perinatal death (2, 6). Maternal UTI might contribute to the increased incidence of UTI during the neonatal period (1, 2, 7, 8). In Bilgin et al study on 230 neonates, maternal UTI was non-significantly associated with intrauterine growth retardation, preterm labor and low birth weight. However, neonatal UTI was significantly higher in neonates with maternal UTI, compared to the control group, which suggested maternal UTI as a risk factor of the neonatal UTI (2).  A significant correlation was found between prenatal maternal and neonatal UTI in Micle et al study, in which neonatal UTI was reported in about 30% of prenatal maternal UTI vs 6.8% without infection (6). Emamghorashi et al showed a significant relationship between maternal prenatal UTI and neonatal infection; in which 30% of neonates with UTI vs 6.8% without UTI had mothers with a history of UTI. They suggested a possible benefit of evaluating neonates with a history of maternal UTI during pregnancy (7). In Khalesi et al study, about 15% of neonates had a positive maternal history of UTI (4.4%, 6.1%, and 4.4% during the 1(st), 2(nd), and 3(rd) trimesters of pregnancy, respectively). Totally, maternal UTI increased 6 fold higher risk of neonatal UTI. They emphasized on more attention for the assessment and management of UTI among neonates for reducing the related complications (8). UTI has different presentations during the neonatal period. It usually remains asymptomatic in the majority of newborns, or presents with nonspecific symptoms such as failure to thrive or prolonged hyperbilirubinemia. However, other manifestations of a severe illnesses such as poor feeding, abdominal distension, vomiting, tachypnea, gastrointestinal manifestations, fever, irritability, lethargy, and cyanosis might be reported.Therefore, regular monitoring of at risk neonates is recommended for asymptomatic or nonspecific clinical manifestations (2,3,8).  Vitamin D is an important hormone during pregnancy, which is provided from dietary sources and skin synthesis by sunlight exposure (8). Previous studies have shown essential role of vitamin D in regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses by increasing motility and phagocytic activity of neutrophils, producing antimicrobial peptides, regulating cytokine production, inhibiting inflammatory process and lowering the severity of infectious and autoimmune disorders. Vitamin D, is known to have an effect on urothelium, with immunomodulatory capacity against bacterial infection (5, 6, 9, 10). Increasing vitamin D level during pregnancy modulates the innate immune system for a protective response in infectious disorders. Vitamin D deficiency has been considered as the risk factor of UTI, especially in females. Maintenance of normal vitamin D level might reduce the occurance of UTI (4, 9, 10).  Some studies showed the importance of sufficient vitamin D level for the prevention of UTI by inhibiting the production of inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and TNF-@, and producting defensive antibacterial urinary tract peptides such as Cathelicidin and β-defensines. Cathelicidin is secreted by the immune cells and epithelial surfaces of multicellular organisms. It has a protective role against infection by increasing cytokine production, stimulating macrophage proliferation and up regulating macrophage vitamin-D receptor. β- defensin expresses on the epithelial cell surface, which attracts and increases white blood cells during kidney infection. Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of UTI by decreased production of these substances (5, 10). Maternal vitamin D level has a negative correlation with the incidence of UTI, and the risk of UTI increases in pregnancy with low serum vitamin D level, which shows the etiologic correlation between serum vitamin D and potential risk of UTI (9, 10). In Yang et al study on 238 infants, serum 25(OH) D levels were significantly lower in cases with UTI (29.09 ± 9.56 ng/mL) than controls (38.59 ± 12.41 ng/mL). Infants with acute pyelonephritis had lower serum 25(OH) D than those with lower UTI. They showed that serum 25(OH) D <20 ng/mL was positively related to an increased odds of UTI, and vitamin D supplementation was associated with a lower risk of UTI (9). In a meta-analysis of 9 studies included 580 patients with UTI, vitamin D insufficiency was significantly associated with the increasing incidence of UTI, especially in childhood. A significant etiologic correlation was found between serum vitamin D level and increased risk of UTI (10). In a case-control study on 187 participants (97 pregnants with a symptomatic UTI and 90 matched healthy pregnant), mothers with serum vitamin D less than 10-20 ng/ml have a higher incidence of UTI during pregnancy than women with serum vitamin D more than 30 ng/ml in Haghdoost et al study. Pregnant women with acute pyelonephritis had significantly lower serum vitamin D level than those with acute cystitis (5). Vitamin D deficiency has been reported in breast fed infants secondary to low maternal sun exposure and insufficient vitamin D intake (9). Increasing serum vitamin D level by supplemental products during pregnancy increases the protective response of urinary tract system and prevents of further infections. Therefore, regular monitoring of newborns at risk of UTI is recommended during the neonatal period (2, 5, 9). Conclusion: Multiple studies showed the protective effect of sufficient serum vitamin D level for the prevention of UTI. Based on the increased incidence of maternal UTI in cases with low serum vitamin D level, and correlation between maternal and neonatal UTI supplementation and maintenance of normal maternal vitamin D level is recommended for the prevention of neonatal UTI in all mothers during pregnancy.}, Keywords = {Urinary tract infection, Neonate, Pregnancy, Vitamin D}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {244-247}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی ارتباط کمبود ویتامین D در بارداری وعفونت ادراری در نوزاد}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: عفونت ادراری یک عفونت شایع در حاملگی و گروه‌های سنی مختلف کودکان، از جمله دوره نوزادی می‌باشد. عفونت ادراری علت ۳/۱ عفونت‌های باکتریال دوره نوزادی بوده و در 1-10% نوزادان ترم و 4-25% نوزادان نارس بروز می‌کند. عفونت ادراری در نوزادان مذکر به دلیل شیوع بالاتر ناهنجاری‌های ساختمانی از نوزادان دختر شایع‌تراست (۱/۶-۲) (۲و۱). ناهنجاری ادراری در حدود ۵۰-۲۰% شیرخواران با عفونت ادراری وجود دارد. عفونت ادراری ندرتاً در ۳ روز اول زندگی تظاهر می‌کند و کشت ادرار به طور روتین جهت ارزیابی سپتی سمی زودرس نوزادی توصیه نمی شود (3). سطح مناسب ویتامین D برای پیشگیری از انواع عفونت‌ها در دوران حاملگی، از جمله عفونت ادراری مهم است. سطح ویتامین D مادر ارتباط منفی با بروز عفونت ادراری دارد (۵و۴). ولیکن نقش کمبود ویتامین D مادر در حین حاملگی به عنوان فاکتور خطر عفونت ادراری نوزادی مورد بحث است. این مطالعه برای ارزیابی ارتباط بین کمبود ویتامین D مادر در حین حاملگی و عفونت ادراری نوزاد جهت تشحیص زودرس و پیشگیری از عوارض آن انجام شده است. روش کار: در این مقاله مروری، مطالعات در زمینه ارتباط کمبود سطح ویتامین D در دوره حاملگی و بروز عفونت ادراری در نوزاد با استفاده از منابع تحقیقاتی مانند Pubmed، Google scholar، ISI web of science، Scopus تا سال۲۰۲۲ بررسی شدند. عفونت ادراری در نوزادان با وجود علائمی مانند تب، استفراغ، کاهش اشتها، ایکتر، اختلال رشد، کاهش وزن، اسهال، تحریک پذیری، لتارژی، آپنه، کاهش ضربان قلب، اتساع شکم همراه با بیش از ۵ عدد گلبول سفید در دید میکروسکوپی و کشت مثبت ادرار (هرگونه رشد یک پاتوژن در آسپیراسیون سوپرا پوبیک، رشد بیش از ۱۰۴ درمیلی لیتر از یک نوع پاتوژن در کاتتریزاسیون ادراری یا رشد بیش از ۱۰۵ از یک پاتوژن در نمونه کیسه ادرار) مطرح شد. در هر صورت ارزیابی کامل ادرار در نوزادان حساسیت و ویژگی کمی دارد و جزئی از ارزیابی عفونت ادراری به شمار نمی‌رود. میزان ویتامین D بر اساس گزارش انستیتیو طب (Institute of Medicine) به صورت کاهش شدید (کمتر از ۱۲نانوگرم/ میلی لیتر)، کاهش (۲۰-۱۲ نانوگرم / میلی لیتر)، کمبود (۳۰-۲۰ نانوگرم / میلی لیتر)، کفایت (بیش از ۳۰ نانوگرم / میلی لیتر) و نیاز به توجه بیشتر (بیش از ۵۰ نانوگرم / میلی لیتر) تعریف شد. بحث: عفونت ادراری در حاملگی از عفونت‌های شایع دوران بارداری می‌باشد که به عنوان فاکتور خطر ساز در مادر ی، کوریوآمنیونیت، اختلال رشد و تکامل جنین، تولد نوزاد کم وزن (تولد زودرس، تاخیر رشد داخل رحمی)، و حتی مرگ در حوالی تولد می‌گردد (۶و۲). همچنین عفونت ادراری مادر ممکن است سبب افزایش بروز عفونت ادراری در نوزادی شود (۸و۷و۲و۱). در مطالعه بیلگین در ۲۳۰ نوزاد، عفونت ادراری مادر باعث تاخیر رشد داخل رحمی، زایمان زودرس، و تولد نوزادان وزن کم بود. همچنین عفونت ادراری در نوزادان مادران مبتلا به عفونت ادراری در دوران حاملگی، در مقایسه با گروه کنترل بدون عفونت بیشتر بود، به نحوی که عفونت ادراری مادر را به عنوان فاکتور ریسک عفونت ادراری نوزاد پیشنهاد می‌کند (2). همچنین ارتباط مهمی میان عفونت ادراری مادر در دوران حاملگی و عفونت ادراری نوزاد در مطالعه میسل  ذکر شده است، که در آن ۳۰% مادران نوزادان با عفونت ادراری در مقابل 8/6% بد ون عفونت ادراری در حاملگی مبتلا بودند، و توصیه به بررسی این گروه از نوزادان شده است (6). در مطالعه امام قریشی، سابقه عفونت ادراری مادر درحدود ۳۰-۱۵% نوزادان مبتلا به این عفونت در مقابل 8/6% نوزادان سالم وجود داشت. آن‌ها ارزیابی نوزادان با سابقه عفونت ادراری مادر در حین حاملگی را پیشنهاد کردند (7). در مطالعه خالصی، سابقه عفونت ادراری در ۱۵% مادران باردار وجود داشت (4/4% در ۳ ماه اول، 1/6% در ۳ ماه دوم  و 4/4% در ۳ ماه سوم حاملگی). در مجموع، عفونت ادراری مادر سبب افزایش ۶ برابری بروز عفونت ادراری در دوره نوزادی شده بود. مولفین این مقاله تاکید بر توجه بیشتر در بررسی و درمان عفونت ادراری نوزادان جهت کاهش عوارض آن داشتند (8).  عفونت ادراری تظاهرات متفاوتی در دوره نوزادی دارد، که معمولاً در اکثر موارد بی‌علامت بوده یا با علائم غیر اختصاصی مثل اختلال وزن گیری یا زردی طولانی تظاهر می‌کند. با وجود این  گاهی علائم بیماری شدید بوده و به صورت کم اشتهائی، اتساع شکم، استفراغ، تاکی پنه، علائم گوارشی، تب، تحریک پذیری، لتارژی و سیانوز تظاهر می کند. لذا، کنترل منظم نوزادان در معرض خطر در افراد بی علامت یا وجود علائم بالینی غیر اختصاصی توصیه می‌شود (۸و۳و۲). ویتامین D یک هورمون مهم در دوران حاملگی است، که از منابع غذائی و سنتز پوستی در اثر نورآفتاب تامین می‌شود (۸). ویتامین D علاوه بر حفظ هموستاز کلسیم-فسفر و متابولیسم استخوان، خواص خارج اسکلتی متعددی از جمله تنظیم پاسخ سیستم ایمنی خودی و اکتسابی علیه عفونت‌های باکتریال از طریق افزایش فعالیت فاگوسیتی و تحرک نوتروفیل‌ها، تولید پپتید‌های آنتی میکربیال، تنظیم تولید سیتوکین‌ها، مهار التهاب وکاهش شدت عفونت‌ها و بیماری‌های اتوایمون ایفا می‌کند. همچنین ویتامین D با تاثیر بر اوروتلیوم سیستم ادراری باعث تنظیم ظرفیت سیستم ایمنی علیه عفونت‌های باکتریال می‌گردد (5، 6، 9، 10). افزایش سطح ویتامین D  در دوران حاملگی سبب تنظیم سیستم ایمنی خودی جهت پاسخ محافظتی در بیماری‌های عفونی می‌گردد. برخی بر این باورند که کمبود ویتامین D از فاکتورهای ریسک عفونت ادراری به ویژه در دختران می‌باشد، و طبیعی بودن سطح آن مانع بروز این عفونت می‌گردد (۱۰و۹و۴). مقادیر کافی ویتامین D سبب مهار تولید فاکتورهای التهابی از جمله   IL-6  و  TNF-@ و تحریک تولید پپتید‌های ضد میکربی آندوژن دفاعی سیستم ادراری مانند Cathelicidin وβ defesine می‌گردد. کمبود ویتامین D از طریق کاهش تولید این عوامل خطر عفونت ادراری را افزایش می‌دهد. Cathelicidin  توسط سلول‌های ایمنی و سطوح اپی تلیال ارگانیسم‌های چند سلولی ترشح می‌شود که از طریق افزایش تولید سیتوکین‌ها، تحریک پرولیفزاسیون ماکروفاژها و تنظیم مثبت گیرنده ویتامین D ماکروفاژها نقش محافظتی علیه عفونت‌ها دارد. β defesine در سطح سلول‌های اپی تلیال تظاهر می‌کند و سبب افزایش و جذب گلبول‌های سفید در زمان عفونت کلیوی می‌گردد. کمبود ویتامین D سبب افزایش خطر عفونت ادراری از طریق کاهش تولید این مواد می‌گردد (۱۰و۵).  مطالعات متعددی اهمیت سطوح کافی ویتامین D را جهت محافظت سیستم ادراری علیه عفونت نشان داده است، به نحوی که سطح ویتامینD  مادر ارتباط منفی با شیوع عفونت ادراری دارد و خطر عفونت ادراری در بارداری و سطح کم ویتامینD افزایش می‌یابد. در مطالعه یانگ در ۲۳۸ شیرخوار، سطح سرمی ویتامین D در بیماران با عفونت ادراری به طور مشخصی (±56/9 09/29 نانو گرم/ میلی لیتر)  نسبت به گروه کنترل ( 41/12 ±  59/38 نانو گرم/ میلی لیتر) کمتر بود. همچنین، سطح سرمی ویتامین D در شیرخواران مبتلا به پیلونفریت حاد از بیماران مبتلا به سیستیت کمتر بود. در این مطالعه، سطح سرمی ویتامین D کمتراز ۲۰ نانوگرم/ میلی لیتر ارتباط مثبتی با افزایش شیوع عفونت ادراری داشت، و مصرف ویتامین D تکمیلی سبب کاهش بروز عفونت ادراری بود (9). در یک مطالعه متاآنالیز بر روی ۵۸۰ بیمار مبتلا به عفونت ادراری، کمبود ویتامین D به طور مشخصی با افزایش شیوع عفونت ادراری به ویژه در کودکان همراه بود، و ارتباط اتیولوژیک واضحی بین سطح سرمی آن و افزایش خطرعفونت ادراری مشخص شد (10). در یک مطالعه بیمار و کنترل در ۱۸۷ نفر (۹۷ مورد با عفونت ادراری علامت‌دار و ۹۰ مورد مادران حامله سالم) سطح سرمی ۲۵ هیدروکسی ویتامین D کمتر از ۲۰-۱۰ نانوگرم/ میلی لیتر نسبت به ۳۰ نانوگرم/ میلی لیتر یا بیشتر، ارتباط مثبتی با افزایش بروز عفونت ادراری در حاملگی و به ویژه پیلونفریت نسبت به سیستیت داشت (5). همچنین مطالعات اخیر کمبود ویتامین D را در مصرف کنندگان شیر مادر به دلیل عدم قرارگیری در معرض نورآفتاب و مصرف ناکافی ویتامینD  نشان داده است (۹). طبق مطالعات انجام شده، مصرف ویتامین D تکمیلی همزمان با پیشرفت حاملگی، سبب افزایش سطح سرمی ویتامین D و در نتیجه افزایش پاسخ های محافظتی سیستم ادراری و پیشگیری از عفونت می‌گردد. لذا، مانیتور منظم نوزادان در معرض خطر با توجه به علائم بالینی غیر اختصاصی عفونت ادراری در این دوره توصیه می‌شود (۹و۵و۲). نتیجه‌گیری: مطالعات متعدد نقش محافظتی سطوح کافی ویتامین D را جهت پیشگیری از عفونت ادراری نشان داده است. با توجه به نقش کمبود ویتامین D در بروز عفونت ادراری در حاملگی و ارتباط عفونت ادراری مادر و نوزاد، مصرف مقادیر کافی ویتامین D و طبیعی بودن سطح ویتامین D مادردر دوران بارداری جهت پیشگیری از بروز عفونت ادراری در نوزادان توصیه می‌شود.}, keywords_fa = {عفونت ادراری, نوزاد, بارداری, ویتامین D}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7215-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7215-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mafinezhad, Moqadas and Nikaeen, Zinat and Zarei, Ali}, title = {The Role of Physical Activity in Health Development Along with the Model Presentation}, abstract ={Background & Aims: According to research, exercise is effective in various fields. Reports from international activities show that sports in areas such as personal development, health promotion and disease prevention, promotion of gender equality, social integration and social capital development, peace building and conflict prevention/prevention, post-disaster / injury relief and normalcy Life-building, economic development, communication, and social mobilization have had the greatest impact, and are also linked to the Millennium Development Goals. But it does not seem to be able to achieve these eight alone. These goals include; Eliminate extreme poverty and anxiety, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and women's empowerment, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, fighting AIDS, malaria, and other diseases, ensuring environmental stability, and ultimately creating a global partnership for development. Undoubtedly, sport is an important tool in the hands of governments and governments to guide people towards the planned goals, because the most important means of public education in the current contemporary society in industrialized countries is a sport. The lack of scientific evidence and the underlying theoretical framework for how exercise can be used for social change indicates a significant gap between theory and practice. The educational system of the country is one of the most important systems in the country and its management requires difficult and effective management due to the presence of nearly 15 million students, 1100,000 administrative and educational staff, 716 educational districts with wide and diverse goals and communication with all Iranian families. Education seeks to provide the necessary conditions and create the right environment and opportunities, to put all students in healthy educational situations, and by responding to their needs, programs to strengthen the body in line with the principles and stages of growth and in harmony with the development of the spirit of supply. Slowly, In addition, educational sports, due to benefit from the large volume of society, especially children and adolescents at basic ages, can be a powerful potential for improving the situation in the country in various dimensions such as social cohesion, physical and mental health, etc. and in turn effectively help Show the development and progress of the society. But in the meantime, there is no complete research in which the impact of various sports categories on the development and progress of the country has been comprehensively examined to determine the extent to which various institutions and organizations have used this powerful tool. Based on this, the researcher intends to measure the impact of exercise on the dimensions of health to: What is the role of exercise in the development of health with the presentation of the model? Methods: The method of the present study is applied. In this research, there are two groups of statistical population: (a) Professors and faculty members of the university (physical education and doctoral studies) whose number is about 30 people and the number of participants This study was about 12-15 experts who collected data until the information was saturated. (B) Professors and sports instructors in several universities and schools, whose number was 81 people and due to the low number of participants, all 81 people were used to distribute and collect questionnaires and the number of participants in this study was about 12-15 experts from the organization. Data collection has been done until information saturation is reached. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Results: To conduct the interview, the researcher communicated with 12 experts (fear of theoretical saturation) within ten days. By appointment, he had a meeting with each of the experts for about 30 minutes. In these sessions, the researcher has asked two questions in the field of research. The researcher recorded the words of the organizational experts during the interview. The interview was open and in it, the researcher tried to control the interview by asking two questions to achieve the research goal. After obtaining the open codes, in the next step, due to the axial coding, similar and different codes were identified and similar codes were merged. In the combined stage, the identified indicators are presented through a review of the research background and a model derived from the results of interviews with each other, which finally extract the main factors. The results showed that exercise has an effective role in the field of sports and health, disability and social cohesion in the field of health, performing correct movements under the supervision of sports experts and in the field of social cohesion, social development of pupils and students and in the field of lack of standard sports facilities for individuals. The disabled person has the most weight. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that there is interest in sports and physical education among students, a long history of sports and physical education in schools and universities, the existence of sports at the university level, and the interest of some principals and experts to develop educational sports in schools. And Azad University is the most important strength of educational sports in the country. It should be noted that the most important weaknesses of educational sports are the inadequacy of physical education specialists in schools and universities, weak policy-making and macro-planning for educational sports, lack of effective communication with educational sports centers in the world, and improper and unplanned use of training hours. Physically pointed. About specialized manpower, according to management researchers, specialized and skilled manpower is the most important pillar and factor of development. Today, countries in the process of planning and formulating, and implementing strategies benchmark themselves and using real, self-made, and standard indicators and criteria, compare their country with other countries and their strategic planning based on achieving the desired situation. They are characterized by indicators and criteria, they direct. In Iran, due to the importance of managerial components such as planning, strategy, and managerial attitudes, and by correcting and improving them in the country's sports management, many weaknesses about educational sports in the country can be corrected and can become strengths for this sector. But the fact is that in many indicators of development, especially in the field of the disabled, the use of sports as a factor for social cohesion, livelihood, and economic issues has not performed well, and this is due to the lack of attention of some decision-makers to the basic contribution of physical education in school sports. And not paying enough attention to the fundamental importance of sports and physical education of universities in the national program. Neglect and lack of a detailed program in university and school sports and neglecting it can have disappointing results for sports, because all over the world, school and university sports to find talent and eliminate gender discrimination, creating a suitable environment to help people with disabilities. , Used to spread peace between ethnicities and nationalities. Because it is the basis of championship and professional sports. The limitations of the research are due to factors such as the structure of society, people's moods, political, social norms, and some other factors, and the achievements of this research should be used considering the limitations. And effective internal imposes constraints on the researcher that are uncontrollable. Hence, it can have a significant impact on the conclusion. Among the limitations that the present study faced, the following can be mentioned: Due to the limitations caused by the research tools (interview and questionnaire), this research also has problems such as not having enough time to respond, not providing personal opinions. Due to the lack of trust in the questioners. One of the limitations of the present research is that it is cross-sectional, because the research was conducted at a specific time, its results can not be generalized to all times and can be considered definitive for all conditions. Therefore, longitudinal research is recommended.}, Keywords = {Exercise, Health, Disability, Social Cohesion}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {248-257}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {نقش فعالیت بدنی در توسعه سلامتی به همراه ارایه مدل}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: براساس تحقیقات انجام شده، ورزش در بخش‌های مختلف تاثیرگذار است. بنابراین هدف مطالعه، نقش ورزش در توسعه سلامتی به همراه ارایه مدل بوده است. روش کار: روش تحقیق از نوع کاربردی می‌باشد. در این تحقیق دو گروه جامعه آماری وجود دارد: الف) اساتید و اعضای هیئت علمی دانشگاه (رشته تربیت‎بدنی و دارای تحصیلات دکتری) که تعداد آنها حدودا 30 نفر می‎باشند و حجم مشارکت‌کنندگان این تحقیق حدودا 15-12 نفر از خبرگان بود. ب) اساتید و مربیان ورزش در دانشگاه آزاداسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی و مدرسه که تعداد آنها 81 نفر بوده و بدلیل پایین بودن تعداد مشارکت‌کننده از همگی 81 نفر برای توزیع و جمع‌آوری پرسشنامه بهره­گیری شده است. از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته که شامل 41 گویه و 6 مؤلفه ورزش و سلامتی، ورزش و آموزش، ورزش و انسجام اجتماعی، ورزش و صلح، ورزش و معلولیت، ورزش و معیشت بود، برای گردآوری داده­ها استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که ورزش در سطح ورزش و سلامتی، ورزش و آموزش، ورزش و انسجام اجتماعی، ورزش و صلح، ورزش و معلولیت، ورزش و معیشت نقش مؤثری دارد که در بخش سلامتی، انجام حرکات صحیح زیرنظر کارشناسان ورزشی و در بخش ورزش و آموزش بیشترین وزن را دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می­توان نتیجه گرفت که ورزش و آموزشی بیشترین تأثیر توسعه ورزش بر سلامتی مردم جامعه دارد، لذا آموزش فعالیت ورزشی به افراد از سنین پایین می‌تواند راهکاری مناسب جهت توسعه سلامتی در جامعه باشد.}, keywords_fa = {ورزش, سلامتی, معلولیت, انسجام اجتماعی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7248-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7248-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mohammadkhani, Reihaneh and Khaledi, Neda and Rajabi, Hamid and Komaki, Alireza and Salehi, Iraj}, title = {The Influence of Maternal High Intensity Interval Training before and during Pregnancy on the Heart Genes of Adult Female Wistar Offspring}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The preconception and during pregnancy periods are now thought to be critical for the long-term effects on fetal development and postnatal growth and may predispose offspring to phenotypic changes and multi-diseases later in life. Moreover, physical activity and different kinds of stress during pregnancy are two important maternal behavioral lifestyles that can influence in health or disease of mothers and fetuses. While there are still many questions about the optimum intensity of maternal exercise, exercise during pregnancy has been considered as a positive environmental factor in the prevention of chronic diseases in the next generation. Several pieces of research have shown the positive effects of short-term and long-term exercise on the gene expression of offspring. High-intensity interval training is a form of cardiovascular exercise in which short periods of intense exercise with less-intense recovery periods. Animal model studies recently highlighted which pregnant mothers could tolerate this intensity during pregnancy. It has recently been determined that the Sirtuins family has a cardioprotective role in the heart. There is evidence that Sirt6 protects the heart from developing diseases through negative regulation of the insulin growth factor (IGF) signaling in the myocardial cells. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of high-intensity maternal exercise before and during pregnancy on the expression of cardiac genes Sirt6 and IGF2 as factors of cardiac health in adult female offspring. Methods: Twenty-four female Wistar rats which never experienced a pregnancy, aged 8 weeks, were randomly divided into three maternal groups; mothers sedentary (control group, n = 8), mothers who exercised only before pregnancy (n = 8), and mothers who exercised before and during pregnancy (n = 8). High-intensity interval training consists of running on the treadmill with the speed of 18m/min at 10˚ inclination for 3 mins (85–95% ofVO2max), switching with active recovery, and the speed of 13m/min (65% of VO2max) at 0˚ inclination for 5 days/week which is in accordance with the overload principle; the duration and number of bouts were increased every week. High-intensity-interval training was performed in two parts, the first part included six weeks of HIIT prior to pregnancy and then 3 weeks of HIIT during pregnancy. Two females with one male were mated for two days. After pregnancy, the animals were kept individually per cage to notice the birth process, number, and birth weight of pups. Then the offspring were allocated to pup groups according to their mother groups at the end of the breastfeeding duration (3 weeks old). Ten-week-old rats were anesthetized with Xylazine (3 mg/kg) and Ketamine (30 mg/kg) and the left ventricle was separated after whole blood extraction. The Sirt6 gene expression and IGF-2 gene expression were measured by the RT-PCR method and the data were analyzed by the one-way ANOVA method. Results: The present study showed that there was no statistically significant in the sex birth weight (P = 0.246) of pup groups as previously published. Also, maternal HIIT did not lead to significant differences in the number of pups (P = 0.16) between different maternal groups. Maternal HIIT before and during pregnancy has effects on the Sirt6 gene expression (P=0.0001) in the heart of female offspring and has no significant effect on IGF-2 gene expression (P=0.268).  Conclusion: The consequences of maternal exercise in offspring have been investigated as a positive maternal behavior during pregnancy. We have indicated in our previous study that maternal exercise before and during pregnancy has positive effects on the cardioprotective genes of male offspring’s hearts. In the present study, we broaden the investigation to determine the cardioprotective effect of maternal exercise in female offspring. Our finding indicated that maternal high-intensity interval training leads to an increase of Sirt6 mRNA in the female similar to male offspring. Scientific evidence supports a relationship between birth weight and postnatal health outcomes and mentions birth weight as a vital factor in adult multi-disease. Consistent with the previous study, our study showed that maternal high-intensity interval training did not affect the birth weight of offspring. The benefits of high-intensity interval training on the heart are the reduction of glucose consumption as a source of energy so high-intensity interval training compared to traditional moderate-intensity continuous training is a suitable way to promote heart health. It is well established that maternal exercise during pregnancy improves insulin sensitivity in adult offspring. One of the protective factors of maternal exercise is the decreased cardiac glucose uptake in offspring, but its molecular mechanism is not well understood. It is well-known that one of the important pathways of the cardioprotective effect of exercise is an activation of the Sirtuins family. It has been demonstrated that one of the intergenerational effects of exercise in cardiomyocytes is increasing Sirt6 in the neonatal heart. Therefore, one of the possible mechanisms to increase the expression of the SIRT6 gene observed in the present study to improve the cardiovascular health of offspring by maternal HIIT before and during pregnancy is to reduce glucose consumption as fuel and reduce metabolic pressure on the heart of offspring. Likewise, we indicated that maternal high-intensity training could increase Sirt6 in the heart of adult female offspring. Thus, the above findings suggest maternal high-intensity exercise is a positive maternal behavior before and during pregnancy, which can affect the health of the heart in the next generation.}, Keywords = {High-intensity interval training, Maternal exercise, Sirt6, IGF-2, Offspring}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {258-267}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر تمرین تناوبی شدید مادری قبل و حین بارداری بر ژن‌های قلبی توله‌های ماده بالغ نژاد ویستار}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: ورزش در دوران بارداری به عنوان یک فاکتور محیطی مثبت در جهت پیشگیری از بیماری­های مزمن در فرزندان مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. بنابراین هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی نقش تمرین تناوبی شدید مادری قبل و حین بارداری بر بیان ژن­های قلبی  Sirt6 و IGF2 به عنوان فاکتورهای سلامت قلبی توله­های ماده بالغ بود. روش کار: 24 سر موش صحرایی در سه گروه مادری کنترل، تمرین قبل از بارداری و تمرین قبل و حین بارداری تقسیم شدند. تمرین قبل از بارداری 6 هفته و حین بارداری 3 هفته با 95-80 درصد سرعت بیشینه به همراه دو دقیقه استراحت انجام شد. پس از زایمان، توله­ها متناسب با گروه تمرینی مادر خود گروه­بندی و تا رسیدن به سن بلوغ نگهداری شدند. میزان بیان ژن­های Sirt6 و IGF-2 در بافت قلب به روش RT-PCR اندازه­گیری شد. یافته ­ها: تمرین تناوبی شدید مادری منجر به تفاوت معناداری از نظر تعداد توله­ها (16/0=P) و تعداد توله­های نر و ماده (10/0=P) بین گروه­های مختلف مادری نشد. در همین راستا بین وزن تولد (246/0= P) فرزندان گروه­های مختلف تمرینی تفاوت معنی دار مشاهده نشد. تمرین مادری قبل و حین بارداری بطور معناداری باعث افزایش بیان ژن Sirt6 (0001/0 =P) در توله­های ماده شد. نتیجه­ گیری: یافته­های فوق پیشنهاد می­دهند که تاثیر مثبت تمرین تناوبی مادری می­تواند از توله­های بالغ در برابر بیماری­های مزمن محافظت ­کند.}, keywords_fa = {تمرین تناوبی شدید, تمرین مادری, Sirt6, IGF-2, فرزندان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6818-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6818-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {KhaliliDehkordi, Korosh and IsmailNiaShirvani, Kambiz and Bagherpur, Masoumeh}, title = {A Review of the Effect of Virtual Education During the Corona Pandemic on Critical Thinking}, abstract ={Background & Aims: In the last two years, with the outbreak of the Covid-19 disease, various parts of higher education were affected, especially the education of medical students. With the spread of this disease, the involved countries inevitably changed their current educational methods and took measures in this field. The process of teaching and learning should continue and this view led to the emergence, discovery, and application of a wide range of online teaching-learning methods. Attendance in class is especially important when teaching medical sciences because learners are trained to solve problems, critically analyze, and make therapeutic recommendations, and absenteeism is a concern. Following the formulation of the comprehensive program in the field of education, to plan for the realization of the policies and strategies contained in those operational packages, operational plans, and annual projects are implemented based on them. Following the aim of higher education in the health system and the educational transformation and innovation plan in Iran's universities of medical sciences, twelve educational packages were placed as the basis of educational transformation and development. One of the most important packages of the transformation plan was the virtual education package. For the development of virtual education, 8 steps of training manpower, regulation of laws, encouragement, and motivation, production of electronic content, provision of infrastructure, production and dissemination of knowledge, development of virtualization, and novelty, and innovation were determined as the main strategies. With the emergence of the phenomenon of Covid-19 and its stability with new strains in the context of other effective factors and the forced movement of the education system at different stages towards virtual education as the dominant method and most fields as the only educational method, this question In the minds of the beneficiaries of the education process, especially the executors, it raises the question whether the virtual education methods as previously considered as a goal and ideal; Are they responsive to teaching and learning needs? Many things have been said and written about the problems of classrooms before the contemporary period. Now and in the new conditions, it seems that some of the previous problems have been strengthened. By default, advantages are also considered for virtual education, but of course, the question must also be answered which of these "Educational benefits" can only be accessed through virtual training and cannot be obtained in face-to-face training? It seems that now, despite the new experiences in the field of virtual education, there is an opportunity to move away from the past positive and current negative emotions and perceptions towards this type of education; The real place of virtual education in the cultural context of the country's education system should be determined and operational planning should be done free of unrealistic idealism to improve the quality of education and increase students' participation in this process. Although the corona pandemic caused many problems on all the indicators of society, including the health of the people, it led to the flourishing of some capabilities in the country, among which we can mention the spread and prosperity of virtual education throughout the country. It seems that virtual education has entered a new phase in our country and more attention has been paid to virtual education. On the other hand, those responsible for the matter have become more aware of the importance of distance education and e-learning-based education. Therefore, it is expected that with the development of the necessary infrastructure such as the development of the nationwide Internet network and increasing its speed, the production of interactive educational software, and the use of the experiences gained in this pandemic, we will witness the increasing prosperity of virtual education in the country, and even after the end of the Corona epidemic. , this type of training should continue alongside face-to-face training. In the field of medical education, the development of online simulators in field of medicine, the promotion of virtual hospitals and remote medicine (telemedicine), the presentation of virtual cases, and the holding of online tests can help in promoting virtual education. Critical thinking is a general term that is often used to refer to two very different concepts, ability, and desire. Ability refers to a person's ability to think critically, while willingness refers to a person's desire to think critically. The virtual approach will be a suitable field for the emergence of talents, creativity, and innovations. Also, with the continuous and low-cost expansion of the virtual education system and the reduction of the need for space, space and place, educational facilities and welfare facilities for this need and the dominance of information technology and communication technology and its influence on different levels of people's lives, the traditional concept The class has changed and ultimately increases the efficiency of the education process. Considering the importance of virtual education during the corona pandemic period and its role in the critical thinking of students of higher health education and the explanations provided, the question raised here is that the general perception of virtual education during the corona pandemic period and the critical thinking of students in How is the corona pandemic period and what are the requirements of this field? Methods: This article is a review study conducted in 1400 by searching SID, PubMed, Google Scholar, Magiran, Springer, Wiley, Web of Science(ISI), Scopus, Science direct, and ProQuest databases and using the keywords " Critical thinking, virtual education, corona pandemic era" and their English equivalents were done. As a result of the search, 158 articles were found in the period from 2000 to 2022, 74 articles were selected in the screening stage, and at the end, 17 articles were subjected to content analysis. Results: This review study showed that virtual education during the Corona pandemic has a direct effect on critical thinking. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that to improve the level of critical thinking, virtual education can be used alongside real education, and in this regard, educational goals can be achieved. Online learning as a paradigm shift in the framework of e-learning has gained special importance after the start of the Coronavirus and changes in the way universities teach from traditional to digital. With the sudden and immediate closure of universities, the corona pandemic has changed the educational and research structure. This critical situation has created many concerns, including the decline in the quality of education and an uncertain future for students. In Iran, in most parts of the world, since the early days of the Corona outbreak, the use of various electronic and virtual education methods as an alternative to face-to-face education has been on the agenda. Today, electronic learning and virtual education are considered new paradigms in teaching and learning mechanisms.  }, Keywords = {critical thinking, virtual education, corona pandemic era}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {268-278}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مروری بر تأثیر آموزش‌ مجازی در دوران پاندمی کرو‌نا بر تفکر انتقادی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: امروزه تفکر انتقادی از مهمترین مؤلفه هایی است که آموزش مجازی بر آن تاثیرگذار است از این جهت در این مطالعه  مروری، بر تأثیر آموزش‌ مجازی در دوران  پاندمی کرو‌نا بر تفکر انتقادی پرداخته شد. روش کار: این مقاله یک مطالعه مروری است که در سال 1400 با جستجوی در بانک‌های اطلاعاتی SID، PubMed، Google Scholar، Magiran، Springer، Wiley، Web of Science(ISI)، Scopus، Science direct، ProQuest و با استفاده از کلمات کلیدی " تفکر انتقادی، آموزش مجازی، دوران پاندمی کرونا" و معادل انگلیسی آن‌ها انجام شد. در نتیجه جستجو 158 مقاله در بازه زمانی 2000 تا 2022  یافت شد و در مرحله غربالگری 74 مقاله انتخاب گردید و در انتها 17 مقاله مورد تجزیه و تحلیل محتوایی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: این مطالعه مروری نشان داد که آموزش‌ مجازی در دوران پاندمی کرو‌نا بر تفکر انتقادی تأثیر مستقیمی دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان نتیجه‌گیری کرد که در راستای ارتقای سطح تفکر انتقادی میتوان از آموزش مجازی در کنار آموزش حقیقی استفاده کرد و در این راستا به اهداف اموزشی دست یافت.  }, keywords_fa = {تفکر انتقادی, آموزش مجازی, دوران پاندمی کرونا}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7653-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7653-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {SadriDamirchi, Esmail and Sadeghi, Masoud and Moradi, Zahra and Poorseyed, Seyedrez}, title = {The Clinical Trial of Patients Improved From COVID-19: The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Mental Health and Life Expectancy (Single-Subject Study)}, abstract ={Background & Aims: In early January 2020, a new corona virus called corona was identified as an infectious agent by the World Health Organization and caused a viral pneumonia outbreak, the first of which was reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The virus has so far infected most countries in the world and has become a global problem. By this time in December 2021, about 265 million people in the world have been infected with this virus and 5 million 270 thousand people have died from this disease. According to the World Health Organization, the incidence of this disease is still increasing and will become the third leading cause of death in the world by 2030. This disease has a special complexity and has multiple dimensions and consequences that have caused many problems in the field of health, social and economic as well as psychological for people. The emergence of this disease is now a public health crisis. According to this research, exposure to news and restrictions caused by this disease can lead to many mental health problems. In fact, one of the situations that puts a lot of stress on people during the outbreak of covid 19 disease is the inability to predict and uncertainty about the control and end of the disease. Mental health is defined as a harmonious and harmonious behavior with society, recognizing and accepting social realities, the power to adapt to them and meeting one's balanced needs and is an important factor for the health of society. The prevalence of the disease can also increase feelings of loneliness, decrease social support, feelings of fear and anxiety to clinical stress and anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder associated with the disease, and decreased life expectancy. One of the hopeful factors is health and the disease can cause despair, fear and even despair of the patient. The outbreak of a disease has a much deeper and wider impact and affects not only the affected community and relatives, but the entire community. Because everyone finds themselves at risk, and therefore people's feel of safe and healthy changes, and this situation causes people to despair. Hope is the capacity to imagine the ability to create paths to desirable goals and to imagine the motivation to move in those paths. Hope predicts physical and mental health such as positive response to medical interventions, mental health, effective getting along, and health-promoting behaviors. Covid 19 disease can also lead to psychological problems due to its infectious nature and unpredictable nature. In this regard, various researchers consider the implementation of public health policies, including areas related to individual and collective mental health in accordance with the different stages of the epidemic of this disease is very necessary. Mindfulness can be an effective tool for achieving peace of mind and body that helps people become aware of their current feelings. Mindfulness-based interventions are considered as one of the third generation or third wave cognitive-behavioral therapies. Mindfulness is a form of meditation rooted in Eastern religious teachings and rituals, especially Buddhism. Segal has defined mindfulness as paying attention to specific and purposeful ways, in the present time, without judgment or prejudice. Linhan stressed for the first time the need to pay attention to mindfulness as one of the essential components of psychological therapy. Mindfulness requires the development of three components: judgment avoidance, purposeful awareness, and focus on the present moment. Focusing on the present and processing all aspects of the above experience makes one aware of the daily activities and automatic functioning of the mind in the past and future world and he controls emotions, thoughts, and physical states through moment-to-moment awareness of thoughts. As a result, it is released from the everyday and automatic mind focused on the past and the future. Although general vaccination has reduced the virus in some countries, including Iran, and reduced the number of infected people, a large number of people are still infected with the virus on a daily basis. and the psychological effects of this situation have caused great concern on the part of the world health organization and the psychiatrists. Also, due to the fact that Covid 19 is a pandemic virus and its side effects are still unknown to the medical community around the world, a decrease in mental health and life expectancy has occurred in people infected with this virus. The information and research that exists about the covid 19 virus and most of the research that has been done has talked about the physical and psychological problems and consequences of this virus, and not much has been done to treat psychological problems. Therefore, considering the importance and necessity of this topic, the present study investigates the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on mental health and life expectancy of patients with covid 19 disease. Methods: The present study was is applied and the research project was one of the single-subject clinical trial and multiple baseline projects. In this type of project, the researcher studies the effect of one variable on another variable on one or more triable. Three people were randomly selected from a sample of patients with covid 19 disease who recovered from the disease and were consistent with the purpose of the study. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was designed by Goldberg and Hiller. The questions in this questionnaire examine a person's mental state over the past month, including symptoms such as abnormal thoughts and feelings and aspects of observable behavior that emphasize the here and now situation. The Life Expectancy Questionnaire (HQ) was developed by Schneider et al In 1991 to measure hope. It has 12 items and is self-assessment. It has two subscales. In this study, clinical significance has been used to analyze the data. Clinical significance refers to the scientific value or significance of the effect of the intervention performed. Two major and widely used approaches in clinical significance are the reliable change index approach and the normative comparison approach. Reliable change index (RCI) was first introduced by Trax &   Jacobson . for analyzing the data obtained from single case designs. In this index, the post-test score is subtracted from the pre-test score and the result is divided by the standard error of the difference between the two scores. Also the clinical significance was calculated through a formula which was first developed by Blanchard & Schwarz . to analyze the single subject data. The percent recovery formula is one of the methods to measure clients' progress in reducing target problems. In this formula, the pre-test score is subtracted from the post-test score and the result is divided by pre-test score. To analyze the data and evaluate the performance, visual inspection or graphic diagram, and diagnostic improvement were used and the results from before and after the intervention are presented in the table below. After the treatment sessions, the data were scored and interpreted. The tables related to findings are explained below. In Table 1, the scores of the three subjects on post-traumatic stress scale in baseline, treatment and follow-up stages are shown (baseline three times, treatment three times and in follow-up three times) along with a reliable index and overall recovery percentage based on different stages of treatment. Results: The results of this study showed that mindfulness-based therapy has an effect on the mental health of patients with improved covid 19 and has increased the mental health of these people. The results of the present study showed that mindfulness-based therapy has an effect on the life expectancy of covid 19 disease patients and has increased life expectancy in these patients. Conclusion: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy on increasing mental health and life expectancy of undergraduate students of Lorestan University who had covid 19 disease and recovered from this disease. Mindfulness-base therapy has helped patients live in the present and become more aware and accepting of their current situation. Also, hope for the future and do not drown in negative thoughts. The results showed that mindfulness-based therapy increased mental health and life expectancy in patients recovering from covid 19.}, Keywords = {Mindfulness based therapy, Covid-19, Mental health, Life expectancy, Single case}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {279-292}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {کارآزمایی بالینی بیماران بهبود یافته از کرونا: اثربخشی درمان شناختی مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی بر سلامت روان و امید به زندگی (مطالعه تک موردی)}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: در اواخر سال 2019، گسترش یک بیماری عفونی گزارش شد که توسط یک کرونا ویروس جدید ایجاد شده و رسماً توسط سازمان بهداشت جهانی تایید شد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف اثر بخشی درمان شناختی مبتنی بر ذهن­آگاهی  بر افزایش سلامت روان و افزایش امید به زندگی بیماران مبتلا به کرونا بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کلیه دانشجویان کارشناسی بهبود یافته از بیماری کرونا در دانشگاه لرستان بود. حجم نمونه شامل 3 نفر بود که به صورت در دسترس از میان دانشجویان بهبود یافته مبتلا به کرونا انتخاب شدند. روش کار­: در این پژوهش از طرح آزمایشی تک موردی از نوع خط پایه چندگانه ناهمزمان استفاده شد. پروتکل درمان مبتنی بر ذهن­آگاهی در سه مرحله خط پایه و 10 جلسه مداخله 90 دقیقه­ای و پیگیری در سه مرحله، اجرا گردید و آزمودنی­ها به مقیاس­های سلامت روان و امید به زندگی پاسخ دادند.  یافته­ ها: داده­ها به روش ترسیم دیداری، شاخص تغییر پایا و فرمول درصد بهبودی تحلیل شدند. یافته­های پژوهش نشان داد میانگین میزان بهبودی در متغیر سلامت روان در مرحله پس از درمان برای سه نفر  22/44 درصد و برای پیگیری 62/42 درصد، در متغیر امید به زندگی در مرحله پس از درمان میانگین هر سه نفر 3/53  و میانگین پیگیری 03/51 درصد بود. نتیجه­ گیری: بر اساس یافته­های پژوهش، درمان مبتنی بر ذهن­آگاهی بر سلامت روان و امید به زندگی دانشجویان بهبود یافته از کرونا اثر گذار بوده است. لذا، پیشنهاد می­شود از این درمان جهت افزایش سلامت روان و امید به زندگی در بیماران کرونایی استفاده شود.  }, keywords_fa = {درمان مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی, ویروس کرونا , سلامت روان, امید به زندگی, تک موردی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7397-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7397-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Arbabian, Toktam and RezaiiShirazi, Reza and FarzanehHesari, Amin and Asgharpour, Habib}, title = {The Physical Activity Levels, New and Traditional Anthropometry Indices: The Predicting Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease}, abstract ={Background & Aims: According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases account for approximately 30% of deaths worldwide. Obesity is one of the most important risk factors for developing cardiovascular diseases and other non-communicable diseases. Excessive obesity plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabete. Currently, body mass index and waist circumference are recommended for classification of overweight and obesity . Increased body mass index and waist circumference have been shown as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease . However, studies have shown that the discriminative capacity of BMI is questionable due to the inability to distinguish between adipose tissue and lean mass. This issue has led to the idea that by combining traditional anthropometric indices (such as height, weight, body mass index or waist circumference), a better physical index can be designed that considers and examines body shape Recently, Body Shape Index (BSI) has been proposed as a new body index. Krakower et al. (2012) reported a significant correlation between body shape index and visceral fat tissue and showed that premature deaths are more related to this index than waist circumference and body mass index. Body Roundness Index (BRI=BRI) is another new index proposed that based on waist circumference and height, can better predict the percentage of body fat and visceral fat compared to the traditional indices of body mass and circumference. Recently, several studies have shown that body circumference index can be used as an index of obesity to determine the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy, hyperthermia, cardiovascular disease and diabetes .The purpose of this study was to predict the relationship between physical activity and some new and traditional obesity indicators in women with cardiovascular disease and to determine the power of these indicators in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Methods: This descriptive-correlation study was conducted on 334 women with CVD (middle: n=189, elderly: n=145) referring to a heart centers in Mashhad. The inclusion criteria included female patients in the age range of 40 to 75 years, myocardial infarction, heart attack, high blood pressure and cholesterol, and willingness to participate in the research. Cardiovascular disease factors were diagnosed by consulting a specialist doctor and reviewing medical records for each patient. To investigate the relationship between different factors, the study was conducted in different age groups. For this purpose, the subjects were divided into two groups: middle-aged (40-55 years, 189 people) and elderly (60-75 years, 145 people). Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants. The convenience sampling method was used. Physical activity level was measured with International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The body shape index (BSI), body roundness index (BRI), Waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR), fat mass percentage (%FM) were measured and calculated. Body shape index was calculated based on height (meters), body mass index and waist circumference (meters) using the formula. Body circumference index is based on height (meters) and waist circumference (meters). First, the irregularity (non-dimensional value) of the body (€) was determined using the formula. Irregularity measures the degree of ovality or roundness and ranges from zero (full circle) to one (vertical line). Independent t test was used for show difference between middle age and elderly groups. To evaluate the possible correlations between obesity indices, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were used. The Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the sensitivity and specificity and the best cut-off point of anthropometric indices. Results: The results showed that there is no significant difference for physical activity, body mass index, body roundness index, body shape index, waist circumference, waist-to-thigh ratio and body fat percentage between middle-aged and elderly groups. The results of the correlation coefficient showed that in both middle-aged and elderly groups, body roundness index has a positive relationship with waist circumference, body mass index, waist-to-thigh ratio and fat mass. In middle-aged people, the level of physical activity had no significant relationship with any of the variables, but in elderly patients, the level of physical activity had a negative relationship with body roundness index and body shape index. In the middle-aged group, the body roundness index had the largest area under the curve, and the body shape indices and waist-to-hip ratio are in the second place with a small difference. In the elderly, the waist circumference had the largest area under the curve and the body roundness index ranked second. The level of physical activity in both groups had the lowest area under the curve. The values ​​of the cut points using the highest sensitivity and the lowest specificity in the middle-aged group for the physical activity level is greater than 984.5, body roundness index is less than 5.41, body shape index is less than 0.0834, waist circumference is less than 89.7, Body mass index less than 26.3, body fat percentage less than 31.8 and waist to hip ratio less than 0.91 and in the elderly group, physical activity level more than 789.7, body roundness index less than 5.8, index Body shape was less than 0.0865, waist circumference was less than 91.5, body mass index was less than 28.03, body fat percentage was less than 30.46 and waist to hip ratio was less than 0.9. Conclusion: Contrary to the initial hypothesis of the researchers, the research findings showed that the level of physical activity had the least ability to predict the presence of cardiovascular disease. According to the present research, there was a weak relationship between the level of physical activity and obesity indicators. Considering that prospective studies in adults have shown that low physical activity is closely related to the development of cardiovascular disease, however, it may be that if the amount of physical activity is low, its changes are not very reliable and cannot be a good predictor for the factors Cardiovascular risk. The level of physical activity in the present study was average (1135.7 meters/minute/week for the middle-aged group and 916.4 meters/minute/week for the elderly group) and the subjects were divided according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in terms of physical activity. According to Maisen et al.'s study (2011), the activity level is less than 600 met-minutes per week as inactive, between 600-1500 met-minutes per week as semi-active and more than 1500 met-minutes per week as active was considered. Among the possible reasons for the difference in the results of the mentioned studies, we can mention the physical fitness of the subjects, the disease and pathological conditions of the subjects, and gender. Body roundness index was created in order to predict body fat and visceral fat tissue percentage by using waist size in comparison with height, which makes it possible to estimate the body shape as an egg or oval. Body shape index independent of body size (height, weight and body mass index) creates a quantitative scale to estimate body shape. In preliminary studies, researchers have shown that BSI is a better predictor of premature mortality than BMI and WC in the general US population. According to the results of the study, BRI and WC are best indices for predicting the possibility of CVD in patient middle age and elderly women.  }, Keywords = {Physical Activity, Cardiovascular Diseases, Obesity Indices}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {293-304}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {توانایی سطح فعالیت بدنی، شاخص‌های چاقی جدید و سنتی در پیش‌بینی وجود بیماری قلبی عروقی در زنان میانسال و سالمند}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: هدف از پژوهش حاضر، پیش­بینی  ارتباط بین فعالیت بدنی و برخی از شاخص­های چاقی جدید و سنتی در زنان مبتلا به بیماری قلبی عروقی و تعیین قدرت این شاخص­ها در تشخیص بیماری­های قلبی عروقی بود. روش کار: در این مطالعه همبستگی-توصیفی، تعداد 334 زن مبتلا به بیماری قلبی عروقی (میانسال: 189 نفر، سالمند: 145 نفر) مراجعه کننده به مرکز قلب مشهد ، و به روش نمونه­گیری در دسترس شرکت کردند. سطح فعالیت بدنی با ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻧﺎﻣﻪﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺪﻧﻲ ارزیابی شد. شاخص شکل و گردی بدن، توده بدن ، محیط کمر، نسبت دور کمر به باسن و درصد توده چربی اندازه‌گیری شد. برای بررسی اختلاف متغیرها بین دو گروه میانسال و سالمند از آزمون تی مستقل، تعیین همبستگی بین شاخص­های آنتروپومتری از ضرایب همبستگی پیرسون و اسپیرمن و برای اندازه­گیری قدرت پیشگویی و تعیین نقاط برش شاخص‌ها از منحنیROC  استفاده شد. یافته ­ها: در هر دو گروه میانسال و سالمند شاخص گردی بدن ارتباط مثبت با دور کمر، شاخص توده بدنی، نسبت کمر به ران و توده چربی و با سطح فعالیت بدنی رابطه منفی داشت. در بیماران میانسال شاخص گردی بدن و در بیماران سالمند دور کمر دارای بیشترین سطح منحنی بودند. نقاط برش برای گردی بدن، شکل بدن و سطح فعالیت بدنی در گروه میانسال به ترتیب 41/5، 083/0، 1/984 و در گروه سالمند به ترتیب 8/5، 086/0 و 7/789 بود. نتیجه‌گیری: شاخص گردی بدن و دور کمر در پیشگویی احتمال وجود بیماری­های قلبی عروقی در زنان بیمار میانسال و سالمند شاخص­های بهتری می­باشند.  }, keywords_fa = {فعالیت بدنی, بیماری قلبی عروقی,شاخص‌های چاقی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7696-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7696-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Iraj, Farideh and Nikaeen, Zinat and Zarei, Ali and AshrafGanjouee, Faride}, title = {The Effect of Electronic Sports and Non-Electronic Sports on Quality of Life and Indicators Related to Physical Fitness Skills}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Quality of life is a subjective and dynamic issue, that is, it is different at any time compared to another time, which is the position of each person in life about his goals, expectations, and individual concerns, not only under the influence of the type and extent of the created problem. Quality of life is considered a basic indicator of health, and since the quality of life includes many dimensions such as physical health, mental health, social relations, family life, emotions, physical functions, spirituality, and professional life of people, paying attention to it is of double importance. Among the intermediate periods of human life, "adolescence" is considered one of the most important periods of life. The conditions governing adolescence indicate the need for the adolescent for more mental peace, in addition to that, the adolescent needs to be understood by others; in adolescence, sports and games as leisure activities can play a decisive role in maintaining the physical and mental health of children and adolescents. Sports and physical activities are an important and inseparable part of teenagers' lives in the school environment and even outside of school. Students also form a large part of society and as future professionals, they will take on important responsibilities in society, so their health is of particular importance in all fields. The computer is one of the phenomena that cannot be ignored of the physical and psychological effects of its use. The computer sometimes fascinates and influences the younger ones more than the older ones. Computer games are a type of entertainment that is played with devices equipped with an electronic processor. Games, especially electronic games, can help maintain mental health due to their capabilities and functions. They are also considered one of the factors affecting the child's growth, personality, and socialization. The desire of young people to use computer games has led to the creation of an active and healthy lifestyle, especially at the school level. However, research on the use of computer-motion games in schools is limited and mostly laboratory research. The basis of the current research on the quality of life is a holistic approach. In this approach, physical health, mental health, social relations, and the quality of the living environment are among the constituents of the quality of life. Since, according to the review of related research backgrounds, no special research was observed about electronic games and non-electronic sports with the quality of life and their mutual effects, the present study seeks to answer the question of whether electronic sports and non-electronic sports affect the quality of life and related indicators. Does it affect physical fitness skills? Methods: The statistical population of this research was made up of 900 female students in the twelfth grade of the second high school in the 2nd district of Ray city, of which 60 were randomly selected and classified into 4 groups according to the number of sports and electronic sports. Became Each group consisted of 15 people. The research method is descriptive and semi-experimental, which was implemented in the field. Standard quality of life questionnaire (SF-36) was used to measure the quality of life of the subjects and evaluate the effect of this study on it. To analyze the data, descriptive indices and statistical tests of analysis of covariance were used in SPSS software. Results: The results showed that there is no significant difference between the mental health of students of different groups in the mental health post-test. Regarding the variables of physical fitness, the results showed that there is a significant difference between the pre-test and the post-test variables of agility, ball throwing, reaction, shoulder raising, and bar fix. Conclusion: Sports and physical activities are considered suitable options for improving the physical fitness factors in students, and by improving these factors, we can hope to improve their quality of life. In a general summary of the research results, it should be mentioned that achieving physical fitness and maintaining it affects all aspects of life, and besides strengthening health, it is also effective in increasing work efficiency. Prepared people have more energy, which affects work and intellectual efficiency, makes recreational and leisure activities useful, increases resistance to fatigue, and ultimately improves physical activity and sleep patterns. Therefore, sports and physical activities are considered suitable options for improving the physical fitness factors in students, and by improving these factors, we can hope to improve the quality of life in them, because a major part of the quality of life is physical health and the ability of people to do everyday things in a good way. Efficient and effective returns. However, many exercises can lead to the development of a person's physical fitness, and two types of these exercises are traditional sports exercises and sports exercises using electronic games, and it seems that electronic games if used correctly and Used in a limited period, it can be the basis for the development of physical fitness. But in general and according to the results obtained, it seems that the best form of training is the combination of two types of traditional sports training and electronic games because, in most of the findings, the results of the combined group were better than other groups, and therefore it is suggested that students To develop their physical fitness and improve their quality of life, Shahrari secondary schools should use combined exercise programs so that they can get the best possible results.  }, Keywords = {E-sports, Quality of life, Physical fitness skills, Adolescent female students}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {305-316}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر ورزش‌های الکترونیکی و ورزش‌های غیر الکترونیکی بر کیفیت زندگی و شاخص‌های وابسته به مهارت‌های آمادگی جسمانی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: سلامت جسمی، سلامت روانی، روابط اجتماعی و کیفیت محیط زندگی از مؤلفه‌های سازنده کیفیت زندگی است لذا هدف از انجام این پژوهش بررسی تأثیر ورزش­های الکترونیکی و ورزش­های غیرالکترونیکی بر کیفیت زندگی و شاخص­های وابسته به مهارت­های آمادگی جسمانی بود. روش کار: جامعه آماری این پژوهش را دانش‌آموزان دختر پایه دوازدهم مقطع متوسطه دوم ناحیه 2 شهر ری به تعداد 900 نفر تشکیل دادند که از بین آنها تعداد 60 نفر به شکل نمونه‌گیری تصادفی انتخاب و بر حسب میزان فعالیت ورزشی و ورزش الکترونیکی در 4 گروه دسته‌بندی شدند. هر گروه از این افراد شامل 15 نفر بود. روش تحقیق از نوع توصیفی و نیمه‌تجربی بوده که به‌صورت میدانی اجرا شد. برای سنجش میزان کیفیت زندگی آزمودنی­ها و بررسی تأثیر این مطالعه بر آن، از پرسشنامه استاندارد کیفیت زندگی (SF-36) استفاده گردید. به‌منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از شاخص‌های توصیفی و آزمون آماری تحلیل کوواریانس در نرم‌افزار SPSS استفاده گردید. یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد که بین سلامت روان دانش‌آموزان گروه‌های مختلف در پس‌آزمون سلامت روان تفاوت معناداری وجود ندارد. در خصوص متغیرهای آمادگی جسمانی نتایج نشان داد که اختلاف معناداری بین پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون متغیرهای چابکی، پرتاب توپ، عکس‌العمل، بالا بردن شانه و بارفیکس وجود دارد. نتیجه ­گیری: ورزش و فعالیت‌های بدنی گزینه مناسبی برای ارتقای فاکتورهای آمادگی جسمانی در دانش‌آموزان قلمداد می‌شود و با ارتقای این فاکتورها می‌توان به بهبود کیفیت زندگی نیز در آن­ها امیدوار بود.  }, keywords_fa = {ورزش‌های الکترونیکی, کیفیت زندگی, مهارت‌های آمادگی جسمانی, دختران نوجوان دانش‌آموز}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7771-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7771-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Fereidooni, Masoumeh and SohrabiShegefti, Nadereh and Barzegar, Majid and Khayyer, Mohamm}, title = {Investigating the Role of Emotional Regulation in Predicting Future Prospects in Female Students}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Studies show that an unbalanced future outlook predicts delinquency, drug use, and high-risk sexual behaviors during adolescence. At the same time, having a hopeful mindset, having sufficient resources for purposeful thinking, and being familiar with the paths needed to achieve goals, lead to well-being in individuals. It also enhances a person's deep vision for the future, their learning activity, their longevity and their performance. Thus, the outlook for the future can affect a wide range of emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. The future perspective, which is defined as the current prediction of future goals, can be created by setting motivational goals in the future and creating long term behavioral projects to achieve these goals. The problem for many young people and adolescents is that they live with a relatively short-term outlook, and it is difficult for them to see the future right now. In the field of education and learning, the ability to tolerate delays in reward is very important. Students have to choose between immediate reward and short pleasure, or long-term reward and long pleasure, and here is the future perspective that gives him the power to evaluate the future. The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of future prospects in female high school students in Shiraz. Methods: The statistical population of the study is all female high school students in Shiraz (10865 people) who were studying in the academic year 1399-1400. Among them, 346 students were selected as a sample by multi-stage cluster sampling method and participated in the study. The research tool was a standard questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: The results of structural equation modeling showed that negative emotion regulation strategies have a positive effect on cognitive distortions, and positive emotion regulation strategies have a negative effect on cognitive distortions. Positive emotion regulation strategies have a positive effect on goal setting and cognitive distortions have a negative and significant effect on the future perspective and the effect of goal setting on the future perspective was positive. The results show that the strongest relationships in the model are related to the effect of negative emotion regulation strategies on cognitive distortions with a coefficient of 0.78 and then related to the effect of cognitive distortions on the future outlook with a coefficient of -0.55. The findings also show that apart from the relationship between negative emotion regulation strategies and rejected targeting (p <0.05), five other relationships have been confirmed in the model (p <0.05). If a person can manage and control his emotions, he will have more free space intellectually to focus on goals and goal setting. Cognitive distortions affect the future outlook (p <0.05) and the direction of the negative impact and the intensity of the impact is -0.55. Targeting has an effect on the future outlook (p <0.05) and the direction of the positive effect and the intensity of the effect is equal to 0.29. Therefore, the positive and negative strategies of the emotion regulation variable are the only external variable of the structural model of the research to which no one-way arrow is pointed. Finally, the existence of a significant positive causal relationship between goal setting and future perspective indicates that the more students expose themselves to goal setting or goal setting in the future, the more rapidly towards a future perspective. A more balanced and ideal future will move. In fact, by choosing goals in the desired area, the person is not only not bothered by the difficulty of the path, but also welcomes learning skills and doing difficult tasks to overcome obstacles in the way of his goal and pursues his goal. Acquires the necessary competence and avoids poor performance, and is more determined and does not doubt in its decision in the direction of the goal, and consequently, these measures tend to be more and more forward-looking. Will strengthen the more desirable in him. Conclusion: Cognitive distortions have a negative and significant effect on the future outlook. The indirect and inverse effect of negative emotion regulation strategies, and the indirect and reinforcing effect of positive emotion regulation strategies on the future outlook in this study, reveal the need for planning to empower students in controlling and managing cognitive emotions.  }, Keywords = {Cognitive Distortions, Cognitive Emotion Regulation, Future Perspective, Goal Setting, Students}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {317-326}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی نقش تنظیم‌شناختی هیجان در پیش‌بینی دورنمای آینده در دانش‌آموزان دختر}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: دورنمای آینده‏ی نامتعادل محرّک بزهکاری، مصرف مواد مخدر و رفتارهای پرخطر جنسی در دوره نوجوانی است و دورنمای متعادل و عمیق برای آینده در افراد، فعالیت یادگیری، ماندگاری و عملکرد آن‏ها را افزایش می‌دهد. لذا با توجه به مهمترین سرمایه‏ی هر کشور که سرمایۀ انسانی آن می‏باشد لازم است عوامل تعیین‏کننده‏ی دورنمای آینده شناسایی شده و سیاست‏ها و راهبردهای منبعث از تحقیقاتی از این قبیل به صورت کاربردی بخصوص در مدارس برای نوجوانان بکارگیری شود. بنابراین، تحقیق حاضر با هدف شناسایی عوامل تعیین‏کننده‏ی دورنمای آینده انجام گرفت. روش کار: جامعه آماری تحقیق، تمامی دانش‏آموزان دختر دبیرستان‏های شهر شیراز (10865 نفر) است‏ که در سال تحصیلی 1399-1400 مشغول به تحصیل بودند. از این میان، 346 دانش‏‏آموز به‌عنوان نمونه با روش نمونه‏گیری خوشه‏ای چندمرحله‏ای تعیین و در پژوهش شرکت داده شدند. ابزار پژوهش پرسشنامه استاندارد بود که پایایی آن توسط ضریب آلفای کرونباخ مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد راهبردهای منفی تنظیم هیجان بر تحریف‏های شناختی تأثیر مثبت، و راهبردهای مثبت تنظیم هیجان بر تحریف‏های شناختی تأثیر منفی دارد. راهبردهای مثبتِ تنظیم هیجان، بر هدف‏گزینی تأثیر مثبت داشته و تحریف‏های شناختی بر دورنمای آینده تأثیر منفی و معنی‏داری دارد و تأثیر هدف‏گزینی بر دورنمای آینده مثبت بدست آمد. نتیجه‌‌گیری: به طور کلی نتایج نشان می‌دهد که با توجه به اثر غیرمستقیم و معکوس راهبردهای منفی تنظیم هیجان و اثر غیرمستقیم و تقویت‏کنندۀ راهبردهای مثبت تنظیم هیجان بر دورنمای آینده دانش آموزان، ضرورت برنامه‏ریزی برای توانمندسازی دانش‏آموزان در کنترل و مدیریت هیجانات شناختی را آشکار می‌کند.  }, keywords_fa = {تحریف‌های شناختی, تنظیم شناختی هیجان, دانش‌آموزان, دورنمای آینده, هدف‌گزینی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7845-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7845-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Gaeini, Soheila and Sotoodehasl, Nemat and Moazedian, Ameneh and MakvandHosseini, Shahrokh}, title = {Comparison of the Effectiveness of Behavioral Activation and Relaxation on Reducing Anxiety and Fear of Childbirth in Primiparous Women of Karaj City}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Anxiety during pregnancy and fear of childbirth is seen as common problems in Primiparous women. Anxiety and fear during pregnancy are sometimes considered a natural mechanism that prepares the expectant mother for pregnancy and the accompanying changes, but the intensification of worry and anxiety can take the form of illness and affect the mental health of pregnant women. More than 80 percent of women with low-risk pregnancies experience some degree of anxiety and fear of childbirth, and in 6 to 10 percent of cases, this anxiety and fear cause severe debilitating complications in pregnant women. There are several treatment methods to reduce the symptoms of anxiety and fear of childbirth. One of the effective treatment methods is behavioral activation therapy. This treatment method is one of the third-wave psychotherapy methods that increase the behaviors that increase the contact of the person with the reinforcing connections of the environment. In this treatment method, the patient is taught to use an alternative and adaptive coping model in dealing with annoying and frustrating environmental conditions and to react with an active behavior instead of avoidance. Research findings have shown that excessive activity of the inhibitory system leads to anxious personality traits, high sensitivity to threatening stimuli, and anxiety-related behaviors such as worry and fear. The results of some studies confirm the existence of a relationship between inhibition systems and psychiatric disorders such as depression, fear, and anxiety, but few studies have investigated the effect of this method on reducing anxiety and fear in Primiparous women. Another way to reduce fear and anxiety is to use a calm tone. Using a relaxed tone during pregnancy as a suitable method to calm the mind and mind, focus attention on the fetus, positive imagery towards pregnancy, and increase the relationship, and attachment of mother and fetus has been desired by the researchers. In relaxation training, by using breathing techniques, special verbal stimuli, and mental relaxation during the treatment of clients, people are helped to reduce their stress and achieve calmness in their bodies and mind. achieve Correctly performing relaxation exercises improves a person's blood circulation and reduces tension, anxiety, and depression by creating a positive attitude and improving brain function, and increasing people's cellular energy and confidence by relieving their anxiety. Relaxation methods are also known to be effective in many situations such as pain, childbirth, anxiety, and insomnia during pregnancy, and it causes a person to gain the power to control his emotions and behaviors. Considering the great importance of fear and anxiety and their effects on the mental health of Primiparous pregnant mothers, this research aims to determine and compare the effect of educational interventions on the effectiveness of behavioral activation and relaxation in reducing anxiety and fear of childbirth in women. Prenatal care was performed in the hospitals of Karaj city. Methods: The current research was a semi-experimental study with a control group in terms of practical purpose and research design. The statistical population of the research included pregnant women with first births in Karaj in 1400. 144 Primiparous pregnant women referring to Shahid Madani Hospital in Karaj were randomly selected and placed in two groups of behavioral activation and relaxation technique (48 people in each group) and a control group (48). For the experimental group, a training session on behavioral activation and calm tone was implemented, and then a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data on the effectiveness of the training on the scores of anxiety and fear of childbirth. The reliability of the questionnaires was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha of 0.78 for anxiety and 0.71 for fear. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis using SPSS version 21 software. Results: In this research, 144 Primiparous pregnant women were studied in two groups of behavioral activation and relaxation techniques (48 in each group) and the control group (48). The studied groups had no statistically significant differences in terms of the variables of gestational age and the interval between marriage and first pregnancy. The results showed that after the intervention, the anxiety and fear of childbirth of Primiparous pregnant women in the intervention groups decreased significantly, but no significant statistical difference was observed in the control group. Conclusion: It seems that behavioral activation training and relaxation training can help Primiparous pregnant women to recognize, despite the automaticity of many bodily responses, they can identify them and reduce the anxiety and fear of childbirth. According to the results of relaxation and behavioral activation during pregnancy, it can be considered as a suitable method to reduce anxiety and fear of pregnancy. This study showed that the designed intervention has significant positive effects on reducing the anxiety and stress of pregnant women. Therefore, it is suggested that a series of training in the form of behavioral activation and relaxation should be included in the care programs of pregnant women. The method of reducing fear and anxiety based on calm tone and behavioral activation due to having conscious and non-judgmental techniques can have beneficial effects in improving fears and worries during pregnancy. Considering the simplicity and availability of training in behavioral activation techniques and body exercises, it is suggested the presence of a supportive person such as a life partner, female relatives, and a private midwife; by doing these interventions, they can increase the satisfaction of the birth experience and the feeling of comfort and reduce the fear and anxiety. Considering the limited number of people and the duration of the interventions in this research, it is suggested that this training be carried out with a longer duration and on a larger sample size of pregnant women. The effect of this research with the effect of other therapeutic and psychological methods on the dependent variables of this research should be compared and investigated in practice. Also, in order to evaluate the effect of the passage of time on the retention of educational achievements, it is suggested that researchers consider follow-up courses in future research. Considering that one of the limitations of the present study was the use of a questionnaire in the data collection process, it is suggested that another study be conducted with other tools (observation and interview) to investigate the level of anxiety and fear of childbirth in Primiparous women.}, Keywords = {Primiparous Women, Childbirth Anxiety, Fear of Childbirth, Behavioral Activation, Relaxed Body}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {327-336}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه‌ی اثربخشی فعال‌سازی رفتاری و تن آرامی بر کاهش اضطراب و ترس از فرآیند زایمان در زنان نخست‌زای شهرستان کرج}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اضطراب و ترس از زایمان، از مهم‌ترین مشکلات عمده دوران بارداری و زایمان هستند. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، مقایسه‌ی اثربخشی فعال‌سازی رفتاری و تن آرامی بر کاهش اضطراب و ترس از فرایند زایمان در زنان نخست‌ز‌ا شهر کرج در سال 1400 بود. روش کار: پژوهش حاظر، از نظرهدف کاربردی و طرح پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی با گروه گواه بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل زنان باردار نخســت‌زا کرج در سال1400 بودند. 144 نفر از زنان باردار نخســت زا مراجعه کننده به بیمارستان شهید مدنی کرج با روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه  فعال‌سازی رفتاری و تکنیک تن آرامی (هرگروه 48 نفر) و گروه کنترل (48) قرار گرفتند. برای گروه آزمایش جلسه آموزشی فعال‌سازی رفتاری و تن آرامی اجرا و سپس از طریق اجرای پرسشنامه محقق ساخته نسبت به جمع‌آوری داده‌ها درباره اثربخش بودن آموزش بر نمرات اضطراب و ترس از فرایند زایمان اقدام گردید. پایایی پرسشنامه‌ها با استفاده از آلفای کرونباخ برای اضطراب معادل 78/0 و ترس 71/0 مورد تائید قرار گرفت. برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها از آمار توصیفی و استنباطی با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS نسخه ۲۱ استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد بعد از مداخله، اضطراب و ترس از زایمان زنان باردار نخست‌زا در گروه‌های مداخله به طور معنی‌داری کاهش یافت، اما تفاوت آماری معنی‌داری در گروه کنترل مشاهده نشد. نتیجه‌گیری: به نظر می‌رسد آموزش فعال‌سازی رفتاری و تن آرامی می‌توانند به زنان باردار نخست‌زا  کمک کنند تا تشخیص دهند، با وجود خودکار بودن بسیاری از پاسخ‌های بدنی، می‌توانند آنها را شناسایی و میزان اضطراب و ترس ناشی از زایمان را کاهش دهند.}, keywords_fa = {زنان نخست‌زا, اضطراب زایمان, ترس از زایمان, فعال‌سازی رفتاری, تن آرامی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7930-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7930-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ansari, Nasrin and MohammadEsmail, Elaheh and Esteki, Mahnaz and Ramezani, Ahm}, title = {Validation of Developmental Standards for Measuring Cognitive, Physical-Motivation, Language and Literacy Skills, Approach to Learning and Social-Behavioral-Emotional Skills of 3-4 Year Old Children}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Today, many thinkers consider the years before elementary school to be the most fruitful years for education and learning. They believe that a young child learns at a faster rate than he will be able to later and his early mental connections and associations are so stable that in the following years such it does not last. In most cases, preschool children's growth is unbalanced in different growth areas, so growth in one area may be faster than growth in other areas. In addition, children's growth is irregular in most cases. For example, a child may not make much progress in a relatively long period in the field of development, and after that, almost overnight, he will reach sufficient maturity in a series of skills or show more mature characteristics. Also, the growth of children is strongly influenced by the environment, and the settings in which children of this age live are very variable. Family, recreational and educational environments of young children are very different according to the values and characteristics that are strengthened in them; therefore, the skills, abilities, and characteristics that this group of children show may be caused by environmental influences before it is an indication of their abilities. All these factors contribute to the increase of individual differences between children, differences that specialists in the field of preschool and early childhood education acknowledge should be anticipated and considered valuable. The existence of these individual differences between children does not have much effect on the dissemination of standards that show similar expectations of children's development or are even designed to lead to more uniform outcomes in children. A child's growth begins before birth and continues throughout life. In the early years of development, the child's brain connections become very complicated, and the interference of these connections can have long-term effects on his development. At the beginning of birth, babies are actively involved in discovering and learning their surroundings due to adequate nutrition and a rich environment. The sensitive period for most human abilities ends before elementary school and reaches a lower sensitivity of brain neurons. Abilities such as vision, hearing, emotional control, and methods of responding to stimuli reach the lowest level of brain sensitivity at the end of early childhood. Other areas of development, such as language development, numerical and mathematical skills, and social skills, have the highest level of brain sensitivity in this period compared to other periods of life. Also, at birth, the size of a baby's brain is one-quarter of an adult's brain, but by the age of three, this size is three times. It becomes its initial size and this brain size growth is closely related to the amount and quality of its interactions with the environment and different experiences. By summarizing the results of research and studies, it can be concluded that physical-motor, cognitive, social-emotional, behavioral, and learning approaches are not separate from each other, and one should pay attention to all aspects of the child's development and consider the child's personality as a whole. Many environmental factors affect the child's development in the early years of life. Around the world, increasing attention is being paid to the importance of the early years of childhood, with an emphasis on the development and use of developmental and learning standards. Advanced countries develop accurate growth indicators for their children and use them for educational planning. The need for this category is also felt in our country. In our society, children are mostly screened in terms of development and by doctors, not in terms of evolution (cognitive growth and learning); Therefore, considering the importance and necessity of the existence of developmental standards for children to evaluate them in different developmental areas and to know their strengths and weaknesses to provide timely interventions to reach their maximum developmental potential, the purpose of this research is to validate developmental standards for children aged It is 3 to 4 years. Methods: The research method was a descriptive-correlational research design and applied research in terms of purpose. The statistical population includes all 3-4 year old children in Tehran. The sample size in each growth area is 100 children aged 3 to 4 years and their teachers and parents, which was obtained through cluster and matrix sampling in kindergartens. The sample was selected from 5 geographical regions according to the economic, social, and cultural characteristics of Tehran, including northwest and east, southwest and east, and the center (regions 3, 5, 6, 14, 16). The data collection tool includes scales for measuring developmental capabilities in cognitive, language, and literacy domains, an approach to learning, physical-motor, and social-behavioral-emotional for 3 to 4-year-old children, which was developed using the standards available in different countries. These scales include the following: the developmental standards of different American states, including the developmental standards of Washington (2012), which has five areas of cognition, language, and literacy, an approach to learning, physical-motor, social-behavioral-emotional, and Nebraska developmental standards (2018). Which have seven fields science, mathematics, creativity, language, physical-motor, approach to learning, and social-emotional. Data analysis including descriptive statistics and validity assessment through content, formal and cultural validity, and validity check through the validity of assessors, internal consistency of the instrument, Cronbach's alpha, and retesting were determined by correlation method. Results: The findings of the research indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between the cognition scale and the subscales of logic, arithmetic, science, and studies, between the physical-motor scale and the subscales of gross motor skills and fine motor skills, between the approach to learning scale and the subscales Curiosity and interest, stability of attention, contemplation and creativity between the language and literacy scale with the subscales of receptive or receptive language, expressive language, reading and writing and between the emotional-behavioral-social scale with the subscales of self-concept, self-regulation, interaction with peers and adults and with social behavior, which indicates the construct validity of the scale (of internal consistency). Also, the research findings show; The reliability of the cognitive scale is equal to 0.94, the reliability of the physical-motor scale is equal to 0.74, the reliability of the total approach to learning scale is equal to 0.85, the reliability of the language and literacy scale is equal to 0.93 and in the emotional-behavioral-social scale It was equal to 0.85, which indicates the optimal reliability of the scale. Conclusion: In this research, the difficulty coefficient (the percentage of respondents to each question based on a three-level spectrum) is presented. The findings of the research indicate that the difficulty coefficient of the physical-motion scale (the percentage of answers to each question option) in the area of gross motor skills and fine motor skills is 29 at the yes level; therefore, the difficulty coefficient of the physical-motion scale questions shows the moderate to high ease of the questions. In questions about the approach to learning at the level of curiosity and interest, the questions are in the yes range. In the field of attention stability, the difficulty coefficient of most questions is at the yes level. The area of creativity and the area of contemplation is at the level of Yes; therefore, the difficulty coefficient of the approach to learning questions shows the medium to high ease of the questions. The difficulty coefficient of language and literacy scale questions, comprehension language, and expressive language questions is in the yes criterion. The reading difficulty coefficient is sometimes at the yes level and the questions of the writing area are at the yes level, except questions 50, 52, and 54. In general, it can be said that the difficulty coefficient of the language and literacy scale questions shows the average to high ease of the questions. In social-emotional questions in the behavioral domain of self-concept, self-management, and social behavior, the difficulty coefficient of most of the questions is at the yes level, therefore, the difficulty coefficient indicates the medium to high ease of the questions; Therefore, based on the findings of the research on the difficulty factor of the questions, the majority of the questions indicate the medium to high ease of the questions. In explaining the findings of the research, it can be stated that the list has high reliability in all areas, this proves the reproducibility of this list in society. It shows that it is consistent with similar foreign and domestic studies. Because reliability is a necessary condition for validity. In other words, if a measure does not have reliability, it cannot show the correct and real value of a phenomenon; Considering the appropriate validity and reliability of the list of cognitive, language and literacy, physical-motion, approach to learning, social-behavioral-emotional developmental skills, it is suggested that to evaluate the developmental skills of cognitive, language and literacy, physical-motor, approach to learning, social-behavioral-emotional children of 3-4 years old in different regions and cultures of Iran should use this list.  }, Keywords = {Cognitive, Physical-Motion Developmental Skills, An Approach to Learning}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {337-346}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اعتباریابی استانداردهای رشدی سنجش مهارت‌های شناختی، جسمی- حرکتی، زبان و سوادآموزی، رویکرد به یادگیری و اجتماعی- رفتاری- هیجانی کودکان 3 تا 4 سال}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اهمیت و ضرورت وجود استاندارهای رشدی برای کودکان به جهت ارزیابی آنان در حیطه‌های مختلف رشدی و آگاهی از نقاط قوت و ضعف آنان به وضوح مشخص شده است، بنابراین هدف از این پژوهش، تدوین مقیاس سنجش تحولی توانمندی‌های رشدی در حیطه‌های شناخت، زبان و سوادآموزی، رویکردی به یادگیری، جسمی‌ـ حرکتی، اجتماعی- رفتاری- هیجانی کودکان 3 تا 4 سال و بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی سیاهه‌ها در شهر تهران بود. روش کار: جامعه آماری شامل کلیه کودکان 3 تا 4 ساله شهر تهران و حجم نمونه در هر حیطه رشدی 100 کودک و مربیان و والدین بود که از طریق نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای و ماتریسی در مهدکودک‌ها به دست آمد. یافته‌ها: یافته‌های پژوهش حاکی از آن بود که رابطه مثبت و معناداری بین مقیاس شناخت و خرده مقیاس‌های منطق، حساب، علوم و مطالعات بین مقیاس جسمی- حرکتی و خرده مقیاس‌های مهارت‌های حرکتی درشت و مهارت‌های حرکتی ریز، بین مقیاس رویکرد به یادگیری و خرده مقیاس‌های کنجکاوی و علاقه، پایداری توجه، تعمق و خلاقیت بین مقیاس زبان و سوادآموزی با خرده مقیاس‌های زبان درکی یا دریافتی، زبان بیانی، خواندن و نوشتن و بین مقیاس هیجانی-رفتاری-اجتماعی با خرده مقیاس‌های خود پنداره، خودتنظیمی، تعامل باهمسالان و بزرگ‌سالان و با رفتار اجتماعی وجود دارد که نشان‌دهنده روایی سازه مقیاس (از نوع همسانی درونی) است. همچنین یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد؛ پایایی مقیاس شناخت برابر با 94/0، پایایی مقیاس جسمی-حرکتی برابر با 74/0، پایایی مقیاس کل رویکرد به یادگیری برابر با 85/0، پایایی مقیاس زبان و سوادآموزی برابر با 93/0 و در مقیاس هیجانی-رفتاری-اجتماعی برابر با 85/0 به دست آمد که بیانگر پایایی مطلوب مقیاس است. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به روایی و پایایی مناسب سیاهه‌های مطالعه پیشنهاد می‌گردد که برای ارزیابی مهارت‌های رشـدی شـناختی، زبـان و سـوادآموزی، جسـمی‌ـ حرکتـی، رویکـردی بـه یـادگیری، اجتماعی- رفتاری- هیجانی کودکان 3 ـ 4 سال در مناطق و فرهنگ‌های مختلف ایران از این سیاهه استفاده گردد.  }, keywords_fa = {مهارت‌های رشدی شناختی, جسمی‌ـ حرکتی, رویکردی به یادگیری}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7946-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7946-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Shamekhi, Najmeh and Kouroshnia, Maryam and Barzegar, Majid and Sohrabi, Nadereh}, title = {Investigating the Mediating Role of Academic Resilience between the Relationship between Academic Support and Academic Well-Being}, abstract ={Background & Aims: One of the goals and tasks of the educational system is to create a foundation for the all-round development of a person and the education of healthy, efficient, and responsible people to play a role in personal and social life. Therefore, under the title of the fundamental pillar of the country's education system, students have a special role and position in achieving the goals of the education system, paying attention to this segment of society from the point of view of education and upbringing will lead to greater fertility and prosperity of the education system of the society. It will be since well-being is an important indicator for various educational outcomes, and also considering the centrality of school in the lives of teenagers, it is logical that it is important to investigate the educational well-being that shows the relationship between well-being and educational variables. To solve this problem and the damage caused by it, the academic and emotional functions were linked together, and based on this, the academic well-being structure was created to create a relationship between the emotional and academic functions, improving the relationship between the school learner and creating progressive parallel changes. It was investigated in the learner and the learning environment, in the community of students. The academic well-being of students is one of the important concepts in the research field of the education system because this concept is the key to understanding and recognizing a wide range of students' behaviors and has a significant impact on their academic success and performance. Studies have shown that people in the same conditions and environments do not have the same well-being and individual differences play an important role in this. In other words, well-being emerges from the interaction of several factors, including environment, individual, and personality. In recent years, in this field, new approaches with the influence of positive psychology emphasize the capabilities and functions, and individual characteristics of people, among which academic resilience can be mentioned. In general, resilience can be considered as adapting to the challenge and pressure and overcoming it, as well as being strengthened through the experiences of these challenges, which can increase a person's inner ability and social skills. Academic resilience refers to academic progress despite challenging conditions in the educational process. In educational environments, resilience is considered as a very high probability of success in school and other life successes despite environmental difficulties. On the other hand, one of the variables affecting academic well-being is academic support. The issue of academic support for students is multi-dimensional. The role of teachers, parents, and peers provide academic support, each of them alone and about each other, play an important role in the quality and quantity of students' academic activities. The support of teachers and peers has led to a positive perception of the school atmosphere, which is associated with a sense of security, justice, and academic well-being. Based on this, academic support for students is not only limited to the teacher's activities in the classroom but also the peer group, and each parent as a source of support can play a decisive role in academic support for students. Academic support improves students' performance because it provides expectations and values in the classroom for students and encourages students' efforts to achieve these values and expectations. While trying, the student has enough security and does not see himself under threat from the environment, and feels valuable. These feelings and performances are not achieved only by the type of teacher's behavior, but these cases are the result of a set of elements that interact with each other. To be based on this, the current research aimed to investigate the antecedent factors affecting academic well-being and its improvement, and sought to investigate and present a model for academic well-being based on academic support and academic resilience. Methods: The present study was conducted on 540 male and female high school students in Shiraz in the academic year (2021-2022). The sample members were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. First, four girls and four boys' schools were randomly selected from among all secondary schools, and in the second stage, two classes were selected from each school. They were randomly selected (16 classes) and completed the scales of academic support (Sands and Plunkett, 2005), academic resilience (Cassidy, 2016), and academic well-being (Tominin-Sweeney et al., 2012). After collecting the data, the evaluation of the proposed model was done with the method of structural equations and using the Imus program. Results: The results of the data analysis show that academic resilience plays a mediating role between academic support and academic well-being (p = 0.008, β = 0.09). Conclusion: In general, it can be stated that academic support (parents, teachers, and peers) prepares students to acquire academic resilience and flexibility in the face of academic problems and challenges, and after acquiring this component Psychologically, students act enthusiastically toward education and learning and finally experience academic well-being. In the field of research limitations, it can be mentioned that due to the spread of the coronavirus and the increase in virtual education and teaching in all schools, caused limitations in data collection (such as sampling). In addition, considering that the tools and their completion were done by students in the virtual space, it is possible that the accuracy of the information has decreased, so the use of other methods of information collection such as interviews and observations as well as face-to-face implementation it can provide more complete information about research variables. In addition, the society and the sample of the present study consist of female and male students of Shiraz schools, so it is prudent to generalize the results to other communities such as students from other cities, students, and other community members. According to the results of this research in the field of application, the findings of this research can provide important information for educational officials. One of the findings of this research was the effect of academic support on resilience and academic well-being. Therefore, educational officials are expected to provide environments so that people can express their opinions easily and have sincere relationships with peers, parents, and teachers. This feature leads to the fact that people can create resilience and academic well-being in themselves. Considering the effect of academic resilience on academic well-being, it can be stated that in order for students to experience the well-being necessary for their studies and finally reach academic well-being, they need the educational environment to provide them with challenges to create the limit of their abilities so that they can experience academic resilience by dealing with those challenges. In the field of research proposals, it was also found that the test of other exogenous and intermediary variables in the form of the model tested in this research can expand and develop the existing knowledge about well-being. It should be noted that in the current research, individual and social characteristics have been discussed, and therefore, it is necessary to investigate other situational, cognitive, and emotional variables.  }, Keywords = {Academic Support, Academic Resilience, Academic Well-Being}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {346-356}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی نقش واسطه‌گری تاب آوری تحصیلی بین رابطه حمایت تحصیلی با بهزیستی تحصیلی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بهبودی بهزیستی تحصیلی در دانش آموزان از عوامل مهم افزایش عملکرد تحصیلی می‌باشد؛ بنابراین پژوهش حاضر به منظور بررسی نقش واسطه‏گری تاب‏آوری تحصیلی در رابطه‏ی بین حمایت تحصیلی با بهزیستی تحصیلی انجام شد. روش کار: مطالعه حاضر بر روی 540 نفر از دانش آموزان دختر و پسر دوره متوسطه شهر شیراز در سال تحصیلی (1401-1400) انجام گرفت. اعضای نمونه با استفاده از روش نمونه­گیری خوشه­ای چند مرحله­ای انتخاب شدند به این صورت بود که ابتدا از بین تمامی مدارس متوسطه به طور تصادفی چهار مدرسه دخترانه و چهار مدرسه پسرانه و در مرحله دوم از هر مدرسه دو کلاس به صورت تصادفی (تعداد 16 کلاس) انتخاب شدند و مقیاس­های حمایت تحصیلی (ساندز و پلانکت، 2005)، تاب‏آوری تحصیلی (کسیدی، 2016)، بهزیستی تحصیلی (تومینین- سوینی و همکاران، 2012) تکمیل نمودند. پس از جمع­آوری داده­ها، ارزیابی مدل پیشنهادی با روش معادلات ساختاری و استفاده از برنامه ایموس، انجام گرفت. یافته ­ها: نتایج تحلیل داده­ها نشان که تاب‏آوری تحصیلی بین حمایت تحصیلی و بهزیستی تحصیلی نقش واسطه‏گری دارد (008/0=p، 09/0 =β). نتیجه ­گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان بیان داشت که حمایت تحصیلی (والدین، معلمان و همسالان) دانش آموزان را در جهت کسب تاب آوری تحصیلی و انعطاف پذیری در مقابل مشکلات و چالش­های تحصیلی آماده می‎سازد و پس از کسب این مولفه روان‏شناختی، دانش آموزان مشتاقانه نسبت به تحصیل و یادگیری عمل می­کنند و در نهایت بهزیستی تحصیلی را تجربه می‏نمایند.  }, keywords_fa = {حمایت تحصیلی, تاب آوری تحصیلی, بهزیستی تحصیلی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7956-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7956-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {MirzaeiGhazi, Marjan and SajjadiHazaveh, Seyed Hamid and AshrafGanjoui, Farideh}, title = {Investigating the Relationship between Knowledge Management and Training and Development and Human Resource}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Today, many organizations are trying to become knowledge-based organizations (1-3). In this effort, the adaptation and implementation of knowledge management practices in any type of organization, both private and public, is considered useful and has the potential to play an important role in improving their performance (4,5). Evidence shows that effective and efficient knowledge management is considered a key success factor for organizations to gain a sustainable competitive advantage (8-10). Psychology is the foundation of knowledge management because knowledge management is all about people. The basic goal is to use all available knowledge to live a happier, healthier and more productive life. Knowledge management and psychology are similar because knowledge management can be used not only to improve people's lives. It can also help improve the communities we live in (11). What people share is their competencies, experiences, expertise, values, background information, and insights to create institutional frameworks for evaluating and combining new experiences and information (12,13). In fact, knowledge is related to people and that human resource management disseminates it. Knowledge management is developed and strengthened under the cover of human resources management, therefore, in long-term knowledge-based organizations, success in competitive arenas can only be achieved through competent colleagues (15). In this regard, sports organizations also need to acquire, create, store and use knowledge, as one of the most important factors determining growth and development. So far, few researches have investigated the status of knowledge management and human resource management in sports organizations. In this regard, Zalaf et al. (2017) investigated the quality of sports human resource management in Padang using the sports development index and analyzing the availability of sports human resources. The results showed that the development of sports in Pandang depends on the quantitative and qualitative scale based on the human resource management index (16). Also, Huang and Zhang (2011) presented the management of sports events based on knowledge management, which is very important to improve the management skill of the event organization (19). Despite the great research interest in knowledge sharing, there are still few studies that relate this behavior to human resource variables (training, growth, and performance). The influence of human variables on knowledge sharing has been widely neglected. According to the above, the current research intends to examine the question of whether knowledge management is related to education and development and human resources? Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlation and practical in terms of purpose, and in terms of data collection, it is field-based. The statistical population of this research consists of the employees of Tehran Municipal Sports Organization (1600 employees), among whom 310 people were selected as a statistical sample by simple random and according to Morgan's table. In order to collect data, the field method and the standard human resources management questionnaire and the Knowledge Management (Lawson, 2003) were used. To check the relationship between the variables, Pearson's correlation test was performed using SPSS version 26 software. Results: The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between knowledge management and human resource management in Tehran Municipality Sport Organization. There is a significant positive relationship between all knowledge management components (knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, knowledge application, knowledge storage) with all human resource management components (employee recruitment, training and development, performance evaluation, service compensation, working conditions). The highest correlation was obtained between knowledge storage and performance evaluation. Conclusion: The findings of this research show that there is a significant positive relationship between knowledge management and education and development and human resources. The results of the present research are in line with the findings of Mohammadi et al. (2013) (18). Knowledge management should be analyzed as a factor that affects human resource management. Human resource management is a set of integrated human resource practices that support an organization's strategy, create a sustainable competitive advantage. Human capital (skills, knowledge, and behaviors) and organizational capital (routines, systems, tacit knowledge) are the most cited in the background of the resource-based view, which are acquired over time and make interpretation and imitation difficult for competitors (24). According to the results of Theriou and Chatzoglou (2014), organizations that follow the best human resource management practices, through the design of human resource practices that support knowledge management and, in turn, support the creation of organizational capabilities, achieve higher performance (26). Therefore, if human resource management is about the effective management of people and if the most valuable resource of people is knowledge, then human resource management and knowledge management are closely related to each other (27). Studies have long supported the claim that employees are the most important organizational asset, especially when it comes to achieving an effective knowledge management process (26-29). Employees are a vehicle for creating, sharing and implementing knowledge. Nilsson and Ellström (2012) emphasized that overall organizational success is increasingly related to identifying, recruiting, managing, and retaining high-performing or talented individuals to meet the current and future demands of an organization (28). Therefore, the main purpose of human resource performance is to develop, select and hire people, train and develop employees, evaluate their performance, reward them and create a learning culture to support and achieve the organization's strategy (30). Therefore, human resource management activities, such as recruitment and selection, training and education, performance management and reward systems, are necessary for the proper management of knowledge (31) and instrumentally help to improve the flow of knowledge, i.e., its acquisition, transfer and integration in the organization. they do. The results of our study show that there is a positive and significant relationship between knowledge management and the components of recruitment, training and development, performance evaluation, service compensation and working conditions in Tehran Municipal Sports Organization. The most valuable asset of any organization is its human force, and more importantly, the knowledge within the organization. In other words, spending money to improve knowledge or human capital is the most valuable and useful investment that any organization can make (32). There were also some limitations in the present research since the questionnaire only measures the attitude of the employees, therefore it is not considered an accurate tool to measure the reality. It is suggested to carry out this research in other situations and compare their results with each other. In short, the results of the present research showed that there is a positive relationship between knowledge management, education and development and human resources in Tehran Municipal Sports Organization. Considering the positive relationship between knowledge management and training and development and human resources in Tehran Municipal Sports Organization, it is suggested that Tehran Municipal Sports Organization helps by establishing knowledge and training and development of staff.  }, Keywords = {Knowledge Management,Human Resource,Training and Development}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {357-367}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی رابطه بین مدیریت دانش با آموزش و بالندگی و منابع انسانی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: مدیریت دانش برای بهبود زندگی افراد قابل استفاده است. همچنین می تواند به داشتن زندگی شادتر، سالم تر و پربارتر کمک کند. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی رابطه مدیریت دانش با آموزش و بالندگی و منابع انسانی بود. روش کار: روش تحقیق، توصیفی-همبستگی و از نظر هدف کاربردی بود و از نظر جمع­آوری داده­ها به­صورت میدانی می­باشد. جامعه آماری این تحقیق را کارکنان سازمان ورزش شهرداری تهران (1600 کارمند) تشکیل دادند که از میان آن ها 310 نفر به صورت تصادفی ساده و بر طبق جدول مورگان به عنوان نمونه آماری انتخاب شدند. جهت جمع­آوری داده­ها از روش میدانی و پرسش نامه استاندارد منابع انسانی و پرسش نامه مدیریت دانش (لاوسون، 2003) استفاده شد. برای بررسی ارتباط بین متغیرها از آزمون همبستگی پیرسون با بهره‌گیری از نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 26 صورت پذیرفت. یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد که بین مدیریت دانش و مدیریت منابع انسانی در سازمان ورزش شهرداری تهران رابطه مثبت معناداری وجود دارد. بین تمامی مؤلفه‌های مدیریت دانش (خلق دانش، تسهیم دانش، به‌کارگیری دانش، ذخیره‌سازی دانش) با تمامی مؤلفه‌های مدیریت منابع انسانی (کارمندیابی، آموزش و بالندگی، ارزیابی عملکرد، جبران خدمات، شرایط کاری) ارتباط مثبت معناداری وجود دارد. بالاترین همبستگی بین ذخیره‌سازی دانش و ارزیابی عملکرد به دست آمد. نتیجه­ گیری: با توجه به نتایج تحقیق، به نظر می­رسد مدیریت دانش می تواند به ارتقاء آموزش و بالندگی کمک کند.  }, keywords_fa = {مدیریت دانش, منابع انسانی, آموزش و بالندگی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7743-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7743-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Zarrin, Vahideh and Taherizadeh, MohammadReza and Tanideh, Nader and Yousefzadi, Mortez}, title = {Evaluation of Evaluation of Prebiotic and Anti-Obesity Properties of Persian Gulf Brown Seaweeds on Induced Obese Male Ratsand anti-obesity properties of Persian Gulf brown seaweeds on induced obese male rats}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Obesity, as a serious metabolic syndrome, has many health and social effects disorder that is characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat. It’s also associated with a body mass index (BMI) of more than 30 kg/m2. Overeating, lack of physical activity, and genetic factors are the main reasons for obesity. Based on BMI analysis of the population of 200 countries, obesity will has exceeded 6% in men and 9% in women by 2025(1). Obese individuals are at risk of developing diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, immune dysfunction, rapid onset of infection, delayed wound healing, and certain types of cancers(2). The pathogenesis of these disorders has been linked to the health of the gut microbiota(3). The gut microbiota is considered an endocrine organ that has influenced on immunity, metabolism, neuroendocrine responses of the host, and synthesizes vitamins, amino acids, and enzymes(4). They can also produce important short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and absorb dietary minerals(5). The microbiota composition is very different amongst people and is affected by several factors, such as antibiotic use, diet, lifestyle, genetic traits, and body mass index(6). It was demonstrated that a decrease in beneficial bacterial species in the gut microbiota is linked to obesity and metabolic disorders(7), so microbiota has been known as one of the principal causes of obesity(8, 9). In addition, recent findings have shown that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are two dominant phyla in human gut microbiota, and an increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio is correlated with obesity(10). Some studies suggest that the consumption of probiotic substances and dietary fibers can beneficially alter the gut microbiome composition in a short time(11, 12).  Recently, a lot of attention has been paid to the use of natural products such as marine organisms with anti-obesity activities. Marine organisms, especially brown algae, are good dietary complements with prebiotics and anti-obesity potentials for those who want to lose weight.  They are widely used in the treatment of various diseases because of their several pharmacological activities(13). Consumption of marine seaweeds has risen considerably over the past decades because of their high nutritional compositions such as minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and high dietary fibers(14). Brown algae have the potential anti-obesity agents such as fucoxanthin, phlorotannins, fucoidan, and alginates(13, 15). Alteration in lipid metabolism, suppression of inflammation, suppression of adipocyte differentiation and delay in gastric emptying are the ways that anti-obesity compounds from algae may involve(16). Besides, the potential benefits of brown seaweeds on the human body are related to dietary fibers that have prebiotic activities over the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota. Such fibers are non-digestible components that can selectively enhance beneficial microorganisms of the gut microbiota (17, 18). On the other hand, consumption of brown seaweeds can promote beneficial bacteria while reduce harmful species in the gut microbiota of rats(10). Brown seaweeds have a variety bioactive molecules such as, polysaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and polyphenolic compounds that play have the potential health benefits in regulating gut microbiota and therefore improving obesity(3). In fact, consumption of brown seaweed may exert an effective impact on gut health by acting as prebiotics, and promoting the growth of lactic acid bacteria that aid in the production of SCFA such as butyrate, propionate, and acetate(19). Kim et al (2018) showed that Laminaria japonica brown seaweed had a probiotic and anti-obesity effect on reducing of pathogenic bacteria level and increasing lactic acid bacteria level in gut-obese rats(20).  Regarding to these considerations, the objective of this study was to find the effects of hot water and ethanolic extracts of Persian Gulf brown algae, Padina pavonica and Cystoseira myrica on changing gut microbiota, some serum indices, food intake and weight loss in rats that fed with high-fat diet. Methods: In this study, 100 male Wister rats in the weight range of 220±20 gr were selected and divided into 10 groups (8 treatment groups, one normal control group, and one obese control group). All animals except for normal group were fed with 60% cholesterol for 1 month. Each group was further treated with hot water (HW) and ethanolic (E) extracts of seaweeds for 8 weeks.  Then during the experiment, food intake and weight loss were measured weekly and daily, respectively, and at the end of period, we collected the stool samples (3 samples of each group), and analyzed the intestinal microorganisms through 16SrRNA sequencing in all groups. Results: Our results indicated that the consumption of Padina pavonica and Cystoseira myrica brown seaweeds can change obese rats' intestinal microbiota into normal individuals. The distribution ratio of intestinal microorganisms showed that Bacteroides and Firmicutes are as dominant phyla in the microbiota of all groups. Our result also revealed that hot water and ethanolic extracts of Padina pavonica and Cystoseira myrica were effective in changing intestinal microorganisms in obese rats. However, we found that all the extracts prepared from Cystoseira myrica were more efficient in diminishing the relative abundance of obesity-associated genera and increasing the leanness-associated genera in the treatment group compared with the control obese group. Clostridium and Lactobacillus were the dominant genera in all groups with pathogenic and lactic acid potentials. However, the anti-pathogenic effects of all Cystoseira myrica extracts were more effective than all Padina pavonica extracts.  Moreover, we also indicated that the extracts, especially those from hot water extracts of Padina pavonica and Cystoseira myrica were more effective in decreasing cholesterol, IL1 and TNF-α as well as liver enzymes such as ALP and AST in all treated groups. Conclusion: Our findings supported that Cystoseira myrica could be a good choice for weight loss. The present study demonstrated that all the extracts could promote the growth of specific beneficial microbial populations, and reduce the abundance of both pathogenic bacteria and obesity-associated microbes. Furthermore, we showed that weight loss happened due to a decrease in food intake. Although, all the extracts from Padina pavonica and Cystoseira myrica resulted in lower level of cholesterol, inflammatory factors as well as liver enzymes, Cystoseira myrica was more effective than Padina pavonica. The best extract that could normalize all criteria was Cystoseira myrica. It seems that in vivo animal studies can be extended to humans as well, and therefore, we suggest that Cystoseira myrica may be used as a prebiotic material, with anti-obesity effects on human health.; however, it needs more investigation.  }, Keywords = {Cystoseira myrica, Padina pavonica, Intestinal microbiota, Obesity, 16SrRNA}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {368-382}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی خواص پری بیوتیکی و ضد چاقی جلبک‌های قهوه‌ای خلیج فارس در رت‌های نر چاق}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: چاقی، یک سندرم متابولیک مهم است که رﻳﺴــﻚ ﻓــﺎﻛﺘﻮر اﻧــﻮاع ﻣﻬــﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎریها اﺳﺖ. بر اساس مطالعات اخیر مشخص شده است که باکتری های موجود در روده نقش کلیدی در عملکرد کلی بدن میزبان دارند و یکی از دلایل اصلی چاقی می باشند. بعلاوه، مصرف جلبکهای دریایی قهوه‌ای که دارای محتوای فیبر غذایی بالایی می باشند، می‌تواند رشد باکتری‌های بیماری‌زا را در روده مهار و رشد باکتری‌های مفید را ترویج دهند. هدف از این مطالعه، ارزیابی اثر عصاره های اتانولی و آبی  Padina pavonica و Cystoseira myrica ، دو گونه مهم جلبک‌های خلیج فارس، برفلور میکروبی روده در موش‌های چاق بود. روش کار: رتها به مدت ۸ هفته با عصاره‌های آبی و اتانولی جلبک‌های دریایی تغذیه شدند. وزن حیوانات و میزان دریافت مواد غذایی به صورت روزانه و هفتگی اندازه گیری گردید، سپس میکروارگانیسم های روده از طریق 16SrRNA آنالیز شدند. یافته‌ها: باکتری‌های Bacteroides و Firmicutes فراوانی بالایی در روده حیوانات نشان دادند. همچنین در گروه‌های تیماریافته، گونه‌های مرتبط با چاقی کاهش و باکتری‌های ایجاد کننده لاغری افزایش یافتند. Clostridium باکتری بیماری‌زا در همه گروه‌ها و Lactobacillus جنس غالب باکتری‌های لاکتیک اسید بود. بعلاوه، عصاره‌های جلبکی توانستند وزن و میزان مصرف مواد غذایی، سطح کلسترول خون، TNF-α، و IL1  و آنزیم‌های کبدیALP  و ASTرا کاهش دهند. نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌ها نشان داد که جلبک  Cystoseira myrica می‌تواند به عنوان مکمل غذایی مناسب جهت تغییر فلور روده  استفاده گردد.  }, keywords_fa = {Cystoseira myrica, Padina pavonica, میکروبیوتای روده, چاقی,16SrRNA}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7509-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7509-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mobasher, Atefeh and Nikpay, Iraj and Farhadi, Ali}, title = {Providing a Virtual Education Model for the Development of Medical and Therapeutic Services in Universities of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The higher education system as a social sub-system, although always with a delay, seeks to provide alternative services, change the organization of the teaching-learning process and transfer knowledge, skills and attitudes to its potential learners. This important task has been addressed to universities mainly based on the World Declaration on Higher Education at the UNESCO World Summit in Paris in 1998. With the advent of information and communication technology and the spread of COVID-19 around the world, this issue has gained more momentum and another form of education called virtual education (virtual university) and distance education has emerged. Since the beginning of the development of web-based virtual education or electronic education since the beginning of the 21st century, most of the important universities of the world have taken significant measures in the field of obtaining education in this way. The first virtual universities include Jahan Gostar Network Academy, American Virtual University, and Jones International University. The virtual university in Iran started its activity through the University of Tehran in 2010 and has made significant progress so far. The broad and comprehensive approach to electronic education is proof that this new educational system brings unique benefits for individuals, organizations and educational centers and offers clear horizons in the field of education. In order to avoid the waste of investment in electronic learning systems, users should be encouraged to use this system. The advantages of electronic education include low cost; wide distribution; easy accessbility; Up-to-date educational materials; the personal nature of learning; Education at any time and place; reducing costs related to teacher, classroom, student and travel salaries; direct student interaction with the content; Avoid wasting time and money; Having enough opportunity to study, facilitate and speed up the educational process; The possibility of choosing a favorite professor from among several professors; Revisiting educational programs and being student-centered, allowing a large number of learners to receive education at a convenient time and place; flexibility; increasing access to educational materials, efficiency; Comprehensive, dynamic and fast access to educational resources at any time and place, flexibility and convenience, increasing access and quick dissemination of information, time management. On the other hand, this type of education and its features make teaching and learning more attractive for a high percentage of students, increasing educational opportunities; creating a positive attitude towards the learning process; Helping the student in developing the required skills; Helping students in the field of critical thinking, self-centeredness, working in groups; Transforming the inactive role of the student into an active and autonomous role; turning the teacher's role into a supporting role; supporting various teaching and learning methods; increasing social power; Enthusiasm and motivation are widespread. Therefore, the aim of the research was to explain the model of virtual education dimensions in Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This research is descriptive-exploratory in nature and method. The statistical population is all the professors of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences and based on the table of Karjesi and Morgan, the sample size was 308 people and the cluster sampling method was used. The data collection tool in this research was a semi-structured interview, the result of which was a researcher-made questionnaire with 27 items. In quantitative method, factor analysis test, structural equation model, correlation coefficient (Pearson) and regression were used. Rrsults: In this research, according to the importance of the satisfaction required by professors from the electronic system of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, it was observed that there is a significant and direct relationship between professors' satisfaction with the system and the educational content component. On the other hand, the level of professors' satisfaction with electronic education and support and guidance in Lorestan University of Medical Sciences is lower than the desired average from the technical and infrastructural aspects of the system. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it was found that in general, the professors of this university were satisfied with the way of conducting virtual education and its effectiveness. Some professors stated that this method of teaching in non-emergency and normal conditions can also be used in general courses when the corona pandemic is over, because with this, the classes of students of the University of Medical Sciences become lighter and The work of teachers becomes easier. Also, according to the professors' opinions and existing concerns, the picture-in-picture feature should be used in the virtual space to establish face-to-face communication between the professor and the student and the possibility of transferring information from the professor to the student and vice versa in the best way. Did. It is appropriate to provide the financial and human basis for strengthening the hardware and software infrastructures. A working group consisting of experts should be used to design the educational system to improve the level of teacher-student interaction. Also, experts should be present in this working group regarding reflection and solving system problems. Because of the advantages and disadvantages of virtual education, it is necessary to combine it with traditional face-to-face education. In order to evaluate and verify the correct identity, attendance and exams should be held in person or in a newer method. In general, strengthening the technological infrastructure, such as increasing the speed and bandwidth of the Internet in universities conducting virtual education, and improving the quality and quantity of information banks and digital libraries of databases, especially the improvement and promotion of reliable databases. Science is required. Also, involving students and professors in researches and activities that lead to the compilation of educational content and its updating will be a solution to many weaknesses and limitations in this field.  }, Keywords = {Virtual Education, Electronic Educational System of Medical Sciences of Lorestan, Educational Components}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {383-391}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارائه مدل آموزش مجازی در جهت توسعه خدمات درمانی و پزشکی در دانشگاه‌های علوم پزشکی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: مقوله آموزش و یادگیری الکترونیکی، آموزش مجازی و یا به عبارتی دانشگاه مجازی در طول سال های اخیر به ویژه در اپیدمی کرونا ویروس به یکی از چالش­های مهم فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات در جهان شده است. بنابراین هدف پژوهش، تبیین مدل ابعاد آموزش مجازی در دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان بود. روش­ کار: این پژوهش از نظر ماهیت و روش توصیفی- اکتشافی است. جامعه آماری، کلیه اساتید دانشگاه علوم پزشکی استان لرستان می‌باشد و بر اساس جدول کرجسی و مورگان حجم نمونه 308 نفر و روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای استفاده شد. ابزار گردآوری داده­ها در این تحقیق، مصاحبه نیمه ساختار یافته بود که حاصل این مصاحبه پرسشنامه محقق ساخته با 27 گویه بود. در روش کمی از آزمون تحلیل عاملی، الگوی معادلات ساختاری و ضریب همبستگی (پیرسون) و رگرسیون مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. یافته ­ها: در این تحقیق با توجه به اهمیت موضوع به رضایت مورد نیاز اساتید از سامانه الکترونی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان مشاهده گردید که رابطه معنی­دار و مستقیمی بین رضایت اساتید از سامانه و مولفه محتوی آموزشی وجودارد. از طرفی میزان رضایت اساتید از آموزش­های الکترونیکی و پشتیبانی و راهنمایی در دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان از بعد فنی و زیرساختی سامانه پایین­تر از میانگین مطلوب می­باشد. نتیجه ­گیری: نکته قابل استنتاج از این پژوهش در محیط آموزش مجازی در دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان، رضایت نسبی از محتوی آموزش دروس تئوری و نارضایتی اساسی از دروس عملی به ویژه برای رشته­های پزشکی و داروسازی است که مستلزم رفع این معایب در بعد فنی و زیرساختی سامانه است.}, keywords_fa = {آموزش مجازی, سامانه آموزشی الکترونی علوم پزشکی لرستان, مولفه‌های آموزشی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7314-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7314-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {RezaeiShahri, Shahin and Abolghasemi, Shahnam and Eslahifarshami, Fatemeh}, title = {Comparing the Effectiveness of Two Approaches Reality Therapy and Compassion Therapy on the Fear of Death at the End of the Treatment and Follow-Up Period in Drug Abusers}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Today, there are few countries in the world where the most important and one of the major problems is not the issue of drugs and addiction. The World Health Organization has considered the issue of drugs, including production, transfer, distribution, and consumption, along with three other global issues, namely, the accumulation of weapons of mass destruction, environmental pollution, poverty, and class divisions among the basic issues that affect human life in social dimensions. , economic, cultural, and political threats and challenges in the global arena. Drug addiction is a neurological-psychiatric disorder that is associated with unpleasant habits and a strong desire to consume among its users, and over the years, it has caused many sufferings and tragedies due to the emergence of health problems for its abusers. Substance abuse disorder can make many substance-dependent patients suffer from psychological conditions such as stress, anxiety, and depression. Among the many psychological problems that arise in these people, we can mention a lack of attachment to life, depression, and despair, etc. Also, one of the essential components in addicts and even in depressed patients is problems related to mental health. Among the important factors affecting mental health is the category of death. Facing death and anxiety caused by it is considered as one of the most important components of people's mental health. Death anxiety means constant, abnormal, and morbid fear of death or dying. According to the definition of the British National Health Service, death anxiety is a kind of feeling of panic, fear, or worry when thinking about the process of dying or disconnecting from the world or what happens after death. Considering the importance of addiction disease and its complications, many methods are used to treat it, which can be referred to as self-compassion and reality therapy. Reality therapy is a strategic approach to behavior change; therefore, to explain it, we must first describe the selection theory. In psychology, various approaches such as behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, psychoanalysis, etc. Therapeutic reality is an approach like other psychological approaches to change the behavior of mental patients in the first place and then to help change the behavior of clients in the process of self-development. Self-compassion training is one of the new interventions in the field of therapy that can increase a person's social support by applying kindness to oneself and others and improving social adjustment. In addition, this approach is effective on people's stress and psychological health. This approach can lead to improvement of distress tolerance and reduction of psychological distress of people. Self-compassion includes three components: self-love vs. self-judgment, human commonality vs. isolation, and mindfulness vs. extreme assimilation. The combination of these three components characterizes a person who has self-compassion. Therefore, it is necessary to use treatment methods for the fear of death in addicts. Now, according to what was said and also the importance of the subject, in this research we intend to investigate the effectiveness of two approaches reality therapy and compassion therapy on the fear of death in drug addicts and compare the effects of these two record therapies. Therefore, the main question of the research is: Is there a significant difference between the effectiveness of the two approaches of reality therapy and self-compassion on the fear of death in drug addicts and the two-month follow-up of the treatment? Methods: The statistical population of this semi-experimental study included all addicts who were referred to six addiction treatment clinics in Galougah city in 1400-1401. The sample of the present study included 45 people (15 people in the reality therapy group, 15 people in the compassion group, and 15 people in the control group). The research tools were Templer's fear of death questionnaire (1970) and Glaser's (2010) reality therapy protocols (60 minutes each session) and Gilbert's (2014) compassion therapy (90 minutes each session). Repeated measure variance analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: It shows that, on average, the death anxiety variable in the two therapeutic intervention groups (reality therapy and self-compassion) decreased compared to the control group in the post-test. In the follow-up test, the level of death anxiety in the two educational intervention groups increased slightly compared to the post-test and decreased slightly in the control group. On the other hand, it was found that reality therapy was more effective than compassion. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that the fear of death in drug users can be improved by using reality therapy and compassion. In the current research, there were some limitations as follows: the available research sample cannot represent all addicts. The results of the present study can be generalized to the third group of drug users with demographic characteristics related to this research, and caution should be observed if the results are generalized to other women suffering from other types of addiction. In this research, it was not possible to control some variables such as family problems. Also, several questionnaires were completed at home, and the existing conditions may affect the way of answering. Considering the effectiveness of the two approaches of reality therapy and compassion therapy, it is suggested that these two approaches be used by therapists during the treatment and withdrawal of addiction so that the patients have more spirit in dealing with the withdrawal of the disease. Considering the effectiveness of these two psychotherapy approaches on mental disorders caused by addiction, it is suggested that therapists and mental health professionals, by holding reality therapy and compassion therapy, should take steps to change the level of mental health and follow-up treatment so that basic steps can be taken in to improve the process of leaving this disease and speeding up the recovery process of patients, it was harvested.}, Keywords = {Reality Therapy, Compassion, Fear of Death, Addiction}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {392-402}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه اثربخشی دو رویکرد واقعیت درمانی و شفقت ورزی بر هراس از مرگ در پایان دوره درمان و پیگیری در سوء‌مصرف کنندگان مواد}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: در افراد سوءمصرف کننده مواد، سطح هراس از مرگ تحت تأثیر قرار می‌گیرد؛ از این رو استفاده از روش‌های درمانی برای هراس از مرگ در معتادان ضروری است. حال با توجه اهمیت موضوع و شیوع اعتیاد در جامعه، هدف مطالعه مقایسه اثربخشی دو رویکرد واقعیت درمانی و شفقت ورزی بر هراس از مرگ در معتادان بود. روش کار: جامعه آماری این پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی شامل کلیه معتادان مراجعه کننده به شش کلینیک ترک اعتیاد شهرستان گلوگاه بود که در سال 1401-1400 به کلینیک‌های این شهرستان جهت ترک اعتیاد مراجعه داشتند. نمونه پژوهش حاضر شامل 45 نفر (15 نفر گروه واقعیت درمانی، 15 نفر گروه شفقت ورزی، 15 نفر گروه کنترل) بود. ابزار پژوهش، پرسشنامه هراس از مرگ تمپلر (1970) و پروتکل‌های درمانی واقعیت درمانی گلاسر (2010) (هر جلسه شصت دقیقه) و درمان شفقت ورزی گیلبرت (2014) (هر جلسه نود دقیقه) بود. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از تحلیل واریانس اندازه مکرر استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نشان می‌دهد که بطور متوسط میزان متغیر اضطراب مرگ در دو گروه مداخله درمانی (واقعیت‌درمانی و خودشفقت‌ورزی) نسبت به گروه کنترل در پس‌آزمون کاهش یافت. در آزمون پیگیری میزان اضطراب مرگ در دو گروه مداخله آموزشی نسبت به پس آزمون اندکی افزایش یافته و در گروه کنترل اندکی کاهش یافته است. از طرفی مشخص شد که واقعیت درمانی نسبت به شفق ورزی مؤثرتر بود. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان بیان داشت که با استفاده از شیوه درمانی واقعیت درمانی و شفقت ورزی می­توان هراس از مرگ را در  سو مصرف کنندگان مواد را بهبود بخشید.  }, keywords_fa = {واقعیت درمانی, شفقت ورزی, هراس از مرگ, اعتیاد}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8030-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8030-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Aliazam, Saeed and Ghazalian, Farshad and Soheili, Shahram and AbedNatanzi, Hossein and Gholami, M}, title = {Evaluation of AKT and mTOR Protein Changes in Response to Eccentric and Concentric Physical Activity in Healthy Young Men}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The target of Rapamycin is a 290 kDa protein that was created in the 1970s from the isolation of a yeast resistant to cell growth inhibitory properties. Each complex is phosphorylated by a different substrate and is known as the main controller of cell growth. MTOR exists in mammals in the form of Rapamycin, which is divided into two groups, MTORC1 and MTORC2. Each complex performs different tasks according to its location in the cell. This pathway is involved in the regulation of Lipogenesis, glucose metabolism, cytoskeletal activity, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). MTOR creates conditions in the human body that are very suitable for positive cell growth; For example, it is involved in gene expression and translation of various cell proteins (enzymes and contractile proteins), ribosome biogenesis, activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) synthesis pathway that causes muscle growth, and also the strength of the cell skeleton. To be On the other hand, it prevents apoptosis, protein burning (autophagy), and excessive turnover of nutrient carriers, including glucose and amino acids. Inhibition of FoxO proteins by AKT through transcriptional mechanisms increases cell survival. AKT stimulates cell growth and proliferation through mTORC1. It also increases VEGF secretion and eNOS phosphorylation mediates vasodilation and angiogenesis. AKT increases cellular metabolism through downstream targets such as GLUT4 and GSK3. One of the main drivers of mTOR pathway activation is the pressure and mechanical load applied to the muscle. Growth factors, nutrients, hormones, and cytokines are other stimuli of the mTOR pathway. After this stage, AKT improves the activity of two pathways, mTOR and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; which play a key role in skeletal muscle hypertrophy in response to strength training. After mTOR is phosphorylated, PV0s6k, which stimulates protein synthesis, is phosphorylated, on the other hand, muscle growth inhibitory factors such as 4e-bpi and eif2 are inhibited. Another importance of the AKT/mTOR pathway is the inhibition and inactivation of the FOXO or FKHR factor. FOXO is the main factor in the activation of the ubiquitin-protease system, which causes the breakdown of contractile proteins. In fact, the AKT/mTOR pathway prevents atrophy and breakdown of skeletal muscle proteins with its activity. Research shows that strength training inhibits FOXO and Atrogenin by activating the AKT/mTOR pathway and thus prevents muscle atrophy. Based on the research conducted on the relationship between mTOR/AKT pathway and sports activity, it can be said that this pathway is activated especially in strength training and for hypertrophy. Of course, it should be said that this route has other duties as well. But in general, it is an anabolic pathway; but how the duration, intensity, and type of exercise affect mTOR/AKT levels in humans is still unanswered. The activity of the mTOR/AKT pathway depends on the age, sex, type, and intensity of the performed activity, the type and rate of contraction speed (introverted-extroverted), and also the type of tar. Therefore, in the present study, the researcher intends to evaluate the expression of mTOR/AKT proteins by comparing a single eccentric and concentric session. Methods: 10 healthy men were randomly divided into two groups (concentric group of 5 people, eccentric group of 5 people). Isokinetic contraction included eccentric and concentric knee extension with maximal strength and speed. In order to equalize the workload in both protocols, it was considered the same and the round trip speed was 60°/s. The contractions included 12 sets of 10 repetitions for the right leg, the rest time between each set was 30 seconds. A biopsy was performed at the beginning and end of the study. Biopsy was performed in both distal and proximal directions of the vastus lateralis muscle. In order to check the expression of mTOR and AKT proteins in each group, the tissues were examined by immunocytochemistry technique. The dependent t statistical method and covariance test were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the intragroup changes of mTOR and AKT proteins after one activity session were significant in the extrovert and introvert groups (p≤0.05). However, the inter-group changes of mTOR and AKT proteins showed no difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Many adaptations, such as increasing strength and lean mass, are caused by repeated resistance training, and this is due to the high degree of plasticity of skeletal muscle in response to training pressure. Different training stimuli in resistance sports can create different molecular responses related to the special adaptations of skeletal muscle to the type of resistance training. Prescribing a resistance program should be done according to the manipulations done in the variables. Exercise variables include intensity, volume, and time under tension. Manipulation of each of these variables can affect the final result. Of course, it should be kept in mind that manipulating only one variable can make it impossible to study the effect of other variables in molecular responses. In total, the present study showed that a session of eccentric and concentric activity leads to changes in the factors involved in strength and hypertrophy. In addition, these changes are generally greater in eccentric than concentric contractions.  }, Keywords = {Extrinsic Contraction, Inward Contraction, mTOR, AKT}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {403-413}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {پاسخ پروتئین‌های mTOR، AKT عضلانی به تمرینات مقاومتی مجزا در افراد سالم}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: تغییر ساختار عضله اسکلتی به‌عنوان یکی از تغییرات اصلی عضله درنتیجه تمرینات ورزشی شناخته‌شده است؛ بنابراین هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی پاسخ پروتئین‌های mTOR،AKT به تمرینات مقاومتی اکسنتریک و کانسنتریک مجزا در افراد سالم بود. روش کار: 10 مرد سالم به‌صورت تصادفی در دو گروه‌ه (گروه کانسنتریک 5 نفرگروه اکسنتریک 5 نفر) تقسیم شدند. انقباض آیزوکینتیک شامل اکسنتریک و کانسنتریک اکستنشن زانو با حداکثر قدرت و سرعت بود. به منظور همسان‌سازی بارکاری در هر دو پروتکل یکسان در نظر گرفته شد و سرعت رفت‌وبرگشت 60 درجه بر ثانیه بود. انقباض‌ها شامل 12 ست 10 تکراری برای پای راست، زمان استراحت بین هر ست 30 ثانیه در نظر گرفته شد. در ابتدا و انتهای مطالعه بایوپسی انجام شد. بایوپسی در دو جهت دیستال و پروگزیمال عضله پهن جانبی انجام شد. برای بررسی بیان پروتئین‌های mTOR و AKT در هر گروه بررسی بافت ها با تکنیک ایمونوسیتوشیمی استفاده شد. برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده­های از روش آماری تی وابسته و آزمون کوواریانس استفاده شد. یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد، تغییرات درون گروهی پروتئین­های mTOR و AKT بعد از یک جلسه فعالیت، در گروه برونگرا و درونگرا معنادار بود (05/0 p≤). با این حال تغییرات بین گروهی پروتئین­های mTOR و AKT نشان دهنده عدم تفاوت بین دو گروه بود. نتیجه ­گیری: در مجموع مطالعه حاضر نشان داد یک جلسه فعالیت برونگرا و درونگرا منجر به تغییر فاکتورهای درگیر در قدرت و هایپرتروفی عضلات اسکلتی می­شود. علاوه بر این، این تغییرات در مجموع در انقباض برونگرا بیش از درونگرا است.  }, keywords_fa = {انقباض برونگرا, انقباض درونگرا,mTOR,AKT}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8136-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8136-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Shirincheshmeh, Bahador and Sanaie, Mohammad and Emami, Farsh}, title = {Analysis of the Outsourcing of Health and Sports Facilities on the General Health Level of the Society (Qualitative Study)}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The role of exercise in human health is not hidden from anyone. Nowadays, sports and physical activities are extremely valuable tools. And as one of the ways of spending free time, they are the largest part of the free time of millions of people around the world. In this regard, due to the expansion of the scope of government services in recent years, the increase in public expenses and economic issues, and many other elements make it necessary to consider the improvement of the functioning of government organizations as a vital matter, and one of these organizations is government sports facilities. Therefore, government sports facilities are at a lower level than private facilities due to their low operational efficiency and financial performance, and they are not very popular among the people of the society. For this reason, most of the sports facilities and spaces that are completely owned by the government and are managed by the government are facing a lack of funds. This situation has caused the removal or reduction of services and events organized by these places. Therefore, the current research is trying to investigate the effect of handing over sports facilities to the private sector in the direction of the development of public health and public sports and the success and failure rate, and by clarifying its strengths and weaknesses, a strategic model for improving this phenomenon. Therefore, taking into account the above and providing a proposal and solution for the correct implementation of the additional articles, the results and consequences of the implementation of the transfer of sports facilities in Iran in the development of sports are based on the available information, which can well demonstrate the need for research. Make sure that taking advantage of the opinions and suggestions of the statistical community based on their records and experiences and summarizing them can help the researcher in providing solutions that include the effect of the correct implementation of the supplementary materials. Methods: This research is a qualitative study that was conducted with the foundational data method (ground theory) and by using in-depth interviews among participants who are informed and knowledgeable about the research topic. The number of samples (participants) has been determined to reach data saturation. In the table below, a sufficient number based on theoretical saturation (17 people and 24 documents) was selected and asked for opinions in a purposeful and accessible (judgmental) way. Two tools of systematic library study and exploratory interviews were used to conduct this research. The extraction of components was done by examining the basics and background through the study of documents, books, and articles including domestic and foreign sources. Results: After coding the interviews, selecting the concepts and going from induction to analogy, and arriving at sub-categories and main categories, finally the central paradigm model of "state health-oriented sports" was chosen as the central phenomenon. What the researcher means by the central term health-oriented state sports is the emphasis and preference of the participants on the state and low-cost public sports services for the possibility of the general public, especially women and the elderly, using sports spaces, to improve the general health of the society and prevent various diseases. Cardiac, vascular, spine, etc. Because the existence of low-cost or free sports spaces provides a factor for the possibility of public use. This need is felt more than in villages, especially in cities where people have less mobility due to their urban lifestyle. According to the findings of this research, privatization in the field of public sports services is detrimental to the public health of society and the government should make it possible to use these services in this field of sports and recreational services by providing minimal facilities but extensive and comprehensive. To provide for all members of the society with any ability and economic class. Based on three-stage coding and data analysis, it is concluded that the phenomenon of health-oriented state sports was chosen as the central phenomenon in this research. The consequences of the phenomenon of health-oriented state sports are the increase in the level of public health and well-being, as well as the promotion and high productivity in outsourced professional sports. Conclusion: The connection between the general health of society and the well-being of its people with their level of physical activity and exercise is not hidden from anyone. In addition to playing a prominent role in health, exercise and relaxation also make people happy and reduce depression and mental illnesses. Therefore, looking at public sports should be a trans-economic view and the government should support this sector by allocating funds and special facilities so that all sections of the society can have easy and cheap access to sports facilities and spaces, health, and vitality of body and mind. Provide for themselves Therefore, based on the findings of this research, outsourcing in the field of public sports, due to the high cost of these services, can reduce the use of these facilities by everyone. Therefore, according to the participants in the research, sports for all, as long as all people of any gender and age can easily access it (to the extent of using walking or cycling fields, equipment free sports, free play and entertainment spaces, low-cost or free swimming pools or clubs in some cases), can become a powerful arm in preventing the occurrence of mental and physical diseases, providing health and well-being to people society, make it cheap.}, Keywords = {Outsourcing, Privatization, Public Health, Sports}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {414-422}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تحلیل برون‌سپاری اماکن تندرستی و ورزشی بر سطح سلامت عمومی جامعه (مطالعه کیفی)}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: ورزش و نقش آن در سلامتی، امری است که امروزه همگان از آن اطلاع دارند. از سوی دیگر، برون­سپاری و خصوصی­سازی خدمات و نهادهای دولتی، جزء مباحث داغ اقتصادی و تخصصی به شمار می­رود لذا هدف این پژوهش این است که، بررسی کیقی برون­سپاری اماکن تندرستی و ورزشی بر سطح سلامت عمومی جامعه می­باشد. روش کار: این پژوهش یک مطالعه کیفی است که با روش داده بنیاد (گرندد تئوری) و با استفاده از مصاحبه­های عمیق در بین مشارکت­کنندگان مطلع و آگاه با موضوع پژوهش، انجام شد. تعداد حجم نمونه­ها (مشارکت­کنندگان)، را رسیدن به اشباع داده­ها، تعیین نموده که تعداد قابل کفایت بر مبنای اشباع نظری (17 نفر و 24 سند) به روش هدفمند و در دسترس (قضاوتی) انتخاب و نظرخواهی گردید. برای انجام این پژوهش از دو ابزار مطالعه کتابخانه­ای نظام‌مند و مصاحبه­های اکتشافی استفاده شد. یافته ­ها: بر اساس کدگذاری سه مرحله­ای و تحلیل داده­ها چنین نتیجه­گیری می­شود که، پدیده ورزش دولتی سلامت‌محور، به­عنوان، پدیده مرکزی در این پژوهش انتخاب گردید. پیامدهای پدیده ورزش دولتی سلامت‌محور، افزایش سطح سلامت و تندرستی عمومی و همچنین ارتقاء و بهره­وری بالا در ورزش حرفه­ای برون­سپاری شده می­باشد. نتیجه­ گیری: بر اساس یافته­های این پژوهش، خصوصی­سازی در بخش خدمات همگانی ورزش، به ضرر سلامت عمومی جامعه بوده و دولت باید در این بخش از خدمات ورزشی و تفریحی، با تهیه امکانات حداقلی اما گسترده و فراگیر، امکان استفاده از این خدمات را برای تمام افراد جامعه با هر توان و طبقه اقتصادی، فراهم نماید.  }, keywords_fa = {برون‌سپاری, خصوصی‌سازی, سلامت عمومی, ورزش}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7631-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7631-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Talebifard, Hamid and Asgharpour, Habib and RezaeeShirazi, Reza and Saiiari, Abdulamir}, title = {The Effect of Progressive Aerobic Continuous Training on Angiotensin-1, Angiotensin-2 and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Type 2 in Patients with Heart Failure}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Chronic hypertension causes structural and functional changes in the heart, ultimately leading to heart failure (HF), which further increases mortality and morbidit. HF is a complex clinical syndrome caused by various structural or functional abnormalities of the heart that impair the filling capacity of the ventricles. The findings of various trials have shown the association between long-term hypertension and HF. The association between hypertension and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (H:FpEF) is well known, with left ventricular hypertrophy, arterial stiffness, and renal failure possibly contributing to this syndrome. 90% or more of patients with HFpEF in contemporary trials have a history of hypertension. Furthermore, many patients with HFpEF remain hypertensive, and concomitant treatment is one of the few recommended treatments for people with this heart failure phenotype. Recent evidence suggests that not only do many HFpEF patients remain hypertensive, but a significant proportion may have high blood pressure that is difficult to control, despite the use of multiple antihypertensive drugs. In fact, resistant hypertension appears to be as common in patients with HFpEF as in those with hypertension, affecting 10–20% of patients. Use of three antihypertensive drugs in different classes, including an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), a calcium channel blocker, and a diuretic, although there are differences between US and European guidelines. The Ang-(1-7)/ACE2/Mas axis is now considered a major mechanism that balances the vasoconstrictor effects of the classical RAS, which includes renin, ACE, Ang-2 and its receptors AT1 and AT2. Therefore, examining the enzymes of this axis can provide us with useful information in interventional research. Sports training programs are one of the basic elements in cardiac rehabilitation in patients with HF. In this regard, Tucker et al. reported in a meta-analysis of studies registered from 2007 to 2017 that moderate-intensity continuous exercise was an effective treatment for left ventricular remodeling in patients with HF who had clinically stable ejection fraction reduction. And improving performance in these patients; however, a research specifically aimed at determining the effect of increasing aerobic endurance training on variables related to blood pressure, especially the levels of Ang-1 and Ang-2 enzymes, as well as angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) as one of the regulating enzymes Blood pressure was not done, which shows the necessity of the present research. According to the above, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of progressive aerobic continuous training on Ang-1, Ang-2 enzymes and ACE-2 in patients with heart failure. Methods:  In the present semi-experimental study, 20 men with heart failure referred to the Cardiac Rehabilitation Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz were selected by snowball sampling method. Randomly were divided into 2 groups of 10 people including progressive aerobic continuous training group (mean age: 47.5 ± 7.84; body mass index: 29.27 ± 1.99) and control group (mean age: 48.8 ± 8.03; body mass index 26.93 ± 2.14). The training intervention consisted of eight weeks of training in three sessions per week. The training program included increasing continuous aerobic exercise with 40-85% of the subjects' reserve heart rate; No training intervention was performed in the control group. Blood variables were measured in fasting 48 hours before and 48 hours after the intervention period. To measure height and weight, the SECA scale and scale made in Germany were used. The blood samples of the patients were taken fasting and after blood pressure test. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique and Hangzhou Eastbiopharm kits were used to measure Ang I, Ang II and ACE-2 proteins. Dependent t-test and analysis of covariance were used for statistical analysis of the obtained data. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 26 and a significance level of P <0.05 was considered. Results: The results of analysis of covariance test showed that after the intervention period of progressive aerobic continuous training, there were a significant increase in the level of Ang-1 (P < 0.001) and a significant decrease in the levels of Ang-2 (P < 0.001) and ACE-2 (P < 0.001) in the training group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results of the current research showed that after the intervention period, progressive aerobic continuous training caused a significant decrease in the levels of Ang-2 and a significant increase in the levels of Ang-1 and ACE-2. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in cardiovascular physiology by regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance. RAS is mainly regulated by both angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2). The classic ACE enzyme converts Ang I to Ang-2. In previous studies, it has been reported that ACE and Ang-2 levels increase in high blood pressure and increased afterload on the heart. Therefore, participating in aerobic activities in order to rehabilitate the heart can reduce the afterload on the heart and reduce blood pressure and Ang-2. Considering that exercise improves the sensitivity of baroreceptors, reduces stress and anxiety of Post HF patients, and reduces sympathetic activity. Considering the Ang-(1-7)/ACE2/Mas axis as a mechanism that balances the vasoconstrictor effects of the classical RAS, which includes renin, ACE, Ang-2 and its receptors AT1 and AT2; It seems that in Post HF patients, the reduction of ACE-2 to ACE ratio (ACE-2/ACE) is a more important factor that can moderate high blood pressure and heart complications caused by high blood pressure levels in HF patients; In our previous research, a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure and resting heart rate was observed in the exercise group compared to the control group; This improvement can be attributed to chronic cardiovascular adaptation to continuous aerobic exercise, including the increase of ACE2 and the decrease of Ang-2 compared to Ang-. According to the results of the present research, it can be said that rehabilitation exercises based on progressive aerobic continuous training through increasing ACE2 can modulate the renin-angiotensin system and reduce Ang-2 compared to Ang-1, and through the Ang-(1-7)/ ACE2/Mas can modulate blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular complications in patients with HF. It is likely that aerobic exercise regulates the local (cardiac) RAS to switch the ACE-Ang II-AT1R axis to the ACE2-Ang (1-7)-Mas receptor axis, And this setting inhibits cardiac regeneration in HF. which can probably justify the improvement of blood pressure and cardiovascular function in patients with HF.  }, Keywords = {Heart failure, Aerobic training, Angiotensin-1, Angiotensin-2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {423-432}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثر تمرینات تداومی هوازی فزاینده بر آنژیوتانسین-1، آنژیوتانسین-2 و آنزیم مبدل آنژیوتانسین نوع 2 در بیماران مبتلا به نارسایی قلبی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: آنزیم مبدل آنژیوتانسین نوع 2 یک آنزیم موثر در تعدیل کننده فشار خون می­باشد. هدف تحقیق حاضر تعیین اثر تمرینات هوازی تداومی بر سطوح سرمی آنژیوتانسین-1 و 2 و آنزیم مبدل آنژیوتانسین نوع 2 در مردان مبتلا به ناتوانی قلبی بود. روش کار: در تحقیق نیمه تجربی حاضر 20 مرد مبتلا به ناتوانی قلبی ساکن شهر اهواز که بر اساس ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪی اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻧﯿﻮیﻮرک در طبقه 1 بیماری قرار داشتند، به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی انتخاب شدند و به صورت تصادفی به 2 گروه تمرین وکنترل تقسیم شدند. مداخله تمرین شامل هشت هفته تمرین در سه جلسه از هفته بود. برنامه تمرین شامل تمرینات هوازی تداومی فزاینده با 85-40 درصد ضربان قلب ذخیره آزمودنی‌ها بود؛ به منظور مقایسه متغیرهای تحقیق از آزمون­های آماری t-test با سطح معنی­داری (05/0 ≥ P) استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: پس از هشت هفته تمرین افزایش معنی­داری در آنژیوتانسین-1 و آنزیم مبدل آنژیوتانسین نوع 2 و کاهش معنی­داری در آنژیوتانسین-2 در گروه تمرین نسبت به پیش­آزمون و گروه کنترل مشاهده شد. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج می توان گفت که تمرینات تداومی هوازی فزاینده احتمالاً با افزایش آنزیم مبدل آنژیوتانسین نوع 2 موجب تعدیل آنژیوتانسین-2 و در نتیجه کاهش عوارض قلبی-عروقی در بیماران مبتلا به ناتوانی قلبی می­شود.  }, keywords_fa = {نارسایی قلبی, تمرین هوازی, آنژیوتانسین-1, آنژیوتانسین-2, آنزیم مبدل آنژیوتانسین نوع 2}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7611-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7611-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Etemadi, Mozhgan and Rahnejat, Amir Mohsen and TaheriTafti, Sahar Sadat}, title = {Comparison of the Characteristics of Personality Traits and Temperament in People with Different Temperamental Traits}, abstract ={Background & Aims: One of the most attractive and complex abstract concepts that various theories have been presented to describe since the end of the 19th century in psychology is personality, in fact, a set of relatively stable and unique characteristics that thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in A developmental and contextual framework is influenced by environmental and genetic factors and gives stability and individuality to behavior. In addition to environmental and genetic factors, one of the other influencing factors on personality is dopamine, which is a neural regulator in reward, approach behavior, exploration, and various aspects of cognition, and it seems that changes in dopaminergic function mean having a relationship with dopamine neurotransmitters. It is associated with personality changes but exactly what traits are influenced by dopamine is a controversial question. Despite the widespread attention to the role of dopamine in neuroscience, there is no comprehensive theory about its role in personality and it is believed to be effective in characteristics such as extraversion, aggression, intelligence, and schizotypy. According to some views, personality traits can predict people's behavior and performance, as well as provide preparation and potentially effective background for their mental health. To evaluate personality, we can refer to Cloninger, Kettle, Minnesota, Neo, Eysenck, Beck, etc. questionnaires. One of the famous theories of character description is Cloninger's neuro-biological model of nature and character which examines genotypic dimensions. This seven-factor model of personality includes the dimensions of nature, i.e., automatic emotional responses with a hereditary aspect, and character, i.e., self-concepts and individual differences in goals, values, and choices. It is a person who grows throughout life. From the point of view of Iranian traditional medicine, temperament is a key concept in defining health, disease diagnosis, and treatment. People have different physical, emotional, psychological, and personality characteristics based on their temperament, and attitudes and moods depend on temperament. Hence, each person has a unique temperament and two people can never be considered the same despite their appearance. Therefore, temperamental traits may be considered among individual differences. Personality psychology is one of the most effective topics for understanding human nature, which has presented personality models with different dimensions. Ancient Greek philosophers believed that four temperaments can be defined as personality types. Considering that few types of research have been conducted in the classification of people's temperament and personality traits, the purpose of the present research is to conduct research and improve basic knowledge based on experimental data, such researches are especially based on cultural-native issues to answer the questions and Ambiguities in the relationship between the characteristics of personality traits and character forces of people with different temperamental characteristics are important, because by identifying these characteristics through the methods and techniques of signs and semiotics by traditional medicine specialists, people's temperament can be traced and it is possible to follow a more reliable path to know the characteristics of the traits. Took a step, therefore, the current research was conducted to identify and compare the characteristics of the personality traits of people with four temperamental characteristics. Methods: In the present study, which is of a causal-comparative type, 160 people were selected by targeted sampling from people participating in traditional medicine classes, and they were divided into four groups of 40 people from each temperament group. To identify the characteristics, the questionnaires of Kettle's personality traits, Cloninger's nature and character, Mojahedi's temperament test, and also the traditional medicine expert interview were used. Descriptive statistics and multivariate variance analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the dimensions of nature and character of people with four temperament characteristics (P<0.05), although it is worth mentioning that no significant difference was observed in the two dimensions of harm avoidance and self-management. Also, there was no significant difference between temperament groups in the dimensions of personality traits. Conclusion: Considering that the present research is important to examine the questions and ambiguities about the characteristics of the nature and character of people with different temperamental characteristics based on Iranian traditional medicine and psychology, it is hoped that to make a definite opinion in this field, more researches by Researchers should do it, because by using the methods of symptoms and semiotics of traditional medicine experts and personality models of psychologists, we can take a step towards a broader path for awareness and recognition of the characteristics of people's personality traits. Considering the relative concordance of the obtained results, it is suggested that more research be done in the field of temperament and character traits in children, adolescents, and adults. Therefore, it can be used to identify the personality traits of people who refer to counseling centers in the field of pre-marriage and divorce counseling, determining academic, academic, and career fields, so that they can enjoy a satisfactory quality of life and social relationships. It is hoped that by using it by doctors, psychologists, and counselors in different aspects of people's lives, an effective step will be taken in the direction of improving mental well-being.}, Keywords = {Characteristics of Personality Traits, Nature, Character Temperament Characteristics}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {433-441}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه ویژگی‌های صفات شخصیتی و سرشت و منش در افراد دارای صفات مزاجی متفاوت}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: افراد ویژگی‌های صفات شخصیتی و مزاجی مختلفی دارند، که آگاهی و شناخت بیشتر از آن تا حدی باعث بهبود کیفیت زندگی می­گردد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر مقایسه ویژگی‌های صفات شخصیتی و سرشت و منش افراد دارای ویژگی‌های مزاجی متفاوت بود. روش کار: در پژوهش حاضر که از نوع علی- مقایسه‌ای است، تعداد160 نفر با روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند از افراد شرکت‌کننده درکلاس‌های طب سنتی انتخاب شدند و در چهار گروه 40 نفره، از هر گروه مزاجی قرار گرفتند. به منظور تشخیص ویژگی‌ها از پرسشنامه‌های ویژگی‌های صفات شخصیتی کتل، سرشت و منش کلونینجر، سنجش مزاج مجاهدی و همچنین مصاحبه تخصصی طب سنتی استفاده گردید. به جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از شاخص‌های آمار توصیفی و روش تحلیل واریانس چند متغیری استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد بین ابعاد سرشت و منش افراد با ویژگی‌های مزاجی چهارگانه تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد (05/0>P)، البته شایان ذکر است که در دو بعد آسیب‌پرهیزی و خودراهبری تفاوت معناداری مشاهده نشد. همچنین در ابعاد ویژگی‌های صفات شخصیتی تفاوت معناداری بین گروه های مزاجی وجود نداشت. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به اینکه پژوهش‌ حاضر، در راستای بررسی سوالات و ابهامات در مورد ویژگی‌های سرشت و منش افراد دارای ویژگی‌های مزاجی متفاوت مبتنی بر طب سنتی ایرانی و روانشناسی حائز اهمیت می‌باشد، امید است به منظور اظهار نظر قطعی در این زمینه پژوهش‌های بیشتری توسط پژوهشگران انجام گیرد چرا که با بکارگیری روش‌های علائم و نشانه‌شناسی متخصصین طب سنتی و مدل‌های شخصیتی روانشناسان می‌توانیم در راستای مسیری گسترده تر برای آگاهی و شناخت ویژگی‌های صفات شخصیتی افراد گام برداریم.}, keywords_fa = {ویژگی‌های صفات شخصیتی, سرشت, منش ویژگی‌های مزاجی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8167-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8167-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ashorion, Maryam and Izadi, Razieh and Haghayegh, Sayed Abbas}, title = {The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on the Symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Practical Obsession with Washing}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a severe and chronic disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions or both. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the most debilitating mental disorders characterized by repetitive thoughts, impulses, anxiety-provoking images (obsessions), or behavioral or mental activities that the sufferer feels must perform in a ritualistic manner to reduce or avoid anxiety. It is known to prevent anxiety-provoking consequences. People suffering from this disorder can have obsessive thoughts, obsessive actions or both of them together, as a result of which these obsessive thoughts and actions are very time-consuming and disrupt the person's work, academic and social relations. Among the obsessive disorders, washing obsessive disorder is the most common clinical picture of obsessive compulsive disorder. Obsession with washing is disturbing feelings that the contamination has not been removed despite repeated washing, many sufferers of this disease believe that any accidental contact or exposure to contamination will lead to complete contamination and serious damage. Due to this way of thinking, the patient is constantly worried about protecting himself from pollution, turns to extreme cleaning and washing, but still hardly feels clean. Among the obsessions, pollution obsession is the most common obsession, and the forced behavior of washing and cleaning after checking is the second most practical obsession. Considering the high prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder and the need of the society for the intervention and challenge of therapists with these patients, it has directed studies and researches in counseling centers to always look for treatment methods that can be offered as suggestions to psychotherapists. Studies show that various approaches and treatments have been offered to treat obsession and related disorders. A new approach is in the field of acceptance and commitment treatment. In this approach, instead of changing cognitions, one tries to increase the psychological connection of a person with his thoughts and feelings and make people accept, be aware and be observant towards themselves. The main goal of therapy based on acceptance and commitment is to increase cognitive flexibility, which is done through the six main processes of acceptance, cognitive dissonance, self as context, being in the present, values, and committed action. As the most common obsessive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the serious psychological health problems, besides causing considerable anxiety or confusion in the individual, it imposes huge economic and social costs on the society every year. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on the symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder and practical obsession with washing. Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The research population included all male and female patients who referred to the Tamasha counseling center in one district of Isfahan city in the spring and summer of 2022, from which 30 people were randomly selected by purposeful sampling into two groups of 15 people (two groups of experimental and a control group) were assigned. The inclusion criteria were having diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder based on DSM-5; Confirmation of OCD diagnosis by the psychiatrist and psychologist in charge of the treatment center, willingness and informed consent to participate in the research, having at least middle school education, age between 20-60 years. In addition, non-participation in other treatment programs at the same time, non-receipt of individual counseling or drug therapy, and absence of more than two sexes were the exclusion criteria of this study. The data collection tool was the Yale Brown Obsession Scale (1989). Acceptance and commitment therapy sessions were held for the experimental group for 8 sessions of 90 minutes (two sessions per week), but the group did not receive a training certificate. In this research, it was tried to observe ethical considerations, including before holding the workshop, necessary explanations were given to the people about the goals and content of the meetings, participation in the workshop was free and optional, people were told their personal information and all the materials during the meetings. , will remain confidential and only the statistical data of the questionnaires will be used without mentioning names and only for research purposes. Also, SPSS version 22 software and multivariate covariance analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: According to the results, 25 of the subjects (83.3%) were women and 5 (16.7%) were men. 9 people (30%) had a bachelor's degree, 10 people (33.3%) had a diploma, 10 people (33.3%) had a bachelor's degree, and one person (3.3%) had a master's degree. The results of the comparison between the experimental group and the control group showed that the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the experimental group were significantly reduced compared to the control group, so that the effect size showed that 25.7% of obsessive-compulsive changes and 32.1% of Changes in obsessive compulsive behavior (washing) are affected by acceptance and commitment therapy. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that acceptance and commitment therapy was effective in reducing obsessive-compulsive symptoms (washing), so it is suggested to use acceptance and commitment therapy in health improvement interventions to reduce obsessive-compulsive symptoms. be used practically.}, Keywords = {Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Thought Obsession, Washing Practical Obsession}, volume = {29}, Number = {10}, pages = {442-449}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی درمان پذیرش و تعهد بر نشانه‌های اختلال وسواس فکری و وسواس عملی شستشو}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اختلال وسواس فکری-عملی ازجمله اختلالات ناتوان‌کننده است که عملکرد افراد را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد، لذا مطالعه حاضر باهدف تعیین اثربخشی درمان پذیرش و تعهد بر نشانه‌های اختلال وسواس فکری و وسواس عملی شستشو انجام شد. روش کار: روش پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی با طرح پیش‌آزمون- پس‌آزمون با گروه کنترل بود. جامعه پژوهش شامل تمامی بیماران زن و مرد مراجعه‌کننده به مرکز مشاوره تماشا در منطقه یک شهر اصفهان در فاصله زمانی بهار و تابستان 1401 بودند که از بین آن‌ها 30 نفر به روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب و به‌صورت تصادفی در دو گروه 15 نفره (دو گروه آزمایش و یک گروه کنترل) گمارده شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها مقیاس وسواس فکری- عملی ییل براون (۱۹۸۹) بود. جلسات درمان پذیرش و تعهد برای گروه آزمایش به مدت ۸ جلسه 9۰ دقیقه‌ای (هفته‌ای دو جلسه) برگزار شد، اما گروه گواه آموزشی دریافت نکرد. جهت تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 22 و آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس چند متغیره استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج مقایسه گروه‌ آزمایش با گروه کنترل نشان داد که نشانگان اختلال وسواس فکری-عملی، در گروه آزمایش نسبت به گروه کنترل به‌طور معناداری کاهش پیداکرده است، به‌نحوی‌که اندازه اثر نشان داد که ۷/۲۵ درصد از تغییرات وسواس فکری و ۱/۳۲ درصد از تغییرات وسواس عملی (شستشو) متأثر از درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد است. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که درمان پذیرش و تعهد در کاهش نشانگان وسواس فکری- عملی (شستشو) مؤثر واقع بود، لذا پیشنهاد می‌شود که در مداخلات بهبود سلامت در کنار سایر روش‌های درمانی از درمان پذیرش و تعهد برای کاهش نشانگان وسواس فکری- عملی استفاده شود.}, keywords_fa = {درمان پذیرش و تعهد, وسواس فکری, وسواس عملی شستشو}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8166-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8166-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Badi, Rasool and Ahmadi, Mozhgan and Aghafathi, Ameneh and Molaie, Ami}, title = {Compare the Effect of Two Training Methods on the Interleukin-15 and Neutrophil Count in Young Athletes}, abstract ={Background & Aims: One of the methods that coaches use to simulate a real game is training or small sided games, and now the study of small sided games is one of the topics that has received the most attention of researchers active in soccer (3). Small sided games are defined as a smaller version of the official game, in which the trainers divide the playground into several small sided according to the training objectives (2). small sided games allow for increased individual participation and short-term physiological and immunological responses (4,5). However, little information is available on the effects of this type of training methods on physiological characteristics, including the immune responses of soccer players (6,7). One of the cytokines involved in immunity is interleukin-15 (IL-15). Interleukin 15 is involved in the interaction and cooperation between adipose-muscle tissue and increases the metabolism of adipose tissue triglycerides and provides the resulting fatty acid to muscle fibers for consumption. On the other hand, this cytokine precipitates free fatty acid deposition, reduces adipose tissue and thus has potential role in weight control (10). On the other hand, some interleukins can increase the motility of neutrophils at the site of inflammation (14, 15). Neutrophils are among the axes of the innate human immune system, which according to available reports, their function is easily affected by the quality and quantity of physical activity (16). small sided games are one of the training methods that can simulate the needs of racing (2). The importance of this type of training method is such that many coaches in the world often use it to simulate the physical, technical and tactical needs of a real soccer match (18), however, the impact of this type of training on the immune system and aspects Its physiological properties have received less attention. Examining the effects of this type of exercise on the immune system and especially the functional components of this system, including cytokines, can provide very effective information. There are contradictions in the research on the effect of exercise on IL-15, some of which have confirmed the acute effects of resistance training on this cytokine (11) and in another study, the lack of effect of endurance training on IL-15 has been reported (19). Therefore, in order to answer the ambiguities in this field, it is necessary to conduct various researches based on different variables such as the type, intensity and duration of training. On the other hand, a study that examines the effect of training in the field Small on IL-15 and neutrophils were not found. Therefore, the present study intends to compare the effect two modes of small sided games on the interleukin-15 and neutrophil levels in soccer players. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 24 youth soccer players of Tehran Province Premier League (15 to 18 years old) were selected and randomly divided into three groups include; control, 2 vs. 2 and 4 vs. 4. small sided game 2 vs. 2 consisted of eight two-minute activities with a minute of rest between each two minutes of play on a field measuring 20 by 25 meters. Also, the small sided game 4-on-4 included four four-minute activities with two minutes of rest after every four minutes on a field measuring 28 by 35 meters. Plasma levels of interleukin-15 and blood neutrophil counts were measured. Data were analyzed by t-test, One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at the P <0.05. Results: The results showed that IL-15 levels increased significantly only after small sided game 2 vs. 2 compared to before training (p=0.043). The number of neutrophils in both experimental groups increased significantly compared to before exercise (p=0.001). There was no significant difference in the number of neutrophils between the two experimental groups (p=1.000). Conclusion:  The results of the present study showed that immediately after 2 vs. 2 in the small sided games, IL-15 levels increased significantly, although increase in IL-15 levels was also seen in exercise 4 vs. 4, but this increase, from the comment was not statistically significant. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of some Previous research showed that exercise leads to significant increase in IL-15 levels (11,20). Due to the fact that exercise training is performed in different intensities and will have different effects, according to the above, it can be suggested that one of the reasons for the difference between the effect of exercise 2 vs. 2 compared to 4 vs. 4 in contrast to IL-15, the intensity of exercise is high, which increases the response of interleukin-15 to exercise. No change or increase in IL-15 has been observed following exercise. These changes probably depend more than anything on the age and training status of the subjects. In any case, more research is needed and with only one research cannot be concluded with confidence. also, it has been suggested by Ajuwon and Spurlock (2004) that IL-15 may be produced by organs in response to immune stress in muscle protein stability and fat oxidation to produce energy (26). Therefore, the action of interleukin-15 on muscle mass and fat can be important for exercise. In the present study, small sided game 20-25 compared to small sided game 28-35 led to a further increase in interleukin-15 levels. In this regard, it has been shown that in a training session, there is strong inverse relationship between the reaction of interleukin-15 circulating to the intensity and duration of training, so that longer and less intense muscle activity can reduce the secretion of this myokine (11).  As mentioned, the intensity of training on small sided can be adjusted by changing or manipulating several factors, including the number of players involved in training, the size and shape of the small sided. Research has shown that training in small sided with fewer players increases heart rate more than training in small sided with more players (2). Also, the results of the present study showed that exercise 2 vs. 2 and 4 vs. 4 increased the number of neutrophils, which is in line with the results of previous research (29,30). It is possible that the increase in neutrophil count is mainly due to exercise-induced muscle injury, but this increase has been seen following exercise that does not cause muscle damage (32). Also, some studies have shown that regular exercise reduces the number of neutrophils in active people (33). Because exercise can be considered a stress, and stress (both physical and mental) causes messages to be released from the brain and affect the functioning of the human immune system, the main neuroendocrine pathways against stress activated on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the human immune system controls the release of glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) and catecholamines. Thus, the primary increase in neutrophils is rooted in the release of catecholamines and the secondary increase is rooted in plasma cortisol activity (34). Overall, it seems that high intensity training on smaller pitches (Exercise 2 vs. 2 on 20-25m field) increased the IL-15 response. As mentioned, IL-15 is secreted by organs in response to immune stress in muscle protein stability and fat oxidation to produce energy. Therefore, the action of IL-15 on muscle mass and fat can be important for exercise. Therefore, it is recommended to use the game on smaller fields in order to have its benefits.}, Keywords = {Exercise, Neutrophils, IL-15, Young athletes}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه تاثیر دو شیوه تمرین بر اینترلوکین-15 و میزان نوتروفیل‌ها در ورزشکاران جوان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بازی در زمین­های کوچک یکی از روش­های تمرینی است که می­تواند نیازهای مسابقه­ای را شبیه­سازی نماید. هدف از این پژوهش، مقایسه اثر دو شیوه تمرین بر اینترلوکین-15 و میزان نوتروفیل­ها در ورزشکاران جوان بود. روش کار: در این تحقیق نیمه تجربی، تعداد 24 بازیکن فوتبال رده جوانان لیگ برتر استان تهران (15 تا 18سال)  به صورت نمونه­گیری در دسترس انتخاب و در سه گروه کنترل، 2 در مقابل 2 و 4 در مقابل 4 تقسیم شدند. بازی 2 در مقابل 2 شامل هشت فعالیت دو دقیقه­ای با یک دقیقه استراحت بین هر دو دقیقه بازی در زمینی به ابعاد 20 در 25متر انجام شد. همچنین بازی 4 در مقابل 4 شامل چهار فعالیت چهار دقیقه­ای با دو دقیقه استراحت بعد از هر چهار دقیقه در زمینی به ابعاد 28 در 35 متر انجام شد. قبل و بعد از تمرین، سطوح پلاسمایی اینترلوکین-15 و تعداد نوتروفیل­های خون آزمودنی­ها اندازه­گیری شد. داده­ها با استفاده از آزمون t، تحلیل واریانس یک­طرفه و آزمون تعقیبی توکی در سطح معنی­داری 05/0 P< تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ­ها: میزان IL-15 تنها پس از بازی 2 در مقابل 2 نسبت به قبل از تمرین به­طور معنی­داری افزایش یافت (043/0P=). تعداد نوتروفیل در هر دو گروه تجربی نسبت به قبل از تمرین به­طور معنی­داری افزایش یافت (001/0P=). بین دو گروه تجربی تفاوت معنی­داری در تعداد نوتروفیل­ها مشاهده نشد (000/1P=).  نتیجه ­گیری: احتمالا پاسخ اینترلوکین-15 به شدت بالای تمرین می­تواند در پاسخ به استرس ایمنی در پایداری پروتئین عضله و اکسیداسیون چربی برای تولید انرژی مهم باشد.}, keywords_fa = {شناختی-رفتاری, پریشانی روان شناختی, پرخوری عصبی, اضافه وزن}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7095-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7095-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {MoteraghebJafarpoure, Leila and Tajeri, Biuok and Khalatbari, Jav}, title = {Women}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Cancer is considered the major health problem in the 21st century. The increasing growth of cancer in about last two decades and the detrimental effects it has had on the physical, mental, social and economic aspects of human life have, more than ever, caused concern among experts. Cancer is a "life-threatening disease" that kills more than 6.7 million people each year. Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women. It is a highly heterogeneous disease in which hereditary and environmental risk factors play a role, leading to the accumulation of masses and progressive genetic and epigenetic changes in breast cancer cells. In recent years, the Psychodrama approach has been used in the psychological improvement of cancer patients. In this type of treatment, screening is used to promote the mental health of patients. Researchers have examined the usefulness of Psychodrama in the emotional regulation of patients. People who have a high level of interaction with others, their emotions are dominant and use less logical thinking in the face of different situations. These people are in dire need of approval from important people in their lives and therefore are more disposed to psychological problems such as depression in the event of stress and interpersonal problems. Psychodrama can be effective in reducing their integration by developing the role of individuals and increasing their spontaneity and creativity. In fact, Psychodrama is a method of therapy that helps participants in a process to recreate their social and psychological issues in a real context, because this treatment provides an opportunity for them to be able to vent their emotions in the right direction. Psychodrama is one of the types of group therapies that help a person to review and discover the psychological dimensions of his problem by showing them and not just through dialogue. This approach, which uses mental imagery, imagination, physical actions, and group dynamics, is a combination of art, play, emotional sensitivity, and outspoken thinking that facilitates the release of trapped emotions to help individuals acquire new and more effective behaviors and to open up undiscovered ways of resolving conflict as well as recognizing one's own form. Psychodrama connects cognitive analysis with experimental and action dimensions. In practice, implementing interpersonal interaction in a problem, involving the body and mind that an event is taking place in the present, conveys ideas and feelings to a person's level of awareness that are not possible only in the case of talking about that issue. Non-verbal aspects not only affect the quantity and quality of the relationship, but are also clues to latent internal motivations and attitudes, such as behaviors with more anger or more obvious states of fear that raise awareness of emotions Which may be hidden in the person. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a combination of theories and techniques of behavior therapy and cognitive therapy. Behavioral and cognitive approaches both derive to some extent from the empirical tradition and its emphasis is on increasing cognitive skills and decreasing maladaptive cognitive activities, and it also uses behavioral tasks to change behavior and these methods are used for patients according to their progress in each session. In a research entitled “The effect of group training on cognitive-behavioral therapy based on improving quality of life on hope and happiness in people with breast cancer” Naqibi, Saeedi and Khazaei found that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the variables of hope and happiness after adjusting the pre-test scores. A cancer diagnosis can affect the emotional health of patients, families, and caregivers. Common feelings during this life-changing experience include anxiety, distress, and depression. Roles at home, school, and work can be affected. It's important to recognize these changes and get help when needed.   Methods: The current study was a quasi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test with a control group with follow-up. The statistical population of this study included all women aged 30-50 years with breast cancer who referred to a specialist doctor's clinic for treatment and received a diagnosis of breast cancer. The sample of the current study consisted of 45 people (15 people for each group; ie 15 people in experimental group 1, ie 15 people in experimental group 2 and 15 people in control group). In this study, the available sampling method was used; Among the people who were introduced through surgical clinics or through other specialists. About 45 patients were selected and randomly assigned again in three groups and 15 experimental (two groups) and control in each group. Inclusion criteria were; 1- Not using psychotropic drugs, narcotics and psychological therapies during the study, 2- Being over 30 years old, 3- Not having acute or chronic mental disorders, and 4- Expressing satisfaction for the participation of the subjects and criteria for leaving The study included; 1- Not attending the experimental sessions and intervention for more than two sessions, 2- Not wanting to continue attending the experimental sessions and intervention and 3- Having a severe psychiatric disorder that needs immediate treatment. The Reef Psychological Well-being Questionnaire (1989) was administered pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The therapeutic packages of psychodrama therapy and cognitive behavior therapy applied on experimental groups (ninety minutes each session) weekly and the control group did not receive any therapy. Results: Results showed that both of cognitive behavior therapy & psychodrama are affected the same on increasing to Mental well-being level of patients with breast cancer. Three- month follow-up confirmed these results. Conclusion: By use to cognitive behavior therapy & psychodrama (especially CBT) can to increase Mental well-being level in women with breast cancer. Then this component affective to raise the health of these patients. This research has been done sectional and it is necessary to control comorbidities. The available research sample may not be representative of all patients. The results of the present study can be generalized to breast cancer patients with demographic characteristics related to this study and if it needs to be generalized to other women, this should be done with caution and sufficient knowledge. The treatment protocols implemented in this study were not implemented as a specific program for breast cancer patients, but a group training program was used. Due to the time constraints, if the time and conditions for follow-up and follow-up are possible in a longer period of time, we can talk about the treatment results with more certainty and confidence. However, due to executive and financial problems and time limitations of the dissertation, this opportunity was not provided in this study.  }, Keywords = {Psychological Wellbeing, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Psychodrama, Breast Cancer}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {12-23}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه اثربخشی دو ریکرد درمانی روان نمایشگری و شناختی- رفتاری بر بهزیستی ذهنی زنان مبتلا به سرطان پستان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: سرطان از جمله بیماری‌های شایع است که با توجه به لزوم مداخله برای بهبود ویژگی‌های زنان مبتلا به سرطان پستان و پژوهش‌های اندک درباره اثربخشی شناختی رفتاری، پژوهش حاضر به مقایسه اثربخشی روان نمایشگری و شناختی- رفتاری بر بهزیستی ذهنی در زنان مبتلا به سرطان پستان پرداخت. روش کار: جامعه آماری این پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی شامل کلیه بیماران 30–50 سال مبتلا به سرطان پستان در سال 99- 1398 بودند که جهت درمان به پزشک متخصص و مرکز تحقیقات سرطان در بیمارستان شهدای تجریش مراجعه کرده و تحت عمل جراحی ماستکتومی قرار گرفتند. نمونه پژوهش حاضر براساس نمونه‌گیری در دسترس و مبتنی بر هدف شامل 45 نفر بود که به سه گروه آزمایشی روان نمایشگری، گروه آزمایشی شناختی- رفتاری و گروه کنترل تقسیم شدند. ابزار پژوهش، پرسشنامه بهزیستی ذهنی ریف (1989) و پروتکل‌های درمانی روان نمایشگری (قطبی‌نژاد و همکاران، 1398) و درمان شناختی- رفتاری خرازی و همکاران (1397) (هر جلسه شصت دقیقه) بود. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از تحلیل واریانس آمیخته استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که دو شیوه درمان گروهی روان‌نمایشگری و شناختی- رفتاری بر بهزیستی ذهنی در پس‌آزمون اثر معنی‌دار داشت. همچنین بین نمرات بهزیستی ذهنی در سه مرحله پیش‌آزمون، پس‌آزمون و پیگیری صرف‌نظر از گروه، تفاوت وجود داشت. از بین روش‌های درمان شناختی- رفتاری و روان نمایشگری، درمان گروهی شناختی- رفتاری در بهبود بهزیستی ذهنی زنان مبتلا به سرطان پستان مؤثرتر بود. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان‌دهنده  با استفاده از شیوه درمان شناختی رفتاری می­توان بهزیستی ذهنی زنان مبتلا به سرطان پستان را بهبود بخشید.}, keywords_fa = {بهزیستی ذهنی, درمان شناختی- رفتاری, روان نمایشگری, سرطان پستان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6653-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6653-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Bayatani, Sareh and Ahmadi, Rahim and Gholamrezaei, Nik}, title = {The Effects of Aspirin on Bax, Bcl-2 and iNOS Expression Level in Hela Cancer Cell Line}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Cervical cancer develops in female cervix. 99% of cervical cancer cases are linked to infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV). Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women. Effective primary (HPV vaccination) and secondary prevention approaches can prevent most cervical cancer cases. The treatment of cervical cancer varies worldwide. Radiation may be used in all stages where surgical options do not exist. In addition, chemotherapy can be used to treat cervical cancer, and has been found to be more effective than radiation alone. However, prevention methods are very important to be considered to overcome the soaring incidence of cervical cancers (1,2). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) are a group of medicines that relieve pain and fever and reduce inflammation. They work by blocking a specific group of enzymes called cyclo-oxygenase enzymes (COX enzymes) leading to reducing of prostaglandins production. Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is an NSAID used to reduce pain, fever, or inflammation. Aspirin is also used long-term to help prevent further heart attacks, ischaemic strokes, and blood clots in people at high risk. Aspirin decomposes rapidly in some chemical solutions including ammonium acetate or the acetates. Aspirin's ability to suppress the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes is due to its irreversible inactivation of the cyclooxygenase enzyme required for prostaglandin synthesis. Aspirin also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in certain tissues mitochondria, by diffusing from the inner membrane space as a proton carrier back into the mitochondrial matrix, where it ionizes once again to release protons. There is evidence that has shown that aspirin as a chemoprotective agent may reduce overall cancer incidence and mortality in colorectal, esophageal and gastric cancers with smaller effects on prostate, breast and lung cancer. Research has shown that NSAIDs such as aspirin play a role in preventing cancer development in a variety of organs including colon, pancreas, stomach, uterus and esophagus (3,4). In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that NSAIDs have significant inhibitory effects on a variety of tumors, including gastrointestinal tumors and tumors of the reproductive system. Recent research suggest that NSAIDs have inhibitory effects on ovarian, breast, and cervical cancer cells in vivo and in vitro (5-10).  Aspirin has been reported to have antitumor effects on reproductive cancer cells (11). However, contrary to research findings that confirm the anti-tumor effects of aspirin on cancer cells of the reproductive system, some research has shown that aspirin has no significant effects on cancer development. Some research results have not shown a significant association between aspirin and reduced endometrial and ovarian cancers (12, 13). Although many studies demonstrate the anti-cancer effects of aspirin, the inhibitory effect of aspirin on cancer cells are still challenging. The present study investigated the cytotoxic effects of aspirin on cervical cancer (Hela) cells in vitro and the effects of cytotoxic concentration of aspirin on expression level of apoptotic BAX, anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and iNOS in cervical cancer cells. Methods: In this experimental-laboratory study, cervical cancer cell line was purchased from Pasteur Institute and divided into aspirin-treated groups with 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01,0.1, 1 and 10 mg /ml, and control (untreated) group. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2–5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to determine cell viability through determination of mitochondrial function of cells by measuring activity of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase, during which, MTT is reduced to a purple formazan by NADH. The product was quantified by light absorbance at 570 nm. The expression levels of BAX, Bcl-2, iNOS genes were evaluated by Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) technique. Total RNAs were extracted with the high purity RNA extraction kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions and reverse-transcribed into cDNAs. Then, real-time quantitative PCR was conducted to analyze Bax , Bcl-2, iNOS and GAPDH expression levels. The expression of genes was calculated based on 2-ΔΔCT method and was normalized to the loading control, GAPDH. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: The results of the present study showed that cervical cancer (Hela) cell viability did not change significantly when exposed to 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 of aspirin compared to control group. However, exposure of cervical cancer cells to 1 and 10 mg / ml of aspirin significantly reduced cell viability (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). BAX, Bcl-2 and iNOS expression levels significantly increased in cervical cancer cells exposed to1 mg/ml of aspirin. The BAX / Bcl-2 ratio was 3.18 showing the higher level of apoptotic BAX than anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression level. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that lower concentrations of aspirin did not have cytotoxic effects on cervical cancer cells, but higher concentrations could induce BAX-dependent apoptosis by increasing the ratio of BAX to Bcl-2 expression level, and increasing the relative expression of Nitric oxide synthase gene. After binding to its receptor and triggering a chain of reactions, aspirin is thought to trigger the expression of apoptotic genes by acting on DNA and transcription. In this way, BAX in the mitochondrial membrane, after homodimerization and oligomerization, causes the opening of anion channels, and consequently the potential difference of the mitochondrial membrane changes. These channels release proteins and apoptotic factors such as cytochrome C into the cellular cytosol, and following this release, apoptosis occurs with the activation of caspase cascade. In this study, the cytotoxic concentration of aspirin, in addition to significantly increasing the expression of BAX apoptotic gene, unexpectedly increased Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic gene, but due to the very high ratio of BAX to Bcl-2, increased gene expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was not able to counteract the high level of BAX expression and thus the process of induction of apoptosis has occurred in cervical cancer cells. The results of this study showed that aspirin increases the expression level of iNOS gene, which in turn plays a role in apoptosis induction in cervical cancer cells. Conclusively, lower concentrations of aspirin (and physio-pharmacological doses) do not have significant anticancer effects on cervical cancer cells. However, further experimental, clinical and epidemiological studies are required to determine the exact anticancer effects of aspirin on the cervical cancer cells.}, Keywords = {Aspirin, BAX gene, Bcl-2 gene, iNOS gene, Hela cell line}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {24-33}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی اثرات آسپیرین بر سطح بیان ژنهای BAX، Bcl-2 و iNOS در رده سلولی سرطانی Hela}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: مطالعات نشان داده اند که آسپرین دارای اثرات ضدسرطانی بر سلول‌های سرطانی می‌باشد. گرچه یافته‌های پژوهشی بیانگر اثرات ضد سرطانی آسپرین می‌باشند، اما اثر مهاری آسپرین بر سلول‌های سرطانی هنوز نیز چالش برانگیز است.  مطالعه حاضر به بررسی اثرات سیتوتوکسیک آسپرین بر سلول‌های سرطانی دهانه رحم و بیان ژن‌های BAX، Bcl-2 و iNOS پرداخته است. روش کار: طی این تحقیق تجربی- آزمایشگاهی، رده سلولی سرطانی دهانه رحم از انستیتو پاستور خریداری شد و سلول‌ها به گروه‌های تیمار شده با آسپرین در غلظت‌های 0001/0، 001/0، 01/0، 1/0، 1 و 10 میلی‌گرم بر میلی‌لیتر و نیز گروه کنترل (عدم تیمار) تقسیم‌بندی شدند. زنده مانی سلول‌ها به کمک روش سنجش MTT  اندازه گیری شد و سطح بیان ژن‌های BAX، Bcl-2،  iNOS با کمک تکنیک  RT-qPCR ارزیابی گردید. داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون آماری واریانس یک طرفه آنالیز شدند.  یافته‌ها: غلظت‌های 1 و 10 میلی‌گرم/میلی‌لیتر آسپیرین سبب کاهش معنادار زنده‌مانی سلول‌ها گردید (به ترتیب 05/0 p< و 001/0p <). دوز 1 میلی‌گرم/میلی‌لیتر آسپیرین سبب افزایش نسبت BAX/Bcl-2 (18/3) و سطح بیان ژن iNOS (05/0 p<) در سلول‌های Hela شد.   نتیجه‌گیری: غلظت‌های پایین آسپیرین دارای اثرات سیتوتوکسیک بر سلول‌های سرطانی دهانه رحم نبوده، اما غلظت‌های بالاتر اثرات سیتوتوکسیک داشته و می‌توانند احتمالا سبب آپوپتوز وابسته به BAX و نیتریک اکساید در سلول‌های سرطانی دهانه رحم شوند. در مجموع به نظر می‌آید آسپیرین با دوز مصرفی فارماکولوژیک اثرات ضد سرطانی بر سرطان دهانه رحم نخواهد داشت.}, keywords_fa = {آسپیرین,ژن Bax, ژن Bcl-2, ژن iNOS, رده سلولی Hela}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7092-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7092-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Sahebdel, Somayeh and Zarei, Ali and Esmaeili, Mohammad Rez}, title = {The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Psychological Distress in People with Bulimia Nervosa}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Sometimes referred to as mental methods of measuring quality of life, life satisfaction is a multilevel structure that relates to the overall assessment of life areas such as health, capital, occupation, self-esteem, and interpersonal relationships [2]. Leisure and the way it is spent one of the recent concepts that after the industrialization of societies, the growth of capitalism and the expansion of cities found its true meaning [6]. In order to examine the benefits of leisure, various studies have placed great emphasis on individuals' mental assessments of their leisure time in the literature. This emphasis was more on the concept of perceived freedom in leisure, which was used to measure the performance of tasks (tasks) of people during leisure. Perceived freedom has been one of the most important aspects of understanding leisure behaviors. Self-esteem was another structure that was examined in this study, based on its close relationship with the perception of leisure freedom and life satisfaction [9]. Self-esteem is related to a positive or negative attitude towards oneself and reflects one's feelings of self-worth. This factor seems to be important for a successful and satisfying life, as one of the main characteristics of being good (being healthy) [2]. Also, another variable that has been studied in accordance with the variables of this research is psychological well-being. Reef sees psychological well-being as the pursuit of perfection in the realization of one's true potential. Psychological well-being refers to the quality of life experienced and reflects desirable psychological performance and experience [11]. Exercise and physical activity are extremely valuable tools as one of the ways to spend leisure time, which today is the largest part of the leisure time of millions of people around the world. Rati and Lee (2020) state that psychological well-being has an effect on life satisfaction [18]. Liang et al. (2020) believe that self-esteem has an effect on life satisfaction [19]. But Agiar (2014) in a study examined perceived freedom and leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction among Turkish women and showed that perceived freedom in leisure time did not affect life satisfaction, although psychological, social subscales, Physiologically and aesthetically, leisure satisfaction was significantly associated with participants' life satisfaction [23]. In expressing the necessity of research, it can be said that considering the importance of self-esteem, perceived leisure freedom, psychological well-being in the lives of people, including students, and the effects that these factors can have on people's life satisfaction, the result of this research is It can pave the way for discovering some factors affecting students' life satisfaction and provide a more logical justification for promoting attention to the mentioned factors and indicators among students and in society in general, Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the communication model of perceived freedom in sports leisure, self-esteem, psychological well-being and life satisfaction among students. Methods: The research was Quantitative method and descriptive in terms of implementation path, survey type based on structural equations. The statistical population of the present study is all physical education and non-physical education students of Azad University located in Tehran in research sciences units; Medical Sciences Branch, Central Tehran Branch, North Tehran Branch, East Tehran Branch, West Tehran Branch and South Tehran Branch, which consisted of 373 people according to Morgan table and unlimited population size based on cluster random sampling method Sample titles were selected from each unit. Reef (1989) Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire, Ellis, Peter & Witt (1984), Rosenberg (1965) and Denise (1985) Life Satisfaction Questionnaire were used to collect data. Pearson correlation coefficient test and structural equations were used to analyze the data using SPSS and AMOS software. Results: According to the results of Pearson correlation test, there is a significant positive relationship between the variables of perceived freedom in sports leisure, psychological well-being, self-esteem and life satisfaction. Also, based on fitness indicators (GFI, CFI, RMSEA) and other fitness indicators (CFI, NFI, IFI), the communication model of perceived freedom in sports leisure, self-esteem, psychological well-being and life satisfaction has had a favorable fit. The results showed that perceived freedom in sports leisure on psychological well-being and life satisfaction; Self-esteem has a significant positive effect on psychological well-being and life satisfaction and psychological well-being on life satisfaction of physical education students. Conclusion: According to the research findings, there is a significant positive relationship between perceived freedom in sports leisure and psychological well-being and life satisfaction. The results of the model also showed that perceived freedom in sports leisure has a significant positive effect on psychological well-being and life satisfaction of physical education students. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research [2, 17, 18, 23, 28]. It could be argued that students who perceived higher levels of freedom identified themselves as more deserving individuals and were able to control what happened before, during, and after participation in their spare time. In contrast, those who perceived lower levels of leisure freedom (with less perception of leisure freedom) were subjected to a learned misery and helplessness that led to a different end of the chain (hierarchy) in White's perception of leisure freedom. Thus, lower levels of perceived freedom were likely to lead to lower levels of leisure participation. This ultimately leads to the loss of a variety of benefits from leisure participation such as positive mental and physical health and greater physiological (mental) health, self-esteem, psychological well-being, happiness and higher social interaction, especially in the case of university students, which are the main objectives of this study. Having a strong will and self-esteem, decision-making power and initiative, creativity and innovation, mental health and mental health has a direct relationship with the amount and manner of self-esteem and self-esteem, which causes a person to have higher life satisfaction and psychological well-being. Based on studies on intrinsic motivation, they propose an autonomous model of well-being. This model assumes that there are three universal psychological needs: independence, competence, and dependence; Satisfaction of these needs is a predictive tool for well-being [31]. It can be said that according to the welfare autonomy model, the effect of self-acceptance, collective feeling and dependence is positively related to self-fulfillment and vitality and life satisfaction of individuals and at the same time, it is negatively related to behavioral problems. For example, students are happier during the day when they engage in activities based on innate beliefs. In addition, moving toward intrinsic goals is positively associated with increased life satisfaction among students. Explaining the results, it can be said that participation in entertainment, recreational and physical leisure activities can have positive effects on the life and psychological characteristics of physical education students such as life satisfaction, self-esteem and psychological well-being. According to the results, the need to increase the level of awareness and attitude and engage in leisure activities along with sports activities can increase life satisfaction and mental well-being of physical education students, which is done by holding training classes and evaluating leisure programs. It can be effective and useful. It is suggested that information about better life satisfaction, self-esteem and mental well-being of physical education students be made public through mass media such as radio, television, magazines, etc. to encourage the public to participate in sports. Provide. Supporting leisure sports activities should be one of the basic principles in a leisure program. One of the limitations of the present study is the lack of standard tools in the field of perceived freedom in sports leisure and also little research on this variable in the country. On the other hand, the present study is limited to all physical education students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran. Therefore, generalization of results should be done with caution. It is suggested that information about the better life satisfaction, self-esteem and psychological well-being of physical education students be made public through mass media such as radio, television, magazines, etc. to encourage the public to participate in sports.}, Keywords = {Perceived freedom, Leisure, Self-esteem, Psychological well-being, Life satisfaction}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {34-46}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مدل ارتباطی آزادی ادراک شده در اوقات فراغت ورزشی، عزت نفس، بهزیستی روانشناختی و رضایت از زندگی در بین دانشجویان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: در میان ارزش­های اجتماعی یک جامعه، اوقات فراغت یکی از ارزش­های مهم محسوب می­شود. همچنین ورزش و فعالیت‌های جسمانی از ابزارهای فوق العاده ارزشمندی بعنوان یکی از راه‌های گذراندن اوقات فراغت‌اند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی مدل ارتباطی آزادی ادراک شده در اوقات فراغت ورزشی، عزت نفس، بهزیستی روانشناختی و رضایت از زندگی در بین دانشجویان بود. روش کار: روش پژوهش کمی از نوع توصیفی، به لحاظ مسیر اجرا، از نوع پیمایشی مبتنی بر معادلات ساختاری بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر را تمامی دانشجویان تربیت بدنی و غیرتربیت بدنی دانشگاه آزاد مستقر در تهران در واحدهای علوم تحقیقات؛ واحد علوم پزشکی، واحد تهران مرکز، واحد تهران شمال، واحد تهران شرق، واحد تهران غرب و واحد تهران جنوب تشکیل دادند که تعداد 373 نفر مطابق با جدول مورگان و حجم جامعه نامحدود بر اساس روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی خوشه­ای به طور یکسان از هر واحد عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. از پرسشنامه­های بهزیستی روانشناختی ریف (1989)، ادراک آزادی فراغتی الیس، پیتر و ویت (1984)، عزت نفس روزنبرگ (1965) و رضایت از زندگی دنیز (1985) جهت جمع آوری داده­ها استفاده شد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از آزمون ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و معادلات ساختاری با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS و AMOS استفاده گردید. یافته ­ها: با توجه به نتایج آزمون همبستگی پیرسون بین متغیرهای آزادی ادراک شده در اوقات فراغت ورزشی، بهزیستی روانشناختی، عزت نفس و رضایت از زندگی ارتباط مثبت معناداری وجود دارد. همچنین بر اساس شاخص‌های برازش (GFI، CFI،RMSEA) و دیگر شاخص­های برازش (CFI، NFI، IFI) مدل ارتباطی آزادی ادراک شده در اوقات فراغت ورزشی، عزت نفس، بهزیستی روانشناختی و رضایت از زندگی دارای برازش مطلوب بوده است. نتایج نشان داد که آزادی ادراک شده در اوقات فراغت ورزشی بر بهزیستی روانشناختی  و رضایت از زندگی؛ عزت نفس بر بهزیستی روانشناختی و رضایت از زندگی و بهزیستی روانشناختی بر رضایت از زندگی دانشجویان تربیت‌بدنی اثر مثبت معنی داری وجود دارد. نتیجه­ گیری: پیشنهاد می­گردد که اطلاعات مربوط به بهتر بودن رضایت زندگی، عزت نفس و بهزیستی روانی دانشجویان تربیت بدنی از طریق رسانه­های جمعی همچون رادیو و تلویزیون و مجلات و... به اطلاع عموم رسانده شود تا موجبات تشویق و گرایش عموم به ورزش را فراهم گرداند.}, keywords_fa = {آزادی ادراک شده, اوقات فراغت, عزت نفس, بهزیستی روانشناختی, رضایت از زندگی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7152-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7152-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Nourozi, Shima and Namazi, Reyhaneh and Najafizadeh, Parvaneh and Vahabzadeh, Gelareh}, title = {The Effect of Quercetin on Saos2 Osteosarcoma Cell Line}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Osteosarcoma (also called osteogenic sarcoma) is the most common type of cancer that starts in the bones. It is a malignant mesenchymal cell tumour, characterized by pleomorphic spindle-shaped cells, capable of producing an osteoid matrix. Tumour cells metastasize primarily via the haematogenous route. This disease is very aggressive and the tumor formed is fixed, hard and irregular. The cancer cells in these tumors look like early forms of bone cells that normally help make new bone tissue, but the bone tissue in an osteosarcoma is not as strong as that in normal bones. Overall, osteosarcoma is a rare disease, however, children and teens are the most commonly affected age group, but osteosarcoma can develop at any age. Although this disease occurs sporadically, approximately 70% of tumor specimens show an abnormality in the chromosome. Moreover, regulation of cell cycle has been reported to demonstrate inherited defects in some cases. The incidence of osteosarcoma is bimodal. The first peak occurs at the ages of puberty, implying the ages of 15 to 19 in boys and the ages of 10 to 14 in girls. The second peak occurs in the elderly with the age of 75 years. Noteworthy, osteosarcoma is rare before the age of 5. With the application of multimodal chemotherapy, disease-free survival of patients with high-grade osteosarcoma has been improved to more than 60% compared to 10–20% which was reachable with the surgery as the only therapeutic approach. At present, treatment of osteosarcoma is a combination of surgery and chemotherapy both before and after the surgery. Additionally, the use of common chemotherapeutic agents such as high-dose methotrexate, cisplatin, doxorubicin and/or etoposide and ifosfamide frequently causes both acute and long-term toxicity. Although several chemotherapy regimens have been applied in the past 20 years, survival rates of patients are still not satisfying and no practical targeted therapy is discovered. Therefore, it is important to investigate different therapeutic methods and anti-tumor agents in order to find an approach that provides a higher survival rate. Flavonoids possess several biological and pharmacological activities. In addition, flavonoids have the advantage of being less toxic and can be prescribed for an extended duration. Therefore, various plant-derived flavonoids use as drugs have been reported as a modulator for chronic inflammation caused by virus infection and other diseases, such as human papillomavirus, hepatitis virus, SARS-CoV-2, autoimmune disease, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and cancer. Quercetin is a naturally occurring polyphenolic flavonoid, whose chemical name is 3,3′,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone (C15H10O7), can be found in a wide range of daily foods, such as grains, fruits, and vegetables and in higher levels in capers, buckwheat seeds, radish, onions, apples, red leaf lettuce, asparagus, nuts, and teas. It is reported that oral administration of 1 g quercetin per day is safe and is absorbed up to 60%. Quercetin has a high ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) molecules; therefore, exhibiting beneficial effects in preventing obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammation. Furthermore, quercetin is indicated to exert various anti-tumor effects both in vitro and in vivo against several cancers, such as ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, lymphoma, gastric cancer, and breast cancer. On the other hand, the high toxic effect of quercetin against cancer cells is accompanied with little or no side effects or harm to normal cells. Its wide accessibility, efficacy, and a broad range of activity, and low toxicity as compared with other examined compounds, make it an attractive chemical in the fight against diseases including cancer. It has been recognized and employed as an alternative drug in treating different cancers alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs. NO is a free radical that regulates several physiological functions and is formed by the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline by nitric oxide synthases (NOS). NO is a dual molecule that can have a tumor-protecting or stimulating effect, depending on its local concentration. Certain reports demonstrated a cytotoxic role of NO; others presented a protective role. Many investigations have shown that quercetin has anti-inflammatory activity that pulls out the nitric oxide, catalase, and cytokines, specifically TNF-α, IL-β, and IL-6, which are inflammatory mediators. Therefore, we tried to elucidate the influence of quercetin in order to suggest a new candidate for the treatment of this cancer, on in vitro NO production from Saos2 osteosarcoma cell line Methods: After 24 hours of culture of Saos2 cells in 96-well plates, different concentrations of quercetin were added to the wells for 72 hours. Cell viability was measured using the colorimetric MTT assay. Briefly, cells were incubated with 0.5mg/mL MTT in DMEM at 37 ºC under 5 % CO2 for 3 h. The blue formazan reduction product, which is generated by the action of the succinate dehydrogenase on the dye only in living cells, was dissolved in 100µL DMSO, and its absorbance was read at 570nm using a Dynex MMX microplate reader. The level of nitrite as an indicator of NO production in the culture medium was measured using modified Griess reagent. In brief, after the experiment, the medium in each well was removed and centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min at 20 ºC. Then, 100 µL of the supernatant was mixed with an equal volume of Griess reagent at room temperature for 10 min, and the absorbance was measured at 540 nm using a microplate reader. The nitrite concentration was determined from a sodium nitrite standard curve. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results of this study showed that quercetin can decrease the percentage of cell viability of Saos2 cells compared to the control group. The best effective dose is 120 μM. Also, the data showed that quercetin in all concentrations was able to reduce the production of NO levels in Saos2 cells and the best effective concentration is 120 μM. Conclusion: In this study, it was found that quercetin was able to reduce the viability of Saos2 cells, and part of its effects could be mediated partially by a decrease in NO production. However, further studies are needed on this natural compound.}, Keywords = {SaOS2, Nitric oxide, Osteosarcoma, Quercetin}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {47-57}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی اثر ضد سرطانی کوئرستین بر روی سلول های 2Saos استئوسارکوما}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: استئوسارکوم یک نئوپلاسم بدخیم غیر هماتوپوئتیک پیش‌رونده ناشی از تغییر شکل سلول‌های اولیه استخوان از منشا مزانشیم است. این بیماری بسیار تهاجمی است و تومور تشکیل شده آن ثابت، سخت و نا منظم می‌باشد. کوئرستین یک فلاوونول طبیعی زیر مجموعه بیوفلاوونوئیدها با اثرات جانبی کم می‌باشد که دارای فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی، ضد التهابی و ضد سرطانی است. هدف از این مطالعه ارزیابی کوئرستین به عنوان ماده ضدسرطانی بر روی سلول‌های Saos-2  می‌باشد. روش کار: پس از گذشت 24 ساعت از کشت سلول‌های  Saos2 در پلیت 96 خانه، غلظت‌های متفاوت از  کوئرستین به چاهک‌ها  اضافه گردید و به مدت 72 ساعت سلول‌ها با داروی مورد نظر انکوبه شدند و سپس جهت تاثیر  زنده مانی سلول‌ها در حضور و عدم حضور دارو از روش  MTT برای تعیین اثر زنده مانی سلول‌ها و از روش گریس جهت اندازه‌گیری میزان تولید نیتریک اکساید (NO) استفاده شد. داده‌ها با روش آماری واریانس یک طرفه (One way ANOVA) تجزیه و تحلیل و معنی داری در سطح 05/0 p< در نظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد کوئرستین می‌تواند موجب کاهش درصد زنده ماندن سلول‌ها در مقایسه با گروه کنترل شود. بهترین دوز موثر در غلظت 120 ماکرومول می‌باشد. همچنین داده‌ها نشان داد که کوئرستین در تمامی غلظت‌ها توانسته است باعث کاهش تولید NO در سلول‌های سرطانی شود و بهترین غلظت موثر 120 ماکرومول می‌باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: در این مطالعه مشخص شد که کوئرستین توانسته است باعث کاهش زنده مانی سلول‌های  Saos2 شود که بخشی از اثرات آن را می‌توان وابسته به  کاهش مقدار NO تولید شده نسبت داد.  }, keywords_fa = {استئوسارکوم, کوئرستین,Saos2 , نیتریک اکساید}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7275-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7275-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {AzimiGhadikolaei, Omsalme and Tabari, Mojtaba and Bagherzadeh, Mohammad Reza and Moosavi, Seyyed Jafar}, title = {Identifying the Factors Affecting the Retention of Human Resources in Medical Universities of Mazandaran Province in Crisis Situations (Covid 19)}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Today in the context of Covid 19 disease, completely changing conditions and governing organizations, increasing competition, and the need for its effectiveness in such conditions, reveals their need for a valuable generation of employees. Today, completely changing conditions and governing organizations, increasing competition, and the need for its effectiveness in such conditions, reveal their need for a valuable generation of employees. A generation that is referred to as organizational soldiers. Undoubtedly, these employees are the distinguishing feature of effective organizations. Financial and technological resources are not the only advantage of organizations, having talented and capable people can not only be considered a competitive advantage of the organization but can also compensate for the lack or disadvantage of other resources. In the current competitive situation and in an environment where continuous change and continuous innovation is its main feature, only organizations that understand the strategic role of human resources and have skilled, knowledge-based, competent, competent, elite human resources will succeed. And be capable. Organizations that can not design appropriate mechanisms and measures for the retention of their talents must inevitably watch their departure. Organizations always spend a lot of money to attract the best staff; so if they can not maintain these forces, they have wasted those costs. Dismissal of key employees can be considered detrimental to organizations in terms of replacement costs and disruptions. The intention to leave an employee affects both the organization and other employees; therefore, thinking is important to minimize the negative effects of leaving the service on the performance of the organization. Leaving the service is very costly, and given the recent recession, the importance of retaining key employees for the success of the organization has been emphasized. Due to the conditions of Covid-19, in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, which is an important system in the field of medical education, the need for human capital, especially doctors and paramedics, has intensified. In addition, the heterogeneous population pyramid of the organization in this university, which was due to the inability to maintain and train specialized human resources in previous years, has created a deep gap in this area and therefore the university decided to attract and retain human capital. To be able to intelligently choose the right way of working and the best ideas. The general indicators presented in previous studies are not appropriate or effective for universities and especially medical universities and the result is not satisfactory; therefore, the results of the present study, which is specifically conducted at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, can provide more accurate and appropriate guidance. Therefore, the researcher pursues this research to determine the factors affecting the absorption and retention of human resources of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences with an emphasis on crisis management. Methods: The present research is based on the purpose of applied research and based on the method of data collection in qualitative research and the terms of implementation method are descriptive-survey research. The statistical population of the study included 25 human resources experts of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences who were selected by purposive random sampling method using a snowball sampling method. In the content analysis section, first, by conducting interviews with experts under the title of open-ended questions, the information required for content analysis was collected. Conducting interviews with experts After 25 experts, the comments were saturated and at this stage, the interview was completed. In the next step, content analysis, coding, and indexing were performed. In the second stage of content analysis, the indicators were assigned to the components, based on which the identified indicators were divided between several components. In the next stage of content analysis, the determining components were assigned to different dimensions. In the second part, the Delphi technique was used to confirm the identified indicators. In the next step, using the Delphi technique and CVR index, validation and elimination of insignificant indicators were performed. The Delphi technique was also examined in two stages. In the first stage of this section, a closed questionnaire consisting of identified indicators was scored using a 5-point Likert scale and distributed among experts and was performed in two stages of the Delphi technique. The results of content analysis and the Delphi technique are stated below. Results: According to the results of the study, two general dimensions of human resource absorption and retention were identified. Also, 11 components were identified, out of a total of 62 identified indicators, 17 indicators were allocated to absorption and 45 indicators to human resources retention. Conclusion: The result is that 11 components of recruitment or talent search operations, volunteer forces, selection operations, distribution operations, social resource socialization operations, service compensation system, organizational support, quality of work-life, safety and health, guidance and counseling and leadership, In crisis conditions (prevalence of Covid disease 19) is effective in attracting and retaining human resources of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. In general, the main features of the model of attracting and retaining human resources in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences are: Specific innovations of this model in comparison with other existing models in the field of attracting and retaining human resources in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences; In this research, two dimensions of human resources absorption and retention were identified, which are considered as innovations in this research; and The possibility of establishing the recruitment and retention of human resources in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in terms of components identified for the recruitment and retention of human resources in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in this study can show the ability of this university in attracting and retaining human resources to confirm. Therefore, it is suggested to prepare documents from the system of attracting and retaining human resources in times of crisis so that they can be used in the future and subsequent crises. Also, conferences and seminars on human resource management in times of crisis should be held at the University of Medical Sciences.  }, Keywords = {Human Resources, Recruitment, Retention, Covid 19}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {58-67}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {شناسایی عوامل موثر بر نگهداشت نیروی انسانی در دانشگاه‌های علوم پزشکی استان مازندران در شرایط بحران (کووید 19)}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: امروزه در شرایط بیماری کووید 19، حفظ و نگهداشت نیروی انسانی در دانشگاه‌های علوم پزشکی اهمیت دارد، لذا هدف پژوهش شناسایی و تدوین عوامل موثر بر جذب و نگهداشت منابع انسانی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی استان مازندران در شرایط شیوع بیماری کووید 19 بود. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از نوع تحقیقات توصیفی-پیمایشی بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل 25 نفر از خبرگان منابع انسانی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی استان مازندران بود که از روش تصادفی هدفمند و با استفاده از شیوه نمونه گیری گلوله برفی انتخاب شدند. به منظور گردآوری اطللاعات از ابزار مصاحبه نیمه ساختار یافته استفاده شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از تحلیل محتوا و تکنیک دلفی صورت پذیرفت. یافته‌ها: مطابق با نتایج پژوهش، 2 بعد کلی جذب و نگهداشت منابع انسانی شناسایی شد. همچنین 11 مولفه شناسایی گردید که از مجموع 62 شاخص شناسایی شده 17شاخص به جذب و 45 شاخص به نگهداشت منابع انسانی اختصاص یافت. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان بیان کرد این که 11 مولفه عملیات نیرویابی یا استعداد یابی، نیروهای داوطلب، عملیات انتخاب، عملیات توزیع، عملیات اجتماعی کردن منابع انسانی، نظام جبران خدمت، حمایت سازمانی، کیفیت زندگی کاری، ایمنی و بهداشت، راهنمایی و مشاوره و رهبری، در شرایط بحران (شیوع بیماری کووید 19) بر جذب و نگهداشت منابع انسانی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی استان مازندران موثر می‌باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {منابع انسانی, جذب, نگهداشت, کووید 19}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7311-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7311-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Rezaei, Shiva and Khalatbari, Javad and KalhorniaGolkar, Maryam and Tajeri, Biuok}, title = {The Effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapeutic Approach on Resilience, Psychological Well-Being and Quality of Life of HIV+ Patients}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic disease with a high mortality rate and is completely different from other diseases. It is an infectious disease caused by HIV, which is transmitted through contact between blood and semen. The disease is a rapidly expanding health challenge, and research findings show that people struggling with chronic diseases such as HIV + show high levels of psychological problems and dysfunction. HIV + is also associated with low resilience. Resilience is the ability to adapt to stressors in the face of adversity, which is a learnable skill and its mechanisms moderate the relationship between pain and its consequences. In other words, resilient and stubborn people can overcome a variety of adverse effects, have a greater ability to solve problems and respond better to adverse conditions to maintain their psychological well-being. Accordingly, research shows that people with HIV + have low psychological well-being in addition to low resilience. Psychological well-being is the pursuit of perfection in the realization of one's potential, which includes self-acceptance, positive relationships with others, autonomy, purposeful living, personal growth, and mastery of the environment. Unfortunately, in addition to affecting and lowering the quality of life of an infected person, HIV + can also affect the functioning of the family and the quality of life of those around them, including parents. Quality of life is a social concept according to which a person gives a mental understanding of the good or bad of life. Accordingly, the World Health Organization defines the quality of life as an individual's perception of life in the context of society's culture and values in line with the individual's goals and interests and relates it to physical, mental, beliefs, self-reliance, and social relationships. Knows. Therefore, some researchers believe that there is as much quality of life as there are people on earth because everyone can give a different perception and meaning to life. Compassion-focused therapy (CFT) was proposed by Paul Gilbert. Although the components of this treatment were initially proposed by Neff and he introduced them as awareness, kindness to oneself, and a sense of fellowship with humanity, it was Gilbert who used these structures in treatment sessions and introduced CFT. Although research findings support the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy in a wide range of clinical problems, the researcher's research shows that so far a study on the effect of this treatment on variables of resilience, psychological well-being, and quality of life in HIV + patients Has not taken place. Accordingly, this study seeks to answer the question of whether a course of treatment focused on compassion has a significant effect on resilience, psychological well-being, and quality of life of HIV + patients? Methods: The present study was applied and included experimental designs of pre-test-post-test with an experimental group and a control group. The statistical population of the study is all 330 HIV + patients in the Center for Behavioral Diseases in 1397. According to Fidel and Tapachik's (2001) purposeful sampling method, 107 people (104+ number of dependent variables) had the criteria for inclusion in the study. They were selected from the mentioned community. For screening, the selected candidates first answered the Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire (2003), the Reef Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (1989), and the Weir and Sherborn Quality of Life Questionnaire (1992), followed by 55 people with the lowest scores. Were selected in response to the questionnaires, and finally 30 people who met the inclusion criteria and declared their readiness to conduct the study were included in the study. Candidates were randomly assigned to a 15-member experimental group and a 15-member control group. Inclusion criteria included at least one year of HIV + infection, not receiving any other psychological intervention during the study, the age range of at least 20 and at most 30 years, higher education, single marital status, and no gender consideration is. Exclusion criteria included the unwillingness of volunteers to continue the sessions and the absence of more than one session in group interventions. The experimental groups underwent 8 sessions of 120-minute treatment focused on compassion therapy (CFT). The control group did not receive any intervention until the end of the study. At the end of the interventions, all three groups were re-evaluated and the results of the interventions were compared with each other. To evaluate the stability of treatment, 1 month after the interventions, the volunteers were re-evaluated. The instruments of this study included the Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire (2003), the Reef Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (1989), and the Weir and Sherborne Quality of Life Questionnaire (1992). Data analysis was performed in two parts: descriptive and inferential. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: The findings indicate that the independent variable, ie compassion-focused treatment, has affected all research variables including resilience, psychological well-being, and physical and psychological quality of life, and are significant at the level of 0.001. Conclusion: Explaining the findings of this study in the sense that compassion-focused therapy affects the variables of resilience, psychological well-being, and quality of life, it can be said that compassion-focused therapy, like acceptance and commitment therapy, is opposed to clinical diagnosis. And these variables, as described earlier, are positive psychological variables. The three basic principles taught to people living with HIV in this treatment include mindfulness awareness, common human principles, and self-kindness. People in the group learned how to be kinder to themselves and useless self-blame. This may also provide a good explanation for how this affects research variables.  }, Keywords = {Compassion-Focused Therapy, Resilience, Psychological Well-Being, Quality of Life, HIV +}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {68-78}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثر بخشی رویکرد درمانی متمرکز بر شفقت بر تاب آوری، بهزیستی روان شناختی و کیفیت زندگی بیماران مبتلا به HIV+}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: با توجه به آثار منفی روانی بیماری ایدز در بیماران مبتلا به این بیماری، این پژوهش با هدف اثربخشی درمان متمرکز بر شفقت بر تاب آوری، بهزیستی روان شناختی و کیفیت زندگی مبتلایان به HIV صورت گرفت. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر آزمایشی و از جمله طرح های پیش آزمون-پس آزمون با یک گروه آزمایش و یک گروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش کلیه بیماران HIV+ مرکز بیماری­های رفتاری به تعداد ۳۳۰ نفر در سال ۱۳۹۷ بود که به روش نمونه­گیری هدفمند تعداد 30 نفر از افرادی که ملاک­های ورود به پژوهش را داشتند و برای این پژوهش اعلام آمادگی کردند، وارد مطالعه شدند. داوطلبین به طور تصادفی در یک گروه ۱۵ نفره آزمایش و یک گروه ۱۵ نفره کنترل جایگزاری شدند. گروه های آزمایش تحت ۸ جلسه مداخله ۱۲۰ دقیقه­ای درمان متمرکز بر شفقت قرار گرفتند. گروه گواه تا پایان جلسات هیچ مداخله­ای دریافت نکرد. از تحلیل کوواریانس برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: یافته­ها حاکی از آن بود که درمان متمرکز بر شفقت، بر همه متغیرهای پژوهش شامل تاب آوری، بهزیستی روانشناختی و بعد جسمانی و روانی کیفیت زندگی تأثیرگذار بوده است و در سطح ۰۰۱/۰ معنادار می­باشند. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج می‌توان اذعان داشت که درمان متمرکز بر شفت می‌تواند به عنوان یک راهکار روان درمانی در بهبود سطح کیفیت زندگی بیماران مبتلا به ایدز بکار رود و چنین رویکرد درمانی به عنوان یک عامل غیردارویی می‌تواند در جهت سلامت روانی زندگی بیماران مبتلا به ایدز استفاده شود.}, keywords_fa = {درمان متمرکز بر شفقت, تاب آوری, بهزیستی روان شناختی, کیفیت زندگی, HIV+}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7312-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7312-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Kukli, Masoomeh and Amini, Nasim and Samiei, Avirin and Nazari, Zahra and HameedNabee, Hamee}, title = {Predicting role of the Meaning in Life-Based on Death Anxiety, Spiritual Health, and Demoralization Syndrome in COVID-19 Mourners}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Recent research shows that grief over the death of a loved one from COVID-19 is actually more severe than that caused by other forms of loss, such as death from natural causes (1). As the effects of the death of a family member has a high psychological burden on the family (2). COVID-19 death statistics show that many people in families experience the loss and grief of loved ones; However, due to the epidemic nature of the virus and due to the observance of health protocols, it is not even possible for the survivors to mourn, and this makes the experience of the death of loved ones more painful and reduces the possibility of facing this loss ( 2). When mourning, the meaning of life changes; Because closeness to death can make people vulnerable to mortality; In other words, finding the meaning of life in times of mourning and injury faces challenges (3). Another variable examined in this study is spiritual health. According to Frankel's model, seeking meaning and coming out of oneself contributes a lot to the manifestation of human spiritual nature, which predicts an increase in spiritual paths and the meaning of life (11). In fact, spiritual health can act as a resilient factor when people deal with a traumatic factor such as grief (14). In the absence of flexibility, people do not find the original answer to their existential experience and face the crisis of achieving the meaning of life, which is called the syndrome of low mood, which is one of the manifestations of existential annoyance and at the same time indicates lack of cohesion and integrity. Is known (16). In general, researchers around the world are currently looking for programs to deal with this storm of untimely and unpredictable coronavirus in order to find a way to the deadly blows of this virus and the psychological damage caused by it. Because the corona pandemic has led to many psychological traumas in COVID-19 mourners (2). As the bereaved people at this time have suffered a lot from the physical and psychological effects of the virus, and this reminds us of the need for more research to find a solution to this damage. COVID-19 may be perceived as an ever-present fact of life that has left its mark on behavior and psychological dimensions, an effect that even individuals may not be consciously aware of. Recent findings suggest that fear of death in bereaved individuals predicts anxiety about the virus, which in turn leads to greater psychological distress (20). The researcher, therefore, seeks to answer the question of whether the meaning of life can be predicted on the basis of death anxiety, spiritual health, and demoralization in the mourners of Covid-19. Methods: For the present applied research, which was conducted by correlation method, among the citizens of Tehran between the ages of 25 and 70 in the spring of 1400, who lost at least one first-degree member of their family due to COVID-19, 215 Internet were selected as a sample. The method was as follows: After identifying people with experience of grief, provided they meet the criteria for entering the study, including consent to participate in the study, minimum literacy, loss of a loved one due to coronary heart disease in the last 6 months , Death Anxiety Inventory (DAS) (Templer, 1970), Meaning of Life (MLQ) (Steger, 2010), Spiritual Health (SWBS) (Pultzin and Ellison, 1982) and Depression Syndrome (DS) (Kisan et al., 2004) They completed the questionnaires via the Internet (WhatsApp and Telegram Virtual Networks). Also, after justifying the participants in the research regarding the steps of conducting the research, in order to maintain the anonymity of the participants, a code was assigned to each participant. Also, asking and obtaining personal information that was outside the research process was refused. Finally, in order to analyze the data, SPSS statistical software, version 25 and Pearson correlation and multiple regression statistical methods were used simultaneously. Results: The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between spiritual health and meaning of life. And the relationship between spiritual health with death anxiety is inverse and with demoralization syndrome is positive. Finally, the relationship between demoralization syndrome and spiritual health is not significant (Table 1). Regarding predicting the meaning of life based on death anxiety and demoralization symptoms, the results showed that the research variables simultaneously predict 36% of the variance in the meaning of life. Beta coefficients also showed that death anxiety and demoralization syndrome can significantly predict the meaning of life (Tables 2 and 3). Conclusion: The aim of this study was to predict the meaning of life based on death anxiety, spiritual health and mood syndrome in mourners of Covid-19. Many of the emotional and behavioral reactions of people to the coronavirus can be explained in the context of panic management theory, which states that many human behaviors are caused by death anxiety and its reminiscences. Death anxiety not only predicts Covid 19 anxiety, but also plays a causal role in mental health (30). The results of this study also show that there is a positive relationship between spiritual health and the meaning of life. Explaining these findings, high levels of hope / optimism on the spirituality scale were also associated with coronavirus anxiety in the community of health care professionals (32). The philosophy of the meaning of life begins with the basic view that life has meaning in itself, and in other words, life has meaning even in the worst of circumstances. People with higher spiritual health evaluate life more optimistically and with a more positive outlook, and therefore can be expected to evaluate life more meaningfully. To suffer less damage when faced with stresses and traumatic situations (15). The results also show that there is an inverse relationship between depressive symptoms and meaning of life. The correlation between mood swings and the meaning of life in reverse can be a solution in the specific context of the COVID-19 pandemic to use such theoretical models in psychotherapy and interventions to seek the help of the patient's mood infrastructure. Also, following the context of feelings and perceptions to which the patient attributes negatively in order to reconstruct and strengthen the meaning of life again to alleviate suffering (17).  }, Keywords = {Death anxiety, Spiritual health, Demoralization Syndrome, Meaning in Life, COVID-19}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {79-88}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {پیش‌بینی معنای زندگی بر مبنای اضطراب مرگ، سلامت معنوی و نشانگان افت روحیه در سوگواران کووید-19}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: آثار ناشی از مرگ یکی از اعضای خانواده بار روانی بالایی برای خانواده دارد. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر پیش‌بینی معنای زندگی بر مبنای اضطراب مرگ، سلامت معنوی و نشانگان افت روحیه در سوگواران کرونا در شهر تهران بود. روش­ کار: برای انجام تحقیق کاربردی حاضر که به روش همبستگی انجام شد از بین شهروندان تهرانی در بهار 1400 که حداقل یکی از اعضای درجه ‌یک خانواده خود را  در اثر ابتلا به COVID-19 از دست‌ داده بودند به صورت در دسترس و اینترنتی تعداد 215 به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شده و به پرسشنامه‌های اضطراب مرگ (DAS) (تمپلر، 1970)، معنای زندگی (MLQ) (استگر، 2010)، سلامت معنوی (SWBS) (پولتزین و الیسون، 1982) و نشانگان افت روحیه (DS) (کیسان و همکاران، 2004) پاسخ دادند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد بین معنای زندگی و سلامت معنوی رابطه مثبت و معنی‌دار وجود دارد (001/0p=؛ 31/0r=) و بین اضطراب مرگ و معنای زندگی رابطه معکوس معناداری وجود دارد (001/0p=؛ 57/0-r). همچنین بین نشانگان افت روحیه و معنای زندگی رابطه منفی و معناداری مشاهده شد (001/0p=؛ 39/0r=). از طرف دیگر مشخص شد متغیرهای پژوهش به‌ صورت هم‌زمان 36 درصد از تغییرات واریانس معنای زندگی را پیش­بینی می­کنند. همچنین ضرایب بتا نشان داد اضطراب مرگ و نشانگان افت روحیه می‌توانند به‌طور معنی­داری معنای زندگی را در افرادی که سوگواران COVID-19 هستند، پیش­بینی کنند. نتیجه­ گیری: بر اساس نتایج، طراحی و تدوین یک برنامه جامع آموزشی و حمایتی با رویکرد معنوی و توجه به ابعاد وجودی در سوگواران کرونا ضروری به نظر می‌رسد.  }, keywords_fa = {اضطراب مرگ, سلامت معنوی, سندرم افت روحیه, معنای زندگی, کووید-19}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7398-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7398-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Delbari, Zohra and Amani, Melahat and Baradaran, Abulqasem}, title = {The Effect of Teachers\' Teaching Quality during the Corona Epidemic on Students\' Academic Performance: the Mediating Role of E-learning Readiness and Virtual Education Quality}, abstract ={Background & Aims: One of the most important social institutions is the institution of education. An institution whose importance has caused planners and policymakers to pay special attention to it in their decisions and consider it as the basis for the development of societies. Favorable academic performance increases self-confidence and improves quality, and on the other hand, unfavorable academic performance causes feelings of inadequacy and loss of self-confidence. With the onset of Corona and the emphasis on social distancing in this regard, face-to-face education in schools and universities was closed in many countries. In addition to online education, the preparation of e-learning also affects the academic performance of students. If the learners are not prepared for this learning, they will have problems entering such learning and their performance will be affected. One of the important factors in the preparation of e-learning and the prerequisite for the implementation of virtual education is access to technology. Technology in virtual education includes the internet, smartphone, and necessary software. Without the necessary and appropriate equipment, the implementation of e-learning will have problems. Another important factor in preparing for electronic learning is having the necessary and continuous skills in using educational software, so learners must have the necessary ability to interact and communicate with technology to learn educational topics. One of the other factors affecting the academic performance of students in the conditions of the corona outbreak is the quality of teachers' teaching. The new situation caused by the spread of Corona has imposed unprecedented conditions on the education system of the countries, while before that, teachers were present in their classrooms most of the time and using traditional methods In particular, they used the lecture method to teach, but now they have faced a new situation where they have to teach online and change their teaching methods according to the conditions. Examining the quality of teachers' teaching is one of the most important issues that provides appropriate feedback in making basic decisions and analyzing educational issues. The quality of teaching is defined as the degree of conformity and consistency of each of the main indicators and characteristics of teaching quality with the standards and desirable and superior characteristics that are mentioned in various theories. The importance of the present research should be stated, considering that the results of some research pointed out the negative effect and undesirable uses of social media on the performance of students, and on the other hand, researchers also pointed to the positive effect of social media on learning and improvement. The communication skills of students and the development of these capacities have been pointed out, this existing educational gap justifies the need for investigation in this case and it is necessary to investigate more about the effect of virtual education on academic performance. In the research conducted on e-learning in Iran, most of the research refers to the preparation for e-learning at the university level, and the quality and preparation of learning in e-learning at the secondary level are not mentioned. Therefore, in this research, the preparation for e-learning was investigated as a mediating variable on virtual education at the high school level, to determine whether the change in the statistical population still confirms the results of the previous research or not. On the other hand, the studies carried out after the spread of the Coronavirus have mostly focused on the positive and negative consequences of virtual education from the teachers' point of view, and less research has focused on the role of teachers' teaching quality in virtual space and its final effect on academic performance, to fill the void. Mentioned research, in this research, the role of teachers' teaching quality on academic performance was investigated with the mediating role of e-learning preparation and virtual education. Because the rate of academic progress and failure is one of the efficiency criteria of the educational system, therefore, the discovery and investigation of variables affecting academic performance lead to a better understanding and prediction of effective variables in the school. As a result, the findings of this research can be a good help for the quality of education in the virtual space, and also the findings of the research can be made available to managers and teachers to use to improve the quality of teachers' teaching and teach teachers about the effectiveness of teaching. Make them aware of the academic progress of students. Methods: The statistical population of the research was all female secondary school students of the second period of Sabzevar city in the academic year of 1399-1400. Using the cluster sampling method, 335 people were selected as samples from this statistical population. The research was descriptive and correlational. To collect information, questionnaires on teachers' professional quality, e-learning readiness, and virtual education were used. Modeling of structural equations was performed by smart pls software. Results: The results of correlation analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the variables of teachers' teaching quality, learning readiness, and virtual education with the variable of academic performance. The results showed that the path coefficient of teachers' teaching quality to e-learning readiness was 0.41, e-learning readiness to virtual education quality was 0.70, and virtual education quality to academic performance was 0.71. The model had good validity and reliability and all the fit indices of the model were in the desired range. Conclusion: The results indicate that the quality of teachers' teaching had an indirect effect on the academic performance of students due to the effect on the preparation of electronic learning and the quality of virtual education. According to the results of the present research, planning should be done in a happy atmosphere in such a way that the academic performance of students increases. For this purpose, it is better to provide preparation courses for students to use virtual space and for teachers, necessary courses for optimal teaching in virtual space. All researches face limitations. One of the limitations of the current research is related to the generalization of the research findings, considering that the study was conducted on high school students; therefore, generalizing the results to other stages should be done with caution. Another limitation is related to the unisex nature of the statistical population of the research, and its generalization to the statistical population of boys is not confirmed. It is suggested that other research on the effect of teachers' teaching quality on academic performance be carried out by changing and replacing the variables present in elementary school. In other research, it is possible to examine the research model in both sex groups to check what changes the gender factor causes in the research results. It is also suggested that teachers inform students about the way of activity and how to evaluate themselves in virtual education and teach them how to use virtual space.  }, Keywords = {Academic performance, Teachers' teaching quality, Virtual education, e-learning readiness}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {89-101}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثر کیفیت تدریس معلمان در دوران اپیدمی کرونا بر عملکرد تحصیلی دانش آموزان : نقش واسطه‌ای آمادگی یادگیری الکترونیکی و کیفیت آموزش مجازی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: کشف و بررسی متغیرهای تأثیرگذار بر عملکرد تحصیلی، به شناخت بهتر و پیش­بینی متغیرهای موثر در مدرسه می­انجامد. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش کیفیت تدریس معلمان بر عملکرد تحصیلی دانش آموزان با میانجی­گیری کیفیت آموزش مجازی بود. روش کار: جامعه آماری پژوهش کلیه دانش آموزان دختر متوسطه دوره دوم شهرستان سبزوار در سال تحصیلی ١٤٠٠-١٣٩٩ بودند. با استفاده از روش نمونه­گیری خوشه­ای، ٣۳۵ نفر به عنوان نمونه از این جامعه آماری انتخاب شدند. تحقیق توصیفی و از نوع همبستگی بود. برای جمع آوری اطلاعات از پرسشنامه­های کیفیت حرفه­ای معلم، آمادگی یادگیری الکترونیکی و آموزش مجازی استفاده شد. به وسیله نرم افزار smart pls الگویابی معادلات ساختاری اجرا شد. یافته ­ها: نتایج تحلیل همبستگی نشان داد که بین متغیرهای کیفیت تدریس معلمان، آمادگی یادگیری و آموزش مجازی با متغیر عملکرد تحصیلی رابطه معناداری وجود داشت. نتایج نشان داد که ضریب مسیر کیفیت تدریس معلمان به آمادگی یادگیری الکترونیک 41/0، آمادگی یادگیری الکترونیک به کیفیت آموزش مجازی 70/0 و کیفیت آموزش مجازی به عملکرد تحصیلی 71/0 بود. مدل از روایی و پایایی مناسبی برخورداربود و کلیه شاخص­های برازش مدل در دامنه مطلوبی قرار داشت.  نتیجه ­گیری: نتایج حاکی از آن است که کیفیت تدریس معلمان به واسطه اثر بر آمادگی یادگیری الکترونیکی و کیفیت آموزش مجازی، بر عملکرد تحصیلی دانش آموزان اثرغیرمستقیم داشت.  }, keywords_fa = {عملکرد تحصیلی, کیفیت تدریس معلمان, آموزش مجازی, آمادگی یادگیری الکترونیکی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7646-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7646-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {sayyadmollashahi, Mozhgan and Shirazi, Mahmoud and sanagooyemoharrar, Gholamrez}, title = {The Effectiveness of Treatment Based on Acceptance and Commitment on Reducing Emotion Regulation, Aggressive Behavior and Self-Mutilation in Students}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Adolescence is considered one of the most critical periods of life. Due to the rapid technological, cultural, and social changes in today's societies, adolescence is associated with many physical, psychological, and social problems for several adolescents and is the basis of many risky behaviors and social harms caused by it this period in adolescents. Is placed Changes in this period of growth may cause certain problems. When adolescents cannot successfully overcome developmental crises and challenges, they will experience psychological distress and significant disruption in the normal flow of daily life and emotional, social, and cognitive aspects. One of the subjects investigated in this course is the occurrence of high-risk behaviors such as self-harm and self-mutilation. Self-mutilation is an intentional, impulsive, non-lethal act that causes injury to a person's body. Self-mutilation refers to localized and conscious self-destruction, which is caused by the inability to tolerate the aggressive impulses internalized by a person, to punish himself or others. Approximately 1% of the population uses self-harm during their lifetime to cope with a crippling situation or feeling. Self-harm makes people imperfect. It is difficult to understand this behavioral phenomenon and it occurs in a very simple way or in an emotional situation where a person is under pressure. The overall prevalence of narcissism in the general population is 4% and in clinical samples, it is 21%, which is 3 times higher in men than in women. It begins in early adolescence and can be the first manifestation of a severe mental illness. Regarding self-mutilation behavior, several models have been proposed. One model is the self-regulation model, which considers self-mutilation as a compensatory measure to relieve anger, anxiety, or emotional distress. They have unpleasant tension and by harming themselves, they reduce this unpleasant feeling in themselves. The therapeutic approach of acceptance and commitment is a new therapeutic approach and uses the processes of acceptance, mental focus, commitment, and behavior change processes to create psychological flexibility. According to the mentioned materials and the study of the background of the research conducted in the field of this topic, it can be said that the treatment method based on acceptance and commitment can have a positive effect on regulating emotions and reducing aggressive behavior of people, and also there is a gap of studies in This field is the researcher's motivation for the research to investigate this situation more closely. Finally, the contents of this research, it is an attempt to answer the basic question of whether treatment based on acceptance and commitment reduces emotion regulation, aggressive behavior, and self-mutilation. Does it affect students? Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental and the statistical population included teenage students with self-mutilation who were referred to the school counseling core and were referred to the emergency room of Zahedan city hospital in 1400. The sampling method was simply random, which included 40 people in three groups (20 people with acceptance and commitment therapy and 20 people as a control group). The research tools included the cognitive regulation of emotion questionnaires of Granfsky et al. (2003), aggression AGQ, and self-injury (SHI)). The experimental group received the intervention treatment method based on acceptance and commitment using cognitive behavioral therapy techniques in 8 one-and-a-half-hour sessions based on Bond and Hayes's (2004) treatment package. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software with multivariate analysis of covariance tests. Results: The results showed that the therapy training program based on acceptance and commitment had a significant effect on improving emotion regulation and reducing aggressive and self-harming behavior of students. Conclusion: In explaining this finding, it can be stated that treatment based on acceptance and commitment, unlike most treatments, does not seek to change the content of thought. For example, cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders seeks to help clients reduce their distress by changing cognitive and behavioral responses to anxiety. In fact, cognitive-behavioral therapy enables clients to create a new communication network of compatible thoughts and behaviors that compete with incompatible networks and memories and eliminate them. To achieve this goal, cognitive-behavioral therapy includes these components: training on the nature of fear and anxiety, reviewing signs and symptoms, training on body relaxation and correct breathing, cognitive reconstruction, behavioral tests, and imaginary exposure. And alive with mental images, bodily sensations, and situations, preventing responses. In cognitive reconstruction, clients learn to challenge the validity of anxiety-inducing thoughts, identify the cognitive errors that these thoughts reflect, and create alternative thoughts for them. Behavioral experiments directly challenge anxiety-based predictions. It helps clients approach the feared stimulus and see if their expected consequences occur. Response prevention confronts clients with the stimulus and anxiety-causing contexts, and at the same time prevents anxiety-reducing behaviors and avoidance behaviors. But treatment based on acceptance and commitment is a behavioral treatment that uses the skills of mindfulness, acceptance, and cognitive dissonance to increase psychological flexibility. In therapy based on acceptance and commitment, psychological flexibility means increasing the client's ability to connect with their experience in the present and choose to act in a way that is appropriate based on what is possible for them at that moment. With their chosen values, establishing this situation can have a positive effect on regulating people's emotions. In the alternative explanation, the treatment is based on acceptance and commitment to cognitive reconstruction, acceptance of symptoms, and control of behavior. Acceptance in therapy based on acceptance and commitment is defined as: "Accepting an event or situation and letting go of the dysfunctional symptom control program and an active process of feeling emotions as emotions, thinking thoughts as thoughts, and so on. Acceptance should not be confused with tolerance or submission. Both of these are passive and imperative. In fact, acceptance means being aware of inner experiences (thoughts, feelings, memories, and physical symptoms) and actively accepting them, without taking action to reduce them and without taking action based on their verbal aspect, in treatment based on acceptance and commitment to control and Avoidance is a context in which experiencing an internal event in this context can be traumatic. Therefore, instead of focusing on changing that internal event, the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy therapist seeks to change this context. By changing this context and turning it into a context of acceptance, any internal event can be experienced without being traumatic. And by changing this context, the goal of functional Contextualism, i.e. predicting behavior and influencing behavior, is realized.  }, Keywords = {Acceptance and Commitment therapy, Emotion regulation, Aggressive behavior, Self-mutilation}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {102-111}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر کاهش تنظیم هیجان، رفتار پرخاشگرانه و خودزنی دانش آموزان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: دوران نوجوانی از اهمیت بسیار بالایی برخوردار است و روش درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد می­تواند تأثیر مثبتی بر رفتار افراد داشته باشد، بنابراین هدف تحقیق، اثربخشی درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر کاهش تنظیم هیجان، رفتار پرخاشگرانه و خودزنی دانش‌آموزان بود. روش کار: روش پژوهش شبه آزمایشی بود و جامعه آماری شامل دانش آموزان نوجوان دارای خودزنی مراجعه کننده به هسته مشاوره مدارس و ارجاع داده شده به اورژانس بیمارستان شهر زاهدان در سال 1400 بود. روش نمونه‌گیری به صورت تصادفی ساده بود که شامل 40 نفر در سه گروه (20 نفر با روش درمان پذیرش و تعهد و 20 نفر به عنوان گروه کنترل) بود. ابزار پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه­های تنظیم شناختی هیجان گرانفسکی و همکاران (2003)، پرخاشگری AGQ، آسیب به خود سانسون و همکاران (SHI) بود. گروه آزمایش مداخله روش درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد با استفاده از تکنیک‌های درمان شناختی رفتاری در 8 جلسه یک‌ و نیم ساعته بر اساس پکیج درمانی باند و هیز (2004) دریافت کرد. داده­های بدست آمده، با استفاده از نرم‌ افزار آماری SPSS با آزمون­های تحلیل کوواریانس چند متغیره مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته­ها: نتایج نشان داد که برنامه آموزش درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد تأثیر معناداری بر بهبود تنظیم هیجان و کاهش رفتار پرخاشگرانه و خودزنی دانش آموزان داشت. نتیجه ­گیری: با توجه به نتاج مطالعه می­توان اذعان داشت که می‌تواند استفاده از رویکرد درمانی مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد می­تواند به عنوان برنامه درمانی مؤثر مورد توجه روانشناسان و مشاوران قرار گیرد.}, keywords_fa = {درمان پذیرش و تعهد, تنظیم هیجان, رفتار پرخاشگرانه, خودزنی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7744-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7744-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Granmayeh, Sahar and Arjmandnia, Aliakbar and Akbari, Maryam and Kakabraei, Keyvan and Moradi, Omi}, title = {The Effectiveness of Executive Function-Based Parenting Training Package on Parental Stress of Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Neurodevelopmental disorders are disorders that begin during the developmental period, often before the child enters school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that impair personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. Neurodevelopmental disorder is a term used to describe neurological and mental disorders starting in childhood. Neurodevelopmental disorder includes specific learning and language disorders, motor coordination disorders, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, tic disorders and defiant-obstinacy disorder. Among the neuro-developmental disorders, autism spectrum disorder is considered a complex neuro-developmental disorder that usually has problems in communication and social interaction, limited interests and repetitive behaviors. Most of these children are also impaired in theory of mind, symbolic play, and imitation skills. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, its prevalence has quadrupled in the last decade. Autism spectrum disorder is a lifelong condition that is generally stable and includes persistent impairments in language, deficits in social skills, and inability to perform daily activities. Social, behavioral, communication and language problems. Therefore, it is challenging for children with autism spectrum disorder to communicate socially with their parents and manage their behavior. Methods: The present research method was a semi-experimental research with a pre-test and post-test design and a control group. The independent variable in this research was parenting education based on executive functions and the dependent variable was parenting stress and its subscales. The statistical population of the study included all parents (mothers) of children with neurodevelopmental disorders in Tehran, who were present in the medical clinics of Tehran and received specialized services. The sample of this research includes mothers of 15 children with autism spectrum disorder as the experimental group and mothers of 15 children with autism spectrum disorder as the control group were selected through purposive sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The criteria for entering the study are: the presence of neuro-developmental disorders in children such as autism spectrum disorder, the age of children between 7 and 11 years, the absence of physical and mental illness of mothers, full consent of mothers to participate in the research and participation in all sessions by the researcher in considered The exclusion criteria were non-cooperation and non-participation of parents in more than two sessions. Results: For another assumption of univariate covariance analysis, Levine's test of homogeneity of variances was used to check the assumption of homogeneity of variances. In this research, the use of this test showed that the assumption of homogeneity of variances has been fulfilled for all variables because the variables of childhood and parent's territory have F-statistics equal to 3.48 and 2.43, respectively, with degrees of freedom of 28 and 1 at the significance level. Equal to 0.07 and 0.13, they have homogeneity of variances in groups. Whenever the value obtained for this test is greater than 0.05, the assumption based on the homogeneity of Levin's variances is confirmed. After confirming the presuppositions of univariate covariance analysis, the research hypotheses were checked. The data were analyzed by independent t-test. Data analysis showed that the experimental group compared to the control group, after participating in the training course, there was a statistically significant difference in test results. The results showed that parenting training based on executive functions had a positive effect on reducing the realm of childhood and the realm of parents with children with autism spectrum disorder Conclusion: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of parenting education based on executive functions on reducing parental stress of parents with children with autism spectrum disorder. The results of the research indicated that parenting training based on executive functions was effective in reducing parental stress. In this research, the effect of parenting training based on executive functions on two subscales of parental stress, such as the domain of childhood and parents, has been investigated. Research on the effect of parenting training based on executive functions on other psychological variables of parents with children with special needs and normal has not been done. For researchers interested in parenting training based on executive functions in students with autism spectrum disorder, it is suggested to implement this training on fathers of students with autism spectrum disorder and compare it with the results of this research on mothers. Also, implement the effect of parenting training based on executive functions on other groups of neurodevelopmental disorders. Also, the results of this research should be followed up in the long term. In addition to these suggestions, the effect of parenting training based on executive functions on the anxiety and stress of mothers with children with neurodevelopmental disorders should be investigated in future researches. Also, as practical suggestions, it can be acknowledged that brochures in the field of parenting skills based on executive functions are prepared and made available to parents, especially mothers, so that in the long term, the positive effect of this training on the psychological problems of parents, especially mothers, can be seen.  }, Keywords = {Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Parental Stress, Executive Functions, Parenting}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {112-123}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی بسته آموزشی فرزندپروری مبتنی بر کارکردهای اجرایی بر تنیدگی والدینی والدین دارای کودکان با اختلال طیف اتیسم}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اطلاعات اندکی در زمینه اثربخشی آموزش فرزندپروری مبتنی بر کارکردهای اجرایی بر تنیدگی والدینی والدین دارای کودکان با اختلال طیف اتیسم و سایر کودکان با نیازهای ویژه و بهنجار وجود دارد؛ هدف پژوهش تعیین اثربخشی بسته آموزشی فرزندپروری مبتنی بر کارکردهای اجرایی و بررسی تاثیر آن بر تنیدگی والدینی والدین کودکان با اختلال طیف اتیسم است. روش کار: در این پژوهش  از طرح شبه‌آزمایشی پیش‌آزمون- پس‌آزمون با گروه گواه استفاده شد. 30 نفر از والدین دانش‌آموزان با اختلال طیف اتیسم که از طریق نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شده بودند، به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه گواه و آزمایش (هر گروه 15) نفر تقسیم شدند. گروه آزمایش طی 10 جلسه 60 دقیقه‌ای به مدت 5 هفته در دوره آموزشی فرزندپروری شرکت کردند. به منظور ارزیابی میزان استرس والدین از شاخص تنیدگی والدین آبیدین (1990) استفاده شد. داده‌های حاصل از پژوهش نیز با آزمون تحلیل کواریانس تک متغیره مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها نشان داد که گروه آزمایش در مقایسه با گروه گواه، پس از شرکت در دوره آموزشی، در نتایج آزمون از نظر آماری تفاوت معناداری داشتند. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد که دوره آموزشی فرزندپروری مبتنی بر کارکردهای اجرایی بر کاهش قلمرو کودکی و قلمرو والدین دارای کودکان با اختلال طیف اتیسم تاثیر مثبتی داشته است.}, keywords_fa = {اختلال طیف اتیسم, تنیدگی والدینی, کارکردهای اجرایی, فرزندپروری}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7781-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7781-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Safari, Hafez and Bahrainian, Seyyed Abdolmajid and Ghanifar, Mohammad hass}, title = {Prevalence of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder among Recovered Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 after Discharge and its Relationship with Socio-Economic Status}, abstract ={Background & Aims: From the beginning of the Covid-19 epidemic, a number of recommendations were made by health organizations, such as maintaining social distance, using masks, and hand hygiene. Hand washing with soap or alcohol-based disinfectants and high hygiene as a precautionary measure to prevent the spread of this emerging virus is widely promoted, and almost all people follow these recommendations. Although hand washing and hygiene are more serious than ever before, and is certainly helpful in preventing the spread of Covid-19, but there is the question of how this can affect different people who have not previously had obsessive-compulsive disorder, and also peoples with mild and sub-threshold symptoms (1,6). The Covid-19 epidemic in the late winter of 2019 / spring 2020 became a global crisis and spread widely and rapidly across borders and continues to this day (3). Covid-19 disease may have different effects on people with different socioeconomic status, as shown in several studies (11,9,8,20,21,22). Very little is known about the impact of the emerging Covid-19 disease on the prevalence or development of mental disorders, and little research has been done in this area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in recovered hospitalized patients with Covid-19 six months after discharge from the hospital, evaluate the existence of a statistically significant relationship between the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder, socioeconomic status and demographic variables such as gender, age, level of education and marital status. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 479 patients with a history of definitive diagnosis of Covid-19 and subsequent hospitalization were studied. The participation of all sample members in this study was completely voluntary and the present study has been approved by the ethics committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The sample members were selected using random number generation software and through a completely random selection from the list of hospitalized patients. After selecting the sample, they were invited to participate in the study by telephone. After initial satisfaction, research questionnaires were provided to the sample members face to face. In this study, Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive inventory (MOCI), Ghodrat Nama et al. Socio-Economic Status Questionnaire (GHSESQ) were used. The validity and reliability of these questionnaires have been studied in Iran and both of them are valid and reliable. Also, after completing the questionnaires, each member of the sample was examined through a short face-to-face supplementary interview (maximum 10 minutes) for the presence of DSM5 diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder and the results were recorded. After data collection, the overall point prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder was calculated.   Also, the point prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder were obtained based on each of the classes of demographic variables in the study. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test were used in this study. SPSS 21 statistical software was used for data analysis. Results: After reviewing and analyzing the completed questionnaires and the results of the supplementary interview, 92 members of the sample were diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The overall prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in all samples was 19.20%. According to the results of statistical analysis, there was a significant relationship between gender and obsessive-compulsive disorder and this disorder was more common in women than men (χ2 = 5.3793; P-value = 0.020378; p≤0.05). There was a significant relationship between age variable and obsessive-compulsive disorder and the prevalence of this disorder was more common in other age groups of 38-58 and 18-38, respectively (χ2 = 10.3501; P-value = 0.015813 ; p≤0.05). There was no significant relationship between education and disorder (χ2 = 2.9693; P-value = 0.562976; p≤0.05). Finally, in the case of marital status, there was no significant relationship between marital status and obsessive-compulsive disorder (χ2 = 4.4587; P-value = 0.107601; p≤0.05). The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder was 12.16% in very low socio-economic status, 15.16% in low socio-economic status, 18.12% in medium socio-economic status, 35.84% in high socio-economic status and 40.00% in very high socio-economic status. The results of this study showed that there was a significant relationship between socioeconomic status and obsessive-compulsive disorder in recovered hospitalized patients with Covid-19 (χ2 = 20.7756; P-value = 0.000351; p≤0.05). The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder has increased with increasing in level of socioeconomic status. The highest prevalence of disorders was in very high and high socio-economic status. One-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was performed to compare the mean scores of obsessive-compulsive disorder in different socioeconomic statuses and the value of F was 4.67467, Which shows that there is a significant difference in the mean scores of obsessive-compulsive disorder between socio-economic statuses. The results of Tukey test on the mean scores of obsessive-compulsive disorder in different socioeconomic statuses showed that the differences between very low and high socioeconomic status (p = 0.00597), very low and very high socioeconomic status (p = 0.00179), low and high socioeconomic status (p = 0.03153) were statistically significant. Conclusion: Evidence from research to date suggests that anxiety and fear of being infected by a person or family member, as well as fear of death and threat to life at the time of infection, especially in hospitalized cases, can lead to or the trigger for mental disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hospitalized people who have experienced a severe illness and whose life and health are seriously threatened can be one of the groups with the highest rates of mental disorders caused by this epidemic. It is suggested that institutions and organizations related to the maintenance and promotion of mental health in the community take the necessary plans and measures to prevent the occurrence or exacerbation of mental disorders and reduce the psychological consequences of this epidemic in the general population and especially high-risk populations, like people who have experienced the intense and critical state of Covid-19. Considering that the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in recovered hospitalized patients with Covid-19 is much higher than the prevalence of this disorder in the general population, it can be concluded that covid-19 infection and subsequent hospitalization can lead to obsessive-compulsive disorder. prevalence of Covid-19 exacerbates obsessive-compulsive behaviors and thoughts related to cleanliness and avoidance of the virus. In addition to threatening people's physical health, Covid-19 also threatens their mental health.  }, Keywords = {Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Covid-19, Socio-economic status}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {124-135}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {شیوع اختلال وسواس فکری-عملی در بیماران بستری شده و بهبود یافته ی مبتلا به کووید-19 و رابطه‌ی آن با وضعیت اجتماعی-اقتصادی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بیماری کووید-19 و شیوع گسترده آن در جوامع باعث تغییرات زیادی در سبک زندگی و عادت‌های بهداشتی و سلامتی افراد شده است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین میزان شیوع اختلال وسواس فکری-عملی در بیماران بستری شده و بهبود یافته‌ی مبتلا به کووید-19 و رابطه‌ی آن با وضعیت اجتماعی-اقتصادی اجرا شده است. روش کار: 479 نفر با سابقه بستری در بیمارستان به دلیل ابتلا به کووید-19 مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. در این پژوهش از پرسشنامه‌های وسواس فکری-عملی مادزلی(1977)، وضعیت اجتماعی-اقتصادی قدرت نما (1392) و چک لیست محقق ساخته معیارهای تشخیصی اختلال وسواس فکری-عملی براساس DSM-5 استفاده شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها به کمک نرم‌افزار SPSS 21 و اجرای آزمون کای دو و آزمون آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه و آزمون توکی انجام شد. یافته ­ها: میزان شیوع کلی اختلال وسواس فکری-عملی برابر 20/19درصد بود. جنسیت، سن و وضعیت اجتماعی-اقتصادی با ابتلا به اختلال رابطه معنی‌داری داشتند. اختلال وسواس فکری-عملی در زنان، گروه‌های سنی 38-18 و 58-38 و در افراد با وضعیت اجتماعی-اقتصادی خیلی بالا و بالا شیوع بیشتری داشت. نتیجه‌گیری: میزان شیوع اختلال وسواس فکری-عملی در افرادی که وضعیت شدید و حاد ابتلا به کووید-19 را تجربه کرده‌اند و در بیمارستان بستری شده‌اند، بالاتر از شیوع این اختلال در جمعیت عمومی است. میزان شیوع اختلال وسواس فکری-عملی در وضعیت‌های مختلف اجتماعی-اقتصادی متفاوت است.  }, keywords_fa = {اختلال وسواس فکری- عملی,کووید 19 ,وضعیت اجتماعی- اقتصادی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7540-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7540-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {MohammadAliPour, Monir and KeserÖzcan, Neslihan and MohammadAlipour, Reza and Barzegari, Ali and Nuriyan, Ebrahim}, title = {The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Serum Serotonin Levels, Depression and Quality of Life in Pregnant Women with Depression}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Depression during pregnancy is one of the problems that may sometimes occur for some pregnant women. Many mothers also show the first signs of postpartum depression during their pregnancy. Feeling depressed is always difficult, and it can be a little harder during pregnancy because pregnant mothers are expected to have a happy life. Research shows that about 33% of women experience depression or anxiety disorder during pregnancy. While less than 20% of them seek treatment, and in most cases, treatment alone is not enough. The risk of depression in women during pregnancy is higher than ever. The estimated risk of depression during pregnancy is between 7% and 15% in developed countries and between 19% and 25% in weaker countries. Biological changes during pregnancy also have a direct effect on a person's mood and behavior. During pregnancy, the concentration of female sex hormones increases and changes the parts of the brain that are involved in mood settings. There is also a gradual increase in the concentration of the hormone cortisol, which is involved in the stress system, and high levels of this hormone have been found in people with depression. Depression is one of the most common mental health problems in the world. It is characterized by a depressed mood most hours of the day and almost every day, a marked decrease in interest or enjoyment of all activities, weight loss, or severe overweight without diet. Sleep or oversleeping almost every day, irritability or mental slowness of movement almost every day, feelings of worthlessness or extreme and disproportionate guilt, loss of concentration, recurring thoughts about death, and significant clinical impairment in social functioning and a job is specified. Due to the importance of the consequences of depression in pregnant women, such as depression affect mental health and quality of life, as well as the role of exercise and its relationship with mental health, it is important to research in this field. Therefore, due to limited trial studies, inconsistencies, and ambiguities in the effectiveness of interventions, limited research has been done on the effect of aerobic exercise in pregnant women with depression, so the purpose of this study is to answer the question of whether 8 weeks Does aerobic exercise affect serotonin and depression levels and quality of life in pregnant women with depression? Methods: In this study, 24 pregnant women with depression were randomly divided into two groups of exercise (n = 12) and control (n = 12). The aerobic exercise group performed moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 45 minutes for 12 weeks and three sessions per week. In addition to routine care, the intervention group participated in a 12-week aerobic program. Aerobic exercise for eight weeks (three sessions per week) included warming up, core exercise, and cooling down. Exercise for 15 minutes and included stretching and flexibility specific to the large muscle group in the upper and lower body. The main exercise consisted of continuous walking so that the person walked in a slow rhythm so that the foot was on the ground for a moment and the heart rate was maintained within 60% of the maximum heart rate. The intensity of training was 60% of the maximum heart rate in the initial sessions, which gradually decreased from the 27th week of pregnancy with the growth of the fetus to 45% of the maximum heart rate in the final sessions. In the first session, the exercises started from 10 minutes and in each session, one minute was added to the training time until the tenth session, which reached 20 minutes, and then remained constant at 20 minutes until the end (until the end of 36 training sessions). The control group performed its daily activities during this period. Serum serotonin levels were measured by ELISA, and levels of depression and quality of life were measured using a standard questionnaire before and after exercise. Data were analyzed using dependent t-test and independent t-test. Results: The results of the study of serotonin changes after the intervention showed that the level of serotonin in the experimental group in the post-workout period compared to the pre-workout period increased significantly (P <0.001). Also, changes in depression and quality of life showed that there was a significant increase in the experimental group in the post-workout period compared to the pre-workout period (P <0.05). There is a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.02; P = 0.05; P = 0.04, respectively). Conclusion: Most studies on serotonin secretion and depression indicate that exercise increases and decrease depression and there is a significant relationship between increased serotonin and decreased depression. The results of the present study showed that the selected aerobic exercise caused a significant increase in plasma serotonin concentration. Also, increasing plasma-free serotonin is effective in reducing depression and the role of serotonin receptors and their increase due to exercise should not be overlooked. On the other hand, a significant decrease in depression was observed in the experimental group that the relationship between these two variables was also significant. In general, the findings of this study showed that aerobic exercise has been able to be effective as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of depression and increase the quality of life of pregnant women with depression and with a certain volume and intensity and appropriate to the characteristics of subjects. Reduce the level of depression and bring their mood closer to normal.}, Keywords = {Aerobic Exercise, Serotonin, Depression, Quality of Life, Depressed Pregnant Women}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {136-145}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر تمرین هوازی بر سطح سرمی سروتونین، افسردگی و کیفیت زندگی زنان باردار مبتلا به افسردگی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: افسردگی در مادران باردار منجر به کاهش سطح کیفیت زندگی مادر و نوزاد می­گردد. بنابراین هدف این مطالعه بررسی تعیین تأثیر تمرین هوازی بر سطح سرمی سروتونین، افسردگی و کیفیت زندگی زنان باردار مبتلا به افسردگی بود. روش کار: در این مطالعه 24 مادر باردار مبتلا به افسردگی مراجعه کننده به مرکز مشاوره ماداران آنالار استان اردبیل، به طور تصادفی در 2 گروه تمرین (12 نفر) و کنترل (12 نفر) قرار گرفتند. گروه تمرین هوازی به مدت 12 هفته و هفته‌ای سه جلسه، تمرین هوازی با شدت متوسط به مدت 45 دقیقه را انجام داد. سطوح سرمی سروتونین با روش الایزا و سطح افسردگی و کیفیت زندگی با استفاده از پرسشنامه استاندارد اندازه­گیری شدند. داده­ها با استفاده از آزمون t وابسته و t مستقل تجزیه­وتحلیل شدند. یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد که سطح سروتونین، افسردگی و کیفیت زندگی در گروه تجربی در دوره بعد از تمرین نسبت به دوره قبل از تمرین افزایش معنادار داشتند (05/0>P). نتایج بررسی بین گروهی نشان داد که بین تغییرات سروتونین، افسردگی و کیفیت زندگی در بین دو گروه مورد مطالعه تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد (به ترتیب سطح 02/0 =P ؛ 05/0=P؛ 04/0=P). نتیجه ­گیری: به طور کلی می­توان بیان کرد که تمرین هوازی می­تواند به عنوان یک راهبرد درمانی در درمان افسردگی و افزایش کیفیت زندگی زنان باردار مبتلا به افسردگی مؤثر واقع شود و سطح افسردگی را کاهش دهد.}, keywords_fa = {تمرین هوازی, سروتونین,افسردگی, کیفیت زندگی, زنان باردار افسرده}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6837-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6837-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {NajafiKhorramabad, Hojatollah and Jaervand, Hamdollah and SadatMarashian, Fatemah}, title = {Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Sleep Quality, Academic Hope Anxiety Students\' with Online Gambling Disorder with/ without Comorbidity of ADHD Disorder}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Throughout human history, there have been structured games among all cultures. Playing can be enjoyable, fun, and relaxing and can be used as a way to escape from everyday life (1). In addition to being a fun pastime, gaming is a social activity in which people with common interests interact with each other. With the popularity of computers, tablets, and smartphones and the use of the Internet in recent years, playing online and offline games has become a common activity, especially for young people, and increasingly, as an important part of recreational activities (3). Numerous studies show that in parallel with the spread of the Internet, overuse of it can lead to problems such as addiction and dependence, so that even Internet addiction is defined as a 21st-century epidemic (4, 5).Online games are a type of Internet games that have become widespread due to increasing people's familiarity with the Internet, especially the youth, increasing the speed of the Internet, as well as the existence of high-speed and wireless connections (6). Addiction to online games is considered obsessive, extreme, uncontrollable, and physically and mentally destructive. Therefore, addiction to these games can be defined as: Extreme and impulsive use of online games, in a way that leads to social and emotional problems, and despite these problems, a person can not control his extreme use of the game Slowly Internet addiction is an impulse control disorder characterized by overuse of the Internet, which is associated with significant functional impairment, anxiety, depression, and other symptoms of psychiatric pathology (7). Internet addiction is sometimes associated with suicide, even after modulating potentially disturbing variables such as depression. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental neurological disorder that has three main characteristics: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Hyperactivity Disorder, and Impulsivity. People with ADHD have abnormalities in parts of themselves (9). Some psychologists report about the related between depression, anxiety and symptoms of ADHD with Addiction to online games (10). Also relation is between internet addiction with d reducing of academic hope and sleep quality (20, 21). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: This follows a pattern of health, not illness, and assumes that human psychological problems are related to unhappiness and emotional disorders caused by language, thus helping human beings cope with Cognitive and emotional problems mainly work on language (26). The effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment on sleep quality, academic hope and anxiety in students with internet game disorder, with and without comorbidity of ADHD in Khorramabad in 2020 became necessary. Methods: The statistical population was students with internet game disorder in Khorramabad city. The sample size was 42 people (14 people for each of the experimental and control groups) so that each group consisted of an equal number of students with internet game disorder with and without comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Therapeutic intervention sessions were performed in 9 sessions of two hours and one session per week. To measure the research variables, questionnaires of Internet Gambling Disorder -20 test, mental health assessment of children and adolescents aged 6 to 14 years (CSI-4), Petersburg quality of sleep (PSQI), academic hope scale (date and waist), and Beck anxiety (1988) and an acceptance and commitment-based treatment package were used. Data analysis was performed using analysis of covariance in SPSS22 and Smart PLS. Results: The results show that the univariate test is significant for each of the dependent variables in both post-test and follow-up stages (P <0.01). Also, the univariate test is significant only for dependent variables of academic achievement (P <0.05). And is not significant for other variables (P <0.05). Conclusion: The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy on sleep quality, academic hope and anxiety of students with internet gambling disorder has an effect and this effect persists over time. In explaining the present study, it can be said that the results of this study are consistent with the mentioned studies, meaning that the ACT treatment approach has an effect on the dependent variables and this effectiveness has continued and shows that the treatment is based It is an effective treatment approach for acceptance and commitment for different types of behavioral, psychological, mental, mood disorders, etc. Obviously, it is moderated by the individual's relationship to these experiences. Therefore, these people are taught that to the extent that they can accept and tolerate their experiences, they can act independently of the experiences. According to the results of the present study, it can be said that acceptance and commitment-based therapeutic education can reduce the symptoms of Internet gambling disorder and reduce the severity of dependence and thus the desire for treatment in a positive way. , Be effective. Therefore, by teaching these ACT skills, an effective step can be taken to treat students with internet game disorder with and without co-occurrence with ADHD. Acceptance and commitment therapy affect the quality of sleep and this effect persists over time. In the explanation of the present study, it should be said that according to Table 4-12, the treatment based on acceptance and commitment on the quality of sleep of students with internet game disorder is effective and this effectiveness has continued in a one-month follow-up period. Explaining the results of the present study, it should be said that the therapeutic approach based on acceptance and commitment of ACT is effective on students' academic achievement with internet gambling disorder and this effectiveness has continued in a one-month follow-up period. Acceptance and commitment therapy has an effect on anxiety and this effect has persisted over time. According to the results of the present study, it can be said that therapeutic training based on acceptance and commitment can be effective in reducing the symptoms of internet gaming disorder and reducing the severity of mental disorders. Therefore, by teaching these treatment skills based on acceptance and commitment, an effective step can be taken in the direction of treating students with internet gaming disorder with and without comorbidity with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.}, Keywords = {Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Internet Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Sleep Quality, Anxiety}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {146-157}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر کیفیت خواب، امیدتحصیلی، اضطراب دانش آموزان با اختلال بازی اینترنتی با و بدون همبودی اختلال ADHD}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: استفاده زیاد از بازی‌های اینترنتی منجر به اعتیاد و اختلالات روانی می‌گردد، لذا هدف این پژوهش بررسی اثر بخشی درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر کیفیت خواب، امید تحصیلی، اضطراب در دانش آموزان با اختلال بازی اینترنتی با و بدون همبودی اختلال کم توجهی/ بیش فعالی بود. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر یک مطالعه نیمه آزمایشی با طرح پیش آزمون و پس آزمون و پیگیری با گروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری، دانش آموزان با اختلال بازی اینترنتی در شهرستان خرم آباد بود. تعداد نمونه 28 نفر بود که به دو گروه تجربی و کنترل تقسیم شدند. برای اندازه گیری متغیرهای پژوهش از پرسشنامه­های آزمون اختلال بازی اینترنتی-۲۰ (پونتز،2014)، ارزیابی سلامت روان کودکان و نوجوانان (اسپرافکین، لانی، یونیتات و گادو، 1994)، امید به تحصیل (خرمائی و کمری، 1396)، اضطراب (بک، 1988) و کیفیت خواب پترزبورگ (بویس و همکاران، 1989) و مداخله درمان مبتنی پدیرش و تعهد هیز استفاده شد. مداخله درمان مبتنی پدیرش و تعهد هیز طی 9 جلسه دو ساعته و هر هفته یک جلسه اجرا شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر کیفیت خواب، امید تحصیلی، اضطراب در دانش آموزان با اختلال بازی اینترنتی با و بدون همبودی اختلال کم توجهی/ بیش فعالی تأثیر دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج پژوهش حاضر، می­توان گفت آموزش درمانی مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد می­تواند در کاهش نشانه­های اختلال بازی اینترنتی و کاهش شدت اختلالات روانی مؤثر باشد. بنابراین با آموزش این مهارت­های درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد می­توان گامی مؤثر در جهت درمان دانش­آموزان دارای اختلال بازی اینترنتی با و بدون همبود با اختلال کم توجهی بیش فعالی برداشت.}, keywords_fa = {درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد, اختلال اینترنتی, اختلال کم توجهی/ بیش فعالی, کیفیت خواب, اضطراب}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7239-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7239-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Barzegari, Ali and RezaeiRad, Mojtaba and Kazari, Soda and Javidan, Hanieh and Salehi, Anahita and Razavi, Afsaneh Sadat and ZohrabiKarani, Lil}, title = {The Effect of a Course of Physical Activity through Virtual Training on Aggression and Self-Control Indicators in Women in Critical Conditions of Covid-19}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The global epidemic of the disease caused by the coronavirus (Covid-19), as a severe acute respiratory syndrome that appeared in December 2019, not only as a threat to the health and lives of millions of people around the world was considered The sudden outbreak of covid-19 faced many challenges in the education systems of the world and affected the field of education. In 120 countries, face-to-face learning stopped and the education of one billion students was ordered to close schools and higher education as an emergency measure to prevent the spread of infection. In the face of the Covid-19 epidemic, health protocols emphasized social distancing, and in many countries, including our country, the education of students is not interrupted during the period of social distancing and the curriculum continues according to the predetermined schedule. Different solutions were presented. In fact, with the beginning of the closure of schools to help eliminate this virus, the concern of developing and implementing educational programs to continue education at home and in the conditions of home quarantine is one of the biggest challenges of educational systems, including education. And breeding became. In such a way that international institutions and organizations, such as the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization, were forced to work hard to develop curricula, guidelines, and educational guides for these conditions. Although Covid-19 could have negative effects on educational activities, social distancing has stimulated the growth of online educational activities so that there is no disruption in education. The electronic learning system has created educational environments that are not dependent on any specific location or time and allows teachers to teach a course simultaneously or asynchronously or use a combination of these two modes. In this way, electronic education or education through virtual space was chosen as one of the important and serious programs in education. Electronic education and learning are one of the achievements that have transformed our world. So, in the field of health, virtual education can be used to increase the level of awareness and perform physical activity. Paying attention to motor and cognitive function during life and investigating effective factors for preventing the decline of body functions have always been of interest to researchers, therefore, the purpose of this research is the effect of a course of physical activity through virtual training on indicators of aggression and self-control in women in The critical situation of Corona was in 2019. Methods: The statistical population studied in this research included all the women in the sports hall of one district of Tehran in 2019. In this survey, an available sampling method was used, in the first stage, 3 districts were randomly selected from the ten districts of one district of Tehran city, which included districts 5, 6, and 9, each district had two clubs. One from each area was randomly selected. Then, after each morning and evening shift of classes held in the hall, one group from the morning shift and one group from the evening shift were randomly selected. In the next step, research questionnaires were administered to all women as a group. Then 30 women who had a significantly low score in the self-control questionnaire and a significantly high score in the aggression questionnaire were identified. Then these 30 people were randomly divided into two groups of 15 people (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group). The aerobic exercise program was performed for 24 sessions and three sessions of 60 minutes each week with an intensity equal to 65-80 maximum heart rate. Before the beginning of the sessions and at the end of the last session, the aggression and self-control questionnaire was completed. To analyze the research data, descriptive statistical methods such as frequency, mean and standard deviation, as well as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic to check the normality of the data and at the level of inferential statistics while respecting the assumptions, at the level of the total score of the questionnaires, from the t analysis correlated to The statistical software SPSS version 22 was used at a significance level of P≤0.05. Results: The results of the correlation t analysis show that in the physical activity group, aggression improved with a significant level of 0.011, and self-control improved with a significant level of 0.042. Conclusion: The results showed that aggression and self-control improved in the physical activity group. The results of the present study are a confirmation of previous studies regarding the role of physical activity in improving psychological, cognitive, and mood states. It is suggested that in line with the tendency of citizens to exercise more and more and increase their physical activity, on the one hand, to improve the changeable conditions of people's living environment, such as making it easier to access recreational-sports spaces, including the development of walking paths leading to these places, providing more services public transportation from different parts of the city and increasing the personal security of people on the street, and on the other hand, to strengthen the psychological-social factors through holding sports competitions in different age groups at the level of each neighborhood, equipping and attracting sports facilities in accordance with the interests of use - Participants in the direction of establishing and increasing the level of self-control and reducing aggression of people, providing sports fields for family use such as walking festivals with the aim of increasing role modeling, social support of the family and informing about the benefits of physical activity through social media and city advertisements to increase The level of awareness and social norms of different people, their family and relatives, should be given more attention. It should be kept in mind that this research was on women referring to clubs in one area of ​​Tehran, so one should be careful in generalizing the results to other people, which was one of the limitations of the present research. The researcher couldn't control all the influencing variables (such as the motivation to participate in training sessions) on the subjects, which was one of the limitations of this research.  }, Keywords = {Physical Activity, Self-Control, Aggression, Women}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {158-168}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر یک دوره فعالیت بدنی از طریق آموزش مجازی بر شاخص‌های پرخاشگری و خودکنترلی در زنان در شرایط بحرانی کووید 19}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: توجه به عملکرد حرکتی و شناختی در دوران زندگی و بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر پیشگیری از اُفت کارکردهای بدن همواره مورد توجه پژوهشگران بوده است، لذا، هدف از پژوهش حاضر تاثیر یک دوره فعالیت بدنی از طریق آموزش مجازی بر شاخص های پرخاشگری و خودکنترلی در زنان در شرایط بحرانی کرونا در سال 1399 بود. روش کار: پژوهش از نوع نیمه تجربی با طرح پیش آزمون پس آزمون با گروه کنترل بود. بدین منظور، 30 زن سالن ورزشی منطقه یک شهر تهران به‌صورت نمونه گیری دردسترس انتخاب شدند و بر اساس پرسشنامه‌های پژوهش در دو گروه فعالیت بدنی و کنترل قرار گرفتند. برنامه ورزش هوازی به مدت 24 جلسه و هر هفته سه جلسه 60 دقیقه‌ای با شدت معادل ۶۵-۸۰ حداکثر ضربان قلب انجام شد. پیش از شروع جلسات و در پایان آخرین جلسه، پرسش‌نامه پرخاشگری و خودکنترلی تکمیل گردید. آمار استنباطی ، در سطح نمره کل پرسشنامه‌ها از تحلیل t همبسته به کمک نرم‌افزار آماری SPSS22 استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج تحلیل t همبسته نشان می‌دهد که در گروه فعالیت بدنی، پرخاشگری با سطح معناداری 011/0 و خودکنترلی با سطح معناداری 042/0 بهبود یافته است. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج مطالعه حاضر، تأییدی بر مطالعات پیشین در ارتباط با نقش فعالیت بدنی بر بهبود عملکرد روانی، شناختی و حالات خُلقی است.  }, keywords_fa = {فعالیت بدنی, خودکنترلی, پرخاشگری, زنان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7549-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7549-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Kaviani, Abdul Rasool and Baghouli, Hossein and Barzegar, Maji}, title = {Comparison of the Effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing and Matrix Treatment with Cognitive-Behavioral Approach on the Aggression of Marijuana Users}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Addiction is a common scourge that neglects it and brings harmful consequences such as the destruction of socio-economic resources and a threat to social security. From 2006 to 2015, 23% was added to the number of drug users in the world. This is while the estimated global prevalence rate was around 9.4% in 2006 and reached 39.5% in 2015. Deaths due to drug use in 2015 compared to 2014 increased by 6.8%. More than 3 thousand 190 addicts have died due to abuse. In addition to the consequences and changes that it has directly on the consumer, they also have secondary social costs such as disruption in the family, in education, work life, and the occurrence of various types of violence and risky sexual behaviors. Numerous studies have shown that one of the most important and common psychological disorders and injuries that may affect drug addicts is a lack of anger control. Some research findings have illustrated the relationship between aggressive behavior and substance use, a relationship that is deep, costly, and undeniable. But any discussion on the relationship between drugs and aggression and violence must begin with a definition of this concept. Aggression is a behavior whose purpose is to harm oneself or others, that is, a traumatic behavior is considered aggression if it is done intentionally to harm another person or oneself. Aggressive behaviors may manifest in different ways. During their research, Bass and Perry concluded that human aggression has three dimensions (instrumental, emotional, and cognitive). The instrumental or movement dimension represents verbal or physical aggression and its purpose is to harm others. The emotional and emotional dimension refers to the internal conditions of the organism as well as the readiness for physiological and emotional arousal and is manifested in the form of anger. This dimension is responsible for the preparation of aggressive behavior. The cognitive dimension, which is called hostility, causes feelings of selfishness and malice towards others. These dimensions can provide the basis for the occurrence of all kinds of physical and psychological injuries. Motivational counseling is a client-centered method, a guide to strengthening the internal motivation for change, through discovering, identifying, and solving doubts and ambivalence. The use of motivational interviewing is developing rapidly in the world so, in three years, the number of publications in this field has approximately doubled. Studies show that the motivational interview method is superior to traditional training and treatment recommendations for a wide range of psychological problems, including addiction. Another promising therapeutic approach in recent years is the matrix model. Matrix treatment is a non-pharmacological, outpatient treatment method for drug addiction. Matrix therapeutic approach is based on the cognitive approach. Considering that the effectiveness of two treatment models on aggression was shown in different researches and separately, and in addition, the review of previous research showed that no study compared the effectiveness of these two treatments at the same time. For this reason, the current study tries to investigate the effectiveness of these treatments on the aggression of marijuana addicts. Considering the importance of marijuana addiction treatment and the age range of users, the variable effect of depression, and the effectiveness of intervention approaches, the researcher was looking for an answer to the question of whether the effectiveness of motivational interviewing and matrix treatment is different from the cognitive-behavioral approach on aggression? Methods: The current research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with three groups (two experimental groups, one motivational interview treatment group, one matrix treatment group with a cognitive-behavioral approach, and one control group). Men addicted to marijuana were in Shiraz city in the second quarter of 2019. The statistical sample was selected by a targeted sampling method from people addicted to marijuana who were hospitalized and under treatment, referring to Maharhari Hospital in Shiraz. People were randomly assigned to three groups (15 people in each group). The aggression questionnaire by Bass and Perry (1992) was used to collect information. To analyze the data, univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance was used. Results: The results showed that matrix therapy and motivational interviewing had a positive and significant effect on improving aggression (0.001), but matrix therapy and motivational interviewing did not have different effectiveness. Also, the results of the covariance analysis with the adjustment of the pre-test effect showed that there is a significant difference between the three groups. Conclusion: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of motivational interviewing and matrix therapy with a cognitive-behavioral approach on the aggression of marijuana users. The results showed that there is a difference between the effectiveness of motivational interviewing and matrix with a cognitive-behavioral approach on aggression in marijuana users. The results showed that these treatments had a positive effect on improving aggression. Also, the results showed that matrix therapy and motivational interviewing had significant differences from the control group, but matrix therapy and motivational interviewing did not have different effectiveness. According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that both treatments can be used as complementary treatments for marijuana addicts. One of the limitations of this research is that the results can only be generalized to marijuana addicts in Shiraz, so the generalization of the results to other cities should be done with caution. Another limitation was the impossibility of a longitudinal study, because due to the high cost, the difficulty of work, high dropout of abusers' samples, and their lack of commitment to participate in the study, the study was conducted cross-sectionally, therefore, if the study is conducted longitudinally, more accurate and important results will be obtained. Each family with its problems is influential in the treatment process; at the beginning of family therapy, based on the main problem (codependence, extreme control, limited vision of illness, uncertainty, and need for family therapy), treatment planning should be done. Wider and more scientific use of psychologists and psychiatrists in tandem to solve the problem in the form of simultaneous psychotherapy and drug therapy in camps and centers for de-addiction and emphasizing the follow-up of treatment should be given serious attention in these centers.  }, Keywords = {Motivational Interviewing Therapy, Matrix Therapy, Aggression,Marijuana Users}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {169-178}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی تأثیر درمان مصاحبه انگیزشی و ماتریکس با رویکرد شناختی- رفتاری بر پرخاشگری مصرف‌کنندگان ماری‌جوانا}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اعتیاد بلای خانمان­سوزی است که بی­توجهی به آن تبعات زیان­باری روانی مانند پرخاشگری به همراه دارد؛ بنابراین هدف از انجام این پژوهش بررسی تأثیر درمان مصاحبه انگیزشی و ماتریکس با رویکرد شناختی- رفتاری بر پرخاشگری مصرف­کنندگان ماری جوانا بوده است. روش کار: روش پژوهش حاضر نیمه آزمایشی با طرح پیش آزمون- پس آزمون با سه گروه (دو گروه آزمایش، یک گروه درمان مصاحبه انگیزشی، یک گروه درمان ماتریکس با رویکرد شناختی- رفتاری و یک گروه کنترل) بود. جامعه­ی پژوهش حاضر کلیه مردان وابسته به ماری جوانا شهر شیراز در سه ماه دوم سال 1399 بودند. نمونه آماری با روش نمونه گیری به صورت هدفمند از افراد وابسته به ماری جوانا که بستری و تحت درمان مراجعه کننده به بیمارستان محرری شهر شیراز انتخاب شدند. افراد به صورت تصادفی در سه گروه (هر گروه 15 نفر) جایگزین شدند. جهت گردآوری اطلاعات از پرسشنامه پرخاشگری باس و پری (1992) استفاده گردید. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از تحلیل کواریانس تک متغیره و چند متغیره بهره گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که درمان ماتریکس و مصاحبه انگیزشی بر بهبود پرخاشگری و تأثیر مثبت و معنادار داشتند (001/0)، اما درمان ماتریکس با مصاحبه انگیزشی اثربخشی متفاوتی با هم نداشتند. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به یافته­های پژوهش حاضر می­توان نتیجه گرفت که هر دو درمان را می­توان به عنوان درمان­های مکمل داوریی در افراد وابسته به ماری­جوانا به کار برد.  }, keywords_fa = {درمان مصاحبه انگیزشی, درمان ماتریکس, پرخاشگری, مصرف کنندگان ماری جوانا}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7599-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7599-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Nosrat, Ali and Rasouli, MohammadReza and NasrollahiKasmani, Akbar}, title = {Dynamic Model for Cognitive Approach of Iranian Social Media Users in Covid-19 Crisis, Using Artificial Intelligence}, abstract ={Background & Aims: In December 2019, the corona virus in China's Wuhan city, the center of Hubei province, and spread very quickly and completely involved society members and government bodies in all countries. On the other hand, today, with the existence of a new interface called social media, most of the natural conversations and expressions of people with each other and in small and large groups are recorded, and therefore, with the help of data mining and text mining tools, it is possible to analyze big data. Very close to the real estimates of what is going on in the public mind. The use of these emerging methods of computational analysis can provide an objective picture of what is happening in society in front of the eyes of the managers, and in this way, increase the quality of the analysis of managers and decision-makers lead to better policies and planning, and so on. These models can provide a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of adopted policies and programs. But in general, it can be said that at a time when there is still no clear understanding of the help that intelligent data mining can have by using cognitive approaches, among society members and managers of the country, the existence of such research can fulfill this understanding, expectation a, and demand. It created among society and its managers that, in principle, perceptions, and decisions should be made using methods that rely on objective big data. From this point of view, the importance of the current research is doubled in terms of the impact it will have in clarifying and introducing such methods and its macro decision makers. It is obvious that the error in perception is caused by unconscious perceptual biases, generalizing parts of society to the whole society, not being up-to-date with the changes and developments of social beliefs and ruling based on what was perceived in the past, and many other perceptual errors of this kind. , leads to decisions, criticisms, and, wrong behaviors that both lose resources and opportunities and waste the capital and public trust of the society finally, leads to decisions and policies that are not only ineffective but sometimes leave destructive and harmful effects on society and solve the crisis. Theoretically, this type of analysis is new in the space of media analysis, and the aspects that this research deals with the natural crisis of Corona are new and, of course, very practical. The combined use of artificial intelligence and cognitive science in analysis has a lot of room for growth and this research can encourage interdisciplinary research and theoretical activities in this field. From a practical point of view, the results of this research will be very useful and practical for all those who are involved in the field of macro policies, media people, also related business owners. The presentation of the results and achievements of this research can lead to the demands of the stakeholders, but during the time of the research and when its achievements were revealed, based on the request of the National Corona Headquarters and relevant decision-making institutions in the country, consultations were given based on the achievements. It was their request. Therefore, the key issue in the current research is to find a model to explain the dynamics of changing feelings and attitudes of Athenian society in the natural crisis of Corona. This research is conducted on Persian-speaking social media users and for Iranian society. Methods: Since in order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to carry out a lot of research and examine the problem from various dimensions, the method of Meta synthesis was chosen, and for this purpose, a call was made in the last months of 2018 and with the peak of the Corona wave. And is affected by various aspects of people's lives, was held at the headquarters of the development of cognitive sciences and technologies. For this purpose, more than 25 million Persian language posts from social media were collected, pre-processed, and then made available to interested teams between February 1, 1998, and June 11, 1999. Then, the results of these plans have been extracted in the form of 148 propositions. Results: The results of the analysis of propositions, during qualitative research, led to the identification of 11 main categories, which were placed in 6 different dimensions of a comprehensive model. In this way, various aspects of the cognitive approach of Iranian social media users in this natural crisis led us to a comprehensive model that we called "Samee". Conclusion: In general, it can be stated that this model specifies that the influencers are effective on the mentalities, emotions, and perceptual attitudes and behavior of users in cyberspace, and again, the behaviors of users in cyberspace are effective on their mentalities, emotions, and attitudes. It is impressive. When the data of this research was extracted and analyzed, it was related to the first months of the corona outbreak. Obviously, similar research will be needed to carry out this study until the end of the Corona era and even months after that and to examine the next events and the cognitive approaches of social network users. In addition, other types of crises occur in societies, which are not necessarily natural crises, but this method of analysis can be done on those crises as well, and its results can be examined and applied in society. Using the methods introduced in this research can provide very valuable achievements for the managers and policymakers of the country. The research that this research is based on, points to the limitations of any computational work in the social and cultural field. We will eat them. One of the very key tasks to pave the way for such analyzes is to conduct preliminary research, which will generally be either in the direction of creating the necessary infrastructure for computational social sciences or in the direction of the necessary infrastructure for linguistic analysis and natural language processing in Persian. Since the theories and algorithms used in natural language processing for the Persian language are generally derived from the same theories and algorithms of natural language processing, researchers that deal with natural language processing with a cognitive approach can be very innovative and solve many problems that in these fields, it should be resolved.  }, Keywords = {Corona Crisis, Social Media, Cognitive Science, Artificial Intelligence, Persian Language Users}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {179-194}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مدل دینامیک رویکرد شناختی کاربران ایرانی شبکه‌های اجتماعی در بحران کرونا با استفاده از هوش مصنوعی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: در دسامبر سال 2019 ویروس کرونا  از کشور چین شهر ووهان مرکز استان هوبئی آغاز شد و به سرعت بسیار زیادی گسترش یافت و در همه کشورها، آحاد جامعه و ارگان‌های دولتی را کاملاً به خود درگیر کرد. هدف از مطالعه‌ی حاضر بررسی مدل دینامیک رویکرد شناختی کاربران ایرانی شبکه‌های اجتماعی در بحران کرونا با استفاده از هوش مصنوعی بود. روش کار: از آنجا که برای نیل به این هدف، نیاز است پژوهش­های فراوانی صورت پذیرد و مسئله از ابعاد گوناگونی مورد بررسی قرار گیرد، روش متناسنتز انتخاب شد و به همین منظور فراخوانی در ماه‌های پایانی سال 1398 و با اوج گرفتن موج کرونا و تحت تأثیر قرار گرفتن شئون مختلف زندگی مردم، در ستاد توسعه علوم و فناوری‌های شناختی برگزار شد. برای این منظور، بالغ بر 25 میلیون پست زبان فارسی از رسانه­های اجتماعی در بازه زمانی1 بهمن 98 الی 11 خرداد 99 جمع­آوری، پیش­پردازش و سپس در اختیار تیم­های علاقنمد قرارگرفت. سپس نتایج این طرح­ها در قالب 148 گزاره استخراج شده است. یافته‌ها: نتایج حاصله از تحلیل گزاره­ها، طی یک پژوهش کیفی منجر به شناسایی 11 مقوله اصلی شد که در 6 بعد مختلف از یک مدل جامع قرار می­گرفتند. به این ترتیب ابعاد گوناگون رویکرد شناختی کاربران ایرانی رسانه‌های اجتماعی در این بحران طبیعی، ما را به یک مدل  جامع رساند که آن را "سامع" نامیدیم. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان بیان داشت که این مدل چنین مشخص می­کند که تأثیرگذاران بر ذهنیات، احساسات و نگرش‌های ادراکی و رفتار کاربران در فضای مجازی مؤثر هستند و مجددآ رفتارها کاربران در فضای مجازی بر ذهنیات، احساسات و نگرش­های آنان تأثیرگذار است.  }, keywords_fa = {بحران کرونا, رسانه‌های اجتماعی, علوم شناختی, هوش مصنوعی, کاربران فارسی زبان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7996-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7996-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Hajiaraghi, Niloofar and Mousavi, Seyed Maryam}, title = {Investigating the Effect of Breastfeeding in Drug-Dependent Mothers on Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Review Study}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Breastfeeding is the safest and the best way to provide growth and development of newborn and protect against many diseases. breast feeding is known to be beneficial for many benefits such as reduction of neonatal death syndrome) Sudden Infant death syndrome-SIDS (childhood and postpartum depression are a major public health strategy. these benefits may be particularly important for families who are grappling with drug use. while the use of addictive substances is a global health problem and dependence on drugs causes a certain concern. because this affects maternal, fetal and newborn health. during the past decade, drug use has grown dramatically and now become a major public health problem. drug abuse during pregnancy has led to an increase in the birth rate of a number of children with the syndrome of substance (neonatal abstinence syndrome-NAS (. the cost of health care has skyrocketed. sudden cessation of drugs in newborns from mothers of drug users on the following days of birth leads to baby deprivation syndrome with symptoms such as tachycardia, tremor, agitation, increased tone, convulsions, nutrition and poor nutrition, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, fever and nausea. in addition, the time of hospitalization of newborns with NAS in hospital was 16.4 days compared to other children who were 3.3 days. there are also 46 - 76 % of the probability that these babies undergo drug therapy, such as the treatment cost, whereas drug addicts have low economic status.  recent studies have shown that non - pharmacological agents should be used as the first line of treatment to reduce symptoms of NAS. among the non - pharmacological methods, breastfeeding may result in reduced severity and severity of symptoms. in addition, studies show a direct relationship between breastfeeding and decrease in length of admission, decrease of symptoms and necessity of drug interventions in NAS. the American academy of pediatrics and the world health organization, have a strong emphasis on breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life. In this regard, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of breastfeeding in mother's dependent on the use of narcotic drugs (opioids) on infant deprivation syndrome. Methods: The present article is a review study that researchers in Google Scholar, Science Direct, Pub Med, Medline, SID, Magi ran, using keywords Breastfeeding [mesh]", "opioids[mesh]", "neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) [mesh]” and “mothers [mesh]” “Drug Abuse/Parenteral [mesh]” and searched for 10 years between 2010-2020. inclusion criteria in this study were qualitative and quantitative studies on the effect of breast feeding on deprivation syndrome, in domestic and domestic practical journals, focusing on benefits and usefulness, descriptive and investigative and review, access to full text and English and Persian language articles were considered. and unrelated, repetitive, language having different language and weak relation with the goal of study, and without proper executive methods, were excluded. in the search phase of the texts, some studies were carried out based on inclusion criteria. then, the remaining studies were evaluated and analyzed in terms of content. the initial search result of 876 studies, which 48 studies, due to having a different language, 775 studies, after reviewing title and purpose , respectively 16 after reviewing the summary, 15 studies were deleted after reviewing the text and two studies were added as a result of manual search. in the end, 24 studies were included. after the evaluation of these studies, the data were analyzed through comparison, summing up and determining the validity. it should be noted that regarding the wide distribution of mothers ' breastfeeding in this article, it is necessary to review the effect of breast feeding on pain syndrome of newborn. Results: According to studies, mothers who struggle with addiction are one of the most vulnerable groups among mothers. the amount of breastfeeding in these cases is very low. according to the results of the study, the socioeconomic status, age, education, social influence, knowledge and knowledge of breastfeeding, the health and mental health status of the mothers of the opioid - dependent mothers, support and pre - natal education influence the decision to breastfeed. in a study conducted (Wachman et al (colleagues on the extent of breastfeeding among the dependent mothers, the results indicated that only a small number of mothers of breast - feeding infants fed their infants. more than half of those, after a week of breast feeding, stopped feeding their baby and did not feed their baby at all. the results of the present study were shown by Volstrand et al. Breastfeeding rates were high in mothers treated with opioids (methadone and buprenorphine), but early cessation of breastfeeding is common among them. however, the effect of opioids on opioids is not considered safe, since opioids are considered to be immune to opioids as a result of opioids consumption in the mother, its secretion in milk is low and there is no risk for baby. according to the results of the study, breastfeeding can help to create an emotional bond between mother and baby, especially in addicted mothers with opioids, breastfeeding increases the release of oxytocin hormone, which has calm effects on mother. perhaps one of its benefits is the help of mother 's adaptation with agitation from NAS in the infant and reduce the likelihood of getting the baby by these mothers. also, breast feeding leads to decrease in severity of symptoms such as severity of symptoms, duration of stay in hospital, need for drug delivery and decrease of care costs. in addition, breastfeeding in these mothers reduced incidence and duration of neonatal signs symptoms in newborns. breastfeeding also has a positive effect on the prevention of sudden infant mortality (SID). therefore, it is recommended to be conducted on children at risk such as newborns with opioids in the uterus of breast feeding. the results of this study showed that the need for drug for treatment of deprivation syndrome in neonates fed by breastfeeding mothers was higher than newborns who had not been fed with breast milk. most of these neonates had normal weight and had better weight gain. also, according to the research, exclusive breast feeding was more effective in reducing the symptoms of breast feeding with breast milk, compared to breast feeding, or a combination of breast milk and formula. previous studies in 2012 - 2016 showed that compared to breastfed infants in 2012 - 2016, breastfeeding in mother's dependent to opioids leads to shortening the length of stay of newborns with NAS in hospital. although the study showed that breastfeeding reduced the duration of hospitalization and decreased the need for treatment of NAS, but in a research it was stated that the need for treatment for newborns with NAS and the other group that were fed with milk had been fed. there was no significant difference in this study suggesting that breast - feeding practice is more important than milk pharmaceutical content and more research should be done in this regard. therefore, it is suggested that opioids are dependent on opioids use to help their children if NAS occur, unless the hazards are greater than the benefits. according to the studies, clinicians have played a very important role in understanding, supporting, consulting and defending mothers ' rights that they wish to feed their children with the syndrome of food deprivation, and to inform them of the complications of drug use on their babies before the full cessation of breastfeeding. they also need to be encouraged to not consume alcohol, cigarettes or other illegal drugs throughout the lactation and receive mental support and medication from health centers and health care providers. Conclusion: The World Health Organization recommends methadone and buprenorphine in substance use treatment for all individuals, especially in women during pregnancy and lactation, along with psychotherapy. in the case of reducing the rate of symptoms in the infant, mothers who were treated with methadone (74 %) or buprenorphine (78 %) had no difference after delivery to their infants. in the study of johnson et al., the amount of methadone released in breast milk is -21-462 ng / ml, and it is unlikely to have a trace amount of methadone that is transmitted through the breast milk. therefore, the infants of methadone and Buprenorphine mothers can be fed by mother 's milk and can be used as a beneficial benefit. in addition, mothers can also use a good mother 's sense of breastfeeding as an opportunity to change their course of life. although some mothers of breast - feeding are challenging to their newborn, because the vibration, weak muscle tone, bound movements and poor swallowing will cause problems in breast and breast feeding. on the other hand, the approach and the frustrations of health care givers were not effective in breast feeding. therefore, understanding the benefits of breastfeeding depends on the use of opioids in reducing infant Deprivation to treatment staff to recommend breast feeding to these high - risk mothers. in addition, successful breastfeeding in these mothers requires nurses " education, understanding psychological problems , creating a secure environment, observing privacy and physical and mental protection by health care providers and eliminate the barriers to breastfeeding.}, Keywords = {Breastfeeding, Neonatal abstinence syndrome, Mothers, Drug Abuse/ Parenteral, Opioids}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {195-203}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر شیردهی در مادران وابسته به مصرف مواد مخدر بر سندروم محرومیت نوزاد: یک مطالعه مروری}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: در دهه اخیر، مصرف مواد مخدر در بارداری و به دنبال آن تولد نوزادان مبتلا به سندروم محرومیت از مواد (neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)) افزایش یافته که هزینه‏های مراقبتی را بالا برده است. امروزه بر روش‏های غیردارویی مانند شیردهی، جهت کاهش علائم NAS تاکید می‏شود. بنابراین هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی تاثیر شیردهی مادران وابسته به مصرف مواد مخدر(اوپیوئیدها) بر سندروم محرومیت نوزاد بود. روش کار: این مطالعه، یک پژوهش مروری، با جستجو در پایگاه‏های Google Scholar، Science Direct، Pub Med، Medline، SID، Magi ran، و کلید واژه‏های“Breastfeeding” “opioids” “mothers” neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)” “Drug Abuse/Parenteral”“، در طی سال‏های2020-2010، است. در نهایت 24 مطالعه انتخاب، و داده‌ها ارزشیابی و تحلیل شد. یافته‏ ها: میزان شیردهی در مادران وابسته به مواد مخدر بسیار پایین بود، در حالی که شیردهی در مادران وابسته به اوپیوئیدها یا تحت درمان با این داروها، ایمن در نظر گرفته می‏شود. شیردهی، باعث کاهش طول مدت و شدت علائم NAS، طول مدت بستری، دارو درمانی، هزینه‏های مراقبتی، سندروم مرگ ناگهانی و ایجاد پیوند عاطفی مادر و نوزاد و سازگاری مادر با بی‏قراری حاصل از NAS می‏شود. نتیجه ‏گیری: با توجه به تاثیر شیردهی مادران وابسته به اوپیوئیدها یا تحت درمان با این داروها در کاهش علائم NAS توصیه می‏شود، کادر درمان با شناسایی، برداشتن موانع و حمایت روانی این مادران بر اهمیت شیردهی به عنوان یک روش ایمن، ارزان و موثر تاکید کنند. با این وجود، به علت مطالعات محدود در کشور ایران، پژوهش‏های گسترده‏تری در این زمینه لازم است.  }, keywords_fa = {شیردهی, سندروم محرومیت نوزاد, مادران, سوء مصرف مواد/وریدی, اوپیوئیدها}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6266-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6266-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Panahi, Anahita and Ghazanfari, Ahmad and Sharifi, Tayebeh and Ahmadi, Rez}, title = {Comparison of the effectiveness and durability of motivational interview and meta-diagnostic treatment on marital adjustment of couples referring to counseling centers in Shahrekord}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Incompatibility is opposite to compatibility, and when compatibility between couples decreases, incompatibility gradually takes its place. It can almost be said that all couples experience this type of incompatibility more or less; But sometimes the amount and intensity of incompatibility reaches such a point that couples cannot tolerate each other and this incompatibility may lead to violence, divorce and separation (3). Considering the importance of the topic, it will be very beneficial to identify effective intervention and educational approaches in order to increase marital compatibility in order to improve couples' relationships. In motivational interviewing, the goal is to guide the client to discover the discrepancy between his expectations from different aspects of his life and his current behaviors. As a result, evaluating and resolving ambivalence and inconsistency is one of the main goals of motivational interviewing (4). Considering the above contents and the effect of compatibility in married life on the one hand and the effect of meta-diagnostic treatment and motivational interview on the other hand on different aspects of married life and since by reviewing the research done inside and outside the country, a research on the topic in question not found. The researchers are trying to answer these questions, whether there is a difference between the effectiveness of motivational interviewing and meta-diagnostic therapy on the marital adjustment of couples referring to counseling centers in Shahrekord city. Which method is more effective? Methods: To conduct the current semi-experimental research, which was pre-test-post-test-follow-up and control group. Out of all the couples referring to counseling centers in Shahrekord city in 2014-2016, 1250 couples based on the criteria for entering the research and based on this to determine the sample size based on the sources related to the research methodology (10), 20 couples were assigned to the experimental group of motivational interviewing. 20 couples were assigned to the extradiagnostic treatment test group and 20 couples to the control group. Then the subjects completed the Locke-Wallace compatibility test in 1959 in the pre-test. In the following, the intervention test groups received one 90-minute session per week for two months at the counseling center of Nasim Aramesh in Shahrekord. In order to implement the training package of motivational interviewing, it is extracted from the motivational group book based on the curriculum and it is performed on the group in eight sessions, one session per week and each session lasts 90 minutes. Also, meta-diagnostic therapy is also implemented in eight 90-minute training sessions, one session a week and during two months in the form of groups with twenty couples (Tables 1 and 2) (9,10). Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and statistical tests of analysis of variance with repeated measurements, multivariate analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc analysis were used using SPSS version 25 software to analyze the research data. Results: The results showed that in the marital adjustment variable, the average difference between the research groups (motivational interview group, meta-diagnostic treatment and control group) in the pre-test stage is not significant (Table 3). Another finding showed that the average scores of the variable of marital adjustment of couples, apart from the effect of grouping, were affected by a significant change during the post-test and follow-up stages, which has a significant difference with the pre-test. On the other hand, it was found that the grouping variable (extradiagnostic treatment group) has a significant effect on the marital adjustment variable regardless of the stages (pre-test, post-test and follow-up). This issue shows the significant effect of meta-diagnostic treatment group therapy compared to control group 1. Also, the results showed that the variable interaction of stages and grouping explain 12% of the changes in marital adjustment (Table 4). It was also found that the difference between the average scores of the pre-test and the post-test is significant with the follow-up of the marital adjustment variable. This is despite the fact that there is no significant difference between the mean of the post-test and the follow-up of this variable. This means that the mean scores of marital adjustment in the follow-up phase have not changed significantly compared to the post-test, but due to the lack of decrease in the follow-up scores compared to the post-test and the significant change in the follow-up scores compared to the pre-test, it shows that the effectiveness of the group therapy of extra-diagnostic treatment on marital adjustment during Time is maintained (Table 5). Finally, the results of the follow-up test showed that the difference between the average marital adjustment scores of the meta-diagnostic treatment test group and the motivational interview test group was not significant, and this finding means that the effectiveness of the meta-diagnostic novel and motivational interview on the level of marital adjustment did not have a significant difference; But the difference between the experimental groups (metadiagnostic therapy and motivational interview) and the control group was significant. In a summary, it can be stated as follows: meta-diagnostic treatment intervention and motivational interviewing have a significant effect on marital compatibility; However, the effectiveness of meta-diagnostic treatment and motivational interviewing on marital adjustment are not significantly different (Table 7). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that motivational interviewing has a significant effect on improving marital adjustment, and the results obtained are stable in the follow-up phase; which is consistent with the results of other researchers (11). In the explanation above, it can be said that motivational interviewing follows client-centered therapeutic principles in which empathic and supportive counseling styles along with continuous interpersonal interaction are the basis of the work. Motivational interviewing with a positive effect on psychological well-being makes couples accept their different aspects and have a more compatible attitude towards themselves, life and spouse. Accepting differences during motivational interviewing increases the ability to love, warm and trusted relationships, the ability to empathize with your spouse, the ability to stand up to the pressures of life, having a purpose and finding meaning in life, and the feeling of constant growth, and ultimately increasing marital compatibility; Therefore, the use of motivational interviewing can lead to marital adjustment; Because the basic principles of motivational interviewing are strengthening the client's sense of self-efficacy in all behavioral changes. Many of the group motivational interviewing techniques used in this research, such as assessment of trust commitment, behavior control, participation in decision-making and resolving ambivalence, are exclusively related to adopting adaptive approaches in marital relationships (8). The findings of the current research also showed that meta-diagnostic treatment has a significant effect on improving marital adjustment, and the results obtained in the follow-up phase were also stable; which is consistent with the results of other researchers (12,13). In the explanation above, it can be said that the strategies of self-control of thoughts, exposure, prevention and response management were part of the skills used in the meta-diagnostic treatment program; Facilitates the identification of thoughts affecting emotions and behaviors that generate interactive problems. In meta-diagnostic treatment sessions, people learn that all emotions, both positive and negative, are important and necessary, and our goal is not to eliminate; Rather, it is identifying, tolerating and coping with negative emotions that these behavioral changes lead to greater compatibility in marital relationships.  }, Keywords = {Marital Adjustment, Motivational Interview, Meta-Diagnostic Treatment}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {204-212}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه اثربخشی و ماندگاری مصاحبه انگیزشی و درمان فراتشخیصی بر سازگاری زناشویی زوجین}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: سازگاری زناشویی تعادلی همراه با منطق میان نیازهای مادی و معنوی همسران برقرار می‌سازد. بر این اساس هدف از پژوهش حاضر مقایسه اثربخشی و ماندگاری مصاحبه انگیزشی و درمان فراتشخیصی بر سازگاری زناشویی زوجین مراجعه‌کننده به مراکز مشاوره شهر شهرکرد بود. روش کار: برای انجام پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی حاضر که از نوع پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون-پیگیری و گروه گواه بود از بین 1250 زوج مراجعه ‌کننده به مراکز مشاوره شهر شهرکرد در سال 1399-1400 تعداد 60 زوج به صورت در دسترس انتخاب و به شیوه تصادفی به سه گروه مصاحبه انگیزشی، فراتشخیصی و گواه تقسیم شدند. سپس گروه‌های آزمایش مداخلات را طی دو ماه به‌صورت هفته‌ای یک جلسه 90 دقیقه‌ای در مرکز مشاوره نسیم آرامش را زیر نظر محقق دریافت کردند. از آزمون سازگاری زناشویی لاک-والاس(1959) برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات 24 ساعت قبل، 48 ساعت بعد و دوره پیگیری دو ماهه از مداخله استفاده شد. نهایتا داده­ها با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل واریانس با اندازه‌گیری مکرر و آزمون تعقیبی بونفرونی تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که مصاحبه انگیزشی تأثیر معناداری در بهبود سازگاری زناشویی دارد و نتایج به‌دست‌آمده در مرحله پیگیری پایدار است. همچنین مشخص شد که درمان فراتشخیصی تأثیر معناداری در بهبود سازگاری زناشویی دارد و نتایج به‌دست‌آمده در مرحله پیگیری نیز پایدار بود. نتیجه ­گیری: با توجه به نتایج استفاده از دو نوع مداخله جهت بهبود سازگاری پیشنهاد می­شود.  }, keywords_fa = {سازگاری زناشویی, مصاحبه انگیزشی, درمان فراتشخیصی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7499-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7499-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {AfzaliMousavi, Seyedeh Mahboobeh and AshrafGanjoui, Farideh and Zarei, Ali}, title = {Identification the Factors Influencing the Incidence and Spread of Ethical Corruption and Its Control Methods}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The link between corruption and sport has a long history. Corruption in sports (in all its forms and degrees) is a global phenomenon that continues to threaten the integrity of the sports industry, and is a major challenge for sports managers, clubs, organizations and all elements of the sports community (1). The increasing complexity and nature of corruption has been discussed in many sports. So far, however, little research has examined the state of corruption in sport. In this regard, Szwajdler (2016) in a study examined selected measures against corruption in sports and researchers' opinions about them. It was found that corruption in sports clearly has a negative impact on the health of sports and society (3). The results of Hwang (2016) study also showed that there is a positive correlation between people's perceptions of corruption and the magnitude of national corruption; There is a negative correlation between individuals' perceptions of corruption and corruption in sport; And there was a difference between people's perceptions of corruption at the individual level (e.g., individual recovery), sports corruption, and team level (e.g., team doping), corruption in sport (4).  Due to the prevalence of corruption in sports, so far little research has examined corruption in soccer (9-11). In this regard, prioritizing the factors affecting corruption in soccer from the perspective of experts in this field has been determined that organizational characteristics are in the first priority and economic factors, cultural factors, personal characteristics of employees and rules and regulations, respectively, have caused corruption in soccer (9). On the other hand, so far, no research has examined the factors affecting the incidence and spread of corruption in age-old soccer. Soccer has a special place in discharging the emotions of children, and also in cultivating national heroes and motivating national pride, there are various life lessons in it. In this conscious and purposeful physical activity in the world of noisy environment, it is not only a great field of friendship, competition and struggle, but also a manifestation of high human values ​​in which there are scenes of effort, forgiveness, cooperation, honesty, patience, courage and beauty. Students of this sport are taught the lessons of effort, sacrifice, cooperation, endurance and courage and it is one of the educational tools in the transformation and health of society. Now, if corruption is not eradicated in its most fundamental part, ie at the grassroots level, children will grow up in unhealthy conditions, so it is necessary for corruption in this sport to be given special attention in the grassroots sector. Given the above and paying attention to the fact that there is corruption in all elements of sports, this issue also attracts a lot of attention in soccer. Especially in grassroots soccer, which is not like adult leagues where all the media and people follow the small and big events. The present study has been compiled with the aim of the identification the factors influencing the incidence and spread of ethical corruption and its control methods. Methods: The research method is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection in the field. The statistical population of this research is 150 sports experts aware of soccer issues, consisting of experts in the field of media and soccer, experts in the field of economics and soccer marketing, experts in the field of culture and soccer and experts in the field of refereeing and professional coaching of basic soccer which were selected by cluster sampling method. They form. In order to collect data, field method and a questionnaire identifying the effective factors in the incidence of moral corruption have been used. Confirmatory factor analysis (structural equation model), Friedman test, Amos version 24 and SPSS software version 25 were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the cause of managerial corruption (β=0.831), the cause of family corruption (β=0.807), cultural corruption (β=0.788), social corruption (β=0.760) and media corruption (β=0.760) have an effect on the incidence of corruption in grassroots soccer. Factors affecting the incidence of moral corruption in grassroots soccer in terms of research samples in order of priority were media corruption, managerial corruption, cultural corruption, social corruption, family corruption. Conclusion: The findings of the present study show that the factors of managerial corruption, family corruption, cultural corruption, social corruption and media corruption have a significant impact on the incidence of moral corruption in grassroots football. These results are consistent with the findings of Najafikolori et al. (2012), Ghorbani et al. (2019) and Zare et al. (2016) (7, 10, 11). Sport must be accompanied by moral values, principles of chivalry, forgiveness and self-sacrifice, and the observance of moral principles and standards is obligatory on all athletes, spectators, coaches and sports managers. However, this is not the case in practice, and behavioral abnormalities, aggression, cheating, collusion, and lawlessness are increasing day by day in sports settings, and are also evident in the younger age groups, namely infants, adolescents, and young adults. In recent years, researchers have shown that playing football has many benefits in maintaining the vitality and health of children and adolescents (14). Therefore, moral corruption in this group can be a serious threat to the vitality and health of children and adolescents. Shaking the moral values ​​of society, destroying the legitimacy of the government and the rule of law, destroying transparency and accountability, reducing healthy opportunities for progress for individuals, increasing the cost of healthy living are other harmful effects of corruption that are a major obstacle to achieving goals. And are considered social responsibilities (15-18). Determining the extent of corruption in sport is somewhat difficult because, first, the extent of corruption in sport depends largely on the definition of corruption in sport. Secondly, it is very difficult to investigate corruption in sports. On the other hand, the various dimensions of corruption in sports are very diverse. Lack of adherence of society to the observance of moral standards, the existence of lawlessness in the culture of society and the degree of patriarchy in society are the most important cultural factors affecting the tendency to corruption (19). Regardless of which factor plays a greater role in corruption, two basic conditions are necessary for a violation to occur in all circumstances: willingness and opportunity. If there is a desire and opportunity for corruption, corruption will be born and will grow if other conditions are met. Proper knowledge of the history, traditions, values, space and specific conditions of society and prevailing policies in the field of work, appropriate combination of supervision and punishment, participation of community members at the local level in the functioning of units, efficient rules and regulations, free, independent and committed media It can play an important role in controlling corruption (22-25). Also, according to the findings of the present study, the factors affecting the incidence of moral corruption in grassroots football in terms of research samples were in order of priority: media corruption, managerial corruption, cultural corruption, social corruption, family corruption. The present study, like other researches, has faced limitations. This research is spatially limited to a specific part of Iran and this issue limits the spatial generalization of research. Cluster sampling method instead of whole number sampling can be considered as an internal interfering variable. In general, identifying the occurrence of moral corruption and the reasons for its spread can help clubs, organizations and sports institutions to take measures to reduce the rate of corruption in sports, especially the younger age groups. According to the results of the present study, it seems that providing appropriate solutions to help the factors identified in this study can reduce corruption in sports of age groups.  }, Keywords = {Ethical Corruption,Sport,Children}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {213-221}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {شناسایی عوامل موثر بر بروز و گسترش فساد اخلاقی و روش‌های کنترل آن}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اگر فساد در بنیادی­ترین بخش ورزش یعنی در سطوح پایه ریشه کن نشود، کودکان در شرایط ناسالمی رشد می­کنند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسایی عوامل موثر بر بروز و گسترش فساد اخلاقی و روش­های کنترل آن تدوین شده است. روش کار: روش تحقیق پیمایشی از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر جمع­آوری داده­ها به­صورت میدانی می­باشد. جامعه آماری این تحقیق 150 کارشناس خبرۀ ورزشی آگاه به مسائل فوتبال، متشکل از صاحب نظران در حوزۀ رسانه و فوتبال، صاحب نظران در حوزۀ اقتصاد و بازاریابی فوتبال، کارشناسان در حوزۀ فرهنگ و فوتبال و کارشناسان در حوزۀ داوری و مربی­گری حرفه­ای فوتبال پایه تشکیل دادند که به روش تصادفی خوشه­ای به­عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. جهت جمع آوری داده­ها از روش میدانی و پرسشنامه محقق ساخته شناسایی عوامل موثر در بروز فساد اخلاقی استفاده شده است. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از تحلیل عاملی تأییدی (مدل معادلات ساختاری)، آزمون‌ فریدمن، Amos نسخه 24 و نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 25 استفاده شد. یافته­ ها: نتایج نشان داد که عامل فساد مدیریتی (831/0=β)، فساد خانوادگی (807/0=β)، فساد فرهنگی (788/0=β)، فساد اجتماعی (760/0=β) و فساد رسانه­ای (760/0=β) بر روی بروز فساد اخلاقی در فوتبال پایه تاثیر دارند. عوامل مؤثر بر بروز فساد اخلاقی در فوتبال پایه از نظر نمونه‌های تحقیق به ترتیب اولویت عبارتند بودند از فساد رسانه‌ای، فساد مدیریتی، فساد فرهنگی، فساد اجتماعی، فساد خانوادگی. نتیجه ­گیری: با توجه به­نتایج، به­نظر می­رسد ارائه راهکارهای مناسب برای کمک به عوامل شناسایی شده در این تحقیق می­تواند فساد اخلاقی در ورزش رده­های سنی را کاهش دهد.  }, keywords_fa = {فساد اخلاقی, ورزش, کودکان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7485-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7485-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Sharafati, Rozita and Pirani, Zabih and Zanganeh, Firouze}, title = {Designing a Bullying Tendency Model Based on Neurological Function with the Mediation of Psychological Capital in Students}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Bullying at school has attracted the attention of parents and school staff who are concerned about the safety and mental health of students. Bullying is a disturbing behavior that a person or a group of people intentionally does repeatedly over some time and involves an imbalance of power. The power imbalance can be physical, where the bully is physically stronger than the victim. On the other hand, in adolescents with disorders and maladaptive behaviors in different environments, there are slight defects in the activity of neurotransmitters that started in the early stages of life and made them more vulnerable to the unfavorable environmental and family conditions they have. In this regard, neuropsychological function, which is considered one of the most effective processes of cognitive function, plays an effective role in curbing conduct disorder and aggressive behaviors along with adolescent bullying. Poor neurological performance is a precursor to future learning disabilities and behavioral disorders, which can manifest in parent-child conflicts or with peers in school environments. New findings support the use of neurological tests to distinguish between bullies and healthy people. Although there are contradictory findings in studies about the difference between bullies and healthy people. Psychological capital is one of the psychological indicators of positivism with characteristics such as a person's belief in his abilities to achieve success, persistence in pursuing goals, creating positive documents about himself, and tolerance. Making problems is defined. Having psychological capital enables people to cope better with stressful situations, to be less stressed, to be more resilient in the face of problems, to have a clear view of themselves, and less they are affected by daily events, so such people have higher psychological health. The tendency to bully has been investigated mostly from the perspective of environmental and educational factors. Factors such as the complexity of these disorders, their coexistence with other neurological disorders, increasing statistics in the field of bullying tendencies in students, loss of academic motivation, and also mental injuries, double the necessity of examining psychological variables related to it. And also, although various research has been conducted on the prevention of bullying and its effect on reducing physical and mental health, the tendency to bully remains one of the important problems in schools. Therefore, all those involved in education and training should make confronting bullying behaviors an important goal in education and training. Considering that bullying in school is a serious threat to the mental health of students and all those who are somehow involved in this issue, it is essential to conduct effective and serious research to prevent it. Given the above, the present study aims to answer the question, is the structural model of bullying tendency based on neurological function with the mediation of psychological capital in male students of the first secondary level of district 5 of Tehran suitable? Methods: The current research method is correlational and structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population of the research was made up of all 560 male students of the first secondary school in the ninth grade in 28 non-profit schools in District 5 of Tehran in the academic year of 2019-2019. 240 people were selected as the sample size by the two-stage cluster method. The data collection tool was the Illinois Bullying Questionnaire (2001), Nejati Neurological Performance Questionnaire (2013), and Psychological Capital Questionnaire (2007). This research used SPSS22 and Amos 23 software to analyze the information obtained from structural regression equation modeling. Results: The results of the research showed that the path coefficient of neurocognitive function (β = -0.41, p = 0.001), and psychological capital (β = -0.39, p = 0.001) Bullying tendency is significant. Also, the indirect relationship between neurocognitive performance and bullying tendency through psychological capital is meaningful with β=-0.37 at a significance level of p≥0.01. Conclusion: Therefore, by identifying and improving neuropsychological processes in students in line with parenting management training and providing a rich environment for students, it is possible to take an effective step in preventing bullying. In the above explanation, it can be stated that boys with a tendency to bully show poor performance in the mental processing of communication information and have defects in the quantity and quality of problem-solving strategies, and positive solutions are needed to solve social problems. They use less, which leads to the creation of interpersonal conflicts, generally confirming the Neuro-psychological theory centered on cognition and social behavior. A student with a tendency to bully shows poor performance in decoding and processing information, so the lack of this self-control ability leads to a biased cognitive style and in turn spreads misbehavior and conflicts. creates in different environments, in this way, these students are not able to name negative behaviors, they respond to hostile signs and symptoms more than neutral signs, and in choosing symptoms, they have a biased behavior they do, therefore, relatively, their efforts in curbing behavioral problems do not end in a helpful result. Also, in explaining the above findings, it can be stated that studies based on neuroimaging have suggested the involvement of subcortical and Thalamocortical processes in frontal networks. Under the influence of these findings, the relationship between the neurological pattern related to violence and bullying has been confirmed by neuropsychologists in the last few decades. Cognitive deficits and specific damage in attention and executive functions are the main hypotheses proposed in the field of this disorder.  }, Keywords = {Bullying Tendency, Neurological Function, Psychological Capital}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {222-232}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {طراحی مدل گرایش به زورگویی بر اساس عملکرد عصب‌شناختی با میانجی‌گری سرمایه‌های روان‌شناختی در دانش‌آموزان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: زورگویی در دانش آموزان بر عوامل مرتبط با روان شناختی اثر منفی دارد لذا این پژوهش با هدف طراحی مدل گرایش به قلدری بر اساس عملکرد عصب­شناختی با میانجی­گری سرمایه­های روان‌شناختی در دانش­آموزان پسر مقطع متوسطه اول منطقه ۵ تهران صورت گرفت. روش کار: روش پژوهش حاضر همبستگی و از نوع مدل یابی معادلات ساختاری بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش را تمامی 560 دانش‌آموز پسر متوسطه اول در پایه نهم در 28 مدرسه غیرانتفاعی منطقه 5 شهر تهران در سال تحصیلی 1400-1399 تشکیل دادند. 240 نفر به عنوان حجم نمونه به روش خوشه‌ای دو مرحله‌ای انتخاب گردیدند. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها، پرسشنامه قلدری ایلینویز (2001)، پرسشنامه عملکرد عصب شناختی نجاتی (2013)، پرسشنامه سرمایه‌های روان‌شناختی (2007) بود. در این پژوهش برای تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات بدست آمده از نرم افزار SPSS22 و Amose 23 استفاده شد. یافته­ ها: نتایج حاصل از تحقیق نشان داد که ضریب مسیر عملکرد عصب­شناختی(41/0 - =β، 001/0 =p)، سرمایه روان­شناختی (39/0 - =β، 001/0 =p) به گرایش به قلدری معنی‌دار می‌باشد. همچنین ارتباط غیر مستقیم عملکرد عصب­شناختی به گرایش به قلدری از طریق سرمایه روان­شناختی با 37/0β=- در سطح معنی­داری 01/0≥p معنی­دار است. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان بیان داشت که با شناسایی و بهبود فرایندهای عصب روانشناختی در دانش­آموزان هم­راستا با آموزش مدیریت والدین و فراهم آوردن محیطی غنی برای دانش­آموزان، می­توان به طور کلی در پیشگیری از گرایش به قلدری گام موثری برداشت.  }, keywords_fa = {گرایش به قلدری, عملکرد عصب شناختی, سرمایه‌های روان‌شناختی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7745-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7745-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Mahdavi, Fakhrodin and Bagherpoor, Tahereh and Nemati, Nematolah}, title = {Evaluating the Effect of Eight Weeks of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Functional Indices of Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure, Resting Heart Rate and Functional Capacity of VO2max and MEt in Male Patients 55-70 Years Old with Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide. Globally, 30% of deaths (approximately 17 million deaths per year) are attributable to cardiovascular diseases. In 2006 alone, the estimated total direct and indirect costs associated with the treatment of cardiovascular diseases exceeded 400 billion dollars. Currently, in Iran, insurance organizations only bear a limited part of cardiac rehabilitation costs, while taking into account the impact of these programs in secondary prevention and reducing the incidence of cardiovascular events and as a result reducing the treatment costs imposed on this Organizations will focus on covering cardiac rehabilitation programs both for the benefit of the patient and for the benefit of the insurance organizations. According to the mentioned studies and many other studies and the high and increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in Iran, and on the other hand, the clinical advantages of cardiac rehabilitation in coronary artery transplant patients, including secondary prevention and preventing disease recurrence and improving the quality of life, are necessary and The importance of this research is clear. Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death all over the world, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation on the functional indices of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, vo2max and MEt functional capacity in male patients 55 Coronary artery transplant surgery up to 70 years old. Methods: The research method is semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population of this research consisted of 120 male coronary artery transplant patients aged 55 to 70 years who referred to the Sari Heart Center. The statistical sample included 40 people who lived in Sari city and underwent coronary artery transplant surgery for at least 2 months and at most 4 months. Then they were randomly and equally divided into 2 groups of 20 people, control and therapeutic intervention of cardio sports rehabilitation. In this research, in order to measure the resting heart rate HR H before the test of two control and cardio exercise rehabilitation groups, therefore the best time to determine the heart rate in the morning after waking up is one hour after breakfast and without intense physical activity in a state of rest. For 20 minutes, the subjects of the two groups sat on a chair and were measured. All the subjects were advised to sleep early the night before and avoid any kind of stress. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the two groups were measured before the test using a dial sphygmomanometer. The time of assessment was two hours after breakfast, and the subjects were advised to refrain from smoking, vigorous physical activity, and drinking for one hour before any use of cigarettes. Avoid coffee and caffeinated drinks and sit quietly for 20 minutes and wear comfortable clothes. 12 hours before the test, blood lipid profile was taken from the subjects of both the control and cardiac rehabilitation groups fasting. The sample required for the test was 10 cc from the brachial vein immediately without delay for the actual values ​​after lying on the bed. 24 hours. Before the test, in consultation with a cardiologist, reduce the dose of heart and blood pressure medications such as Inderal and Atenolol. Also, asthmatic patients should carry a special spray and wear comfortable clothes and shoes for the test, and avoid caffeinated drinks and cigarettes 24 hours before. Cardio sports rehabilitation program consisted of 24 sessions 3 days a week for 2 months, which included 15 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of treadmill and 20 minutes of stationary bike, and 20 minutes of stationary bike and 15 minutes of cooling down. To investigate and compare pre-test and post-test variables between two groups, independent parametric t-test was used. Data analysis was done using spss software. The significance level was p<0.5. Results: The results showed that eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation has an effect on the improvement of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), improvement of heart rate and improvement of vo2max and MEt functional capacity in male patients aged 55 to 70 undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Conclusion: The findings of the current research have shown the effect of a cardiac rehabilitation course on the improvement of hemodynamic indicators and functional capacity, considering the high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in the country, and on the other hand, the high per capita consumption of drugs and their high costs, and the high importance of cardiac sports rehabilitation in improving The quality of life of heart patients, including coronary artery transplantation, is necessary and necessary to pay more attention to the category of cardiac rehabilitation and to build clinics and centers for it. The findings showed that cardio sports rehabilitation reduces the risk of coronary atherosclerosis by improving heart rate and as a result of heart attack and ischemic diseases. In order to control the risk factors of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), it is suggested to periodically use cardiac rehabilitation programs for their treatment.  }, Keywords = {Cardiac Rehabilitation, Systolic Blood Pressure, Diastole, Resting Heart Rate, Coronary Artery, Heart Transplant}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {233-240}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی تأثیر هشت هفته بازتوانی قلبی بر شاخص‌های عملکردی فشار خون سیستولی و دیاستولی، ضربان قلب استراحتی و ظرفیت عملکردی VO2max و Met در بیماران مرد 55 تا 70 ساله با جراحی پیوند عروق کرونر}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بیماری‌های قلبی عروقی، علت اصلی مرگ را در سراسر دنیا تشکیل می‌دهند بنابراین هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی تأثیر هشت هفته بازتوانی قلبی بر شاخص‌های عملکردی فشار خون سیستولی و دیاستولی، ضربان قلب استراحتی و ظرفیت عملکردی  حداکثر اکسیژن مصرفی و  MEtدر بیماران مرد 55 تا 70 ساله با جراحی پیوند عروق کرونر بود. روش کار: جامعه آماریاین مطالعه نیمه تجربی شامل 120 نفر از بیماران مرد مراجعه کننده به مرکز قلب ساری بود که از این میان 40 نفر برگزیده شدند. سپس به طور تصادفی و مساوی به گروه های 20 نفره کنترل و مداخله درمانی با توانی قلبی ورزشی تقسیم شدند. برنامه بازتوانی قلبی ورزشی شامل 24 جلسه به صورت 3 روز در هفته به مدت 2 ماه بود که شامل 15 دقیقه گرم کردن، 30 دقیقه تردمیل و 20 دوچرخه ثابت و 15 دقیقه سرد کردن بود. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل اماری از آزمون t مستقل استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد هشت هفته بازتوانی قلبی بر بهبود فشار خون سیستولی، دیاستولی، بهبود ضربان قلب و  بهبود ظرفیت عملکردی حداکثر اکسیژن مصرفی و MEt بیماران مرد 55 تا 70 ساله با جراحی پیوند عروق کرونر تاثیر دارد. نتیجه ­گیری: یافته­ها نشان داد که بازتوانی قلبی ورزشی ظرفیت عملکردی بیماران عروق کرونری را بهبود می‌بخشد و در نتیجه  پیشنهاد می­شود به منظور کنترل ریسک فاکتورهای فشارخون سیستولی و دیاستولی برای درمان بیمارانی که جراحی پیوند عروق کرونر انجام داده­اند، از برنامه های بازتوانی قلبی به صورت دوره­ای استفاده شود.  }, keywords_fa = {بازتوانی قلبی, فشارخون سیستولی, دیاستولی, ضربان قلب استراحتی, عروق کرونر, پیوند قلب}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7538-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7538-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Tavakoli, Mohammad Bagher}, title = {Investigating the Relationship between Competitive Anxiety and Academic Motivation with Mental Health in Students}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Success and progress in learning is the goal of all educational systems and the degree of benefit from educational environments requires students' sense of energy and mental health. One of the most important variables in the health of the educational context of any country's educational system is mental health, which is an internal sense to ensure mental health, and in fact, researchers have called it a useful and simple way to understand the concept of students' well-being. In their daily academic life, students face various challenges, obstacles, and special pressures during their studies, which are a threat to their self-confidence, motivation, and, as a result, their academic performance. Some students are successful in dealing with them and others are not successful in this field. Therefore, educational researchers should pay serious attention to understanding and how to adapt to academic challenges. Mental Health Mental health is an issue beyond the absence or absence of mental illness. The positive dimension of mental health, which the World Health Organization relies on, is included in the definition of health: "Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease or disability". Therefore, mental health is a state of well-being in which a person recognizes his abilities and can adapt to the normal stresses of life and be useful and productive in terms of work. Competitive anxiety and academic motivation can be mentioned among the factors affecting mental health. Anxiety, as a negative feeling, affects a person's perception and leads to a decrease in performance. Of course, many students experience anxiety. Competitive anxiety is an issue that almost every student faces from time to time. When the demands on a student exceed their perceived ability, their stress level rises. Motivation is the most important condition for learning. Interest in learning is the product of factors related to a student's personality and ability, task characteristics, incentives, and other environmental factors. What factors make students' motivation (due to its long-term effects on learning and self-fertility in students) valuable for parents and teachers? Motivated students are easily identified. They are eager to learn, interested, curious, hardworking, and serious. These students easily overcome obstacles and problems, spend more time studying and completing school assignments, learn more, and continue their education after finishing high school. Motivation can be seen as an intervening process with an internal state of an organism that forces or motivates it to act, in other words, it can be said that motivation is a force that gives force to behavior and guides it. Slow and is an effective factor in mental health. Like other topics, there has been a lot of research on the relationship between competitive anxiety, academic motivation, and mental health, but there is no integrated research among school students. Considering the review of past research and the understanding of the relationship between research variables, the lack of integrated research in this field, as well as the importance of competitive anxiety and academic motivation and mental health, the research question of the current research is whether there is a relationship between competitive anxiety and motivation. Is there a relationship between education and mental health in students? Methods: The present research is descriptive and correlational in terms of method, and its statistical population included all male student in the second year of high school in Marivan city who were studying in the academic year 2021-2022. The statistical population was 850 people according to the inquiry from the Statistics Unit of the Sanandaj Education Department. According to the table of Karjesi and Morgan, 265 people were selected through a simple random sampling method. Research tools included three competitive anxiety of Besharat et al. (2021), Harter's academic motivation (1981), and Goldberg's mental health (1972). Pearson's statistical method was used for data analysis. Results: The research results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between the components of competitive anxiety and mental health in students, while there is a positive and significant relationship between the components of academic motivation and mental health in gifted students. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between competitive anxiety and academic motivation with mental health, so there is a need for planners and education managers to increase mental health in students, competitive anxiety and academic motivation. Pay attention the current research, like any other research, has limitations that can clarify the findings and suggestions of the research and help future researchers to adopt effective measures to deal with the threat of internal and external validity of research projects. to give The basic limitations of the current research are as follows: the bias of people towards answering the questions of the questionnaires, which reduces the accuracy of the results to some extent, the presence of unwanted variables that affect the results of the research, and the lack of use of other research tools such as observation and interview. It has been associated with the subjects and only using the questionnaire. It is recommended to educational managers to take appropriate motivational measures such as innovation and creativity in creating a competitive and encouraging educational environment with appropriate and up-to-date educational facilities, suitable educational buildings, and preparing students as best as possible for their future jobs. , make regular visits and scientific trips, and use teachers with high scientific knowledge and skills. It is suggested that the scientific and academic interests and tastes of the students be identified and these interests come to the fore through centers, associations, and scientific organizations. Providing a suitable atmosphere in terms of group work, creating innovation in teaching methods, using sincere and friendly spoken literature, and using students in teaching discussions are among the things that can be done by teachers in order to increase the academic motivation of students.  }, Keywords = {Competitive Anxiety, Academic Motivation, Mental Health}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {241-250}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی رابطه اضطراب حالت رقابتی و انگیزش تحصیلی با سلامت روانی در دانش آموزان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: سلامت روانی دانش آموزان یکی از مهمترین شاخص­های رشد و پیشرفت نظام آموزش و پرورش یک کشور محسوب می­شود که اضطراب و انگیزش تحصیلی در تغییرات سطح سلامت روانی اثرگذار هستند؛ لذا هدف پژوهش بررسی رابطه اضطراب حالت رقابتی و انگیزش تحصیلی با سلامت روانی در دانش آموزان بود. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از نظر روش توصیفی و از نوع همبستگی بوده و جامعه آماری آن شامل کلیه دانش آموزان پسر دوره دوم متوسطه شهر مریوان بود که در سال تحصیلی 1401-1400 مشغول به تحصیل بودند. تعداد جامعه آماری بنا بر استعلام از واحد آمار اداره آموزش و پرورش شهرستان سنندج برابر با 850  نفر بود. حجم نمونه طبق جدول کرجسی و مورگان 265 نفر از طریق روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند. ابزار تحقیق شامل سه اضطراب رقابتی بشارت و همکاران (1390)، انگیزش تحصیلی هارتر (1981) و سلامت روان گلدبرگ (1972) بود. از روش آماری پیرسون برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که بین مؤلفه­های اضطراب حالت رقابتی با سلامت روانی در دانش آموزان رابطه منفی و معنادری وجود دارد، در حالی که بین مؤلفه­های انگیزش تحصیلی با سلامت روانی در دانش آموزان تیزهوش رابطه مثبت و معنادری وجود دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می­توان نتیجه گرفت که بین اضطراب حالت رقابتی و انگیزش تحصیلی با سلامت روانی رابطه معناداری وجود دارد لذا نیاز است برنامه­ریزان و نیز مدیران آموزش و پرورش جهت افزایش سلامت روانی در دانش آموزان، اضطراب حالت رقابتی و انگیزش تحصیلی را مورد توجه قرار دهند.  }, keywords_fa = {اضطراب حالت رقابتی, انگیزش تحصیلی,سلامت روانی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8006-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8006-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {GolestaniFard, Najmeh Sadat and KhatirPasha, Kiomars and YousefiSaeedabadi, Rez}, title = {The Role of Responsibility, Commitment and Self-Control on Employees\' Attitudes}, abstract ={Background & Aims: In today's world, solving many problems of a society depends on the educational system of that society. If the society has the correct education, it can overcome all its problems. There are several definitions of the concept of attitude. Attitude is a combination of beliefs and emotions that prepare a person in advance to look at others, objects, and different groups in a positive or negative way. Attitudes summarize the evaluation of objects and thus undertake to predict or guide future actions or behaviors. Attitude can be defined in terms of learning theories and cognitive approaches. In each of these theories, the concept of attitude is defined differently and each of the different aspects of attitude is emphasized. Attitude is a state of mental and nervous preparation that is organized through experience and has a direct and dynamic effect on the individual's reaction to all issues and situations related to attitude. "In this definition, which is mainly based on learning theory. The influence of past experiences on organizing attitudes as well as reacting to a situation (as in the behaviorist approach) has been considered. Attitude is the stable organization of motivational, emotional, perceptual, and cognitive processes related to With some aspects of the individual world, it is observed that this definition does not refer to the origin of the attitude and instead emphasizes the mental experience of the present, in other words, each attitude is a kind of the previous position to perform a positive or negative action. Attitudes toward people, objects, and events are social goals and play a guiding role in transforming psycho-emotional states into motor states. The attitude in educational management is a sensitive issue that affects a large set of organizations. They are the mainstay of current societies. Among these, educational organizations are very important due to their comprehensiveness, uniqueness and importance in growth and development. Attitude-related issues are closely related to the strategic and professional activities of the organization. Responsibility, commitment, and self-control can be mentioned as influential components of attitude. One of the important personality traits that play a major role in success is responsibility. Responsibility is defined as an inner obligation and commitment on the part of a person to perform well all the activities assigned to him/her, and responsibility originates from within the person. The person in charge of the work agrees to perform a series of activities and tasks or to supervise the performance of these tasks by others. Self-control means the ability to control ourselves in terms of controlling our desires and tastes. People who have self-control can adjust what they want to make sure they do not overdo it. Self-controlled people can save their lives. In other words, they are able to do the right thing to keep themselves healthy and happy. Identifying the components affecting the attitude of employees in the education system plays an effective role in advancing the goals of the education system. Methods: The research method is heuristic mixed. In the qualitative stage, the theme analysis was used and in the quantitative stage, the descriptive-survey analysis method was used. Participants in the qualitative section included experts and specialists in the field of management and educational sciences, and 16 people were selected as key informants through purposive sampling. The statistical population in the quantitative part includes all education staff in Mazandaran province. 350 employees were selected using a stratified random sampling method for the study. A semi-structured interview was used to collect research data in the qualitative stage and a researcher-made questionnaire was used in a quantitative part. The research data were collected in the qualitative part using open coding and in the quantitative part using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in Amos and SPSS statistical software. Results: The results showed that responsibility, commitment, and self-control have a significant effect on employees' responsible attitude, which is one of the components of ethics. Conclusion: As a result, we can pay attention to responsibility, commitment, and self-control in the education system to institutionalize the attitude of employees. Based on the analysis of research data, responsibility, commitment, and self-control components affect employees' attitudes. The results of a study showed that responsibility is one of the key components of organizational ethics. Attitude is one of the most important concepts in modern social psychology. In contemporary US social psychology, the concept of attitude is probably the most distinctive and essential. Attitude, like many psychological variables, is not a directly observable essence, but a hypothetical construct about the nature of human behavior. The concept of attitude does not refer to any particular action, but is an abstraction of a large number of related reactions or actions. In another study, it was found that the values ​​of the organization, benevolence, service, intimacy, empathy, cooperation, consultation, and participation in the optimal performance of job duties and organization are components of organizational ethics, these results are consistent with the findings of the present study. Attitude is a state of mental and psychological readiness that is organized based on experience and has a dynamic and directional effect on a person's reaction to all the objects and situations he encounters. Attitude is therefore seen as the desire to respond to a person, an idea, or a situation in a particular way, and in fact reflects an inner desire and motivation to do or not to do a particular behavior. It is a combination of favorable and unfavorable beliefs, tendencies, or feelings, which refers to a person's readiness and willingness to react in a relatively constant way to specific objects, people, and events. Attitudes are fixed personal characteristics that give people a positive or negative view of working conditions. Attitude is not visible or palpable, but is inferred from a person's words or actions. Therefore, the study of employees' attitudes in different organizations due to the significant results that can have on improving organizational behaviors, has been considered by researchers and experts in organizational behavior management and human resource management over the past few decades. Manpower spends most of its life in the organizational environment, it is natural that attention and awareness of the dimensions of physical, mental, and social health of employees are of great importance. In line with the results, it can be stated that attitude is a common understanding of the occurrence of behaviors that should be done. Development of organizational values, creating a responsible attitude towards society and organization, developing the atmosphere and ethical atmosphere based on Islamic principles, developing organizational virtues, and observing the principles of professional ethics in the organization.}, Keywords = {Responsibility, Commitment, Self-Control, Education System}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {251-259}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {نقش مسئولیت‌پذیری، تعهد و خودکنترلی بر نگرش کارکنان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: شناسایی مؤلفه‌های مؤثر بر نگرش کارکنان در نظام آموزش و پرورش در پیشبرد اهداف نظام آموزشی نقش مؤثری را ایفا می‌کند، با درک این مهم پژوهش حاضر با هدف نقش مسئولیت‌پذیری، تعهد و خودکنترلی بر نگرش کارکنان انجام شد. روش کار: روش تحقیق آمیخته اکتشافی می‌باشد، مشارکت‌کنندگان در بخش کیفی شامل خبرگان و متخصصان حوزه مدیریت و علوم تربیتی بود، که از طریق روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند تعداد 16 نفر به عنوان خبرگان انتخاب شدند. جامعه آماری در بخش کمی شامل کلیه کارکنان آموزش و پرورش استان مازندران بود که 350 نفر از کارکنان با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقه‌ای جهت مطالعه انتخاب شدند. برای گردآوری داده‌های پژوهش در مرحله کیفی از مصاحبه نیمه ساختار یافته و در بخش کمی از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته استفاده شد. داده‌های تحقیق پس از جمع آوری در بخش کیفی با استفاده از کدگذاری باز و در بخش کمی با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی و تاییدی در نرم افزارهای آماری Amos و SPSS تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج بررسی نشان داد که مسئولیت‌پذیری، تعهد و خودکنترلی بر نگرش مسؤلانه کارکنان که از مؤلفه‌های اخلاق است، تأثیر معناداری دارند. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که برای نهادینه‌سازی نگرش کارکنان، توجه به مسئولیت‌پذیری و تعهد و خودکنترلی در نظام آموزش و پرورش توجه کرد.}, keywords_fa = {مسئولیت پذیری, تعهد, خودکنترلی, نظام آموزش و پرورش}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7244-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7244-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Shirzad, Mehran and Aghaei, Mohammad and Gharibnavaz, Nader}, title = {The Role of Social Networks in the Behavior of Health Tourism Consumers}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Health tourism, also known as medical tourism or medical travel, refers to travel to another country or region to receive medical treatment, procedures or services. The concept of health tourism has gained popularity in recent years due to rising healthcare costs in developed countries, the availability of high-quality medical facilities in developing countries, and the ease of international travel. Health tourism can provide patients access to high quality medical treatments, reduce healthcare costs and improve their quality of life. However, it is important to carefully consider the risks and benefits of health tourism before deciding to travel for medical treatment. Patients should research the treatment facility and provider and ensure appropriate health insurance coverage prior to travel. In the meantime, one of the aspects investigated in the fields of health tourism has been the behavior of consumers of these services, as well as the effects of social networks on this behavior. One of the studied cases is in the field of consumer behavior in relation to social networks, which has been studied in various researches in recent years. In fact, social networks are one of the most used areas in recent years of social networks, which have greatly occupied various markets. In recent years, the amount of use of social networks in Iran has increased so much that the scope of using these networks has led to political debates and influencing the results of elections. In this research, considering the increasing role of social networks, its impact on health tourism has been investigated from the point of view of consumers of medical services in the form of medical tourists. Methods: In terms of research methodology, the current research is applied, survey and correlation research. The statistical population of this research includes all social network users in medical centers providing health tourism services in Tehran. The size of the statistical population was 850 people during the study period, and using the Cochran formula, the sample size was determined to be 256 people. In order to measure the research variables, a questionnaire was used. The validity of this tool has been examined through construct validity, and reliability has been examined and confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In the analysis method section, first the measurement model was formed and the fit of the model was examined based on the indicators. Finally, based on the structural modeling method, the relationships between the research variables were examined and the results were presented.  Amos software is used in this section. Results: The results showed that the amount and type of use of social networks had a significant effect on the behavior before, during and after the use of health tourism services. Conclusion: One of the ways social media can influence health tourism is by giving patients access to information about medical facilities and doctors in other countries. Patients can read reviews, watch videos and connect with others who have undergone similar treatments. This can help them make informed decisions about where to go for treatment and what to expect when they get there. Another way social media can influence health tourism is by providing a platform for medical professionals to share their expertise and build their reputation. Doctors, nurses, and other healthcare providers can use social media to showcase their skills, share educational content, and interact with patients and other professionals in their field. This can help them attract patients from other countries who are looking for quality care. On the other hand, social media can also have negative effects on health tourism. For example, false or misleading information can spread quickly on social media, which can lead to patients making poor decisions about where to seek treatment. In addition, some medical facilities and doctors may use social media to promote themselves in unethical ways, such as exaggerating the benefits of their treatments or making false claims about their qualifications. As a result, social media and health tourism are two distinct concepts that can interact in different ways. While social media can give patients access to valuable information and help medical professionals build their reputation, it can also pose risks for patients seeking accurate and reliable information about treatments and medical facilities in other countries. The relationship between the type and amount of use of social networks and the behavior of health tourists before, during and after the use of medical services was investigated. The results have shown that social networks can have a positive and direct effect on the behavior of consumers of health tourism services.  }, Keywords = {Health Tourism, Social Networks, Consumer Behavior}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {260-268}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {نقش شبکه‌های اجتماعی در رفتار مصرف کنندگان توریسم سلامت}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: رسانه های اجتماعی امروزه نقش مهمی در توسعه رفتار مصرف کنندگان بخصوص در حیطه سلامت داشته است. در همین زمینه بسیاری از افراد با استفاده از شبکه‌های اجتماعی نیازمندی های اطلاعاتی خود را در خصوص سلامت کسب می‌کنند. یکی از این موارد توریسم سلامت است. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از نظر روش شناسی تحقیق در گروه تحقیق کاربردی، پیمایشی و همبستگی می‌باشد. جامعه آماری این تحقیق شامل کلیه کاربران شبکه اجتماعی در مراکز پزشکی ارائه دهنده خدمات توریسم سلامت شهر تهران می باشد. حجم جامعه آماری 850 نفر در طی دوره مورد بررسی بوده است و با استفاده از فرمول کوکران حجم نمونه برابر 256 نفر تعیین شده است. به منظور سنجش متغیرهای تحقیق از ابزار پرسشنامه استفاده شده است. روایی این ابزار از طریق روایی سازه مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است و پایایی با استفاده از ضریب  آلفای کرونباخ بررسی و تایید شده است. در بخش روش تجزیه و تحلیل نیز، ابتدا مدل اندازه گیری تشکیل و بر اساس شاخص‌ها برازش مدل مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در نهایت نیز بر اساس روش مدلیابی ساختاری روابط بین متغیرهای تحقیق برررسی و نتایج ارائه گردید. در این بخش از نرم افزار ایموس استفاده شده است. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد میزان و نوع استفاده از شبکه‌های اجتماعی تاثیر معنی داری در رفتار قبل، حین و بعد از استفاده از خدمات توریسم سلامت داشته است.  نتیجه‌گیری: به نظر میزان و نوع استفاده از شبکه‌های اجتماعی در میان کاربران می تواند تاثیر بالایی بر تمایل به استفاده از خدمات توریسم سلامت در میان گردشگران سلامت داشته است.  }, keywords_fa = {توریسم سلامت, شبکه‌های اجتماعی, رفتار مصرف کننده}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7986-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7986-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Khorsandnobahar, Behnood and Shirooyeh, Roozbeh}, title = {The Effectiveness of Play Therapy Based on Cognitive-Behavioral Approach on Reducing Depression and Isolation in Homeless and Poorly Cared for Girls}, abstract ={Background & Aims: It is difficult to diagnose depression in children in some cases, because sometimes its symptoms are similar to some other disorders such as autism. For this reason, parents' attention and awareness of the child's behavior and timely psychological diagnosis is very important. For this reason, parents' attention and awareness of the child's behavior and timely psychological diagnosis is very important. Shyness or isolationism is another problem that has affected different people in many different ways from the past to the present. This problem has not been addressed for a variety of reasons, and the public is less likely to refer to it as a problem. Unaware that isolationism and shyness in the heart of society, the person faces many problems, including the inability to relate to others and, consequently, the inability to learn and acquire abilities of various skills (6). Therefore, the results show that the two indicators of isolation and depression can affect the mental health of the child and can affect her future life. On the other hand, research results have shown that depression can lead to isolationism, and on the other hand, isolationism stress, anxiety and depression, according to the above, seems to be one of the most important and effective treatments for mental disorders. Or communication problems among children such as depression and isolation. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer the question whether play therapy based on cognitive-behavioral approach can be effective in reducing depression and isolation of orphaned and poorly cared for girls in Tehran? Methods: For the present quasi-experimental study, which was conducted with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group, among orphaned and abused female children in Shahid Zarghami and Khayyam child care centers in Tehran in 1997-98, which had a high score of completing questionnaires on depression and isolation. A total of 24 people were randomly selected as a sample and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Then, before the intervention, all the subjects received the Children and Adolescents Depression Inventory called CDS-A, which has 25 questions, a single-factor score based on a Likert scale of 5 points, and all elements of depression based on cognitive theory. Covers and has Cronbach's alpha validity and reliability of 0.86. And Shahim Children Behavioral Problems Questionnaire (1996) which has 28 questions and is scored based on a 5-point Likert scale and has 3 subscales of aggression, inattention and childish behaviors, isolationism and anxiety (9). Completed. In the next step, the research protocol was performed under 10 sessions of 90 minutes (two sessions per week) according to Table 1 for the experimental group. Finally, Smirnov-Kolmograph test was used to determine the normality of the data, Levin test to determine the homogeneity or equality of variances, as well as homogeneity of regression slope and covariance test were used for analysis. It should be noted that all statistical calculations were performed with SPSS software version 24. Results: Studies have shown that most people in the statistical population were between 11 and 8 years old and were studying in the first to fourth grades of elementary school. Based on the results obtained from Table 2, the weight of depression in the experimental period was 410/109 and in the control period was 169/109, and in the weight of depression in the experimental period was 74.250 and in the control period was 111.250, the weight of depression was reduced. Figure 1 In Table 3, The weight of isolation in the experimental period is 917/34 and in the control zone is 333/34, and in the weight of isolation in the experimental period is 199/9 and in the control zone is 834.34%. Isolation in the free spheres. The results showed that play therapy based on cognitive-behavioral approach is effective in reducing the isolation of orphaned and poorly cared for girls in Tehran. So that the group factor with a significant level of less than 0.05 (p = 0.0001) has an effect on the change of isolationism. While the significance level of the pre-test is more than 0.05 (p = 0.304). Another finding showed that play therapy based on cognitive-behavioral approach is effective in reducing depression in orphaned and neglected girls in Tehran. So that the group factor with a significant level of less than 0.05 (p = 0.0001) has an effect on depression. This is while the significance level of the pre-test is more than 0.05 (p = 0.341). Conclusion: The results showed that play therapy based on cognitive-behavioral approach led to a decrease in students' isolation. The results of the present study with the results of Tavakoli and Kalantari (2017) that examined the effect of play therapy with cognitive-behavioral approach on the regulation of emotion, anxiety and depression in children with type 1 diabetes and concluded that play therapy in the post-test phase has an effect on reducing aggression It did not but had an effect on other research variables such as isolationism. Also, the results in the follow-up phase showed that the mean scores of aggression, isolationism decreased significantly, which indicates the effectiveness of play therapy is consistent (11). Another finding showed that play therapy based on cognitive-behavioral approach reduces students' depression. Boyd Webb (2018) addresses play therapy for bereaved children: adapting strategies for use in the community, schools, and family environment. In this article, it is stated that play therapy is one of the most flexible treatment methods that can be changed according to the age of children, conditions, and the environment in which counseling is performed. Play therapy can be used to help children who have lost loved ones in schools, social settings, and at home. After examining the basic developmental factors that affect children's ability to understand the meaning of death, this article discusses the specific characteristics of grief in different situations. These include social counseling after Hurricane Katrina, school-based group play therapy after the teacher's death, and parent-child play therapy after a father dies in a terrorist attack. To increase the acceptability and effectiveness of play therapy, professional psychologists must consider the beliefs and practices of teachers and parents. In addition, psychologists are expected to use play-based activities to help children express their grief more easily (14).  }, Keywords = {Play Therapy Based on Cognitive-Behavioral, Depression,Isolation,Homeless children, Poorly Cared children}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {280-288}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی بازی درمانی مبتنی بر رویکرد شناختی-رفتاری بر کاهش افسردگی و انزوا طلبی کودکان دختر بی‌سرپرست و بد‌سرپرست}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اﺧﺘﻼل اﻓﺴﺮدﮔﯽ ﮐﻮدﮐﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺷﺨﺼﯽ و ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﺠﺎر ﮐﻮدک را ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ و اﻏﻠﺐ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺰرﮔﺴﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺘﻨﺎوب اداﻣﻪ ﻣﯽیﺎﺑﺪ. هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر تبیین اثربخشی بازی درمانی مبتنی بر رویکرد شناختی رفتاری بر کاهش مشکلات افسردگی و انزوا طلبی کودکان بدسرپرست بود. روش کار: برای انجام پژوهش شبه آزمایشی حاضر که به صورت پیش آزمون-پس آزمون با گروه آزمایش و کنترل انجام شد از بین کودکان 8 تا 11 سال مقیم در دو مرکز منتخب سازمان بهزیستی در شهر تهران با روش نمونه گیری در دسترس 24 نفر  به عنوان نمونه انتخاب و به شیوه تصادفی به دو گروه تقسیم شدند. ابتدا آزمودنی­ها پرسشنامه­های افسردگی کودکان - فرم کوتاه (CDS-A) طراحی شده توسط نجاریان (1373) برای اندازه­گیری افسردگی و مشکلات رفتاری کودکان طراحی شده توسط شهیم (1375) برای اندازه­گیری شاخص انزواطلبی را تکمیل کردند. سپس گروه آزمایش 10 جلسه 90 دقیقه­ای (هفته­ای دو جلسه) مداخله بازی درمانی مبتی بر رویکرد شناختی-رفتاری را دریافت کردند و گروه کنترل هیچ مداخله­ای دریافت نکرد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد مداخله بازی درمانی مبتنی بر رویکرد شناختی-رفتاری بر کاهش انزواطلبی و افسردگی کودکان بی سرپرست و بد سرپرست تاثیر معناداری دارد. نتیجه­ گیری: با توجه به نتایج استفاده از رویکرد بازی درمانی مبتنی بر رویکرد شناختی-رفتاری زیر نظر متخصص توصیه می­شود.  }, keywords_fa = {بازی درمانی شناختی-رفتاری, افسردگی, انزواطلبی, کودکان بی سرپرست, کودکان بد سرپرست}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7476-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7476-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {SadeghiMiab, Alireza and Shafiabady, Abdollah and SheyvandiChlicheh, Kamran and SaadatiShamir, Abotaleb and Jafari, Asghar}, title = {The Effectiveness of Premarital Education based on Risk Factors with a Cognitive-Behavioral Approach on the Wisdom of Engaged Couples (Familiarization Course)}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Marriage is one of the traditions with divine value. This tradition is beloved by God and emphasized by Islam due to its many effects on individual and social life. Marriage also has a great impact on the individual's existential dimensions, physical and mental health, and even the health of society. Peace of mind, chastity, and chastity, increasing quality of life, generation of children, etc. are among the positive effects of this important matter, marriage. Marriage has a significant impact on various aspects of life, including mental health, and for many people, it is the most meaningful part of life. A successful marriage is like a person achieving all his dreams. The beginning of joint life is done with engagement and a familiarization period. In the propositions of religious texts, this period as a background for family formation can be one of the factors affecting the stability of the family. Engagement can be considered a stage that is done before marriage to get to know the parties to continue life and start a family. This period is one of the best, sweetest, and most productive days of life, and if it is treated with delicacy and skill and its duties are fulfilled, it is an important factor in the growth and strength of the next periods of life. The occurrence of any disorders and problems in the engagement stage means a lack of health, especially in the mental field; these problems are a predictable factor for weakening the foundation of the family, including divorce. A wise decision to get married, in addition to success, will achieve its material and spiritual effects and be immune from the negative effects of carelessness in marriage. With a brief look at the statistics and figures in the growing trend of the ominous phenomenon of divorce, it is clear that the lack of knowledge and lack of insight into the important issue of marriage eventually leads to young couples getting separated after a short period. The reason for this incident is that reason and logic are not in their place in life. In the common life of people, some factors neglecting them may endanger the marriage. Engaged couples should be familiar with these factors before marriage. By examining the statistics and divorce cases in relevant organizations and family legal offices, these extracted factors have been introduced as predictive risk factors. Many of these factors are factors that existed in the relationship between couples before marriage but are ignored due to reasons such as ignorance, lack of thinking, and reasoning. Therefore, benefiting from a suitable therapeutic approach makes premarital education more successful. A cognitive-behavioral approach is a suitable approach that can be used well in this field due to the cultural conditions of our country. This approach has an educational aspect, in which behavioral cognitive techniques are given through exposure exercises in the sessions, prior cognitive reconstruction, and finally, educational homework. In this treatment, the connection of thoughts, feelings, and behavior are emphasized, and it is believed that people can deal with mental pressures by reconstructing their thoughts. In fact, in this approach, people are encouraged to pay attention to their negative spontaneous thoughts and identify cognitive distortions and challenge them, and then by reconstructing their thoughts, they experience better feelings and more appropriate behaviors emerge. Pre-marriage counseling is one of the basic categories that has received a lot of attention from experts and counselors in modern psychology and counseling around the world and is used to help people make the right choice and have a successful marriage. Based on what was said about the effects of premarital counseling training on wisdom in different societies, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of premarital counseling training based on risk factors based on religious teachings on the wisdom of engaged couples in counseling centers in Ray city. Based on this, the upcoming research has been conducted to answer this question: Does premarital counseling training based on risk factors with a cognitive-behavioral approach affect the wisdom of engaged couples? Methods: The design of a semi-experimental study was based on a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, which was conducted in Ray city in 2019. The statistical population was all engaged couples who went to counseling centers or similar centers in Ray city in 2019. The statistical sample of the research included 26 engaged couples who were randomly assigned to 2 experimental and control groups (13 couples in each group). The research tool included the Ardelet (2003) questionnaire, which was completed by the participants before and after the educational interventions. To analyze the data, multivariate covariance analysis was used. Results: The data analysis showed that there is a positive relationship between the wisdom of engaged couples with premarital education based on risk factors with a cognitive-behavioral approach, but in the control group, such a positive effect was not seen, and the component of premarital education had an effect on wisdom. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that there is a significant relationship between pre-marriage education and increasing the wisdom of engaged couples and their correct decision-making. The research results show the need to pay attention to pre-marriage education for engaged couples to develop their wisdom and correct decision. The present study, like other studies, faced some limitations. The quasi-experimental nature of the research and as a result the impossibility of controlling disturbing variables, the time limit, and the existence of a limited community of engaged volunteer couples which limits the generalization of the findings, forced to use of the available sampling method to reach the required sample of the research, among the limitations of this research. Is. The lack of reluctance of young people to accompany in the field of such an important matter, unreasonable resistance due to weak awareness and daily life problems, and the strength of defense mechanisms, including projection, etc., are among other limitations in this research. Since pre-marriage education based on risk factors has to some extent changed the view of the tested and trained couples towards their position as human beings and familiarized them with the purpose of life and marriage, as well as with the characteristics necessary for marriage and ways to prevent The disintegration of the family unit after marriage is more familiar and helps to have a meaningful and purposeful life with love. It is suggested that the issue of pre-marriage education is one of the mandatory programs in society by the relevant institutions, especially as a lesson in textbooks. Education and universities should be placed. Also, in future research, such research should be conducted jointly by male and female researchers and on wider samples.  }, Keywords = {Premarital Education, Cognitive-Behavioral Approach,Religious Teachings, Wisdom}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {289-298}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی‌آموزش قبل از ازدواج مبتنی بر عوامل خطرساز با رویکرد شناختی- رفتاری بر خردمندی زوجین نامزد (دوره آشنائی)}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: ازدواج تأثیر به سزائی بر ابعاد مختلف زندگی از جمله سلامت روانی دارد و از مهمترین مراحل بخش ازدواج دوره آشنایی زوجین می‌باشد. بنابراین هدف مطالعه، بررسی تأثیر ‌آموزش قبل از ازدواج مبتنی بر عوامل خطرساز با رویکرد شناختی- رفتاری بر خردمندی زوجین بود. روش کار: طرح مطالعه نیمه‌آزمایشی بر اساس طرح پیش آزمون- پس آزمون با گروه گواه بود که در شهر ری در سال 1399 انجام شد. جامعه‌ آماری تمام زوجین نامزدی بودند که در سال 1399 به مراکز مشاوره یا مراکز مشابه در شهر ری مراجعه نمودند. نمونه آماری پژوهش شامل 26 زوج از زوج‌های نامزد بودند که به ‌صورت گمارش تصادفی در 2 گروه آزمایش و گواه (13 زوج در هر گروه) قرار داده شدند. ابزار پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه آردلت (2003) بود که آن را شرکت کنندگان قبل و بعد از مداخلات آموزشی تکمیل نمودند. به منظور انجام تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از تحلیل کوواریانس چند متغیره استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها: تحلیل داده‌ها نشان داد بین خردمندی زوجین نامزد با آموزش قبل از ازدواج مبتنی بر عوامل خطرساز با رویکرد شناختی- رفتاری ارتباط مثبتی وجود دارد، ولی در گروه گواه این چنین اثر مثبتی دیده نشد و نیز مولفه آموزش قبل از ازدواج بر خردمندی تأثیرگذار بود. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان بیان داشت که بین آموزش‌های قبل از ازدواج با بالاتر رفتن خردمندی زوجین نامزد و تصمیم­گیری صحیح آن­ها ارتباط معناداری وجود دارد. نتایج پژوهش لزوم توجه به آموزش قبل از ازدواج را برای زوجین نامزد جهت رشد خردمندی و تصمیم صحیح آنان  نشان می­دهد.  }, keywords_fa = {آموزش قبل از ازدواج, رویکرد شناختی- رفتاری, آموزه‌های دینی, خردمندی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8000-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8000-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Goodarzi, Nader and AshrafGanjavi, Farideh and Zarei, Ali}, title = {Provide a Talent Control Model Based on Innovation in Health-Oriented Organizations}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Today, organizations think of success in the world's economic complexes and need the best talent in a competitive environment. In recent years, in organizations in Iran, the issue of education and labor has been present in various forms such as identifying and cultivating talent, succession, and future managers. In this context, various studies and researches are more important for designing and applying the successful experience of developed organizations. One of the most important factors in the development and success of the organization is talent management. Research on talent management and talented staff worldwide is growing rapidly. Three external factors, "demographic change", "globalization" and "increasing the number of knowledge-based employees", force organizations to take a more serious approach to talent management and its practices. For an effective talent management strategy, managers need to know that strategies in this area cannot focus solely on role-players at higher levels. Managers also need to know and understand the different motivations that determine the recruitment and retention of employees in the organization of different ages, genders, and nationalities. In this sense, human resources professionals must increase and develop their competencies and competencies in providing effective and efficient solutions. Therefore, talent management intends to be created at the center of the organization's general strategies. The theoretical management framework of for-profit and non-profit organizations has shown that in the field of sports, organizations are focused on the effective use of human resources, in other words, they seek to create products or services that create higher value for customers. People rarely have accurate information about the meaning of the word talent in organizations and its application to the performance of talent management. This is frustrating because working with the concept of talent search is critical to the application and policies of talent management in the organization and professional development and planning and development considerations. Although defining the concept of talent identification is not an easy task, there are at least some ways in which talent can be defined as a specific term in an organization. Talent management is the facilitation and development of the career path of highly talented and skilled individuals in the organization using developed guidelines, resources, policies, and processes. The history of talent management as a discipline and consulting in the field of sports business is more than 15 years, but they still seem to be confused about the meaning of "talent management". Despite many efforts to clarify the meaning of talent management, there is still no clear definition of the term. Talent control and innovation seek to achieve a common goal, which is growth, development, and effectiveness, and to provide a model of health in society; therefore, the purpose of this study was to present a model of talent control on organizational innovation in health-oriented organizations (managers of Tehran Municipality Sports Organization). Methods: The statistical sample of the present study included all managers and experts of Tehran Municipality Sports Organization in the number of 267 people who were purposefully selected. Due to the limited statistical population, no special sampling method was used and the whole sample was determined to be equal to the garment. Participants voluntarily completed the standard Phillips and Rapper Talent Management Questionnaire (2009) and the Organizational Innovation Questionnaire of Omid et al (2002) and the reliability of all variables was more than 0.70. LISREL software was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the research model had sufficient fit (RMSEA = 0.8) and the df/x2 ratio index in the allowable range and the relative and absolute fit indices (GFI), (IFI), and (NFI) were equal to 0.94, 0.93 and 0.91 were obtained, which indicated the proper fit of the model. Conclusion: In general, in the present study, the three components of environmental innovation, individual innovation, and organizational innovation showed a more significant causal relationship than other components in relation to talent management, and the components of environmental innovation - feedback and individual - Showed less average feedback and not paying attention to environmental and personal feedback can seriously challenge the strategy of the municipal sports organization with a lack of proper understanding of the environment and competitors, and that in relation to talent management development components, maintaining positive relationships, maintaining And the functional capability of causal relationship did not show significance. By reviewing previous studies in this field, it can be said that the municipal sports organization is in the early stages of talent management and is more focused on the process of identification and recruitment, and has not been able to take an effective step by developing a strategy to develop talents and their functionality. Identifying the components and elements of talent management in different societies with different sub-sectors, resources, advantages, and markets is the most important study activity for talent decision-making. Therefore, researchers in this field try to observe the factors affecting the physical stimulation of elites and knowledge forces in different ways, and indirect and indirect ways, while identifying these factors, how to make decisions, and the type of decisions of managers in this field. Affect. The changing and changing environment of organizations in the current era is forcing managers to use more and better tools called knowledge to deal with and deal with factors of uncertainty and maintain the position and expand it. This requires that managers of organizations consider an important priority for innovation management. Organizational innovation is the new invention of knowledge or the development of new information such as a concept, theory or hypothesis; In other words, organizational innovation means something new to use. Organizational innovation requires the transformation of ideas into usable organizational forms, and this idea is used to promote organizational performance. The success of organizations depends on the effective use of talented people. Talented organizations are constantly looking for new talent; by satisfying their needs, they maintain them and create a challenging environment for them to work and be creative and innovative for their organization. It can be said that all organizations need new and innovative ideas to survive. Innovation can be considered as an organizational change to respond to or influence the external environment. However, it should be noted that knowledge, along with talent management, is the most important factor in production and a determining factor in innovation, because with the constant accumulation of administrative and technical knowledge over time and the use of information technology, knowledge quickly it is available worldwide and talented employees will be able to make the most of knowledge. This mechanism can be extended to facilitate learning in the organization. Therefore, researchers in this field try to observe the factors affecting the physical stimulation of elites and knowledge forces in different ways, and indirect and indirect ways, while identifying these factors, how to make decisions, and the type of decisions of managers in this field. Affect. Organizations create new facts and concepts by developing and restructuring past and present knowledge in a variety of ways.  }, Keywords = {Talent Management, Organizational Innovation, Tehran Municipality Sports Organization}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {299-306}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارائه الگوی کنترل استعداد بر مبنای نوآوری در سازمان‌های سلامت محور}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: کنترل استعداد و نوآوری بدنبال دستیابی به یک هدف مشترک هستند و آن رشد، توسعه و اثربخشی و ارائه الگوی سلامت در جامعه هستند؛ لذا هدف تحقیق حاضر ارائه الگوی کنترل استعداد بر نوآوری سازمانی در سازمان‌های سلامت محور (مدیران سازمان ورزش شهرداری شهر تهران) بود. روش کار: نمونه­ی آماری پژوهش حاضر شامل کلیه مدیران و خبرگان سازمان ورزش شهرداری شهر تهران به تعداد 267 نفر بود که به شیوه هدفمند انتخاب شدند. با توجه به محدود بودن جامعه آماری از روش نمونه­گیری خاصی استفاده نشد و به صورت تمام شمار و هدفمند نمونه برابر جامه تعیین گردید. شرکت کنندگان پرسشنامه استاندارد مدیریت استعداد فیلیپس و راپر ( 2009) و نوآوری سازمانی امید و همکاران (2002) را به صورت داوطلبانه تکمیل نمودند و پایایی کلیه متغیرها بیش 70/0 بدست آمد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از نرم افزار لیزرل استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که مدل تحقیق از برازش کافی برخوردار بود (8/0 =RMSEA) و شاخص نسبت df /2x در محدوده مجاز و شاخص‌های برازش نسبی و مطلق (GFI)، (IFI) و (NFI) به ترتیب برابر با 94/0، 93/0 و 91/0 به دست آمد که نشان دهنده برازش مناسب مدل بود. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی در مطالعه حاضر سه مولفه نوآوری محیطی، نوآوری فردی و نوآوری سازمانی را بیش از سایر مولفه­ها در رابطه با مدیریت استعداد نشان از ارتباط علی معنی­دار داشتند و در این زمینه می­توان گفت سازمان ورزش شهرداری در مراحل ابتدایی مدیریت استعداد بوده و بیشتر بر فرایند شناسایی و جذب متمرکز گردیده است.}, keywords_fa = {مدیریت استعداد, نوآوری سازمانی, سازمان ورزش شهرداری شهر تهران}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7429-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7429-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {RahimiVaskasi, Hossein and Kavianifard, Hamid and TabatabaeiLotfi, Esmat al-Sadat and Karimi, Nasri}, title = {The Effect of Behavior Therapy on the Treatment of Mental Well-Being and Self-Esteem of Detainees’ Leading of Innocence}, abstract ={Background & Aims: In today's modern and complex society, the issue of health is important. The World Health Organization defines mental health as a state of complete social, mental, physical, and spiritual well-being. The psychological health of prisoners and detainees and the provision of appropriate services to them have attracted much attention from experts. Regarding the detention of individuals, there are two types of sentences, one: People who are actually convicted and two: People who are found innocent in the investigation process, who have the so-called principle of innocence. In the term of jurisprudence, innocence means that the principle of innocence of individuals should be considered. Innocence literally means liberation and acquittal, and is one of the most fundamental human principles to be practiced. The principle of innocence is one of the most important and influential principles not only in the laws of our country but also in international laws and conventions. From the point of view of many jurists, the principle of innocence is one of the fundamental rights of individuals in any society. Anyone accused of a crime shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to the law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense. Also, no one shall be held guilty of any penal offense on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offense, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Also, no one will be sentenced to a punishment greater than the one prescribed for committing a crime, and if a person is innocent, it is natural that this person will suffer various injuries. Studies show that the prevalence of mental disorders in detainees is higher than in the general population. One of the most common mental disorders in detainees is the issue of self-esteem and mental health that is damaged. Psychotherapists assist in the psychotherapy process by using conversational, interpretive, listening, rewarding, and role modeling techniques to treat a wide range of psychological problems. Behavior therapy is based on the belief that all human behavior is "learned" and therefore unhealthy behaviors can be changed. Therefore, behavioral therapy focuses mainly on the current problems of patients and how to change these problems. Cognitive behavior therapy is a very popular approach in the treatment of mental disorders. This approach combines behavioral therapy with cognitive therapy. Cognitive behavior therapy focuses on how people's thoughts and beliefs affect the formation of their feelings and behaviors. Cognitive-behavioral therapy often addresses the patient's current problems and how to solve them. The long-term goal of cognitive behavior therapy is to transform unhealthy ways of thinking and behaving into healthy thoughts and behaviors. For example, the results of various studies have shown that psychological well-being is associated with behavior-based adaptation. Due to the adverse consequences of arresting individuals, a therapeutic approach should be sought to remove individuals from these symptoms and help them regain self-esteem and increase well-being, so the present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of group therapy Determined self-esteem and psychological well-being of detainees. Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population in this study was all detainees in the judiciary of Mazandaran province who were arrested in 1399 and so that these people were innocent and acquitted, which was equal to 80 people. The sampling method in this study was that by distributing announcements in the provincial judiciary, detainees with detention experience and the principle of innocence of the law were asked to attend counseling centers to participate in group sessions of behavioral therapy. Inclusion criteria include: (1). Willingness to attend meetings, (2). At least 2 months of detention experience, (3). Not having any previous physical or mental illness, and Exclusion criteria include: (1). Taking any type of antidepressant, calm Ward, etc., (2). Occurrence of any kind of unfortunate incident for the person after the experience of detention. Considering the entry and exit criteria, 24 people were selected as a sample and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (12 people in each group). Then Reef (1989) and Coopersmith (1981) psychological well-being questionnaires were completed by two groups. The experimental group underwent behavioral therapy for 10 sessions, each session lasting 90 minutes, and the control group did not receive any training. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using an independent t-test. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the post-test scores of self-esteem and psychological well-being of the experimental and control groups and behavioral therapy had a positive effect on the experimental group (p <0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that behavioral therapy can be used as an effective treatment to increase self-esteem and psychological well-being of detainees; therefore, it is important to pay attention to psychotherapy methods to increase the level of self-esteem and mental health of detainees. Today, cognitive-behavioral therapy has taken first place in the psychological treatment of many mental illnesses and its effectiveness has been shown in many controlled studies. Cognitive behavior therapy is in some cases more effective than other approaches to psychotherapy. Behavior therapy is a term for several different therapies, all of which are based on learning theory. Behavior therapists believe that maladaptive behaviors are behaviors that a person learns to cope with stress and can be replaced by more appropriate answers with the help of techniques that have emerged from laboratory work on learning. While psychoanalysis seeks to understand how a person's past conflicts affect his or her behavior, behavior therapy deals directly with the behavior itself. Unlike psychoanalysis, which seeks to change personality, behavioral therapy has a relatively limited purpose, which is to change maladaptive behaviors in certain situations. In addition, behavior therapists pay more attention to the scientific validity of their techniques than psychoanalysts. Behavior therapists have not paid much attention to presenting a theory about personality. They have primarily accepted the assumption that most human behaviors are learned and therefore behaviors can be modified or changed altogether using learning principles.}, Keywords = {Behavior Therapy, Mental Well-Being, Self-Esteem, Principle of Innocence}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {307-317}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر رفتاردرمانی بر درمان وضعیت بهزیستی روانی و عزت نفس افراد بازداشتی منتهی به برائت}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: با توجه به پیامدهای نامطلوب ناشی از بازداشت کردن افراد، باید به دنبال رویکرد درمانی بود تا بتواند افراد را از این علائم دور سازد و آنان را در بازیابی عزت نفس و افزایش بهزیستی یاری کند، بنابراین پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثربخشی معنادرمانی به شیوه گروهی بر عزت نفس و بهزیستی روانشناختی افراد بازداشتی انجام شده است. روش کار: روش این پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی با طرح پیش آزمون- پس آزمون با گروه کنترل بود. برای انجام این تحقیق از بین افراد برائت شده از دادگستری استان مازندران در سال 99 که تعدادشان برابر با 80 نفر بود، تعداد 24 نفر بطور هدفمند انتخاب و بطور تصادفی به دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل تقسیم شدند (هر گروه 12 نفر)، سپس پرسشنامه‌های بهزیستی روانشناختی ریف (1989) و عزت نفس کوپراسمیت (1981) توسط دو گروه تکمیل شد. گروه آزمایش به مدت 10 جلسه و هر جلسه 90 دقیقه تحت روش رفتاردرمانی قرار گرفت و گروه کنترل آموزشی دریافت نکرد. در نهایت داده‌های گردآوری شده با استفاده از آزمون تی مستقل تجزیه و تحلیل گردید. یافته­ ها: نتایج نشان داد که بین نمرات پس آزمون عزت نفس و بهزیستی روانشناختی دو گروه آزمایشی و کنترل تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد و رفتاردرمانی بر گروه آزمایشی تأثیر مثبتی داشت (05/0>p). نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج نشان داد که رفتاردرمانی می‌تواند به عنوان درمان موثری در افزایش عزت نفس و بهزیستی روانشناختی افراد بازداشتی به کار برده شود؛ لذا توجه به روش‌های روان درمان جهت افزایش سطح عزت نفس و سلامت روانی افراد بازداشتی اهمت دارد.}, keywords_fa = {رفتاردرمانی, بهزیستی روانی, عزت نفس, اصل برائت}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7078-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7078-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Shekarchian, Mandana and Peeri, Maghsoud and Azarbaijani, Mohammad Ali}, title = {The Effect of Swimming Training on Spatial Memory and Reduction of Hippocampal Inflammation in Rats}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The lifestyle in the machine world of the last century is low mobility and very little activity with the use of various types of equipment and facilities. This lifestyle is the basis of many physical and mental complications in today's humans and causes the occurrence of many chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, increased blood pressure, and metabolic syndrome as a whole, followed by widespread inflammation in the body. Increased inflammation in the body, especially in the central nervous system of the brain, can lead to neurological and behavioral disorders. The immune system plays an important role in regulating brain homeostasis. Even small amounts of Neuroinflammation can disrupt physiological processes that occur in the hippocampus, including neurogenesis. Inflammatory factors include inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 and alpha necrosis factor. In recent years, human and animal studies have shown that the increase of these two cytokines in the body and brain can lead to a decrease in memory. However, its exact mechanisms are not fully understood. Recent findings also show that IL-6 is involved in cognitive functions and memory, and increasing its level in brain areas such as the hippocampus may lead to a decrease in memory, on the other hand, anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10 (potential role in immunotherapy and prevention) And progress or recurrence of neuropathy play a role in the body. Interleukin 10 prevents the production and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. This cytokine is secreted to suppress pro-inflammatory effects in stressful situations. The most important brain region involved in cognitive functions and memory is the hippocampus. Any damage to nerve cells in this area of ​​the brain can be directly related to cognitive disorders. Exercise is known as a risk modulating factor for reducing memory and learning in neurological diseases and even Alzheimer's disease. It is assumed that neurological and vascular adaptation to exercise and physical activity improves cognitive function through neurogenesis, reducing pro-inflammatory processes and reducing cell damage. Physical activity can modulate microglial activation in the CNS. Low-intensity exercise is sufficient to induce an anti-microglial activation effect by regulating the expression of various factors. Some of these factors (eg, Myokines) can directly prevent microglial activation through various mechanisms that prevent Neuroinflammation in the CNS. Be secreted from different sources (such as damaged neurons, astrocytes, and microglia). According to past research and since the effect of swimming exercise on the amount of pro-inflammatory and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-10 and as a result on the amount of spatial memory in adult rats has not been investigated, this research was conducted in order to make its results for patients suffering from memory loss. It should be implemented in clinics as a suggested non-pharmacological and effective treatment, especially in elderly people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Methods: C57BL6 male mice (approximate age 10-11 weeks) and (weight 18-21 grams) were obtained from Pasteur Institute of Iran and kept under light conditions of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness (8 am to 8 pm) and a temperature of 1±23 degrees Celsius and humidity of 40-50% and enough water and food were freely available to them. The data were analyzed using t-test analysis and P<0.05 was considered significant. SPSS software was used for analysis and GraphPad Prism software (V8.5) was used for drawing graphs. Results: Mice who have experienced swimming showed a higher level of the cytokine interleukin 10 in their hippocampus compared to the control group (p=0.002) and the significant effect of swimming training on spatial memory was confirmed and swimming led to a decrease in hippocampal inflammation. Through the reduction of interleukin 6 levels compared to control group mice (p=0.025). Conclusion: In this study, the effect of swimming training on the amount of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors and spatial memory was investigated, and according to the tests and results obtained, it was determined that swimming training has a significant effect on the reduction of the inflammatory factor interleukin-6 and the increase of the anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10. It is effective in reducing the number of cognitive disorders, including spatial memory. Aerobic exercise can partially reverse the cognitive decline associated with diabetes by reducing the oxidative stress and inflammatory environment in the brain of T2D animals. Regular exercise has significant benefits on insulin sensitivity in adults with type 2 diabetes and may persist for more than 72 hours after the last exercise session. Long-term intense exercise can generally lead to higher levels of inflammatory mediators and thus may increase the risk of injury and chronic inflammation. In contrast, moderate exercise or vigorous exercise with adequate rest periods can achieve maximum benefit. Exercise can protect against age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia. We provide evidence of swimming exercise in other animal models that assess cognitive functions and hippocampal inflammatory and Neurotrophic systems. In support of our data, studies are showing that swimming exercise can improve cognitive deficits in various animal models. Regular swimming exercise in mice significantly increases working, spatial and cognitive memory in Alzheimer's disease conditions or is effective in healthy conditions as well. Overall, this study shows that swimming exercise may be suggested as a complementary non-pharmacological strategy for the treatment of cognitive decline in affected individuals. However, further studies should focus on training protocols that can be used in humans.}, Keywords = {Swimming Exercise, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines, Inflammatory Cytokines}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {318-327}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثر تمرین شنا بر حافظه فضایی و کاهش التهاب هیپوکامپ در موش‌ها}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: هنوز تأثیر تمرین شنا بر  سطوح  سایتوکاین­های پیش التهابی و التهابی نظیر اینترلوکین-6 و اینترلوکین-10 و در نتیجه بر میزان حافظه فضایی در رت‌های بالغ  به طور دقیق مطالعه نشده است؛ لذا هدف این مطالعه تعیین اثر تمرین شنا بر حافظه فضایی و سطوح التهاب هیپوکامپ در موش‌ها بود. روش کار: موش­های نر نژاد C57BL6 با (سن تقریبی 10-11هفته) و (وزن 18-21 گرم) از انستیتو پاستور ایران تهیه و در شرایط نوری 12 ساعت روشنایی و 12 ساعت تاریکی و دمای 23±1 درجه سانتیگراد و رطوبت 40-50 درصد نگهداری و آب و غذای کافی به صورت آزاد در دسترس آن­ها قرار داده شد. حیوانات به دو گروه بدون تمرین و با تمرین شنا (8 سر در  هرگروه) تقسیم شدند؛ سپس حیوانات تحت یک برنامه 4 هفته­ای تمرین شنا قرار گرفتند. داده­ها با استفاده از آنالیز تی تست مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: موش­هایی که ورزش شنا تجربه کرده­اند سطح بالاتری از سایتوکاین اینترلوکین 10 را در هیپوکامپ خود نسب به گروه کنترل نشان داده اند و اثر معناداری تمرین شنا بر حافظه فضایی تایید شد. همچنین ورزش شنا منجر به کاهش سطح التهاب هیپوکامپ از طریق کاهش سطح اینترلوکین-6 در مقایسه با موش­های گروه کنترل شد. نتیجه‌گیری: در مجموع، این مطالعه نشان می­دهد که ورزش شنا ممکن است بتواند به عنوان یک استراتژی غیردارویی مکملی برای درمان زوال شناختی در افراد مبتلا پیشنهاد گردد. با این وجود، مطالعات بیشتر باید بر پروتکل‌های آموزشی که می‌تواند در انسان استفاده شود، متمرکز شود.  }, keywords_fa = {تمرین شنا, سایتوکاین‌های پیش التهابی, سایتوکاین‌های التهابی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7652-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7652-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Shiri, Zahra and Hosseininik, Seyed Soleiman and Mahmoodi, Armi}, title = {Effectiveness of Reality-Group Therapy on Social Isolation of Patients with Gender Identity Disorder}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Sex, as the most fundamental element of identity, accompanies a person from the beginning to the end of life. During the socialization process, the members of the society internalize and internalize cognitive, emotional, and behavioral patterns related to their gender. They learn to behave in different social situations as expected from the members of a particular sexual group. Successfully going through this process leads to the formation of a sexual identity compatible with society. But sometimes there are disturbances in this way. In the sense that a person may have the characteristics of a certain gender from a biological point of view, but he does not consider himself to belong to that group spiritually and psychologically. Such a person feels and behaves like a member of the opposite sex. It is obvious that this dual situation causes mental disorders and weakens the individual's performance. This phenomenon is called Transsexuality. Reality therapy is one of the approaches that has provided coherent therapy with a holistic view. And its use is possible for all people who have problems. Not denying reality, taking responsibility, and accordingly planning to achieve goals, are one of the main human needs in the life process, which is given importance in this therapeutic approach. Humans can create a better situation for themselves by choosing more effective and suitable ways to achieve a fun, power, freedom, love, and belonging. Social isolation during some rapid and sudden changes is considered normal and is not interpreted as maladjustment, but when it chronically hinders success and progress in normal tasks and functions of life, it can It has very harmful emotional, social, and even physical consequences. Social isolation is a threat to the mental health and psycho-social functioning of a person. In view of the mentioned materials and considering the effect that social isolation has on the personality, and considering that there is little research in the field of human sexual behavior, as well as the lack of research on reality therapy training for patients with gender identity disorder, the research Presented with the aim of the effectiveness of reality therapy on social isolation of patients with a gender identity disorder. Methods: This study was conducted as a semi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test and follow-up with a control group. The research population is all people with gender identity disorder who were referred to the Shiraz forensic center in 2020-2021, whose disorder was diagnosed by a forensic doctor, and due to the impossibility of accessing all of them in a targeted manner, out of 195 A total of 30 people were selected by convenience sampling and were divided into two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. First, Russell et al.'s social isolation questionnaire (1980) was taken from both groups, then the experimental group was given reality therapy training for 8 sessions, and the control group did not receive training. Again, the social isolation questionnaire was administered after the reality therapy training and was repeated in the 3-month follow-up, and the data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Results: A significant difference was seen in the loneliness reduction component between the control group and the reality therapy intervention group at a significance level of 0.1, therefore, the reality therapy approach has been effective. Conclusion: Since transgender people are often on the sidelines of social activities, many of their capabilities have not been developed. Efforts to make them capable of social relations can be effective in this direction. At the same time, heterosexual people must develop their social skills with people by developing their capacities and by avoiding committing deviant behaviors. The application of reality therapy techniques could help them in this field. Reality therapy is based on the basic assumption that people are motivated to change when they are convinced that their current behavior will not get them what they want. The goal of reality therapy is to foster acceptance of responsibility in the individual and create a successful identity. A person identifies the behavior he is trying to correct, devotes his whole being to it, and does not make excuses to deny his responsibility. In this approach, an effort was made to make the person know the short-term and long-term goals of his life. Define them clearly. Evaluate the ways to achieve the goal. Choose the methods that will lead to more favorable results and experience a more positive feeling towards yourself. It should be noted that this research has limitations that reduce its generalizability. Among these cases, we can mention the small size of the sample, the non-randomness of the sampling, and the fact that the samples are limited to one place, which is due to financial, human, time, etc. limitations, and shows the need for further extensive research.  }, Keywords = {Reality Therapy, Social Isolation, Gender Identity Disorder}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {328-335}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی واقعیت‌درمانی گروهی بر انزوای اجتماعی بیماران مبتلا به اختلال هویت جنسی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اختلال هویت­­­­جنسی یک وضعیت نادر است که در آن افراد هویت­جنسی خود را با آنچه ظاهر آن نشان می­دهد نامتجانس احساس می­کنند و موجب پریشانی یا اختلال اساسی در کارکرد اجتماعی، شغلی و سایر زمینه­های مهم می­شود. پژوهش حاضر  به هدف  اثربخشی واقعیت­درمانی بر انزوای اجتماعی بیماران اختلال هویت­جنسی انجام گرفت. روش کار: این مطالعه به صورت نیمه­آزمایشی با طرح پیش­آزمون- پس­آزمون و پیگیری با گروه کنترل انجام شد. جامعه پژوهش همه افراد دارای اختلال هویت­جنسی مراجعه­کننده به مرکز پزشک قانونی شهر شیراز در سال 1400-1399 که اختلال آن‌ها از طریق پزشک قانونی محرز شده بود و به دلیل عدم امکان دسترسی به همه آن­ها به صورت هدفمند از بین 195 نفر تعداد 30 نفر به روش نمونه­گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند و در دو گروه آزمایش (15 نفر) و کنترل (15 نفر) قرار گرفتند. ابتدا پرسشنامه انزوای اجتماعی راسل و همکاران (1980) از هر دو گروه گرفته شد، سپس گروه آزمایش به مدت 8 جلسه تحت آموزش واقعیت­درمانی قرار گرفت و گروه کنترل آموزشی دریافت نکرد. مجدداً پرسشنامه انزوای اجتماعی پس از آموزش واقعیت­درمانی انجام شد و در پیگیری  3 ماهه نیز تکرار شد و داده­ها توسط تحلیل آماری توصیفی و استنباطی بررسی شد. یافته­ ها: در مولفه کاهش تنهایی  گروه کنترل  با گروه مداخله واقعیت­درمانی­­ در سطح معنی­داری ۰1/  تفاوت معنی­دار دیده شد  لذا رویکرد واقعیت­درمانی تاثیر­گذار بوده است. نتیجه ­گیری: نتایج نشان داد واقعیت­درمانی می­تواند به این افراد کمک کند به خودشان به عنوان منشاء اعمال و کردار توجه کنند و با تاکید بر انگیزش درونی و احساس مسئولیت برای انجام رفتار باعث بالا بردن احساس ارزشمندی و کاهش احساس تنهایی شوند.}, keywords_fa = {واقعیت درمانی, انزوای اجتماعی, اختلال هویت جنسیتی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7421-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7421-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Kazemi, Nasibe and Molaie, Amin and Kazemi, Fakhrossadat and Shadmehri, Saeedeh}, title = {The Effect of Whole-Body Vibration on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight Girls}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Overweight and obesity is a serious and growing health problem, that is associated with the risk of disability and increased morbidity (1). In obese people, hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance lead to impaired fasting glucose, hypertension, inflammation, and accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (2). These factors contribute to adverse cardiovascular outcomes due in part to cardiac autonomic dysfunction (3-5). Thus, hypertension increases sympathetic balance and arterial stiffness, decreases heart rate variability, endothelial dysfunction, and ultimately increases the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular death (6). recently, whole-body vibration has been considered a potential alternative or adjunct to exercise (10). Evidence suggests that whole-body vibration is associated with decreased fat accumulation and fat reduction in rats (13). These results suggest the use of WBVT in the treatment of obesity. In fact, WBVT improves body composition, muscle strength and cardiovascular function in a variety of populations, including obese people (14). In general, physical activity may reduce cardiovascular risk factors and thus reduce mortality by improving the lipid profile and thus obesity (18). Therefore, there is a strong rationale for the importance of exercise in improvement programs of lifestyle to prevent or treat overweight and obesity. Whole body vibration training has been suggested as a useful protocol to increase metabolism (19). However, the effect of whole-body vibration training on cardiovascular risk factors in obese and overweight people is not well understood. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effect of whole-body vibration training (WBVT) on blood pressure, heart rate and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight girls. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 40 overweight girls were selected and randomly divided into experimental (whole-body vibration training) and control groups. Whole body vibration training was performed in 30 sessions every day. Biochemical variables were measured before and after training. Data were analyzed with covariance analysis (ANCOVA) at the P<0.05. Results: The results showed that WBVT significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (P=0.001), total cholesterol (P=0.006), low-density lipoprotein (P=0.000), heart rate (P=0.028), BMI (P=0.002), high-density lipoprotein (P=0.047) and waist-to-hip ratio (P=0.000) in overweight girls but had no significant effect on triglyceride (P=0.852) and blood pressure (P=0.189). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that whole body vibration training significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, heart rate, BMI, high-density lipoprotein and waist-to-hip ratio in overweight girls but had no significant effect on triglycerides and Blood pressure. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (16, 20, 21). WBVT increases glycemic control by improving insulin action and regulation of glucose. It seems that lowering blood glucose following whole body vibration training is associated with increasing muscle mass. In fact, these training increase the volume of lean muscle mass, and this increase in volume by increasing glucose storage in muscle and facilitating glucose metabolism (20). The mechanism of significant changes in blood pressure and heart rate following whole-body vibration training is still unclear. In some previous findings it has been reported that significant changes in systolic blood pressure have been achieved and a significant improvement in diastolic pressure is achieved when these training are combined with other forms of training (24). Increased local blood flow immediately after vibration training as well as neurophysiological changes following tonic reflection of vibration may increase elasticity and facilitate increased flexibility (30). The mechanism that reduces body fat percentage and fat profile by Whole body vibration is still unknown. However, there are potential contributing factors; whole-body vibration training increase the concentration of serum free fatty acids during the recovery period (33), in addition, activate the central sympathetic nervous system (34); The key role of this system is to stimulate lipolysis in white adipose tissue. There is relationship between the activity of the central sympathetic nervous system and fat oxidation, and hypofunction of this system is a risk factor for weight gain in humans (35). Also, the catabolic effect of vibration on adipose tissue can be explained by converting kinetic energy to thermal energy under friction forces (36). The present study had limitations such as lack of control over physical activity of research groups outside the study time, lack of control of genetic and congenital characteristics that affect obesity, lack of complete control of mental health conditions and lack of precise control of fatigue and sleep quality of the subjects was mentioned during the study. According to the results, it seems that WBVT can help reduce cardiovascular risk factors in overweight people.}, Keywords = {Overweight, Whole-Body Vibration Training, Blood Pressure,Heart Rate, Cardiovascular Risk Factors}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {336-345}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر تمرینات ویبریشن کل بدن بر فشار خون، ضربان قلب و عوامل خطرزای قلبی- عروقی در دختران دارای اضافه وزن}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: تمرینات ویبریشن کل بدن سازوکار جدیدی است که سبب افزایش قدرت عضلانی و متابولیسم می‌گردد. با این حال تاثیر این نوع تمرینات برعوامل خطرزای قلبی- عروقی در افراد چاق و دارای اضافه وزن به خوبی مشخص نیست. هدف از این بررسی تاثیر تمرینات ویبریشن کل بدن بر فشار خون، ضربان قلب و عوامل خطرزای قلبی عروقی در دختران دارای اضافه وزن بود. روش­ کار: در این مطالعه نیمه­تجربی، 40 دختر دارای اضافه وزن به صورت در دسترس انتخاب و به طور تصادفی در دو گروه تجربی (تمرینات ویبریشن کل بدن) و کنترل قرار گرفتند. تمرین ویبریشن کل بدن در 30 جلسه و هر روز انجام شد. متغیرهای بیوشیمیایی در دو مرحله قبل و بعد از تمرینات اندازه­گیری شد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از تحلیل کوواریانس (ANCOVA) در سطح 05/0> P استفاده شد. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد تمرین ویبریشن کل بدن موجب کاهش معنی دار میزان قند خون ناشتا (001/0P=)، کلسترول تام (006/0P=)، لیپوپروتئین کم چگال (000/0P=)، ضربان قلب (028/0P=)، شاخص توده بدنی  (002/0P=)، لیپوپروتئین پر چگال (047/0P=) و نسبت دور کمر به لگن (000/0P=) در دختران دارای اضافه وزن شد اما بر تری گلیسرید (852/0P=) و فشار خون (189/0P=) ‌تاثیر معناداری نداشت. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به نتایج، به نظر می‌رسد تمرینات ویبریشن کل بدن می‌تواند به کاهش عوامل خطرزای قلبی- عروقی در افراد دارای اضافه وزن کمک کند.}, keywords_fa = {اضافه وزن, تمرین ویبریشن کل بدن, فشار خون, ضربان قلب, عوامل خطرزای قلبی عروقی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6587-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6587-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Afravi, Nader and Abednazari, Hossein and Helalizade, Masome and Gholami, M}, title = {The Effect of HIIT and Thyme Extract on P53 Gene Expression in Liver Tissue and Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetic Rats}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Type 2 diabetes is the most common endocrine disease occurs due to glucose intolerance due to imbalance between reserves and insulin demand. Diabetes can also cause damage and cell death or apoptosis (1, 2).Recent research shows the vital role of p53 in the development of diabetes. The aim of this study was to study changes in p53 gene expression in liver tissue and insulin resistance index after HIIT and Zataria multiflora (Thyme) extract in obese type 2 diabetic rats. Methods: The statistical population of the study consisted of male Wistar rats from Royan Institute. All rats were fed a high-fat diet (45 to 60% fat) for 5 months or 20 weeks. after the Rats became obese and reached an average weight of about 407 ± 50 g, to create a type 2 diabetic model, 25mg/kg STZ was injected intraperitoneally. Rats with fasting glucose between 150 to 400 mg/dl was considered as a criterion for diabetes and all rats were diabetic divided into 4 groups control, HIIT, Thyme, HIIT-Thyme. HIIT protocol, performed for five sessions per week with 2-minute alternation of 2 and 8 intervals with 80 to 90% VO2max and a one-minute rest cycle with 50 to 56% vo2max. Running time increased from 16 minutes in the first week to 34 minutes in the eighth week. Thyme extract was given by gavage at a dose of 200 mg / kg 5 days a week for eight week. At the end of the training period and 48 hours after the last training session, the experimental training groups and after 12 hours of fasting, the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed by ether anesthetic. Blood samples were collected from the heart. Glucose was measured using an auto-analyzer. Insulin measured by a special kit of Pars Azmoun Company. The insulin resistance index was calculated using the formula and the expression of liver tissue P53 genes expression was also measured by RT-PCR. Statistical analyze performed with one-way ANOVA and two-factor analysis of variance test for comparison between groups and determination of the effect size and post-hoc method. Results: According to the results, these findings were observed: The mean weight in the experimental groups of exercise, thyme and HIIT-Thyme groups increased slightly compared to control group. The mean concentration of glucose in the exercise group was significantly lower than the control group (P = 0.001) and also in the HIIT-Thyme group, there was no significant difference (P = 0.99) compared to the thyme group. Moreover, in the Thyme-HIIT group there was a significant decrease (P = 0.001) compared to the control group. Also, HIIT led to a significant reduction in glucose and insulin resistance index (P<0.05). The mean insulin concentration in the HIIT group was significantly higher than the control group (P = 0.005) group and in the HIIT-Thyme group was not significantly different compared to the thyme group (P = 0.218); however, the Thyme group had a significant increase compared to the control group. The mean insulin resistance index in the HIIT group (2.04) and Thyme-HIIT was significantly lower than the control group but Thyme group was not significantly different from the control group (P = 0.994).HIIT reduced P53 gene expression in hepatocytes compared with controls (P <0.009). HIIT and consumption of Thyme extract also significantly reduced P53 gene expression in hepatocytes compared with the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion: The P53 gene, which is a tumor suppressor gene, is mutated and inactive in a wide range of cancers, this gene has been given the title of "protector of the genome", now new research shows that this gene has profound effects on metabolism and other Its activation can lead to obesity and type 2 diabetes, and for this reason another name was given to this gene "protector against obesity" (11). While the role of this gene is well known during decades of cancer research, little information is available about its role in metabolism. Previous studies have shown that the role of P53 in metabolism and its function is important for tumor suppression (12), this gene also has effects on heart disease, obesity and type 2 diabetes (13).P53 gene regulates glucose transporters. Maintaining proper function of glucose transporters is crucial in glucose homeostasis and suppression of diabetes (11). P53 regulates the function of glucose transporters by influencing their transcription and transport. For example, p53 activated by genotoxic stress can directly bind to GLUT1 and GLUT4 promoters and repress their transcription. P53 also suppresses GLUT3 expression, but this occurs through an indirect mechanism by inhibiting IkB kinase or IKK (11). P53 gene negatively regulates glycolysis. It affects glucose levels by directly regulating degradation (glycolysis) and synthesis (gluconeogenesis). Following DNA damage, p53 can reprogram the cell's energy production strategies from glycolysis to mitochondrial respiration (or oxidative phosphorylation) in order to suppress tumor progression (11). The first p53 target gene identified to inhibit glycolysis is TIGAR (TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator) (30). TIGAR overexpression reduces the level of fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate (Fru-2, 6-P2), which activates the glycolysis promoter PFK1 (6-phosphofructo-1-kinase). P53 also regulates the stability of phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM), another enzyme important for the completion of glycolysis through the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) to 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PG). It has been shown that the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), an alternative mechanism for glucose consumption for energy production, is partially blocked by p53 through a direct interaction between p53 and its rate-limiting enzyme, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). 30). P53 also negatively regulates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-2 (PDK2) through both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms to activate the PDH complex that converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA to shift the balance from glycolysis to mitochondrial respiration (28, 31). The results of the present study show a significant decrease in the expression of the P53 gene in the liver tissue in the intense interval training group, and also the decrease in the expression of this gene in the interaction group of interval training - thyme can indicate the effect of interval training on the decrease in the expression of the P53 gene in the liver tissue. According to the mentioned regulatory pathways, but in the thyme group alone, no significant decrease in the expression of this gene was observed, which can be inferred that when using thyme extract to use its medicinal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, performing periodic exercises its effectiveness can be improved by further reducing the expression of the P53 gene. Suppression of hepatic glucose production by reducing the expression of the P53 gene can effectively improve diabetes and be used to treat it, in a way, it can be said that targeting components in the gluconeogenic pathway can improve hyperglycemia (10, 11). HIIT with thyme extract in diabetic rats led to improved glycemic profile and changes in glucose and insulin levels, as well as positive and appropriate changes in the expression of P53 gen expression in hepatic tissue.  }, Keywords = {HIIT, Type 2 Diabetes, Thyme, Apoptosis, P53 gene}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {346-361}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیرتمرین تناوبی شدید و عصاره آویشن بیان ژن P53 بافت کبد و مقاومت به انسولین موش‌های دیابتی نوع دو}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: دیابت نوع دو شایع­ترین بیماری درون­ریز است که به­دلیل عدم تحمل گلوکز و دراثر برهم­خوردن تعادل بین ذخایر و تقاضای انسولین رخ می­دهد. پژوهش های اخیر نقش حیاتی p53 را در توسعه دیابت نشان می دهد. هدف پژوهش حاضر مطالعه تغییرات بیان ژن P53 بافت کبد و شاخص مقاومت ­به­انسولین پس از انجام تمرین تناوبی و مصرف عصاره­آویشن شیرازی در  موش­های چاق دیابتی نوع دو بود. روش کار: جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر را 36 موش­های صحرایی نر تشکیل دادند. جامعه آماری پس از20 هفته تغذیه با رژیم پرچرب و با تزریق درون صفاقی 25 STZ میلیگرم/کیلوگرم دیابتی شدند. گلوکز ناشتای بین150 تا  400 میلی گرم/دسی لیتر ملاک دیابتی نوع دوم بود. موش­های دیابتی در4 گروه مجزا قرار گرفتند. پروتکل تمرینی به صورت هشت هفته تمرین تناوبی، پنج جلسه در هفته با تناوب شدید2 دقیقه­ای با 2 تا 8 تناوب و با 80 تا 90 درصد vo2max و تناوب استراحت یک دقیقه­ای با 50 تا 56 درصدVO2max  اجرا شد. عصاره آویشن بصورت گاواژ به میزان 200 میلی گرم/کیلوگرم برای 5 روز در هفته داده شد. یافته‌ها: تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل واریانس دوعاملی نشان داد در مقایسه با گروه کنترل، تمرین تناوبی شدید به کاهش معنی­دار گلوکز و شاخص مقاومت به انسولین منجر شد. تمرین تناوبی به کاهش بیان ژن P53 در سلول های کبدی در مقایسه با گروه کنترل منجر شد (009/0 P<). تمرین تناوبی و مصرف عصاره­آویشن همچنین به کاهش غیر معنی دار بیان ژن P53 در سلول‌های کبدی در مقایسه با گروه کنترل منجر شد  (05/0 P<).  نتیجه‌گیری: به نظر می‌رسد تمرین تناوبی شدید)  (High-intensity interval training-HIIT و مصرف عصاره آویشن می تواند به کاهش عوامل آپوپتوز کبد و بهبود وضعیت کبد در موش صحرایی کمک کند. در نتیجه محققان می‌توانند از نتایج این پژوهش در جهت ارزیابی بهبود وضعیت افراد دیابتی نوع دو استفاده کنند.  }, keywords_fa = {تمرین تناوبی, دیابت نوع دو, آویشن , آپوپتوز, ژن P53}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7791-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7791-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Nikbaksh, Helen and Hashemzehi, Nowruz and Malekian, Nazani}, title = {Analysis of the Effect of Virtual Bullying and Passion for Cyberspace Couples\' Unconventional Communication}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Confronting the modern world has led to the formation of different expectations in the lives of couples and subsequently to fundamental changes in the communication and emotional level. Several factors hinder the proper communication of couples and bring the common life to coldness and emotional deadlock, and in some cases it leads to the phenomenon of unconventional communication and betrayal (1). On the other hand, along with the development of science and technology and as a result of new innovations and techniques, products and goods have entered human life that have a dual function in the individual and social life of man. (2). One of the most prominent and widely used of these products is social media and virtual space. With the increase in the use of the Internet, reports of cyber-harassment, sexual requests and virtual bullying have also increased (3). Virtual space, with the possibility of establishing quick simultaneous and non-synchronous communication, access to a large amount of information and its widespread dissemination, is an effective tool for communication between people and plays a positive role in cultural development and human relations, (3) . On the other hand, it seems that one of the most important factors affecting the willingness to use virtual space and social networks is psychological factors, including passion for virtual space. In 2003, for the first time, Wallerand et al. described a dual model of enthusiasm: 1- a great desire to do an activity on a regular basis, 2- a desire to do an activity to the point where all one's time and energy are spent on it. spend (4). Considering that the extramarital relationship of couples is one of the main causes of marital conflicts and divorce; And it has been growing in recent years. But in Iran, there is a lack of research in this field due to the high reaction and sensitivity of the society and laws to the perpetrators and the lack of easy access to people, and the research in this field is very little and insufficient. Therefore, the researcher is trying to answer this question: does virtual bullying and passion for virtual space have an effect on the unconventional relationship of couples in Tehran? Methods: In order to carry out the current applied research, which is based on two quantitative approaches (by completing personal information questionnaires, enthusiasm (Wallerand et al., 2003), virtual bullying (Minnesini et al., 2011) and unconventional communication (Whatley, 2008) by 384 people. of married couples in Tehran) and qualitative (based on grounded theory and unstructured in-depth interview technique, through interviews with 30 married men and women in Tehran with a history of extramarital relationship). Finally, to analyze the data at the descriptive level of mean, frequency, standard deviation, and in the inferential statistics section to check the state of data distribution from the skewness and kurtosis index and to check the validity of the questionnaires from confirmatory factor analysis for hypothesis testing. Spearman's correlation test and structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach and SPSS version 26 and Smart Pls version 3 software were used to test the model. Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between passion for virtual space and virtual bullying (r=0.728, P<0.01). The share of variance (determining coefficient) of the two mentioned variables is equal to 53%. There is a significant relationship (r=0.564, P<0.01) between passion for virtual space and unconventional relationships of couples. The share of variance (coefficient of determination) of the two mentioned variables is equal to 32%. There is a significant relationship between virtual bullying and couples' unconventional relationships (r=0.663, P<0.01). Conclusion: The results showed that the variable of passion for virtual space can explain and predict the variable of virtual bullying. It was also found that the variable of passion for virtual space has the ability to explain and predict the variable of couples' unconventional relationships. Finally, the variable of virtual bullying has an average ability to explain and predict the variable of couples' unconventional relationships. In the axis of individual factors, tiredness from shared life, excitement seeking, personality disorders (such as: paranoid, schizoid, bipolar disorder, etc.) and personality traits (such as: dramatic, borderline, antisocial, narcissistic personality) in line with the research. Baucom et al. (2009); Curiosity has been consistent with the research of Mark et al. (2011) and Bakum et al. (2009) (6). Parsons' (1995) nuclear family model theory is cited in the axis of inappropriate marriage factors. According to Parsons, the nuclear family is a consumption unit that depends on the husband's job outside the home and is created based on free choice of wife and on the basis of romantic love. In the current situation and with the change of social structure from traditional to modern and as a result, the creation of family-wide institutions in various fields including employment and meeting economic needs, the family gradually loses its productive function and the only role of kinship of the members towards Each other remains in it (9). In the axis of society and environment factors, the theories of culture change through the media of Inglehart (1970), the role of religious factors of Alport (1955), the role of economic factors of Kanger (1900), Kasht Gerbner (1969) and the crisis conditions of Sarukhani (1376) are cited. has been According to Inglehart, individual use of media and especially social networks has a direct effect on individual values. People who are continuously exposed to the information of social networks and media, their orientations towards religion, gender equality, traditional ethical standards, attitude towards democracy and... They will be significantly different (11). The interviewees have admitted that with the change of society and its values, their beliefs about the norms of society, religion and commitment have changed and with the spread of social networks and the possibility of easier access, the possibility of unconventional communication has increased. Social media provide an outlet for behaviors that may be potentially harmful to romantic relationships, such as communicating with alternative partners, which can sometimes lead to relationship conflict, separation, or divorce (14). Most of them have considered the corona pandemic to be more important than before, which is in line with the results of Cope Gordon's research. He has admitted that the increased stress caused by the pandemic may expose couples to an increased risk of infidelity. The negative consequences of infidelity are also likely to be exacerbated for couples during the pandemic due to the intersection with the social, emotional, and financial consequences of COVID-19 (15). Also, most of them have emphasized the lack of emotional and sexual connection with their spouses and the desire to satisfy their needs in the form of extramarital relationships (16).}, Keywords = {Unconventional relationship, Virtual bullying, Passion for cyberspace}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {362-371}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تحلیل اثر زورگویی مجازی و اشتیاق به فضای مجازی بر ارتباط نامتعارف زوجین}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: خانواده ایفاگر مهم­ترین نقش در جامعه است. یکی از تحولاتی که بنیان خانواده را سست و ناپایدار می‌سازد، ارتباط نامتعارف زوجین است. لذا هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تحلیل اثر قلدری مجازی و اشتیاق به فضای مجازی بر ارتباط نامتعارف زوجین در شهر تهران بود. روش­ کار: برای انجام تحقیق کاربردی حاضر که با دو رویکرد کمی (از طریق تکمیل پرسشنامه­های اطلاعات فردی، اشتیاق (والراند و همکاران،2003)، قلدری مجازی (مینه سینی و همکاران،2011) و ارتباط نامتعارف (واتلی،2008) توسط 384 نفر از زوجین متاهل شهر تهران) و کیفی (بر مبنای گراندد تئوری و با تکنیک مصاحبه عمیق بدون ساختار، از طریق مصاحبه با 30 نفر از مردان  و زنان متأهل شهر تهران با سابقه رابطه فرا زناشویی) انجام شد. یافته‌‌ها: نتایج کیفی این پژوهش نشان داد که عوامل فردی، نگرشی،ازدواج نامناسب، تعاملی/ارتباطی و عوامل محیطی در شروع رابطه نامتعارف مردان و زنان متأهل شهر تهران موثر بوده است. نتایج کمی این پژوهش نشان داد که بین اشتیاق به فضای مجازی  با قلدری مجازی رابطه معناداری وجود دارد. بین اشتیاق به فضای مجازی با روابط نامتعارف زوجین رابطه معناداری وجود دارد. بین قلدری مجازی با روابط نامتعارف زوجین رابطه معناداری وجود دارد. نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج تایید کننده تاثیر زورگویی بر ارتباط نامتعارف زوجین می­باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {رابطه نامتعارف, قلدری مجازی, اشتیاق به فضای مجازی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7855-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7855-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Delshad, Amir and Parsaeifar, Rez}, title = {Comparison of the Effect of Wearing Medical and Cloth Masks during Combined Exercise Training during the Period of Covid-19 on Maximum Oxygen Consumption in Non-Athletic Young Men}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about unprecedented changes and alarmed many aspects of our existence. With the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, most of the countries were quarantined, many people were in their homes due to social distancing and with the stress of facing an uncertain future and fear of death and loss of family members, and also economic problems caused by the disease caused psychological problems in many sections of the society (1). Wearing a mask is one of the non-pharmacological intervention measures that can be implemented effectively with minimal cost and without disrupting social activities (2). Also, one of the important strategies to prevent the spread of disease during sports activities in public environments, whether outdoors or in gyms, is to use a mask; In this regard, research results show that wearing a mask during sports can prevent the virus from spreading into the air and other people from contracting the corona virus (3, 4). The importance of wearing a mask went so far that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended that everyone wear a face mask for more than two years; especially when exercising indoors or when in public places (5). Despite the recommendation that people should use a face mask as a daily habit, wearing a mask during physical activity or sports may potentially have negative effects on the physiology. Therefore, masks should not be used during intense physical activity; because they lead to a decrease in the quality of breathing. Also, sweat can cause the mask to get wet faster, which makes breathing difficult and causes the growth of microorganisms (6, 7). Studies by Person et al. (2018) also show that wearing a mask in a 6-minute walking test has an effect on the heart rate of healthy adults (8). In this regard, the studies of Mapelley et al. (2021) showed that the increase in the feeling of shortness of breath with the use of a protective mask during exercise is more intense (9). The COVID-19 outbreak is having a profound impact on almost every aspect of life. Universal mask coverage is recommended as a means of controlling this disease. Regular exercise in a safe environment is an important strategy for healthy living in this crisis (1). Since gyms and public spaces may be sources of virus transmission, masking may become an integral part of physical activity (7). On the other hand, one of the main problems of using a mask is that it can prevent breathing. Also, the mask is gradually moistened and its resistance to incoming air increases (18). According to the mentioned materials, the purpose of this research is to compare the effect of eight weeks of combined training (aerobic and resistance) with a double-layered medical and fabric mask on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) of young non-athletes. Methods: In this semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design, among untrained young men with an age range of 35-25 years (average age 29.40 years, average height 175.30 cm, average weight 73.37 kg and body mass index 23.56 kg/m2) Tehran city, 40 participants were selected purposefully and randomly in four groups of 1-combined exercises with medical mask, 2-combined exercises with cloth mask, 3- combined exercises and 4- control. In this research, the shuttle run test was used to measure VO2max of the subjects; then, using the relevant formula, the estimation of the VO2max level of the subjects was calculated. The intervention phase was conducted in eight weeks and 3 sessions every week and every other day, the exercise groups performed a combined exercise program (aerobic-resistance training) using a medical mask, a cloth mask and without a mask. During this time, the control group was doing their daily activities. The obtained data were analyzed using paired sample t-test, analysis of covariance and post hoc Benferoni test. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS software version 24 at a significant level of P<0.05. Results: The results of the present study showed that combined exercise training significantly increases the VO2max of young men (P<0.01), but other results showed that the use of a medical mask and cloth mask decreases the VO2max compared to the training group without mask (P<0.01). Also, other results showed that there is no significant difference between cloth and medical masks in cardio-respiratory indices of young men (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that combined exercises both with the use of masks (medical and cloth mask) and alone (without the use of masks) significantly increased the VO2max of young men. In line with the current research, Jimeno-Almazán et al. (2023) showed that combined exercises increase the maximum oxygen consumption in patients who have recovered from Corona (24). Also, Prieto-Gonzalez et al. (2022) showed that combined training increases the VO2max in recreational endurance athletes (25). In addition, Khalifi et al. (2022) in a review study showed that combined exercises, compared to aerobic exercises and separate resistance exercises, cause more improvement in heart and sweat factors in middle-aged men (26). In examining the effect of mask on VO2max, the findings of our research showed that combined training with either fabric or medical mask reduces VO2max in young men compared to combined training without mask. In line with the findings of the present study, Driver et al. (2022), reported a decrease in VO2max during sports activity with a cloth mask (5). Umutlu et al. (2021) also reported a decrease in VO2max during exercise with a surgical mask (35). Although in these two studies, the acute effect of sports activity on VO2max was investigated, but probably the cumulative effects of training sessions are also related to the acute effect of training sessions, and the adaptations resulting from long-term training are also consistent with the training response on VO2max. Overall, the results of this research showed that the use of combined exercises with and without the use of a mask increased VO2max in non-athletic men. Also, the results of our research showed that using a mask during sports training reduces VO2max improvement compared to training without a sports mask.  }, Keywords = {Covid-19, Mask, Sports Training, Maximal Oxygen Consumption}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {372-383}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه اثر پوشیدن ماسک‌های پزشکی و پارچه‌ای هنگام تمرینات ورزشی ترکیبی در دوره کوید 19 بر حداکثر اکسیژن مصرفی در مردان جوان غیرورزشکار}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: یکی از روش های ایمنی در جلوگیری از سرایت بیمای کوید 19 استفاده از ماسک می‌باشد. هدف تحقیق حاضر بررسی اثر استفاده از ماسک هنگام تمرینات ورزشی بر حداکثر اکسیژن مصرفی در مردان جوان در دوران اپیدمی کووید 19 می‌باشد. روش کار: در پژوهش نیمه تجربی حاضر 40 مرد غیرورزشکار (میانگین سنی 40/29 سال، میانگین قد 30/175 سانتی­متر، میانگین وزنی 37/73 کیلوگرم و شاخص توده بدنی 56/23 کیلوگرم بر متر مربع) به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند و در چهار گروه تمرینات ترکیبی همراه با ماسک پزشکی، تمرینات ترکیبی همراه با ماسک پارچه­ای، تمرینات ترکیبی و کنترل قرار گرفتند. اندازه گیری VO2max با آزمون­ شاتل ران در پیش و پس آزمون انجام شد. برنامه تمرین ترکیبی به مدت هشت هفته و سه جلسه در هفته با استفاده از ماسک پزشکی، ماسک پارچه­ای و بدون ماسک انجام شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل آماری از آزمون‌های تی وابسته و تحلیل کوواریانس و آزمون تعقیبی بنفرونی استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: تمرینات ترکیبی باعث افزایش معنادار VO2max شد (01/0>P)، سطح VO2max در هر دو گروه ماسک پایینتر از گروه تمرین بدون ماسک بود (01/0>P). تفاوت معنی داری بین گروه‌های ماسک پارچه­ای و پزشکی دیده نشد (05/0<P). نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی نتیجه تحقیق حاضر بر این نکته تاکید دارد که ماسک­های پزشکی و جراحی با افزایش مقاومت راه هوایی باعث کاهش قابلیت­های قلبی تنفسی می­گردد. تمرین در دوره کرونا با ماسک‌های موجود منجر به کاهش حداکثر اکسیژن مصرفی نسبت به تمرین بدون ماسک می شود.  }, keywords_fa = {کوید 19, ماسک, تمرین ورزشی, حداکثراکسیژن مصرفی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7942-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7942-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Badami, Mahshid and Zomorody, Saeedeh}, title = {The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Emotional Maturity and Fear of Negative Evaluation in Married Women}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Family is one of the basic foundations of any society. Having healthy families can have an important effect on the mental health of society, and these social ties create a sense of meaning in life, and in this regard, women are considered one of the important pillars of balance, peace, and life improvement. They are responsible for very important roles such as mothers, wives, etc., so they are productive forces that nurture social and carry heavy tasks of education and community building. Considering the basic role of women in the family and their direct influence in society and the issues and problems that arise for these people due to the multiplicity of roles. One of the problems that women face is the fear of negative evaluation. In the field of interpersonal relationships, people's concern about others' inappropriate evaluation of them as an interpersonal inhibiting factor is particularly important. Women who are responsible for the family alone in their lives report a high level of stress and lack of self-esteem. When people fear the negative evaluation of others, they turn their attention to internal threatening stimuli such as anxiety reactions. High anxiety destroys the chance to reassess the situation and disrupts social functioning, and the level of self-efficacy of a person gradually decreases. Because the person avoids situations where there is a possibility of social evaluation and gradually provides the ground for the isolation of himself and his family. On the other hand, one of the variables that play a significant role in the well-being and mental health of married women is emotional maturity. Emotional maturity is described as the ability to control oneself in the face of failure, to feel responsible for one's decisions and actions, and to have an adequate level of awareness of one's emotions. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is one of the effective treatments that has been investigated in this research. The cognitive-behavioral approach focuses on cognitive distortions and efforts to change behavior. The core of CBT is the emotions and behaviors that are formed by our thoughts and perceptions. The therapist helps the patient identify cognitive distortions and replace them with more positive and realistic ways of thinking. It seems that this therapeutic approach can be used to increase emotional maturity and reduce negative evaluation in married women and is an effective step in improving their mental health. Therefore, the current research aims to answer the question of whether cognitive behavioral therapy is effective on emotional maturity and fear of negative evaluation in married women. Methods: The research method is semi-experimental with two experimental and control groups, and the statistical population of the research includes all married women 25-50 years of age who announced their desire to participate in the research in the virtual space, and their number was 120. According to the research method, 30 people were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 people for each group). Data collection was done by fear of negative evaluation and emotional maturity questionnaires, and the intervention was done by cognitive behavioral therapy protocol. Also, the statistical method of covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the total score and the subscales of the two questionnaires on emotional maturity and fear of negative evaluation, in the pre-test and post-test in the experimental and control groups in married women. Conclusion: It can be concluded that cognitive behavioral therapy can be used to improve social behavior, improve a person's positive feelings towards themselves and others, and provide the basis for a person's growth after marriage. The training of cognitive-behavioral skills leads to the reduction of extreme generalization and hasty conclusions, which are great obstacles on the way to emotional maturity. Undoubtedly, married people think that they cannot reach the level of skill and self-fulfillment in society because of problems after marriage, and they are constantly afraid of being blamed for their immature and unorganized behavior. Therefore, they are afraid of being judged and evaluated. In other words, these people may avoid social relationships due to fear of negative evaluation. Since the fear of negative evaluation is a cognitive component that exists in social anxiety disorder. People with this disorder think that everyone evaluates them negatively and are afraid of being exposed to negative evaluations. Therefore, with the help of cognitive behavioral therapy, these people can be helped to become aware of their negative thoughts that have led to fear and avoidance of social relationships and to be able to have a proper relationship with post-traumatic conditions by controlling and regulating emotions. This approach helps people gain control over their lives and reduce their vulnerability to being judged and evaluated. In general, in this type of treatment, through the correction of cognitive misconceptions, such as self-blame, negative reactions, emotional problems, worries associated with anxiety, avoidance, dependence, helplessness towards change, and thoughts that cause the continuation of negative emotions and It affects the strengthening of negative beliefs, and as a result, this treatment can improve social behavior, improve a person's positive feeling towards himself and others, and increase the ground for the person's growth after Marriage provides.  }, Keywords = {Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Emotional Maturity, Fear of Negative Evaluation}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {384-392}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی درمان شناختی رفتاری بر بلوغ عاطفی و ترس از ارزیابی منفی در زنان متأهل}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: رویکردهای درمانی می­تواند برای افزایش بلوغ عاطفی و کاهش ارزشیابی منفی در زنان متاهل مورد استفاده قرار گیرد و گامی موثر در ارتقای سلامت روان آنان باشد، لذا این مقاله با هدف بررسی اثربخشی درمان شناختی رفتاری بر بلوغ عاطفی و ترس از ارزیابی منفی در زنان متاهل انجام شد. روش کار: روش پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی با دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل می­باشد و جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کلیه زنان متاهل 25-50 سال فراخوانی در فضای مجازی تمایل خود را برای شرکت در پژوهش اعلام نمودند می­باشند که تعداد آنها 120 بوده است.، با توجه به روش پژوهش با استفاده از روش نمونه­گیری در دسترس30 نفر  و به طور تصادفی به دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل تقسیم شدند (15 نفربرای هر گروه) انتخاب شدند. گردآوری داده­ها توسط پرسشنامه های ترس از ارزیابی منفی و بلوغ عاطفی انجام شد و مداخله توسط پروتکل درمان شناختی رفتاری انجام شد. همچنین از روش آماری تحلیل کواریانس جهت تحلیل داده­ها استفاده شد. یافته­ ها: نتایج حاکی از آن بود که در مجموع تفاوت معنادار بین نمره کل و خرده مقیاس­های دو پرسشنامه بلوغ عاطفی و ترس از ارزیابی منفی، در پیش آزمون و پس آزمون در دوگروه آزمایش و کنترل در زنان متأهل وجود داشت. نتیجه‌گیری: می­توان نتیجه گرفت از روش درمانی شناختی رفتاری می‌توان برای بهبود رفتار اجتماعی، بهبود احساس مثبت فرد نسبت به خود و دیگران استفاده کرد و زمینه را برای رشد فرد پس از ازدواج فراهم نمود.  }, keywords_fa = {درمان شناختی رفتاری, بلوغ عاطفی, ترس از ارزیابی منفی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7867-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7867-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Akhgar, Mohammad reza and Nikravan, Mohammad and shabanimoghadam, Keivan and shahmansouri, Ezatoll}, title = {The Role of Managers\' Awareness of Laws and Legal Programs Related to Athletes\' Health}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Currently, sports is one of the effective educational and moral methods for the young generation and future-builder, whose scientific face is becoming more and more evident day by day. On the other hand, winning in international sports arenas is a useful tool for promoting national pride and international prestige, and for this purpose, every year, spending large amounts of money and human resources, for the advancement of sports and success in the arenas. To be looking at sports as a social necessity and need, and the health and vitality of the society depend on it, and you should try to promote it because it is one of the important social phenomena that is necessary for all ages. Inclination to sports will prevent the young generation from being spoiled and deviant and will eradicate issues and problems such as drug addiction and social anomalies. Sports activities and related environments have always faced various events and incidents for specific reasons. These incidents have started from the least important crimes such as insults and assaults and the most severe ones such as rape and murder. The lack of knowledge of the sports community about the legal consequences of violations and crimes in sports environments due to the lack of training and the absence of written collections that include the types of sports crimes and their punishments has always increased the quantitative and qualitative expansion of crimes. In recent decades, sports has become a big and popular industry in the world, and the legal issues related to it have become more complicated, and on the other hand, athletes generally believe that their illegal actions in sports activities; finally, it ends with disciplinary punishments, which are referred to by the disciplinary committees of sports boards or federations. The range of knowledge of professional sports managers about their responsibilities and knowledge of legal laws is usually not more than this. Knowledge of the set of legal rules and regulations of sports teaches the sports community how to participate in sports activities so that the resulting accidents do not make them aware of the legal responsibilities that ultimately lead to punishment, deprivation of social rights, and compensation and losses. Health-oriented laws should lead to the expansion of public welfare, the elimination of deprivation, and the implementation of justice. Health-related laws are firstly a sign of the genius of a nation, secondly, they are a model of natural laws. In history, nations that have succeeded in establishing the best laws for their society have had legislative and social genius. Knowing the legal rules and regulations of sports is one of the generalities of legal science, just as saving an injured athlete requires knowing first aid. Therefore, knowledge of legal laws is mandatory in the professional empowerment of managers to reduce accidents caused by sports operations. Considering the importance of knowledge of legal laws in reducing the occurrence of accidents caused by sports activities, the study aimed to investigate the role of knowledge of legal laws in empowering professional managers to reduce accidents caused by sports operations. Methods: This study is a mixed type of research in which 25 people were targeted in the qualitative part of the research and the quantitative part with the cooperation of 210 sports administrative managers, sports club managers, coaches, sports teachers, referees, and sports journalists through 33 questionnaires. A researcher-made question was made in Central Province. Quantitative data were evaluated through SPSS software. Results: In this evaluation, 132 codes were identified, among the identified codes, the lack of legal and disciplinary laws in the program of coaching and arbitration classes with a frequency of 19, the absence of a legal federation with a frequency of 18, and the lack of specialized knowledge of executive directors and staff managers with a frequency of 19. 15, the absence of a specialized court with specialized judges and the non-responsiveness of legal laws and disciplinary regulations with a frequency of 17 were among the most important codes identified. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that knowledge of legal laws in empowering professional managers has a significant effect on reducing sports accidents in the province, therefore, knowledge of legal laws teaches the sports community how to participate in sports activities so that accidents resulting from them are punishable. It leads to deprivation of social rights and compensation for losses and doesn't pay attention to them. During the implementation of this research, some limitations can be taken into consideration by future researchers. This research was conducted in the area of the role of knowledge of legal laws in empowering professional managers to reduce accidents caused by sports operations, most of the respondents had minimal legal knowledge, and this made the researcher survey a larger number to access the results.}, Keywords = {Legal Rules, Empowerment, Professional Managers, Accident Reduction}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {393-400}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {نقش آگاهی مدیران از قوانین و برنامه‌های حقوقی مرتبط با سلامت و بهداشت ورزشکاران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: فعالیت‌های ورزشی درحالی که موجبات نشاط روح و سلامت جسمی را فراهم می‌کنند؛ جایگاه بروز انواع خطرها، ایراد ضرب و جرح نیز می‌باشد. بنابراین هدف مطالعه، بررسی نقش آگاهی از قوانین حقوقی در توانمندسازی مدیران حرفه‌ای بر کاهش حوادث ناشی از عملیات ورزشی در استان مرکزی انجام گرفت. روش کار: این مطالعه از نوع تحقیق  آمیخته است که در بخش کیفی پژوهش 25 نفر به طور هدفمند و در بخش کمی با همکاری 2۱0 تن از مدیران اداری ورزش، مدیران باشگاه‌های ورزشی، مربیان، معلمین ورزش، داوران و خبرنگاران ورزشی از طریق پرسشنامه ۳۳ سوالی محقق ساخته در استان مرکزی صورت پذیرفت. داده‌های کمی از طریق نرم‌افزار SPSS مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: در این ارزیابی 132 کد شناسایی شد که در میان کدهای شناسایی شده عدم وجود درس قوانین حقوقی و انضباطی در برنامه کلاس‌های مربیگری و داوری با فراوانی 19، عدم وجود فدراسیون حقوقی با فراوانی 18، عدم آگاهی تخصصی مدیران اجرایی و مدیران ستادی با فراوانی 15، عدم وجود دادگاهی تخصصی با قضات تخصصی و پاسخگو نبودن قوانین حقوقی و آیین نامه‌های انضباطی با فراوانی 17 در زمره مهمترین کدهای شناسایی شده بودند. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان بیان داشت که آگاهی از قوانین حقوقی در توانمندسازی مدیران حرفه‌ای بر کاهش حوادث ورزشی استان تأثیر معنی‌داری دارد لذا آگاهی از قوانین حقوق به جامعه ورزشی می‌‌آموزد که چگونه باید در فعالیت‌های ورزشی مشارکت نماید تا حوادث ناشی از آن که به مجازات، محرومیت از حقوق  اجتماعی و جبران  ضرر و زیان منتهی می‌شود، متوجه آنان نگردد.}, keywords_fa = {قوانین حقوقی, توانمندسازی, مدیران حرفه‌ای, کاهش حوادث}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7897-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7897-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Kiaei, Seyed Mehdi and Vaziri, Shahram and LotfiKashani, Farah}, title = {The Effectiveness of Integrative Treatment Approaches on Depression in Iranian Researches}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Every year, in Iran and the world, many researches are conducted in the field of stress, anxiety and depression, especially in the field of treatment, and on the other hand, the lives of people who are involved with these problems are greatly disturbed and the inefficiencies caused by these problems make their lives miserable. It seriously affects and in general due to the very high prevalence of these disorders, huge time, energy and costs are imposed on individuals and governments every year, both in the field of treatment and in the field of research. Mental disorders have gained special importance due to the current tense world, which among mental disorders, anxiety, stress and depression have a long history and high prevalence and have attracted the attention of researchers. Anxiety, stress and depression have been considered throughout the history of psychology due to their unfortunate consequences and high prevalence. Knowing the causes of these disorders and effective treatment solutions for these disorders have always been considered, and therefore, many researches have been conducted in this field and a large amount of financial and human resources have been allocated to them. Although a lot of money has been spent on these issues, the results of the conducted research are not consistent and even sometimes contradictory results are obtained in the research. Therefore, the application of contradictory research results, publication, interpretation, evaluation and recognition of their weak points requires a solution based on the correct review and analysis of the research background, the use of conflicting evidence and the use of a combined method. For this reason, we take help from meta-analysis for this matter. In fact, meta-analysis is a method that can be used to infer the differences in the conducted research and to combine the results of various and numerous researches and extract new and coherent results and remove what causes bias in the final results and to solve problems and reach it contributes to more accurate results. The result of the research that has been done in order to present and improve the treatment methods is a very high volume of studies that have contradictory and scattered results. Therefore, this issue makes it difficult for researchers and therapists to draw conclusions and provide treatment services. Therefore, the application and use of meta-analysis research method can play a significant role in organizing the scattered results and resolve the contradictions in the data. Statistically, meta-analysis discovers the relationships between characteristics and research findings by converting the results of previous research into a common scale. The necessity of this research and meta-analysis research in general is due to the low sample size studied in intervention studies. The results of such studies are estimated to be biased compared to studies with larger samples. In these cases, the meta-analysis method by combining related studies and calculating the effect size of the investigated hypotheses is actually evaluated with larger samples. The findings of this type of research will be fruitful both in the field of science and research development and in the field of application and treatment and will bring many advantages. Researchers, professors and students can use the information and results of the research to choose the exact and correct area of their research, in other words, by determining the areas that need more research, it becomes possible to expand the theoretical area, also if the results are, show the ineffectiveness of treatment, a research field will be provided so that those interested in that field of treatment can review and make effective changes in the treatment protocol and in future research, they can improve and improve treatment methods. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to analyze the results of the research conducted in the field of the effectiveness of integrative treatment approaches on the occurrence of depression symptoms by using the meta-analysis technique. Methods: The study method was meta-analysis, and its statistical population included Persian studies, which were searched for Persian language articles in the databases of specialized Persian journals with keywords integrative, integrative approach, integrative treatment, integrative therapeutic approaches, integrative group therapy, integrative positive psychotherapy and Depression, separately and in combination, were searched. As a result of the search process, 16 articles related to the topic were obtained and after the process of removing studies based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 7 articles were removed and 9 articles were found suitable for this meta-analysis. CMA2 software was used for data analysis. Results: Examining the questions showed that the effect size of integrative treatment approaches on depression is equal to 62.3%. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that this research can greatly help therapists in the field of depression, and therapists using the results can make their patients' recovery more effective and efficient by choosing the correct method of treatment and implementing it effectively. Accelerate the treatment process and reduce the suffering of their patients. In the above explanation, it can be said that depressed people also suppress positive emotions. Strengthening the capabilities of gratitude, hope and vitality probably play a role in increasing positive emotions. It can be said that in the etiology of depression, the reduction of positive emotions indirectly helps the occurrence of depression symptoms through the increase of negative emotions. In this way, in addition to increasing positive emotions, strengthening the mentioned capabilities is also effective in regulating negative emotions. On the other hand, the increase in personality abilities may lead to the improvement of coping strategies in depressed people. Depressed people generally suffer from a sense of emptiness and meaninglessness in life. In the integrative therapeutic approach, various strategies are used to strengthen emotional regulation. For example, to strengthen the ability to forgive, the therapist helps clients identify negative emotions such as anger and hatred and express them during the therapy session. Also, in these meetings, clients face painful events from the past and reframe them if necessary. In the critical thinking sessions, ineffective cognitions related to negative emotions are identified and replaced with efficient cognitions. In this way, the client can better accept his inner experiences such as negative thoughts, anger and hatred. It can be said that by relying on an integrated program of treatment and introducing emotions to people, tracking mood and activity level, familiarizing with creating small behavioral changes and evaluating them, teaching common mental traps, preparing a list of pleasurable activities and other stages and steps presented in the research; There was a significant difference in the depression of people before and after the implementation and it has been effective in reducing depression. Also, with the effort that takes place in the integrative treatment approach for behavioral acceptance of the existing situation, and in practice, more patience and tolerance occurs in the relationship between the patient and his spouse, the platform for positive social exchange is provided, which is one of the platforms and areas for strengthening social capital.  }, Keywords = {Integrative Treatment Approaches,Integrative Positive Psychotherapy, Depression}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {401-407}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی رویکردهای درمانی یکپارچه‌نگر بر افسردگی در پژوهش‌های ایرانی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: سالانه، در سطح ایران و جهان پژوهش‌های بسیار زیادی درحوزه‌ی افسردگی به خصوص در حیطه درمان صورت می‌گیرد، بنابراین پژوهش حاضر با هدف اثربخشی رویکردهای درمانی یکپارچه‌نگر بر افسردگی در پژوهش‌های ایرانی انجام شد. روش کار: روش مطالعه فراتحلیل بود و جامعه آماری آن شامل مطالعات فارسی بود که برای دسترس به مقالات فارسی زبان در پایگاه‌های مجلات تخصصی فارسی زبان با کلیدواژه‌های یکپارچه‌نگر، رویکرد یکپارچه‌نگر، درمان یکپارچه‌نگر، رویکردهای درمانی یکپارچه‌نگر، گروه درمانی یکپارچه‌نگر، روان‌درمانی مثبت یکپارچه‌نگر و افسردگی، به طور جداگانه و در ترکیب با هم، جستجو شدند. در نتیجه‌ی فرایند جستجو، تعداد 16 عنوان مقاله مرتبط با موضوع به دست آمد و پس از فرایند حذف مطالعات براساس ملاک‌های ورود و خروج، تعداد 7 مقاله حذف و تعداد 9 مقاله برای این فراتحلیل مناسب تشخیص داده شدند. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از نرم افزار CMA2 بهره گرفته شده است. یافته‌ها: بررسی سوالات نشان داد که مقدار اندازه اثر رویکردهای درمانی یکپارچه‌نگر بر روی افسردگی برابر با 62.3 درصد می‌باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان بیان داشت که این پژوهش می‌تواند به درمانگران حوزه افسردگی کمک بسیار زیادی نماید و درمانگران با استفاده از نتایج حاصل می‌توانند با انتخاب روش صحیح درمان و اجرای موثر آن بهبود بیماران خود را به طور موثرتر و کارآمدتر ممکن سازند و در تسریع فرایند درمان و کاهش رنج بیمارانشان مفید واقع شوند.}, keywords_fa = {رویکردهای درمانی یکپارچه‌نگر, روان‌درمانی مثبت یکپارچه‌نگر, افسردگی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8016-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8016-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Esmaili, Reza and Fahimdevin, Hasan and EsmailzadehKandahari, Mohammad Reza and Peymanizad, Hossei}, title = {The Influence of Effective Factors on Vitality and Freshness by Relying on the Diversification of Football School Services}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The underlying factors of human behavior have been the subject of research for centuries, and the concept of happiness has generally been proposed as an answer to this question. The search for happiness is like every person. In recent years, intense work speed, working conditions, stress, anxiety, and technological advances have brought the concept of happiness to the fore. Therefore, the phenomenon of being happy, which is needed due to negative reasons arising today, has brought many questions about the definition and nature of happiness, its determinants, and whether it exists. Positive psychology, which focuses on the positive aspects of people, states that a person should actualize himself at the highest level. Today, football has become a global sport played by people in almost every corner of the world. This game attracts millions of people through its activities as players, coaches, referees, fans, volunteers, and supporters. Also recently, football has been identified as a driver with economic, social, and political influence for many stakeholders. So multinational companies invest billions of dollars in the field of financial support. Also, from childhood, players and teenagers in football schools choose their favorite football models and play on the football fields by imitating them. Football in developed countries has become a revenue-generating industry, and sports managers are looking for solutions that can make the best use of the potential around them and achieve their sports and economic goals in the shadow of that. In such a situation, managers are successful in creating better conditions for themselves by diversifying their work environment. Nowadays, most countries have realized that diversifying services and taking advantage of their direct and indirect benefits are not possible without proper planning and policies, and other organizations and companies need to formulate goals, strategies, and operational planning. It is so that, while being aware of the direction of movement, he can avoid any reworking, going astray, and wasting his physical financial, and informational resources. Currently, football schools are in trouble with their mushroom-like growth in terms of facilities, or they have drawn a goal other than the training and development of football talents, which if it were otherwise, even now, despite the many years of activity of these schools, the team We had strong players in the club and national level. Although some steps have been taken in this direction in recent years, it is not enough, and more attention should be paid to this matter. Perhaps a suitable solution is to identify ways to develop happiness and joy in football schools. By researching this and compiling it, football schools can play their crucial role in the sport and football of the country in the best way and without a doubt take their rightful place in developing talents. And its durability is getting closer every day; therefore, in this research, an attempt is made to investigate the effect of the factors affecting the vitality and vitality by relying on the diversification of football school services. Methods: The approach of the current research is a combination (of quantitative and qualitative). The statistical population of the qualitative part includes 17 sports management experts and physical training managers and coaches of the country's football leagues, and the statistical population of the quantitative part includes all the visitors to football schools in Mashhad, whose number was about 3000 people. The number of statistical samples in the qualitative section was 17 experts and in the quantitative section, the number was 306. The methods of collecting information are different in different stages. a) Collecting information and identifying the factors in the phase of identifying and studying related articles and books and interviewing experts, then according to the above question, there is a need to choose a specific criterion for including or not including the articles and works are done. To ensure that the research is well-formed. These criteria are necessary because as filters, they eliminate incorrect and irrelevant information. For this purpose, for a study to be considered in the systematic review of this research, it must first be a scientific article published in a university journal that has a scientific review, in addition to the fact that it must have been published between 2010 and 2020. In addition, it should be taken into consideration, whether it is in an operational method or in a conceptual way, it affects the goals of the research (study) since concepts and ideas in management progress and develop very quickly. This is the reason why articles older than fourteen years are not recognized as suitable because they can cause problems and distort the results. Of course, it should be noted that in addition to the articles selected based on the above criteria, some articles in lower-ranked journals and even articles presented at conferences have been considered to have more comprehensive access. To the literature related to this field. Papers were searched in Google Scholar, Springer, and ScienceDirect databases. To analyze the data, Lisrel software was used. Results: The results showed that the number of 34 open codes and 5 core codes (the existence of basic standards, safe physical facilities, service quality, having a written program and experienced trainers, and having a talent search program) are among the factors affecting vitality and vitality based on diversity. It is part of the services of football schools. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that by diversifying the services of football schools, it is possible to create a higher level of freshness and vitality in those who refer to football schools, which can improve the reputation of a football school and earn and increase Help the health level of people in the society. Undoubtedly, creating a happy and cheerful environment through the services of football schools in a good way and creating trust and understanding among families and every football school is of particular importance. On the other hand, this leads to branding and creating a brand image with the customer as a tool to create loyalty in customers and gain profitability as well as the sustainability of the organization. If we can design a good brand name and adhere to the commitments that we claim in the brand name, we can guarantee their loyalty to our future services. Because the football school has a set of organizational facilities it is profitable to enter into other businesses using those resources, and the branding of the football school means searching and entering into businesses that are well with The company's facilities are matched and the long-term effect within the football school is positive in terms of profitability.}, Keywords = {Vitality, Freshness, Football School Services, Football Development}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {408-415}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر عوامل مؤثر بر شادابی و نشاط با تکیه به تنوع بخشی خدمات مدارس فوتبال}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: توجه به شادابی و نشاط مراجعه کنندگان به مدارس ورزشی امری مهم می‌باشد؛ از این­رو، در این پژوهش سعی می­شود تا تأثیر عوامل مؤثر بر شادابی و نشاط با تکیه به تنوع بخشی خدمات مدارس فوتبال بررسی گردد. روش کار: رویکرد پژوهش حاضر ترکیبی (کمی و کیفی) است. جامعه آماری بخش کیفی، شامل 17 نفر از صاحب­نظران مدیریت ورزشی و مدیران تربیت بدنی و مربیان لیگ­های فوتبال کشور و جامعه آماری بخش کمی شامل کلیه مراجعان به مدارس فوتبال شهر مشهد، که تعداد آن­ها حدود 3000 نفر بود. تعداد نمونه آماری بخش کیفی تعداد 17 خبره و در بخش کمی تعداد 306 بود. ابزار اندازه­گیری در بخش کیفی مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته و در بخش کمی شامل پرسشنامه محقق ساخته بود. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از نرم افزار لیزرل استفاده گردید. یافته­ها: نتایج نشان داد که تعداد 34 کدباز و 5 کد محوری (وجود استانداردهای پایه، امکانات فیزیکی ایمن، کیفیت خدمات، داشتن برنامه مدون و مربیان با تجربه و داشتن برنامه استعدادیابی) از عوامل مؤثر بر شادابی و نشاط با تکیه به تنوع بخشی خدمات مدارس فوتبال می‌باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می­توان بیان داشت که از طریق تنوع بخشی در خدمات مدارس فوتبال می‌توان به سطح بالاتری از شادابی و نشاط در مراجعه کنندگان به مدارس فوتبال ایجاد کرد که این امر می‌تواند به خوشنامی یک مدرسه فوتبال و کسب درآمد و افزایش سطح سلامت افراد در جامعه کمک کند.}, keywords_fa = {شادابی, نشاط, خدمات مدارس فوتبال, توسعه فوتبال}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7875-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7875-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Heydarpanah, Alireza and Taheri, Abdolmohammad and Ghasemizad, Alirez}, title = {Behavioral Pathology of Championship Sports from the Point of View of Managers and Athletes}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Sports is one of the important human activities that has existed in almost every human society. Mankind has been familiar with this phenomenon for different ages and each civilization has a special approach to it. The thinkers of educational issues in the past realized the valuable aspects of sports and their great power in human socialization and normalizing and building a balanced social personality. Sports achieve success in the light of its compromising factors with other systems within the social system; because sport is one of the typical aspects of the social system and a complementary part of the social context, and it is affected by all the factors and aspects that make up this system. Therefore, the weakness of the economy undoubtedly affects sports; as the confirmation and non-support of religion from sports, it leads to weakness. Also, education and advertising, which is the sports system, should be adapted to them if it wants stability and success. Championship sports are one of the important pillars of sports development in the country. The development of championship sports in every country is a prerequisite for success in world competitions and the Olympics. In the past few decades, the competition between countries to win medals in international competitions has intensified. This has led the governments and sports organizations of countries around the world to increase the number of dedicated funds for championship sports. To achieve international success, the championship sports systems of the countries have become highly homogeneous and homogenous, and all of them follow almost the same systems. A championship sport is a sport that is defined to gain a ranked position and it is a competitive and organized sport that is performed according to specific rules and regulations to improve sports records and earn a rank with a medal. The responsibility of its support is on the non-governmental and private sectors with the support of the government, and its executive responsibility is on the non-governmental sector (federations and boards). As a reflection of the social system, championship sports have always had a strange connection with sports. The meaning of cultural development in championship sports is the expansion of norms, values, beliefs, symbols, etc. in sports, away from immoral issues and current common anomalies; Therefore, unlike the development of sports culture, which emphasizes increasing the participation of people in sports programs and paying more attention to the physical aspect, cultural development in sports includes all social, political, economic, identity and cultural aspects of sports. On the other hand, sports culture is a part of cultural development in sports. It can be argued that the research on the factors and criteria of cultural development in sports, especially championship sports, has received less attention or interest from researchers, educational institutions, and policymakers. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to the pathology of championship sports in the Ministry of Sports and Youth (a case study of the General Department of Sports and Youth in Fars Province). Methods: The current research is mixed research based on the theory of mixed theory. The types of data are collected and analyzed in a combined manner. Therefore, both the survey technique and the in-depth interview technique are used in this research. Also, this research is a field study in terms of the type of dealing with the investigated problem and entering into it. Therefore, this research is carried out in two stages: the first stage with a quantitative approach and a survey tool on the managers of sports and youth organizations of Fars province and active athletes, and the second stage with a qualitative approach and an in-depth interview tool. Based on the type of data collected and its analysis, this research was quantitative and according to the objectives and the nature of the research problem in the direction of "behavioral pathology of championship sports in the Ministry of Sports and Youth", an inductive qualitative method was used. In this research, the statistical population studied was all active athletes and employees of the General Department of Sports and Youth of Fars province, numbering 500 people. To determine the size of the studied sample based on the theoretical foundations of structural equations, a minimum sample size of 200 is suggested. Despite this, a larger sample size than this number may lead to a higher chi-square and decrease the model fit. Therefore, in this research, a sample size of 200 people was selected as stratified random sampling. The tools used in this research were the championship sport pathology questionnaire by Nouri et al. managers (2017) and the researcher's sports championship questionnaire (2018). After that, with the help of the predetermined format, content validity and reliability were determined as 0.964 and 0.758, respectively. To explain, the data extracted from the studied tools were analyzed in Lisrel software. Results: The results showed that from the point of view of managers, the strongest relationship between the components and the pathology variable of championship sports is the structural component, and from the athletes' point of view, the strongest relationship between the components and the pathology variable of championship sports is the contextual variable. Conclusion: In general, it can be acknowledged that from the point of view of the athletes, the most damage was related to the background factors in the Ministry of Sports and Youth of Fars Province, therefore, programs to change individual and social beliefs and attitudes are on the agenda of the authorities. be placed Also, from the point of view of managers, the most damage is related to structural factors in the Ministry of Sports and Youth of Fars province, therefore, changes in the components of structural factors are necessary. Organizational damage has a very broad concept that includes all internal and external aspects of the organization, which is considered a serious threat to the survival of the organization, and its timely detection is considered necessary for the maintenance and growth of the organization. Correct and timely diagnosis allows managers to always be aware of the current issues and problems of their organization and prevent them from becoming acute. Problems such as lack of interest of employees to work, lack of motivation, and ultimately the reduction of employee productivity, which leads to the reduction of organizational productivity, can be caused by inadequacies and damages in the system. There is employee performance management. The damages of the environmental fields are the damages that disturb the proper and correct relationship and interaction, or in other words, the timely and correct reaction of the organization with its neighboring environmental systems, and create a crisis in these relations. The relationship between structural, behavioral, and contextual factors is such that no phenomenon can occur outside of the interaction of these three branches. The relationship between these triads is a close relationship that is practically inseparable. In other words, there is no trinity between the three branches, but the trinity is the rule. Distinguishing and distinguishing these three aspects is purely theoretical to analyze and understand the concepts of phenomena.}, Keywords = {Comparison, Pathology, Championship sport, Ministry of Sports and Youth}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {416-423}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {آسیب شناسی رفتاری ورزش قهرمانی از دیدگاه مدیران و ورزشکاران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: خلاهای موجود در ورزش قهرمانی در ابعاد مختلف ذهنیت تمامی دست اندرکاران را مشغول ساخته است و رهایی از این مشغولیت مستلزم تحقیقات میدانی به جهت آسیب شناسی ورزش قهرمانی در راستای حل مشکلات موجود در این بستر می­باشد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف مقایسه آسیب شناسی ورزش قهرمانی از دیدگاه مدیران و ورزشکاران انجام شد. روش کار: جامعه آماری این تحقیق کلیه ورزشکاران و مدیران اداره کل ورزش و جوانان استان فارس بودند. برای تعیین حجم نمونه مورد مطالعه به استناد مبانی نظری معادلات ساختاری حداقل حجم نمونه نفر از ورزشکاران و مدیران بصورت نمونه­گیری تصادفی طبقه­ای انتخاب شد. جهت جمع آوری داده­ها از پرسشنامه آسیب شناسی ورزش قهرمانی مدیران نوری و همکاران (1397) و پرسشنامه ورزش قهرمانی ورزشکاران محقق ساخته (1398) استفاده شده است. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که از دیدگاه مدیران قویترین رابطه بین مولفه­ها و متغیر آسیب شناسی ورزش قهرمانی، مولفه ساختاری می­باشد و از دیدگاه ورزشکاران قویترین رابطه بین مولفه­ها و متغیر آسیب شناسی ورزش قهرمانی، متغیر زمینه­ای می­باشد. نتیجه‎‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان اذعان داشت که از دیدگاه ورزشکاران بیشترین آسیب مربوط به عوامل زمینه­ای در وزارت ورزش و جوانان استان فارس بوده است، لذا برنامه­هایی جهت تغییر باورها و نگرش­های فردی و اجتماعی در دستور کار مسئولین قرار گیرد. همچنین از دیدگاه مدیران بیشترین آسیب مربوط به عوامل ساختاری در وزارت ورزش و جوانان استان فارس بوده، لذا تغییر در مولفه­های عوامل ساختاری، ضروری می­باشد.}, keywords_fa = {مقایسه, آسیب شناسی, ورزش قهرمانی, وزارت ورزش و جوانان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7884-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7884-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Shahabikaaseb, Tayebeh and Hamboushi, Laleh}, title = {Analyzing the Lived Experiences of Students From Distance Education in Physical Education Lessons During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Phenomenological Study}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Due to the pathogenic nature of the coronavirus, its transmission speed, and also the death percentage caused by this disease, epidemic precautions called "social distancing" or "physical distancing" were carried out in many communications, including the attendance of students at school (2). With the mindset of continuing education, many countries have rushed towards distance education using online platforms and various e-learning systems, which is truly student-centered learning. In this situation, when people are forced to quarantine at home, they will be under pressure in many ways and suffer from many problems, including weight gain, stature abnormalities, irregular sleep, stress and anxiety, and many other physical and psychological problems (9, 10). Meanwhile, children, adolescents, and young people are among the most vulnerable members of society, whose mental health is severely endangered (11). Physical education classes in schools have also been held virtually during this period. Since the process of conducting the class has been based on face-to-face training and the teachers have not been trained to teach this practical lesson virtually and online, and also, since the facilities needed to conduct the physical education classes have been estimated based on the face-to-face method, so investigation and evaluation of the problems and weaknesses as well as the advantages and strengths of the physical education distant learning method are important. Using the phenomenological approach and examining the lived experiences of students who have been the direct audience of virtual education can be beneficial in identifying these weaknesses and strengths, and providing solutions for improvement and modification of the distance education method. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the lived experiences of students during school closures due to the spread rate of the coronavirus. It is hoped that the results of this research can be useful in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of online physical education classes and improving the quality of distance education methods. Methods: In this educational research, the qualitative method of the phenomenological type was used. The sample size is chosen based on category saturation that is sampling continues until the researchers find that by adding more sample size, new insights, and information are not added to the research) (17). Accordingly, the researchers in the current study reached the saturation of the category with a sample size of 30 people (female students of upper secondary education). To collect information, a semi-structured interview was used in this research, which included questions such as "What negative and unpleasant experiences have you had from attending distant physical education classes?", and "What positive and pleasant experiences have you had from attending distant physical education classes?”. To perform thematic analysis, all the conversations of the participants' interviews were recorded by permission and later transcribed by the researchers. The duration of the interview with each participant was 30 to 40 minutes. To analyze the data in this study the seven-step Colaizzi (1978) method was used including 1- reading the transcript to get familiar with the interview and understand it, 2- extracting the sentences from the transcript that directly pertain to the subject of study, 3- formulating the meaning(s), 4- dividing all meanings into categories or theme clusters, 5- defining all emergent themes in an exhaustive description, 6- describing the basic structure of the focal phenomena, and 7- return the results of the study to the participants to determine their accuracy (19). Results: The results of the current research were classified into 12 main themes by extracting the positive and negative lived experiences of upper secondary school students from participating in distant physical education classes. The main themes extracted from the interviews are based on the students' lived experiences of distant physical education classes. Positive experiences Facilitating the learning of motor skills Getting to know the concepts and applications of virtual space Reducing the stress caused by Corona No fear of negative evaluation Adherence and commitment to physical activity Promoting and spreading the concepts of health and hygiene Negative experiences Lack of pleasure, vitality, and motivation Lack of effective supervision of the teacher in the learning process Decreased social relationships Restrictions on doing personal and favorite sports activities Inactivity and activity with different intensities Psychological problems Conclusion: Considering the high goals of the education system concerning the quality of learning, the psychological and social experiences of this era, the anxiety and stress caused by it in students, and their scientific and cultural growth in the framework of the education system, the present study aims to investigate this important issue in the critical period of the coronavirus outbreak. Corona has taken place at the country level with attention and focus on distant education and psychological pressures created on students and the challenges of their progress. The obtained results showed that facilitating the learning of motor skills, getting to know the concepts and applications of virtual space, reducing the stress caused by Corona, not being afraid of negative evaluation, adherence and commitment to physical activity, and promoting and spreading the concepts of health and hygiene are the main themes of positive experiences and lack of Enjoyment, vitality and motivation, lack of effective supervision of the teacher on the learning process, reduction of social relations, limitations in doing personal and favorite sports activities, inactivity and activity with different intensities and psychological problems were among the main themes of students' negative experiences from physical education lessons during the Corona era. Gaining the lived experiences of students in an era like the corona disease causes new theoretical and practical strategies and solutions to be monitored and tested in order not only to prevent a possible stagnation in this field but also to consider the necessity and importance of the body in daily personal and social life. The teaching and learning of physical education lessons should flourish more and be internalized by various individuals and institutions. The urgency and speed of action in converting face-to-face classes to virtual at first seemed difficult and an undesirable method that probably did not lead to good results; However, the results of this research showed that the virtual education method, despite the perceived harms and challenges, contained positive points to consider, such as facilitating learning, controlling the fear of negative evaluation, and spreading the concepts of health and hygiene. These issues, along with strengths such as saving time, reducing air pollution, protecting the environment, and access to high-level professors can create a clear vision of distant education even in non-pandemic times. On the other hand, the negative experiences of students can help find the weaknesses of distance education in the current way and provide solutions to overcome these weaknesses.}, Keywords = {Covid-19, Distance Education, Lived Experience, Phenomenology, Physical Education}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {424-435}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {واکاوی تجارب زیسته دانش‌آموزان از آموزش غیرحضوری درس تربیت‌بدنی در همه‌گیری کووید 19: مطالعه پدیدارشناسی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: با توجه به خصوصیت بیماری­زایی ویروس کرونا، اقدامات احتیاطی همه‌گیری به نام فاصله‌گذاری اجتماعی در بسیاری از ارتباطات ازجمله حضور دانش‌آموزان در مدرسه انجام شد که این امر از بسیاری جهات مشکلات فراوانی را برای دانش آموزان فراهم کرد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر  واکاوی تجارب زیسته دانش‌آموزان از آموزش غیرحضوری درس تربیت‌بدنی در همه‌گیری کووید 19 می‌باشد. روش کار: جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر را کلیه دانش‌آموزان دختر مقطع متوسطه دوم منطقه توحید شهر در شهرستان سبزوار تشکیل می‌دهند؛ که از بین این افراد از ۳۰ دانش‌آموز  بر اساس روش اشباع مقوله، مصاحبه انجام پذیرفت. جهت انجام تحلیل موضوعی، متن مصاحبه با شرکت کنندگان ضبط و توسط محققین نسخه‌برداری شد. مدت‌زمان مصاحبه با هر یک از شرکت کنندگان 30 تا 40 دقیقه در نظر گرفته شد. جهت تجزیه‌ و تحلیل کیفی از روش ۷ مرحله‌ای کلایزی استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر نشان داد تسهیل یادگیری مهارت‌های حرکتی، آشنایی با مفاهیم و کاربردهای فضای مجازی، کاهش استرس ناشی از کرونا، عدم ترس از ارزیابی منفی، پایبندی و تعهد به ورزش و ترویج و اشاعه مفاهیم سلامت و بهداشت از مضامین اصلی تجربیات مثبت و عدم لذت، نشاط و انگیزه، عدم نظارت مؤثر معلم بر فرآیند یادگیری، کاهش روابط اجتماعی، محدودیت در انجام فعالیت‌های ورزشی شخصی و موردعلاقه، عدم تحرک و فعالیت با شدت‌های مختلف و مشکلات روان‌شناختی ازجمله مضامین اصلی تجربیات منفی دانش‌آموزان از درس تربیت‌بدنی در دوران کرونا بود. نتیجه‌گیری: دست یافتن به تجربیات زیسته دانش‌آموزان در دورانی مانند بیماری کرونا باعث می‌شود راهکارهای جدید نظری و عملی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد تا با توجه به اهمیت فعالیت بدنی در زندگی روزمره فردی و اجتماعی، آموزش و یادگیری این درس، از پیش شکوفاتر ‌شود.}, keywords_fa = {آموزش مجازی, پدیدار شناسی, تجارب زیسته, تربیت‌بدنی, کووید-19}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8084-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8084-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {RahmaniBadi, Abolfazl and Taghvaei, Davood and Pirani, Zabih}, title = {Predicting Learning Self-Regulation Based on Successful Emotional Adjustment and Intelligence}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Today, unlike in the past, each person's ability to learn is not dependent only on his intelligence and talents. In addition to the intrinsic factors of intelligence and talent, according to new theories, non-intrinsic factors such as self-regulatory strategies are considered effective in learning. Self-regulation was first proposed in 1967 by Bandura. There are several definitions of self-regulation, which shows that researchers have not reached the same view on this component, but it should be noted that the common denominator of all definitions, self-regulation is a set of psychological efforts to control the internal situation. , To achieve long-term goals. In general, self-regulation refers to the ability of individuals to control their thoughts, emotions, and behavior, and studies have shown that people with high self-regulation are at a higher level in terms of interpersonal relationships, mental health, and academic achievement. Take. Students with academic self-regulation are hard-working and innovative learners and do not simply give up in dealing with issues and problems, they consider learning as an active process during which some responsibility must be taken. Accept and in case of problems try to understand what they need to solve it. There are several definitions of self-regulation, which shows that researchers have not reached the same view on this component. Several definitions of self-regulation will be presented below, but it should be noted that the common denominator of all definitions is self-regulation. Introduce psychological efforts to control the inner state to achieve long-term goals. Self-regulation of learning is one of the important and effective components of students' education and various studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between this component and other psychological components that in some cases these results are not consistent with each other in general and Given the above, the purpose of this study is to answer the question whether successful emotional adjustment and intelligence can predict self-regulation of learning? Methods: The method of the present study is a correlation. The statistical population of the present study was male and female high school students in Tehran, which according to statistics numbered over 500,000 students, and using the Cochran's formula, 400 subjects is enough for this population, but for more validity of the results, 600 the student was selected as a multi-stage cluster. To conduct the research, the research license was first obtained from the university to refer to schools in Tehran. Then, in coordination with the education of Tehran, educational districts and schools were selected. At this stage, three districts were selected from among the 19 districts of Tehran to represent the socio-economic status of the whole city, and one girls' school from each district. A boys' area was selected. In the next step, the schools were referred to and the purpose of the research was explained to the school principals. Attended a meeting and after explaining the research and agreeing to cooperate, completed the Self-Regulated Learning Questionnaire (SRQ-A); Successful Intelligence Questionnaire; they completed the Emotional Adjustment Scale (EAM). Results: The results of this study were analyzed using SPSS-18 software and simultaneous regression analysis method and the results showed that successful emotional adjustment and intelligence were positive and significant (p = 0.001) Predict learning self-regulation. Conclusion: Conclusion: The aim of this study was to investigate the question of whether emotional adaptation and successful intelligence can predict learning self-regulation? The results show that emotional adjustment and successful intelligence have a significant relationship with learning self-regulation and in addition, they have the ability to predict this component positively, which means that the higher the emotional adjustment and successful intelligence. Learning self-regulation will also be higher. In order to investigate the factors affecting learning self-regulation, numerous studies have shown the existence of complex and strong relationships between different psychological components and learning self-regulatory strategies. In explaining the relationship between successful intelligence and learning self-regulation, it can be said that children with high successful intelligence have less stereotyped thinking, and this issue causes them to use different approaches to solve their problems in different situations, and this ability gives them Help achieve the goals. Also, children with high successful intelligence learn about different uses of information and also how to use this information in different life situations, and this meditation on their information increases self-regulation and higher motivation in learning, which is one of the reasons. Another effect of successful intelligence is on the growth of learning self-regulation. Also, high successful intelligence causes more goal-oriented behavior. In other words, self-regulation and successful intelligence act in the same way because both cause students' goal-oriented behaviors. It shows the deep connection between these two components. Another component that has been considered in the present study is emotional adjustment and its relationship with learning self-regulation. Studies have shown that high emotional adjustment in students makes them less involved in marginal issues. And become dangerous, such as criminal groups, physical conflicts, etc., which in turn leads to a greater focus on goals and better self-regulation of education. The emotional adjustment also allows students to better control their negative emotions towards the environment or some subjects, and this plays an important role in their academic self-regulation, while if they can not control their negative emotions towards the subjects. And control environment will have low academic self-regulation. On the other hand, it should be considered that low emotional adjustment will cause more aggression and abnormal behaviors in the school environment, and this will lead to punitive behaviors by school officials and parents, which will cause the whole educational process of knowledge. The learner will be impressed. In other words, emotional regulation does not directly but by affecting the student's behavior, and the feedback he observes from his behavior affects the whole process of student's education and academic self-regulation.}, Keywords = {Successful Intelligence, Emotional Adjustment, Learning Self-Regulation}, volume = {29}, Number = {11}, pages = {436-444}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {پیش‌بینی خودتنظیمی یادگیری بر اساس سازگاری هیجانی و هوش موفق}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: خودتنظیمی یادگیری از مؤلفه­های مهم و اثرگذار تحصیلی دانش­آموزان می‎باشد که با عوامل روانشناختی در ارتباط است. بنابراین هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی رابطه خودتنظیمی یادگیری با سازگاری هیجانی و هوش موفق در بین دانش آموزان می‌باشد. روش کار: روش پژوهش از نوع همبستگی بود که جامعه آماری آن شامل دانش آموزان دختر و پسر دوره متوسطه تهران بود که 456 نفر از آن­ها به صورت خوشه­ای چند مرحله­ای انتخاب گردیدند و از آن­ها خواسته شد که پرسشنامه­های خودتنظیمی یادگیری ریان و کانل (1989)، هوش موفق گریگورنکو و استرنبرگ (2002) و سازگاری هیجانی رابیو و همکاران (2007) را تکمیل نمایند. از روش­های آماری ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و رگرسیون همزمان برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که بین سازگاری هیجانی با خودتنظیمی یادگیری (01/0 >p) و نیز هوش موفق با خودتنظیمی یادگیری رابطه معنی­داری وجود دارد (01/0 >p). همچنین نتایج نشان داد سازگاری هیجانی و هوش موفق به صورت مثبت و معنی­دار خودتنظیمی یادگیری را پیش بینی می­نمایند (001/0 =p). نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج می‌توان بیان کرد که هر چقدر هوش موفق و سازگاری هیجانی بالاتر باشد خودتنظیمی یادگیری نیز بالاتر خواهد بود و به همین خاطر باید خاطرنشان کرد که والدین و مسئولین آموزشی و نظام تعلیم و تربیت جهت تقویت خودتنظیمی تحصیلی باید محیط‌های غنی برای تقویت این دو مولفه برای فراگیران  فراهم نمایند.}, keywords_fa = {هوش موفق, سازگاری هیجانی, خودتنظیمی یادگیری}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7260-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7260-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Zandi, Ameneh and Bagherpoor, Tahereh and Nemati, Nematolah}, title = {Simultaneous Effect of a High-Intensity Resistance Training with Organic and Inorganic Supplements on myoD Gene Expression in the Horseshoe Muscle of Adult Male Mice}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Increasing the intensity of physical activity and as a result increasing oxidative stress causes free radicals in the body and these free radicals destroy cell biological structures such as proteins, fats, membranes, and structures. They are inherited. Considering that taking supplements can be a good way to control the effects of strenuous physical activity; therefore, it is important to study the mechanism of action of complementary compounds of organic and non-organic origin and compare their effects and performance at the biochemical and genetic level. In this regard, the study of the expression of genes related to the inhibition of oxidative stress can be a direct and appropriate solution to evaluate the function of various supplements. The satellite cells beneath the skeletal muscle basement membrane are adjacent to Myofibrillar sarcoma and makeup 2 to 7% of the nuclei of a muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells depends on the type of muscle fiber, age, and species. The amount of these cells varies at different ages; in the neonatal, adult, and older mice, they make up 30%, 4%, and 2% of the muscle nuclei, respectively, and as they age, the decrease in satellite cells increases the number of muscle nuclei. It becomes glycolytic fibers. The migration capacity of satellite cells depends on the integrity and integrity of the cell's basement membrane. After rupture (high-intensity destruction) of the basement membrane by muscle damage, satellite cells migrate to adjacent damaged myofibrils using tissue connections, but only if tissue damage is limited. And if there is no rupture in the basal lamina, the satellite cells move to the affected area from the beginning of the healthy myofibril section (below the membrane) to participate in the repair of muscle tissue. Activation of satellite cells (six hours after muscle injury) rapidly increases the expression of the myoD gene, which is why this factor transcribes into adult skeletal muscle, activates and multiplies satellite cells. They take into account. The amount of myoD transcription factor mRNA varies at different ages and is more pronounced in fast-twitch muscles. In animal models, the amount of myoD gene protein is lower in the fast and slow-twitch muscles of older mice. This value is lowest in the horseshoe muscle and therefore the response of the horseshoe myoD gene (slow-twitch muscle) is also lower than that of the Plantaris muscle (fast-twitch muscle). In addition, the effects of supplements on myoD gene expression in muscle have not been studied, but in a study, the protective effect of organic Spirulina supplementation in preventing the destruction of hereditary structures in mice has been shown and appears. Consumption of this supplement is a good way to prevent injuries caused by oxidative stress in muscle, and most of the research done on this gene has paid less attention to slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle contraction and experimental models (animal and human). While the protocols for this research were either endurance or the measurement times after physical activity was not appropriate. With this description, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of organic and inorganic supplementation on myoD gene expression in slow-twitch muscle after a session of high-intensity resistance activity to determine whether organic and inorganic supplementation on myoD gene expression. In slow muscle, does the contraction of the horseshoe muscle have different effects after a session of high-intensity resistance activity? Methods: In this experimental study, 40 Wistar rats with an average weight of 100-200 g were prepared and in the control groups (number = 10), exercise (number = 10), Spirulina + exercise (number = 10), glutamine + exercise (number = 10) were divided. Mice in the exercise group performed a two-week exercise program of 3 days per week of walking on a sloping surface (4 sets, 5 repetitions, 30 seconds rest between repetitions), and the supplement + exercise group performed a supplement program five days before the main protocol. They consumed half a gram/kg of body weight once a day. The obtained data were evaluated by t-test. Results: The results showed that the relative expression of myoD gene in slow-twitch muscle tissue after taking an organic Spirulina supplement was significant after performing a session of high-intensity resistance activity (P ≤0.001). While in slow muscle contraction, the change in expression after glutamine and resistance exercise is no different from the control group (P = 0.245). Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that the use of organic supplements is a good way to prevent reduced expression and the amount of damage to muscle fibers after high-intensity resistance exercise. These results may be due to possible injuries after high-intensity resistance exercise in slow-twitch fibers, or they may indicate a response to the development of adaptations related to the performance of resistance training in such fibers. It is important to note that in the Spirulina organic supplement group, prior to a high-intensity resistance activity session, myoD gene expression was lower than in high-intensity resistance activity without supplementation. Taking an organic supplement is a good way to prevent reduced expression and the amount of damage to muscle fibers. So far, the effects of glutamine and Spirulina supplements on the expression of myoD gene in muscle have not been studied, but a study has shown the protective effect of organic Spirulina supplementation in preventing DNA damage in mice. Taking this supplement is a good way to prevent injuries caused by oxidative stress in the muscle. Since in each study, there are limitations that can affect the results of the study, so this study also had such limitations that include not determining some of the basic physiological capacities in resting and training states of mice, lack of Determining the effects of organic and inorganic supplements on the expression of the target gene independently and without performing intense one-session resistance activity, no measurement of morphological changes in adult male Wistar rats, no measurement of protein content by the method Western blot and lack of control over the activity of adult male Wistar rats were in cages. According to the results of the study, it is suggested that in combination with high-intensity resistance activity, it is better to use appropriate supplements such as organic Spirulina supplement to increase the expression of myoD gene, which may be affected by the amount of damage to muscle fibers.}, Keywords = {Spirulina, Myod Gene, Slow-Twitch Muscle, Muscle Injury}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثر همزمان تمرین مقاومتی با شدت بالا همراه با مکمل ارگانیک و غیرارگانیک بر بیان ژن myoD در عضله نعلی موش‌های نر بالغ}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: مصرف مکمل­ها راهکاری مناسب در جهت مهار عوارض ناشی از فعالیت­های بدنی است، بنابراین هدف مطالعه‌، بررسی اثر همزمان یک جلسه تمرین مقاومتی با شدت بالا و مقایسه عملکرد مکمل‌های ارگانیک و غیر ارگانیک بر بیان ژن myoD در عضله کند انقباض عضله نعلی موش‌های نر بالغ انجام شد. روش کار: در این مطالعه آزمایشی، تعداد 40 موش نژاد ویستار با میانگین وزن 200- 100 گرم تهیه و در گروه‌های کنترل (10 = تعداد)، تمرین (10 = تعداد)، اسپیرولینا+ تمرین (10 = تعداد)، گلوتامین+ تمرین (10 = تعداد) تقسیم شدند. موش‌های گروه تمرین، مدت دو هفته برنامه تمرین 3 روز در هر هفته راه رفتن روی سطح شیبدار (۴ ست، ۵ تکرار، ۳۰ ثانیه استراحت بین تکرارها) انجام دادند و گروه مکمل+ تمرین، برنامه مصرف مکمل پنج روز قبل از اجرای پروتکل اصلی روزانه یک بار نیم گرم /کیلوگرم وزن بدن مصرف داشتند. یافته‌ها: نتایج تحلیل واریانس نشان داد که بین میزان بیان نسبی ژن MyoD در گروه‌های مورد مطالعه تفاوت معنی‌داری وجود دارد [001/0 ≥ P و 182/1010= F] و همچنین نتایج آزمون تعقیبی  بونفرونی نشان داد که این تفاوت بین گروه­ تمرین و تمرین+ اسپیرولینا (001/0 ≥ P) و نیز گروه تمرین و تمرین+ گلوتامین معنی‌دار می‌باشد (001/0 ≥ P). در حالی که بین دو گروه تمرین+ اسپیرولینا و تمرین+ گلوتامین تفاوت معنی‌داری مشاهده نشد (245/0 = P).  نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان نتیجه گیری کرد که مصرف مکمل ارگانیک، شیوه‌ی مناسبی جهت جلوگیری از کاهش بیان و میزان آسیب‌های وارده به تارهای عضلانی پس از ورزش مقاومت با شدت بالا است.}, keywords_fa = {اسپیرولینا, ژن MyoD, عضله کند انقباض, آسیب عضلانی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7192-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7192-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Alaei, Somayeh and AbdiSaray, Akbar and BitarafanRajabi, Ahmad and Asgari, MohammadAli and NooriAsl, Mahs}, title = {Quantitative Evaluation of Attenuation and Scattering Correction in Myocardial Perfusion ECG-Gated SPECT Using Monte Carlo Simulation}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Nowadays, imaging of the blood supply of the heart muscle by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT: Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) due to its non-invasive nature and providing information with physiological value and low cost compared to the valuable angiography method. It is highly diagnostic. But these images undergo changes and artifacts under the influence of factors, the result of which is the reduction of the diagnostic accuracy of the images and false positive cases. During the detection process, several physical effects such as attenuation, scattering, and collimator response function affect the frequency of emitted photons; this leads to the destruction of the contrast and as a result of reducing the quantitative and qualitative accuracy of the images. Attenuation, as the most destructive factor of SPECT images, reduces the quality of SPECT images of heart blood supply and reduces the sensitivity of tests related to the diagnosis of coronary artery diseases, and for non-uniform environments, especially in nuclear imaging of chest areas. And the heart is necessary to produce a map of patient attenuation coefficients. The existence of scattered photons is also one of the main factors of error in quantization; the detection of scattered events affects the contrast of the lesions and causes the lack of image resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore, to correct the attenuation and scattering of the rays in the heart images quantitatively and qualitatively, patterns are needed in SPECT systems. Due to the importance of the topic, various research groups around the world have presented their research and results on correcting the effect of scattering of rays and also correcting the effect of weakening the rays. If there was no limitation of energy resolution, it was easily possible to identify the scattered rays and prevent them from being recorded in the image. Because we know that scattered rays lose energy. Because gamma rays are single energy and their energy amount is completely known. Therefore, each photon with less energy will represent scattered rays, but due to the limited energy resolution of the gamma camera, a range is usually considered on the sides of the main energy, which is called the energy window. It is assumed that the photons recorded in this energy range are primary photons, but in fact, many photons scattered in the body are also recorded in this window. These scattered rays do not carry correct spatial information and lead to a decrease in image resolution and contrast and quantization errors in the image. In nuclear medicine, instead of researching and examining the patient or processing the image of the patient, simulated images can be examined. Simulators can provide information about each of the image destruction factors. The purpose of this research is to propose a new method for scattering correction, in this research, a combination of Monte Carlo and modeling is used for the rapid production of scattered views, and in the proposed method, the two-matrix method is used, this method At the stage of generating mathematical views, dispersion is added and this problem leads to the removal of scattered rays. As a result, an image is reconstructed that is free from the effects of attenuation and non-ideal dispersion and leads to an increase in contrast and improvement of power. Detecting waste, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio, and increasing the accuracy of quantification. Methods: In this study, the effect of applying attenuation and dispersion correction using two energy windows (DEW) and three energy windows (TEW) methods in cardiac aspect imaging was investigated and evaluated, and to simulate cardiac aspect imaging, a special code similar to SAR Monte Carlo GATE was used as the SPECT imaging system and XCAT digital phantom with activity distribution and realistic attenuation map was used to model the human trunk. Results: Comparison of image contrast improvement in different modes of attenuation and dispersion correction shows that the highest image contrast is obtained from the (TEW1+AC) method with an average increase of 25% and MSE in different modes of attenuation correction. And the dispersion compared to the reference image was reduced from 51.5% to 54.5%. Compared to the reference image, MSE decreased from 1.4 in Un_Cor to 1.15, 1.13, 1.12, and 1.14 in AC+TEW1, AC+DEW, AC, and AC+TEW2, respectively, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) increased up to 71% in all methods of applying dispersion correction along with attenuation correction compared to applying attenuation correction (AC). Conclusion: In this study, the effect of attenuation and dispersion correction in 5 non-correction modes, with attenuation correction, attenuation, and dispersion correction using two-window and three-window methods with triangular approximation and three-window with trapezoidal approximation on We evaluated XCAT phantom simulated images and heart muscle perfusion images by SPECT method and 4 different parameters were used to compare and evaluate the images, including profile, contrast, mean squared error (MSE) and signal to noise. According to the results of the quantification of reconstructed images, it is possible to apply dispersion correction along with attenuation correction.  }, Keywords = {OSEM algorithm, GATE scattering correction, Attenuation correction, XCAT}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {12-20}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارزیابی کمی اصلاح تضعیف و پراکندگی پرتوها در اسکن پرفیوژن قلب به روش با استفاده از شبیه سازی مونت کارلو ECG-Gated SPECT}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: در ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ­ای ﻣﻰ­ﺗﻮان ﺑﺠﺎی ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻰ ﺑﺮ روی ﺑﻴﻤﺎر و ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮدازش ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎر، ﺗﺼﺎوﻳﺮ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﺎزی ﺷﺪه را ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻰ ﻗﺮار داد. لذا هدف این مطالعه ارزیابی کمی اصلاح تضعیف و پراکندگی پرتوها در اسکن پرفیوژن قلب به روش با استفاده از شبیه‌سازی مونت کارلو ECG-Gated SPECT بود. روش کار: در این مطالعه تأثیر اعمال تصحیح تضعیف و پراکندگی به روش­های دو پنجره انرژیی (DEW) و سه پنجره انرژی (TEW) در تصویربرداری اسپکت قلب مورد بررسی و ارزیابی قرار گرفت و برای شبیه‌سازی تصویربرداری اسپکت قلب، از کد اختصاصی شبیه سار مونت کارلو GATE به عنوان سیستم تصویربرداری اسپکت و از فانتوم دیجیتال XCAT با توزیع اکتیویته و نقشه تضعیف مطابق با واقعیت برای مدل‌سازی تنه انسان استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: مقایسه بهبود کنتراست تصاویر در حالت­های مختلف اعمال تصحیح تضعیف و پراکندگی نشان می­دهد که بیشترین کنتراست تصویر از روش (TEW1+AC) با میانگین 25% افزایش حاصل می­شود و MSE در حالت­های مختلف اعمال تصحیح تضعیف و پراکندگی در مقایسه با تصویر مرجع از 5/51 % تا 5/54 % کاهش یافته بود. MSE در مقایسه با تصویر مرجع از 4/1 در Un_Cor تا 15/1، 13/1، 12/1 و 14/1 به ترتیب در AC+TEW1، AC+DEW، AC وAC+TEW2 کاهش یافت و نسبت سیگنال به نویز (SNR) در تمام روش­های اعمال اصلاح پراکندگی همراه با اصلاح تضعیف در مقایسه با اعمال اصلاح تضعیف (AC) تا 71% افزایش نشان داد. نتیجه‌گیری: بر طبق نتایج کمی­سازی تصاویر بازسازی شده با بکارگیری اعمال تصحیح پراکندگی همراه با اعمال تصحیح تضعیف امکان‌پذیر است.  }, keywords_fa = {الگوریتم OSEM, تصحیح پراکندگی GATE, تصحیح تضعیف,XCAT}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8007-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8007-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Foroutan, Tahereh and Dalili, Mohammad and Khorgami, Mohammad Rafie and Norouzi, Rambod and Mahdieh, Nejat and Rabbani, Bahareh}, title = {KCNE1 and KCNE2 variants in Patients with Long QT Syndrome}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Most cardiovascular diseases have a genetic background. Many of these diseases have a Mendelian  (single gene disorders)  inherited pattern. For instance, among the arrhythmias, long QT syndrome could be named. This syndrome is a fatal ventricular arrhythmia characterized by an increase in QT interval on the electrocardiogram. An increase in QT may lead to torsade de points and premature heart death. Long QT syndrome has two dominant autosomal inherited patterns  (commonly Romano-Ward syndrome)  and an autosomal recessive form with congenital deafness  (less commonly Jerrvel-Lange-Nielsen syndrome which is characterized by congenital deafness, prolongation of the QT interval, syncopal attacks due to ventricular arrhythmias, and a high risk of sudden death). The prevalence of this disease is one person per 2000 and it usually affects children and adolescents in the age group of 14 years. In addition to the congenital form that occurs due to variants in genes encoding sodium, potassium, and calcium ion channels, the consumption of certain drugs or electrolyte disturbances can also increase the QT intervals. About 20 genes are known to cause long QT syndrome the KCNQ1 gene causing LQTS1; KCNH2 causing LQT2; SCN5A causing LQT3; ANK2 causing LQTS4; KCNE1 causing LQTS5; KCNE2 causing LQT6; KCNJ2 causing LQTS7; CACNA1c causing LQTS8; CAV3 causing LQTS9; SCN4B causing LQTS10; AKAB9 causing LQTS11; SNTA1 causing LQTS12; KCNJ5 causing LQTS13; CALM1 causing LQTS14; CALM2 causing LQTS15; CALM2 causing LQTS16; and TRDN causing atypical type of LQTS (LQTS17), among which variants in the KCNE1  and KCNE2 genes encoding Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 1 and 2 account for less than 2 % of the genotype. KCNE1 and 2 proteins act as ancillary proteins assembling as a beta subunit of a voltage-gated potassium channel complex of pore-forming alpha subunits. Jerrvel-Lange-Nielsen syndrome is due to KCNQ1 (JLNS1) KCNE1 (JLNS2). Here, KCNE1 and KCNE2 variants are studied among Iranian affected families. Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral whole blood by salting out method. A pair of primers was designed for each gene and checked using the Primer blast and Nucleotide blast sites. The coding regions of each gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sanger sequencing was applied to find out the variants. Results: In this study, a total of 50 patients (ages from 7 months to 25 years) with QTc between 338 ms to > 600 ms including 37 patients with Romano-Ward Syndrome  phenotype and 4 patients with Jerrvel-Lange-Nielsen Syndrome   phenotype were studied. The most common symptoms and signs were syncope (in 23 cases), premature heart death  (in 11 cases), palpitations  (in 11 patients), notched T-wave (in 6 cases), chest pain (in 5 cases)  of and epilepsy  (in 5 cases). p.Ser38Gly (c.112 A > G) in KCNE1  was seen in 18 homozygous cases and 22 heterozygous cases followed by the next variant  (c. * 132 A > G)  in the 3 ′ UTR region in 2 patients; a 19-month-old boy with Romano-Ward Syndrome  phenotype and a history of palpitations  (Schwartz Score3, QTC524ms)  and the other patient was a 3-year-old boy with a Jerrvel-Lange-Nielsen Syndrome   phenotype and a history of syncope with stress, deafness and notched T-wave  (Schwartz score 7.5, QTC > 600 ms). The variant  (c. * 124 A > G)  located in the 3 ′ UTR region was seen in 11 patients  (3 patients with Jerrvel-Lange-Nielsen Syndrome   phenotype). Given that variant  (c. * 132A> G)  KCNE1  is predicted by the HSF site to be in a region that is a potential enhancer, it may break Exonic Splicing Enhancers. c.29 C > T  (p.Thr10Met)  in heterozygous form was found in a 5-year-old Kurdish male with a history of cardiac pacemaker, cardiac arrest and stress syncope  (QTC > 500 ms, Schwartz Score 5) which was affected by congenitally lack of right kidney. Another heterozygous variant was observed in  (c.325 G > A) (p.Val109Ile)  in a 12-year-old boy with a history of ICD implantation and stress syncope (QTc > 480 ms, Schwartz Score 5). The patient's family history showed that one of the family members had proband-like symptoms and the other two had atherosclerosis. KCNE2 variants were also found in our patients; c.-12-44 C > T was found in 6 cases, 2 of which had Schwartz score zero and 2 others had Schwartz score 4, 5. In addition, one patient had JERRVEL-LANGE-NIELSEN SYNDROME   phenotype and 5 had Romano-Ward Syndrome  . Another intron variant  (c.-12-16 A > G) was detected in 2 cases, one patient with Schwartz score zero and the other one with Schwartz score five. The heterozygous exon variant was also found in 2 unrelated patients  (p.Thr8Ala, c.22 A > G), case number 15, a 3.5-year-old boy with a history of 2 fainting and sinus tachycardia and taking a quarter of captopril twice a day which undergone mitral valve repair. Case number 50 was also a 3.5-year-old boy from Tehran with a history of syncope, epilepsy and taking propranolol at a dose of 10 mg every 8 hours  (Schwartz score 5). 3 members of this recent family had a heart attack, one of whom died at the age of 16. Also, proband's father had epileptic seizures before puberty. A heterozygous variant, p.Ile57Thr  (c.170 T > C) was found in a 13-year-old boy with a history of chest pain, palpitations and anemia  (QTc 371 – 546 ms, Schwartz score 3). Briefly, fifty patients referring to Rajaei Cardiovascular Hospital who negative for common genes were selected. Coding regions of KCNE1  and KCNE2 genes were amplified and directly sequenced to find possible variants of these genes. Bioinformatic tools were used to predict pathogenicity of the variants. KCNE1  variants included c. * 132 A > G and c. * 124 A > G in 3’ UTR and c. 325 G > A and c. 112 A > G in exonic regions were found. In addition, two intronic variants, c. -12-16 A > G and c.-12-44 C > T and two exonic variants c.170 T > C and c.22 A > G were observed in KCNE2 gene. Bioinformatics analysis showed pathogenicity of the variants. The exon variant  (c. 112A > G ; p. Ser38Gly)  and 2 regulatory variants  (c. * 132 A > G)  and  (c. * 124 A > G) were benign and 2 exon variants  (c.29 C > T and c 325 G > A) showed conflicting interpretations of pathogenicity and uncertain significance, respectively. In the case of the KCNE2 gene, two exonic variants (c. 22 A > G) and  (c. 170 T > C)  are categorized as disease causing variants based on the predictions of SIFT, Polyphen2 and Mutation Taster. Conclusion: KCNE1  and KCNE2 variants have a high frequency among Iranian patients with Long QT syndrome. Therefore, study of pathogenicity of these two genes and other KCNE gene family is recommended to include in genetic tests for Iranian patients. Due to the fact that the Iran population is composed of different ethnicities and subpopulations and the frequency and type of causative mutations may be different . Therefore, it is suggested that it be studied separately in different subpopulations and ethnicities of Iran.  }, Keywords = {Long QT syndrome, Variant, KCNE1 and KCNE2}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {21-29}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {واریانت‌های ژنهای KCNE1 و KCNE2 در بیماران مبتلا به سندرم LQT}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: سندروم QT طولانی (LQTS) نوعی آریتمی بطنی است که با افزایش فاصله QT بر روی الکتروکاردیوگرام یا تاخیر در رپلاریزاسیون بطنی مشخص می­شود. این بیماری می‌تواند سبب سنکوپ، صرع و مرگ زودهنگام قلبی گردد. در این مطالعه، واریانت‌های ژن‌های KCNE1 و KCNE2 در خانواده‌های ایرانی مبتلا  به این سندرم بررسی شدند. روش‌ کار: از بین بیماران مراجعه کننده به مرکز تحقیقاتی، درمانی و آموزشی قلب و عروق شهید رجایی تهران، تعداد 50 بیمار که قبلا برای ژن‌های اصلی این بیماری بررسی شده بودند انتخاب شدند. ژن‌های KCNE1 و KCNE2 با روش PCR تکثیر و توالی یابی مستقیم برای شناسایی واریانت­های احتمالی انجام شد. از روش­های بیوانفورماتیک برای بررسی و پیش بینی آسیب زایی واریانت‌ها استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها: واریانت­های پیدا شده در ژنKCNE1  شامل  (c.*124A>G) (c.*132A>G) در منطقه 3 ′ UTR و واریانت‌های اگزونی(c.112A/G) (c.325G>A) (c.29C>T)  بود. همچنین دو واریانت اینترونی در (c.-12-44C>T)(c.-12-16A>G) و 2 واریانت اگزونی(c.22A>G) (c.170T>C)  در ژن KCNE2 مشاهده شد. آنالیز بیوانفورماتیک به نفع بیماریزایی این واریانت­ها بود. نتیجه‌گیری: واریانت‌های KCNE1و KCNE2 شیوع بالایی در بیماران ایرانی مبتلا به سندروم کیوتی طولانی دارند. بنابراین، بررسی بیماری­زایی این 2 ژن و سایر ژن‌های خانواده KCNE در بیماران ایرانی برای تست‌های ژنتیکی پیشنهاد می‌شود.}, keywords_fa = {سندروم QT طولانی, واریانت, KCNE1,KCNE2}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7272-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7272-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {HajiOmidi, Samira and Akbari, Bahman and Moqtader, Leil}, title = {Structural Model of Suicide Based on Resilience and Cognitive Distortion with the Mediation of Moral Identity in Adolescents}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Adolescents are among the vulnerable groups against suicide, many of them have dysfunctional attitudes, cognitive errors, and inconsistent moral problems. Therefore, it is important to know the antecedents of this problem. Therefore, the current study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural model of suicide based on resilience and cognitive distortion with the mediation of moral identity in adolescents. Methods: The current research is a theoretical research and its design was descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included all ninth grade female students of Takestan city with an average age of 15 years who study in the schools of Takestan city in the academic year of 1400-1401. The sample size to test the hypotheses was determined by referring to Klein's (2015) strategy for studies that use the structural equation modeling method. That is, the minimum ratio of the sample size for each observed variable is 5 people, the ratio of 10 people for each variable is more suitable and the ratio of 20 people for each variable is considered desirable; Therefore, in the present study, using available sampling method, a sample size of 300 participants was considered. Research tools included: Revised Suicide Questionnaire (SBQ-R), Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire (2003), Abdullahzadeh and Salar's Cognitive Distortion Scale (2009) and Aquino and Reed's Moral Identity Questionnaire (2002). Results: The findings showed that the standardized factor loading for all questions is more than 0.4. It can be said that the validity of the measurement structures of the relevant variables is confirmed at a significance level of 0.05. The value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient of all variables is more than 0.7. Further, in order to confirm the factor analysis model and document the obtained results, it is necessary that the fit indices of the model are acceptable. The following table shows the indicators used along with their values. In the factor analysis model, the chi-square value for the degree of freedom is 1.309 and less than 3. Also, the value of the root mean square error estimate (RMSEA) is equal to 0.032 and less than 0.08. Also, Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Incremental Fit Index (IFI) and Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) have all been calculated at a reasonable level. Therefore, in general and according to the calculated indices, it is possible to conclude the optimal fit of the model. Also, in the research model, the chi-square value of the degree of freedom is 1.485 and smaller than 3. Also, the value of the root mean square error estimate (RMSEA) is equal to 0.040 and less than 0.08. The comparative fit index (CFI), goodness of fit index (GFI) and incremental fit index (IFI) are equal to 0.96, 0.86 and 0.96, respectively, and all of them are at a very favorable level, so the model shows a good fit and is approved. The findings showed that the existence of a relationship between resilience and suicide tendency is confirmed with a probability of 95%. Because the standard path coefficient between these two variables is positive and equal to -0.149. Therefore, it can be said that there is a significant and inverse relationship between resilience and the tendency to commit suicide. On the other hand, the existence of a relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendencies is confirmed with a probability of 95%. Because the standard path coefficient between these two variables is positive and equal to 0.134. Therefore, it can be said that there is a significant and direct relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendencies. In order to investigate the mediating role of moral identity between the independent (resilience) and dependent (suicidal) variables, Baron and Kenny's test was used. According to the conceptual model of the research, in addition to the direct relationship between resilience and suicidal tendency, its indirect relationship can also be obtained through the mediating variable of moral identity. Based on the findings in the first stage and the initial model, which considered only the relationship between resilience and suicidal tendencies, this relationship is significant and its path coefficient is estimated as -0.340. In the next step, the mediating variable (moral identity) is entered into the model and is placed between the two variables of resilience and tendency to commit suicide. The path coefficient between these two variables has decreased from -0.340 to -0.149 and is statistically significant. Therefore, it can be said that the mediation of moral identity in the relationship between resilience and suicidal tendency is confirmed. Also, the investigation of the mediating role of moral identity in the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicide was determined. In the first stage and the initial model, which only considered the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicide tendency, this relationship was significant and its path coefficient was estimated as 0.304. In the next step, the mediator variable (moral identity) is entered into the model and is placed between the two variables of cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency. The path coefficient between these two variables has decreased from 0.304 to 0.134 and is statistically significant. Therefore, it can be said that the mediation of moral identity in the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency is confirmed. Conclusion: The results confirmed the significant relationship between resilience and tendency to commit suicide on the one hand and cognitive distortion with suicide on the other hand, and moral identity also plays a mediating role in the relationship between these components. Therefore, it is suggested that teaching resilience skills and recognizing distorted thoughts, along with paying attention to a rich moral identity and in order to prevent issues related to suicide, especially among teenage students, should be considered important by the school authorities and the country and should be on their agenda.  }, Keywords = {Suicide, Resilience, Cognitive Distortion, Moral Identity, Adolescents}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {30-42}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مدل ساختاری خودکشی بر اساس تاب‌آوری و تحریف شناختی با میانجی‌گری هویت اخلاقی در نوجوانان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: نوجوانان از جمله گروه­های آسیب­پذیر در برابر خودکشی هستنند که بسیاری از آنها نگرش­های ناکارآمد، خطاهای شناختی و مشکلات اخلاقی ناسازگارانه دارند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی مدل ساختاری خودکشی بر اساس تاب­آوری و تحریف شناختی با میانجی گری هویت اخلاقی در نوجوانان صورت گرفت. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر توصیفی از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعه‌ی آماری شامل کلیه­ی دانش‌آموزان دختر مقطع نهم شهرستان تاکستان در سال تحصیلی 1400-1401 بود که با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس، حجم نمونه‌ای برابر با 300 شرکت‌کننده در نظرگرفته شد. ابزار پژوهش شامل: پرسشنامه تجدید نظر شده خودکشی، پرسشنامه تاب‌آوری کانر و دیویدسون (2003)، مقیاس تحریف شناختی عبدالله زاده و سالار (1389) و پرسشنامه هویت اخلاقی آکوئینو و رید (2002) بود. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد بین تاب­آوری و گرایش به خودکشی رابطه معکوس معناداری وجود دارد (149/0-). همچنین بین تحریف شناختی و گرایش به خودکشی رابطه مثبت معنادار( 134/0) بدست آمد. نتایج آزمون بارون و کنی نشان داد که در مرحله دوم مدل، متغیر میانجی (هویت اخلاقی) وارد مدل شده و در بین دو متغیر تاب آوری و گرایش به خودکشی قرار گرفته است. ضریب مسیر بین این دو متغیر از 340/0- به 149/0- کاهش یافت. همچنین در بررسی نقش میانجی هویت اخلاقی در رابطه تحریف شناختی با خودکشی ضریب مسیر از 304/0 به 134/0کاهش یافت. نتیجه ­گیری: نتایج تاییدکننده رابطه معنادار بین تاب­آوری و گرایش به خودکشی از یکسو و تحریف شناختی با خودکشی از سوی دیگر بودند که هویت اخلاقی نیز در رابطه بین این مولفه­ها نقش میانجی دارد.  }, keywords_fa = {خودکشی, تاب‌آوری, تحریف شناختی, هویت اخلاقی, نوجوانان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7923-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7923-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {GhalandarMahalleh, Hanieh and Samiee, Roohallah and Azma, Fereydoon and Mostaghimi, Mahmoud Rez}, title = {Structural Relationships between Psychological Empowerment and Moral Behavior and Competitiveness}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Attention to psychological issues has always been emphasized by psychologists and it has been mentioned as a field for predicting behaviors and identifying the causes of behaviors. The importance of psychological issues is so great that today, by examining the psychological dimensions of people, many problems and dilemmas of their lives can be identified and solutions can be applied to manage it. This has led to attention to the psychological dimensions of important and key people more than ever. In the meantime, psychological ability as one of the important characteristics of successful people has always played an important role in people's success. The use of psychological empowerment capabilities in individual domains has led to its use as an internal force to strengthen individual behaviors and attitudes. This issue has led to various studies to improve the psychological empowerment of individuals and extensive efforts to improve the level of psychological empowerment among all groups. One of the important issues that affect the behavioral aspects of people along with psychological empowerment is moral behaviors. Ethical behaviors play an important role in the development and promotion of ethics. Nowadays, ethical behaviors due to their impact on the environment have been identified as an important factor in the development of ethics. Ethical behaviors cause people to have an important understanding of the importance of morality and to do their utmost to develop and spread morality. Using the capabilities of psychological empowerment and ethical behaviors to improve individual performance can improve the productivity of individuals and groups. Understanding the role of psychological empowerment and ethical behaviors in some variables such as competitiveness, while creating scientific evidence in this area can lead to the formation of strategies to improve competitiveness. Due to the destructive nature of some aspects of competitiveness, the use of psychological empowerment capacities and ethical behaviors can play an effective role in the formation of desirable and positive competitiveness. In view of the above, in the present study, the researcher seeks to answer the question: Do psychological competence and moral behavior affect competitiveness? Methods: The present research is a descriptive-survey research and from the purpose perspective, it is one of the applied researches that was conducted in the field. The statistical population of the present study included managers and deputies of municipalities in the north of the country (242 people). Also, to collect data in the present study, three questionnaires of psychological empowerment of Park and SEO (2019), which include 4 questions. In the present study, the reliability of this questionnaire was determined to be 0.81. Loser (2013) questionnaire was used to assess moral behavior. This questionnaire consists of 15 questions. In the present study, the reliability of this questionnaire was determined to be 0.84. Ozdemir and Aslan (2012) questionnaire with 11 questions was used to assess competitiveness. In the present study, the reliability of this questionnaire was determined to be 0.80. Finally, Kalmogorov-Smirnov test was used to investigate the natural distribution of data and structural equations were used using SPSS software version 20 and PLS version 3 software to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that psychological empowerment has an effect on competitiveness of 0.234. It was also found that ethical behavior has an effect on competitiveness of 0.694 (Table 2). It was also found that the research and model variables have a good fit (criteria higher than 0.7). On the other hand, considering that the desired value of this Q2 index is higher than 0.32, it can be said that the rate of Q2 index in the identified factors is in a favorable position (Table 4). Finally, considering that the desired value of GOF index is higher than 0.36, it was found that the research model has a good fit in all indicators. Conclusion: The present study found that psychological empowerment improves competitiveness. In other words, improving the level of psychological empowerment increases the level of competitiveness in its positive aspect. Psychological empowerment seems to create positive capacities among people. Psychological empowerment means the release of forces, the inner strength of individuals as well as the provision of opportunities and opportunities for the development of talents, abilities and competencies. This has led to the psychological empowerment of positive capacities to improve the abilities of individuals and thus improve the skills to perform competitively. This issue has caused that in the present study, psychological empowerment due to its capacities and ability to influence the behaviors and attitudes of individuals improves the competitiveness. The present study also found that ethical behavior improves competitiveness. In other words, improving the level of ethical behaviors improves the level of competitiveness of individuals. It seems that moral behaviors by promoting values ​​and ethics cause people's behaviors to be done properly to improve success. In other words, moral behaviors cause people to have a good level of behavior and as a result, have a good performance in order to achieve success. Ethical behaviors will be the initial basis for the formation of a suitable atmosphere in groups and organizations in order to improve performance, and this issue causes ethical behaviors to improve the context for improving competitiveness. This issue has led to the present study to improve the ethical behaviors to improve the competitiveness of individuals.  }, Keywords = {Psychological Empowerment, Ethical Behavior, Competitiveness}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {43-50}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {روابط ساختاری توانمندی روان‌شناختی و رفتار اخلاقی و رقابت‌پذیری}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: امروزه با بررسی ابعاد روان­شناختی افراد می­تواند بسیاری از مشکلات و معضلات زندگی آنان را شناسایی و راهکارهایی جهت مدیریت آن اعمال نمود. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تبیین روابط ساختاری توانمندی روانشناختی و رفتار اخلاقی و رقابت­پذیری بود. روش­ کار: جامعه آماری تحقیق توصیفی-پیمایشی و کاربردی حاضر را مدیران و معاونان شهرداری­های شمال کشور تشکیل دادند (242 نفر) که بر اساس جدول مورگان و به صورت تصادفی ساده 155 نفر به عنوان نمونه تحقیق انتخاب شدند. که پس از کسب مجوزهای لازم و تقسیم پرسشنامه­ها، تعداد 141 پرسشنامه مورد تحلیل و بررسی قرار گرفت. ابزار تحقیق حاضر شامل پرسشنامه­های توانمندسازی روان­شناختی پارک و سئو (2019 و شامل 4 سوال)، پرسشنامه رفتار اخلاقی لوزیر (2013 و شامل 15 سوال) پرسشنامه رقابت­پذیری اوزدمیر و اصلان (2012 و شامل 11 سوال) بود که نمره­گذاری آنها بر اساس طیف پنج درجه­ای لیکرت می­باشد. همچنین روایی و پایایی پرسشنامه­ها در تحقیق حاضر مطلوب به دست آمد. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده­های پژوهش حاضر از روش آماری معادلات ساختاری استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که توانمندسازی روان­شناختی بر رقابت­پذیری تاثیر معناداری به میزان 234/0 دارد. همچنین مشخص شد که رفتار اخلاقی بر رقابت­پذیری تاثیر معناداری به میزان 694/0 دارد. نهایتا اینکه مدل تحقیق از برازش مطلوبی برخودار است. نتیجه ­گیری: نتایج تایید کننده تاثیر توانمندسازی روان­شناختی و رفتار اخلاقی بر رقابت­پذیری می­باشد. بنابراین به سازمان­ها توصیه می­شود جهت برتری رقابتی از این مولفه ­ها استفاده کنند.}, keywords_fa = {توانمندسازی روان‌شناختی, رفتار اخلاقی, رقابت‌پذیری}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6451-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6451-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Janbozorgi, Fatemeh and Ghazalian, Farshad and Ebrahim, Khosrow and Aabednatanzi, Hosein and Gholami, Aabednatanzi}, title = {Effect of One Session of Physical Activity on Cardiac Troponin T and Free Fatty Acids}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Although regular and moderate exercise reduces cardiovascular risk, recent studies have shown an increase in biomarkers compatible with heart damage (e.g., cardiac troponin T after prolonged periods of exercise in healthy individuals without cardiovascular disease) (1–3). Studies show that strenuous physical activity may cause acute cardiovascular and hemodynamic stress, which can be assessed through necrosis of myocytes and myocardial infarction. Research shows that exercise is an effective factor in changing the levels of indicators Heart damage includes cardiac troponin T.Prolonged exercise is associated with an acute increase in cardiac biomarkers. Cardiac troponin T is a very specific marker of myocardial damage. Which is released from the myocardium during different periods of stress and heart damage(9). Cardiac troponin I and cardiac troponin T are proteins present in the contractile system of heart cells and are very sensitive and specific indicators of cardiac cell necrosis.As a result, these indicators are a good tool for assessing the potential damage to heart muscle cells in athletes. Prolonged exercise also leads to increased plasma free fatty acid concentrations(10). The aim of this study was to explain Effect of physical activityon cardiac troponin T and free fatty acids. Methods: 20 professional Sky Running athletes with an average age of 27-37 years from Tehran participated in this competition voluntarily and purposefully. The race was held in the valleys of Central Alborz, the total distance traveled was 21 km and 200 m, the starting point was 1650 m above sea level and the maximum altitude was 3150 m. 5 ml of blood was taken from the subjects 30 minutes before the start of the race. Immediately after the race and 1 hour later, 5 ml of blood was taken from the subjects again. To isolate serum after blood sampling, blood was poured into sterile test tubes labeled with each sample that did not contain any anticoagulants and incubated at room temperature for 60 minutes. They were then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 20 minutes. The clear supernatant (serum) was carefully separated by a sampler 1000 so that it did not mix with the red blood cells, and the serum was kept at -80 ° C until the experiment was performed. Cardiac troponin T was injected by ELISA with a high-sensitive kit with1.56 ng / L sensitivity of Zellbio brand made in Germany and free fatty acids were measured by colorimetric method with a hypersensitive kit with a sensitivity of 5 µmol/ L by Zellbio brand made in Germany. Correlated t-test at the significance level of 0.05 alpha was used to evaluate the changes in the studied variables. Results: The amount of cardiac troponin T immediately after and one hour after the end of the race increased significantly compared to before the race (P <0.05). The amount of free fatty acids immediately and one hour after the end of the race increases significantly compared to before the race (P <0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that immediately and 1 hour after the end of the Sky Running competition, the amount of cardiac troponin T increased significantly. These changes identified in our study are in accordance with the results of previous studies performed in athletes completing endurance competitions. Richardson et al. reported an increase in cardiac troponin T after the marathon, stating that an increase in cardiac troponin T was related to exercise intensity associated with ventilation threshold and maximal oxygen consumption, but it has nothing to do with a person's cardiovascular fitness, training status or exercise history(16). Similarly, Dapont et al. reported that cardiac troponin I was elevated in all marathon runners(17). Lagzaras et al. showed an increase in troponin levels in all participants in the triple race (18).While Kim et al. Moreover, Park et al. Did not observe a significant increase in cardiac troponin T after prolonged exercise(19,20). Physiological mechanisms of cardiac biomarker enhancement associated with endurance activities include increased permeability of the cardiomyocyte membrane, which causes the release of cardiac troponin T in the cytosol on a concentration gradient from intracellular to extracellular. The initial peak represents the release of cardiac troponin T through the sarcolemma membrane, the level of which decreases after 24 hours and reflects the half-life and subsequent clearance of cardiac troponin T subunits. It has been suggested that mechanical or oxidative stress through Transient disorder (wounding) of sarcolemma may be responsible for this increase in membrane permeability and increase troponin secretion(21).Therefore; it seems that the increase in troponin following exercise may be a reflection of the adaptation of cellular cascades seen in exercise-induced remodeling and cardiac hypertrophy. Another result observed in the present study was a significant increase in free fatty acids immediately and 1 hour after the race compared to before the race. Which was in line with previous studies in this field. Vincent et al. 2020 showed that long-term high-intensity exercise could deplete the heart fat basin(24). Waskiwisk et al. 2011 showed that prolonged exercise significantly increased free fatty acids immediately, 12 and 24 hours after competition(35). Pak and Walk 2019 showed that cardiac troponin T did not change significantly, but free fatty acids immediately after Completion of triple and triple ultra competitions increased significantly(20). Bilt et al. 2011 showed that a 2-hour cycle of fasting cycling in 11 men untrain, tripled plasma free fatty acid concentrations while increasing cardiac lipid content, but did not impair systolic function(36). Elevated cardiac troponin T and elevated free fatty acids can indicate a degree of "cardiac fatigue." Increased free fatty acids after competition and long-term exercise appear to play an important role in reducing cardiac inotropic.Due to the multifaceted nature of heart fatigue, two main hypotheses have been proposed: A reversible process of heart damage is often referred to as “stunning “; Myocardial injury can underlie left ventricular diastolic and systolic dysfunction; transient ischemia has a mechanism similar to cardiac fatigue, and can lead to a process called stunning, stunning theory because it leads to necrosis or injury.It does not become a permanent cell, it has a transient nature.It is called cardiac beta-adrenergic receptor desensitization. A wide range of studies have identified biomarkers of increased heart damage after prolonged exercise and have linked them to functional changes(29–32). Increased catecholamine concentrations, increased plasma free fatty acids, and accumulation of oxygen free radicals may lead to decreased blood flow to the heart through increased vascular tone and endothelial dysfunction(33). Physical activity increase heart injury biomarkers in professional athletes. Elevated cardiac troponin T and elevated free fatty acids can indicate a degree of "cardiac fatigue". Increased free fatty acids after competition and long-term exercise appear to play an important role in reducing cardiac inotropic.}, Keywords = {Physical activity, Cardiac Fatigue, Cardiac Troponin T, Free Fatty Acids}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {51-60}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر یک جلسه فعالیت بدنی برتروپونین قلبی T و اسیدهای چرب آزاد}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: ورزش طولانی مدت و شدید ممکن است سبب کاهش و آسیب موقتی عملکرد قلبی شود. هدف از این تحقیق تبیین تاثیر فعالیت بدنی بر تروپونین قلبی T و اسیدهای چرب آزاد بود. روش کار: روش این پژوهش، نیمه تجربی و از نوع کاربردی است و به روش پیش آزمون پس آزمون انجام گرفت. از بین ورزشکاران استقامتی مرد اسکای رانینگ استان تهران، با سابقه حداقل 2 سال ورزش حرفه ای با حداقل 6 ساعت تمرین در هفته، 20 ورزشکار حرفه‌ای با میانگین سن 27-37 سال داوطلبانه و به صورت هدفمند در این مسابقه شرکت کردند. مسابقه در کوه‌های البرز مرکزی اجرا شد، کل مسافت پیموده شده 21 کیلومتر و 200 متر بدین صورت بود : شروع از میدان درکه (به ارتفاع 1650 متر از سطح دریا)، ادامه مسیر : پناهگاه پلنگ‌چال، ایستگاه 5 تله‌کابین توچال، شیرپلا، گردنه کلک‌چال، پناهگاه کلک‌چال،  پایان پارک جمشیدیه (به ارتفاع 1800 متر از سطح دریا) ، حداکثر ارتفاع پیمایش شده از سطح دریا 3150 متر در گردنه کلک‌چال بود.  قبل ، بلافاصله و 1ساعت پس از اتمام مسابقه از آزمودنی‌های خون گیری انجام شد . جهت بررسی تغییرات متغیرهای مورد مطالعه از آزمون T همبسته در سطح معنی­داری آلفای 05/0  استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: میزان تروپونین قلبی Tبلافاصله و بعد از یک ساعت از اتمام مسابقه  به طور معنی داری نسبت به قبل از مسابقه افزایش یافت (05/0P <). میزان  اسیدهای چرب آزاد بلافاصله و بعد از یک ساعت از اتمام مسابقه  به طور معنی داری نسبت به قبل از مسابقه افزایش یافت (05/0P <). نتیجه‌گیری: فعالیت بدنی سبب افزایش شاخص‌های آسیب قلبی در ورزشکاران حرفه‌ای می‌شود. افزیش تروپونین قلبی T و افزایش اسیدهای چرب آزاد می‌تواند درجه‌ای از "خستگی قلب" را نشان دهد. به نظر می‌رسد افزایش اسیدهای چرب آزاد پس از مسابقه و ورزش‌های طولانی مدت ، نقش مهمی در کاهش اینوتروپیک قلبی دارد.}, keywords_fa = {فعالیت بدنی, خستگی قلبی, تروپونین قلبی T, اسیدهای چرب آزاد}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7298-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7298-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Peiravani, Amir Hossein and Molanourozi, Keyvan and Kashi, Ali and MousaviSadati, Seyed Kazem}, title = {Identifying the Mental Skills in the Elite Players of Soccer National Team in the Iranian Men under 23-Year}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Based on the results of international studies, it has been determined that the performance of elite and skilled athletes is affected by cognitive, perceptual-motor skills and physiological and anatomical adaptations. Recent evidence suggests that regular exercise affects brain plasticity and improves cognitive function (1,2). Cognition is defined as "mental function in achieving knowledge and understanding" (3). Participation in high-level sports exercises (elite athletes) at a young age is associated with the development of physiological, psychological and motor skills in a particular sport (4). soccer is a team sport in which players are faced with complex movements such as running with a rapid change of direction, with or without the ball, and its people have different characteristics, depending on the nature of the sport and the environment in which the game is played. Numerous factors play a role in the size of the pitch, the playing environment, the playing time, the playing systems, and the skills and conflicts involved in the sport (5). A player's performance in a soccer match depends on his cognitive, perceptual and motor skills (6). These characteristics are influenced by technical, tactical, physiological, physical and psychological factors (7). Some studies have reported better cognitive performance of young elite soccer players. Verburgh et al. (2014) conducted a study to examine a wide range of cognitive skills in young elite and non-elite soccer players. The results of this study showed that the elite group performed better than the non-elite group in terms of reaction time in motor inhibition as well as alertness and orientation. However, no difference was observed in executive network and selective attention or working memory capacity between the two groups (13). However, Granacher and Borde (2017) did not report any significant differences in concentration and attention between young elite and non-athlete players (16). As reported; Behavioral characteristics are not known, especially in young elite athletes. While several studies have been performed on the analysis of physiological, biomechanical, and anthropometric indices of elite adult soccer players (17-19), few studies have examined mental characteristics, especially in young elite athletes. Therefore, the present study has been compiled with the aim of the Identifying the mental skills in the elite players of soccer national team in the Iranian men under 23-year. Methods: The statistical population of this descriptive study consists of elite male soccer players under the age of 23 in Iran. The sampling method was counting and the number of samples was 200 players of Omid Iran men's national team. Field method and Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool (OMSAT-3) Salmala et al. (2001) were used to collect data. Friedman test and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data using Amos software version 24 and SPSS software version 26.  Results: Based on the analysis of the results of this study, the variables of concentration recovery, self-confidence, commitment, stress response, mental training, fear control, empowerment, concentration and optimal imagery and targeting variables, competition design and relaxation were evaluated in unfavorable range. Commitment subscale with an average of 5.766 was in the first place and other subscales of confidence (5.563), goal setting (5.531), invigoration (4.962), mental training (4.923) Fear control (4.430), concentration (4.652), relaxation (4.612), illustration (4.578), stress response (4.538), contest design (4.309) and recycling Concentration (4.242) was in the next ranks. Also, the fit coefficients of the model showed that all dimensions of mental skills specific to soccer players were able to explain the variable. Conclusion: The results of the present study assessed the status of the dimensions of recovery of concentration, self-confidence, commitment, response to stress, mental training, fear control, empowerment, concentration and imagery, and the status of the dimensions of targeting, competition design and relaxation. These findings show that the mental skills of elite soccer athletes are at a high level. The results of our study are consistent with the findings of Vestberg et al. (2016), Verburgh et al. (2017) and Najah & Rejeb (2015) who examined the mental functions of elite athletes (11,14,21). It is still debated whether the excellent mental skills of young elite athletes are due to training (eg, the result of long training hours, high quality training facilities and coaches) or inherent (22,23). Possible modulatory factors, such as improved motor skills (required for many neurocognitive tasks) or motivational aspects, may play a role in the relationship between athletic participation and neuropsychological function (24). Potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on neurological function include increased cerebral blood flow, growth factor release, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis (25). The short-term beneficial effects of exercise on youth have been established in a laboratory setting (26). But it remains largely unknown whether regular exercise is also positively associated with neurocognitive function in young elite athletes. Previous studies have shown that organized exercise at a younger age helps to improve mental function (27-30). The present study also confirmed the high mental performance of elite players, so these results are important for designing specific intervention programs to promote physical activity and subsequently develop mental performance in young people. The results of our study showed that there is a significant difference between the average rank of the dimensions of mental skills for young elite soccer players, so that the dimension of commitment is in the first place and other dimensions with the average value, respectively, confidence, goal setting, empowerment, Mental exercises include fear control, concentration, relaxation, imagery, stress response, competition design, and concentration recovery. In addition, in our study, it was found that all dimensions of mental skills specific to soccer players are capable of explaining this variable. In the meanwhile, the effect of mental training dimension was more than other dimensions and the effect of fear control dimension was less than other dimensions. It seems that playing soccer every day at a high level of performance in a professional soccer club team is associated with the further development of cognitive skills, especially mental training. In general, the identification of mental skills in young soccer elite athletes helps coaches to take steps to strengthen these mental skills. One of the limitations of the present study is the small number of samples. Due to the limited sample size of the study, it is recommended to perform mental studies in athletes of different disciplines with more accuracy, wider studies and with a larger sample size. It is also suggested that a similar study be conducted among elite adolescents and adults and that the results be compared. The results of the present study support the high mental performance of young elite players. Also, among the special mental skills of soccer players, the effectiveness of the mental training dimension is higher than other dimensions.  }, Keywords = {Elite Players of Soccer, Mental Skills,OMSAT-3,Elite identification}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {61-70}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {شناسایی مهارت‌های ذهنی ویژه بازیکنان نخبه تیم ملی فوتبال زیر ۲۳ سال مردان ایران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: عملکرد ورزشکاران نخبه تحت تاثیر مهارتهای ذهنی قرار می­گیرد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسایی مهارت­های ذهنی ویژه بازیکنان نخبه تیم ملی فوتبال زیر ۲۳ سال مردان ایران تدوین شده است. روش کار: جامعه آماری این تحقیق توصیفی را بازیکنان مرد نخبه فوتبال زیر 23 سال ایران تشکیل دادند. روش نمونه­گیری به­صورت کل­شمار بود و تعداد نمونه­ها را 200 بازیکن تیم ملی مردان امید ایران تشکیل دادند. جهت جمع­آوری داده­ها از روش میدانی و پرسشنامه سنجش مهارت­های ذهنی امست-۳ (OMSAT-3) سالملا و همکاران (۲۰۰۱) استفاده شد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از آزمون فریدمن و تحلیل عاملی تأییدی با استفاده از نرم افزارهای Amos نسخه 24 و SPSS نسخه 26 استفاده شد. یافته ­ها: بر اساس تحلیل نتایج، متغیرهای بازیافت تمرکز، اعتماد به­نفس، تعهد، واکنش به استرس، تمرین ذهنی، کنترل ترس، نیروبخشی، تمرکز و تصویرسازی مطلوب و متغیرهای هدف گزینی، طرح مسابقه و آرام‌­سازی در محدوده نامطلوب ارزیابی شدند. خرده مقیاس تعهد با میانگین 766/5 در رتبه اول قرار داشت و سایر خرده مقیاس­های اعتماد به نفس (563/5)، هدف گزینی (531/5)، نیرو­بخشی (962/4)، تمرین ذهنی (923/4) کنترل ترس (830/4)، تمرکز (652/4)، آرام­سازی (612/4)، تصویرسازی (578/4)، واکنش به استرس (538/4)، طرح مسابقه (309/4) و بازیافت تمرکز (242/4) در رتبه­های بعد قرار داشتند. همچنین ضرایب برازش مدل نشان داد، تمامی ابعاد مهارت‌های ذهنی ویژه بازیکنان فوتبال قابلیت تبیین متغیر مذکور را داشتند. نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج تحقیق حاضر از عملکرد ذهنی بالای بازیکنان نخبه جوان حمایت می­کند همچنین در بین مهارت‌های ذهنی ویژه بازیکنان فوتبال میزان اثرگذاری بعد تمرین ذهنی به نسبت سایر ابعاد را بیشتر مورد تاکید نشان می­دهد.  }, keywords_fa = {ورزشکار نخبه فوتبال, مهارت‌های ذهنی, امست- ۳, استعداد یابی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7554-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7554-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Galili, Hamid Reza and HematiAfif, Ali and Majedi, Nima and Naderinasab, Mehdi}, title = {Investigating the Psychological and Non-Psychological Dimensions of War on the Community}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Considering that today the progress and success of any society depends on its members, it can be said that the progress and development in any group is owed to the human resources of that organization (1). One of the most important factors that indicate correct management and can increase the efficiency of the organization is paying attention to psychological issues (2). Human resources and their success are related to psychological and sports characteristics. In other words, the development and progress of the real performance of the countries has different indicators, one of the most important of which is sports (3). The importance of physical training and exercise is increasing day by day (4). The categories of culture and sports have a close and close relationship with soft war, and they basically overlap with each other (5). The target point of soft war is cultural customs, beliefs, and beliefs that in a calm and tension-free atmosphere, one can engage in cultural bias by creating special tastes (6), which should take into account psychological characteristics. People have different influence in this direction (7). The study of people's behavior is in the field of psychological activities (8). The Middle East region, like Iran, has always been the focus of other countries due to its geographical features and natural resources. This issue has caused problems in this region and wars in this region (9). The definitions related to war and terrorism show that paying attention to the management of war and terrorism as well as investigating the effects of war and terrorism is one of the most important and current issues in the societies (8). One of the areas that is definitely under the influence of war and terrorism is sports. Sports and war and, in this regard, psychological characteristics and other factors have interacted (13), because sports as a bridge between nations play an important role in strengthening communication between societies. Also, sport creates solidarity in regions and communities (14). In this regard, the intelligence and tact of those involved will make the sport always experience the refinement of the system's respected beliefs and the value in this field will be brought to the fore based on religious and jurisprudential foundations, and finally it will not be attacked by the strategy of soft war (8). In various researches, sports, war and politics have been examined (13) and they found that sports are under the influence due to the occurrence of disputes and wars, and on the other hand, sports can be implemented in societies to reduce the effects of war (17). Cleland (2019) specified in his research that war causes problems in this regard due to damage to irrigation structures (14). On the other hand, Cha (2013) specified that terrorist activities cause the image of sports events to be damaged (15). Shariati Goodarzi (2014) pointed out that terrorist activities cause the audience of sports events to decrease (11). The lack of research in the fields of sports and war has caused that, in the first stage, solutions to reduce the negative effects of war and terrorism on the image of sports in Islamic countries are not available (18) and in the second stage, it has caused the few programs and activities carried out with this purpose to gain Major and essential successes should not be made (19). According to the guidelines of Islam in various areas including war, the use of Quranic verses, hadiths and Islamic orders regarding war can reduce war and terrorism as well as improve the state of sports (11). This problem caused the present research to be conducted with the aim of studying the psychological and non-psychological dimensions and investigating the solutions of the negative effects of war on the society. Methods: The current research is applied research and in terms of the data collection method, it was conducted in the field. The statistical population included experts knowledgeable about sports and politics. After identifying these people (n=34), all these people were identified as the research sample based on the whole number sampling method. In order to identify these samples, the purposeful sampling method was used. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The whole research data analysis process was done using Superdesign and BT Topsys solver software. Results: The results showed that 87.5% of the people participating in the research are men and 12.5% are women. 81.22% had a doctoral degree and 18.78% had a master's degree or lower. The results showed that the military war has an effect of -0.198 on the image of Middle Eastern sports. Also, psychological warfare has an effect of -0.387 on the image of Middle East sports. Conclusion: The present research determined that the war in military and psychological dimensions as well as the presence of terrorism causes the reduction of the image of sports in Islamic countries. It was also found that war and terrorism, due to their negative effects, reduce the image of sports in Islamic countries. This issue shows the destructive nature of war and terrorism on various aspects including sports. Although sport has a wide potential in the world and even according to previous researches (7,10,11,20,21) sport has a positive role in improving the political situation, but sport itself suffers from some unpleasant political events such as war and terrorism. It is found that it is in line with the background of the research (14,15). This issue shows that the relationship between sports and the international environment is a two-way relationship that can both lead to the reduction of some international tensions and be affected by the tensions formed at the international level. It seems that war and terrorism are closely related to sports. Meanwhile, the high tensions in the Middle East in recent years have made sports unable to play a central role in reducing these tensions, and this has caused the image of sports in Islamic countries to decrease. On the other hand, it seems that the interference of some foreign countries has caused the tensions in the Middle East so that sports cannot play a central role in the development of relations in Islamic countries. War affects sports due to the occurrence of negative psychological currents. On the other hand, various researches pointed to the negative effects of terrorism on sports (17,20,21,22). Mental toughness and psychological factors are among the factors of success and excellent performance of athletes (23), but stress and mental wars are considered negative factors in performance (24). Mental health is at risk based on alcohol, stress and many other factors (25). It seems that the military and psychological war as well as the occurrence of terrorism in two aspects cause problems for the sport of Islamic countries. In the first stage, this war and terrorism caused physical destructive effects on Islamic countries, which caused the lack of development of some sports infrastructures. According to the results of this research, some suggestions are made: creating a sports television network for sports in Islamic countries in order to establish sports communication, accepting the hosting of important sports events by Islamic countries and cooperation between Islamic countries in order to take pride in holding these events, holding regular sports competitions for the solidarity of Islamic countries and extensive media coverage of these competitions to broadcast at the international level, holding symbolic sports competitions between Islamic countries with tension to reduce the existing tensions, inviting prominent sports teams to participate in Islamic countries and holding joint camps and competitions to expand the sports interactions of the countries Islamic with other countries. In short, war has a negative and significant relationship with the image of sports, and this reduction itself has bad psychological effects on the sports community. According to the results of creating a sports network covering the sports of Islamic countries, it is the best solution for managing and controlling war and terrorism in the way of improving the image of the sports of Islamic countries with emphasis on Islamic verses and traditions.  }, Keywords = {Psychological dimensions, Non-psychological dimensions, Negative effects of war, Sports society}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {71-79}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مطالعه ابعاد روانشناختی و غیر روانشناختی و بررسی راهکارهای عوارض منفی جنگ بر جامعه}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: ورزش رابطه تنگاتنگی با سلامت معنوی دارد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف مطالعه ابعاد روانشناختی و غیر روانشناختی و بررسی راهکارهای عوارض منفی جنگ برجامعه انجام گرفت‌. روش کار: تحقیق حاضر از نوع تحقیقات کاربردی و از نظر روش گرد‌آوری داده‌ها آمیخته می­باشد که به صورت میدانی انجام گردید. جامعه آماری شامل خبرگان آگاه به موضوع ورزش و سیاست بودند. پس از شناسایی این افراد (تعداد=34) تمامی این افراد بر اساس روش نمونه­گیری تمام شمار به عنوان نمونه تحقیق مشخص گردیدند. به‌منظور شناسایی این نمونه‌ها، از روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند استفاده گردید. ابزار پژوهش پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخته بود که روایی و پایایی آن مورد تایید قرار گرفت. کلیه روند تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌های پژوهش با استفاده از نرم افزارهای سوپردسیژن و بی تی تاپسیس سالور انجام گردید. یافته­ ها: نتایج نشان داد که 5/87% از افراد شرکت کننده در تحقیق مردان و 5/12% زنان می‌باشند. 22/81 درصد دارای مدرک تحصیلی دکتری و 78/18 درصد دارای مدرک تحصیلی کارشناسی ارشد و پایین‌تر بودند. نتایج نشان داد که جنگ نظامی بر وجهه ورزش خاورمیانه دارای تأثیری به میزان 198/0- می‌باشد. همچنین جنگ روانی بر وجهه ورزش خاورمیانه دارای تأثیری به میزان 387/0- می‌باشد.   نتیجه‌گیری: جنگ ارتباط منفی و معنی داری با وجهه ورزش دارد که این کاهش نیز بخودی خود اثرات روانشناختی بدی بر جامعه ورزشی دارد. با توجه به نتایج روش تاپسیس مشخص گردید که ایجاد شبکه ورزشی پوشش دهنده ورزش کشورهای اسلامی بهترین راهکار جهت مدیریت و کنترل جنگ و تروریسم در مسیر بهبود وجهه ورزش می‌باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {ابعاد روانشناختی, ابعاد غیر روانشناختی, عوارض منفی جنگ,جامعه‌ی ورزشی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7576-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7576-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Amraei, Zeynab and Maleki, Shahram and Talei, Gholamrez}, title = {Seroepidemiological Study on Leptospirosis among Livestock Farmers in Kuhdasht, Lorestan Province}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Leptospirosis is a common infectious disease between humans and animals, which is of particular importance in terms of global spread. The cause of the disease is Leptospira bacteria. This bacterium is gram-negative and spiral-shaped and belongs to the Leptospiraceae family and the Spirochetes branch (1,2). The genus Leptospira is divided into 20 species (9 pathogenic, 5 intermediate and 6 saprophytic) based on phylogenic and DNA analysis. Saprophytic species (eg L. biflex). Leptospira species cause a common disease called leptospirosis. Leptospira settle in the kidney tubules of animals (susceptible mammals) and because of this the host animals remain infected for a long time and expel the bacteria (7). Livestock (cows and sheep) are sources of leptospirosis and should be taken care of to prevent transmission of the disease to humans (8,9). Leptospira species remain in the environment for a long time, transfer to humans through damaged skin and mucous membranes, mortality and economic losses are considered as an important global health issue (2,7,10). Every year, half a million cases of leptospirosis (45 cases per 100,000 people) are reported worldwide (11). Leptospirosis is more common in hot seasons and in tropical and rainy regions of the world (11,12). The incubation period of leptospirosis in humans is about 10 days and may be asymptomatic (12). The clinical face of this disease is so variable that it is considered as a disease with a thousand faces and it can never be diagnosed based on clinical signs and symptoms alone, so diagnosis is more based on trusting the laboratory in showing and observing the cause of the disease. And the accuracy of laboratory methods is stable. Definitive diagnosis of leptospirosis is based on laboratory tests such as bacterial culture, ELISA test, MAT and PCR (16), which is the standard serological method for identifying leptospirosis antibodies according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Microscopic agglutination test (MAT), which is a method It is cheap with acceptable sensitivity and it is possible to access it (17) and it shows the wide presence of Leptospira in the world (16). Bacteremia develops within 7-10 days after symptoms of infection by Leptospira and antibodies can be detected in the blood (18,19). The aim of the present study was to investigate leptospirosis seroepidemiologically among the farmers of Kohdasht in Lorestan province by microscopic agglutination method (MAT) and also to determine and obtain the serovars infecting people in Kohdasht region. The results obtained from the present research can provide a lot of help to researchers in medical and veterinary sciences of the country, and it is also very useful in human and animal health and rapid diagnosis and treatment of patients. Methods: The study was conducted on the blood samples of 200 cattle farmers of Kohdasht in February 2013. After selecting the livestock farms, he went to the livestock farm and took 10 cc of blood samples from the hand veins of the people who were active in livestock farming. After the complete collection of samples, microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and measurement of serum contamination were performed to determine the contamination of serum samples with Leptospira serovars on blood serum samples. The results obtained from the MAT method were analyzed with SPSS software (Version 16) through Chi-square and Fisher's test. P<0.01 was considered as significant difference. Results: 48 serum samples (24%) were positive among 200 tested sera at the 1:100 dilution. Serum samples were shown positive reaction with two L. Grippotyphosa and L. canicola serovars. The prevalence of Grippotyphosa 66.67% and Canicola 33.33% were resulted by MAT. 31 samples (64.58%) were related to males and 17 cases (35.42%) females among 60 positive samples. The highest prevalence of Leptospira serovars was founded in more than 50 years group with 16 cases. P. value based on gender was 0.01. (p<0.01). Conclusion: Leptospira pathogenic species can survive for a long time under suitable environmental conditions (humidity and temperature). Domestic animals (cows, sheep and dogs) are considered important as hosts of this bacterium in the spread of leptospirosis and play a significant role (20). Leptospira is released into the environment through the urine of animals. Human infection with leptospirosis is caused by contact with the urine of infected animals (21). Diagnosis of leptospirosis is difficult for many doctors, and its definitive diagnosis is possible with laboratory methods. The MAT method is universally used as a reference test for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. In the present study, the prevalence of leptospirosis among farmers in Kohdasht was 24%, and the serovars Gripotiphosa and Canicula had the highest prevalence, respectively. The P value of p<0.01 was significant for gender and showed that leptospiral infection is different according to gender. All over the world, studies on the prevalence of leptospirosis have been carried out. In Iran, in 2004, the prevalence of leptospirosis in Gilan University Hospital was reported by Honarmand et al. to be 24.6% (22). In 2016, in a serological study of leptospiral infection of sheep using the MAT method in Ahvaz, Hajikolaei et al. reported the occurrence of 14.9% leptospirosis and the highest number of leptospirosis serovars was related to Pomona with 14 cases (43.8%), respectively. canicula with 7 cases (21.9%) and ictrohemorrhage with 4 cases (14.5%) (23). This study showed that transmission of leptospirosis is carried out by sheep as hosts, so livestock farmers are prone to leptospirosis. A study was conducted on dairy cows in Hamedan industrial farms in 2009 by Bahari et al., out of 80 blood samples, 18 were positive for Leptospira and the highest serovar prevalence was Canicula (21.25%) (24). This study is another proof of the susceptibility of livestock farmers to leptospirosis. In 2008, Agampodi et al. conducted a study on 404 patients with fever in Sri Lanka using the MAT method, of which 155 patients were found to have leptospirosis. In this study, the prevalence of serovars Pyrogenesis (28.7%) and Hardjo (18.8%) was reported (25). In 2012, Ngbede et al. conducted a study in Nigeria using the MAT method on 142 blood samples of cows slaughtered in a slaughterhouse, and 5 samples were found to have antibodies against Hardjo serovar (26). Goris et al. in 2013 in the Netherlands in a study they conducted on sick people concluded that serovars Ictrohemorrhagia, Hardjo, and Gripotyphosa cause severe leptospirosis in humans (27). In 2014, Dreyfus et al. used the MAT method to investigate the risk factors of leptospirosis among 567 slaughterhouse workers in New Zealand. They found that 11% of the workers had antibodies against Hardjo and Pomona serovars in their blood serum (28). Leptospirosis is related to occupation and environment (29). Floods and inundation as well as contact with animal waste are the most important factors of leptospirosis infection (30). Leptospirosis may lead to failure of liver, kidney and many organs of the body. In general, leptospirosis is spreading, so disease control should be considered. it is concluded that livestock farmers are one of the groups at risk of leptospirosis due to the presence of different leptospira serovars in animals. Livestock farmers can prevent the occurrence of leptospiral infection by controlling their safety and health. The results of this study are very useful in the research of medical and veterinary sciences as well as human and animal health and rapid diagnosis and treatment of patients and provide a lot of information to researchers in disease control.  }, Keywords = {Leptospirosis,Leptospira,Livestock Farmers,Kuhdasht,Microscopic agglutination test}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {80-88}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی سرواپیدمیولوژیک لپتوسپیروز در بین دامداران کوهدشت استان لرستان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: لپتوسپیروز یکی از گسترش یافته­ترین بیماری­های مشترک بین انسان و حیوانات است و به عنوان عفونت مشترک جهانی مطرح می­باشد. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، بررسی سرواپیدمیولوژیک لپتوسپیروز در بین دامداران کوهدشت استان لرستان می­باشد. روش کار: مطالعه بر روی نمونه خون 200 نفر از دامداران کوهدشت در بهمن ماه 1392 انجام شد. پس از انتخاب دامداری­ها، به محل دامداری مراجعه نموده و از افرادی که در دامداری فعالیت داشتند، نمونه خون از ورید دست به میزان 10 سی سی اخذ گردید. پس از جمع­آوری کامل نمونه­ها، آزمایش آگلوتیناسیون میکروسکوپی (MAT) و اندازه­گیری آلودگی سرمی برای تعیین آلودگی سرم نمونه­ها به سرووارهای لپتوسپیرا روی نمونه­های سرم خون انجام گرفت. نتایج به دست آمده از روش MAT با نرم افزار SPSS  (Version 16) از طریق مربع کای و آزمون فیشر آنالیز گردید. 01/0>P به­عنوان اختلاف معنی­دار در نظر گرفته شد. یافته ­ها: 48 نمونه سرم خون (24%) در بین 200 نمونه آزمایش شده در رقت 1به100 مثبت بودند. نمونه­های سرم به دو سرووار گریپوتیفوزا و کانیکولا واکنش مثبت نشان دادند. در نتیجه تست MAT، شیوع سرووار گریپوتیفوزا 67/66% و کانیکولا 33/33% بود. از بین 48 نمونه مثبت، 31 مورد (58/64%) مربوط به مردان و 17 مورد (42/35%) مربوط به زنان بود. بیشترین شیوع سرووارهای لپتوسپیرا در گروه سنی بیش از 50 سال با 16مورد یافت شد (01/0>P). نتیجه ­گیری: دامداران به دلیل وجود سرووارهای مختلف لپتوسپیرا در حیوانات، یکی از گروه­های در معرض خطر بیماری لپتوسپیروز می­باشند. دامداران با کنترل ایمنی و سلامتی خود می­توانند از وقوع آلودگی لپتوسپیرایی پیشگیری کنند.  }, keywords_fa = {لپتوسپیروز, لپتوسپیرا, دامداران, کوهدشت, آگلوتیناسیون میکروسکوپی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7597-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7597-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Taleshi, Mahsa and Rezaeeshirazi, Reza and Ziaalhagh, Seyed Javad and Asgharpour, Habib}, title = {Supplemental Effect of Garlic and Stevia Extract along with Endurance Activity on Serotonin and Serotonin-Receptor Gene Expression in the Brain Tissue of Male Wistar Rats Obesity}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Several studies have reported that obesity causes vascular disorders in all tissues such as the heart and even the central nervous system along with disorders in the function of the hypothalamus, in such a way that these disorders in the nervous system, especially in the hypothalamus as the center of homeostasis and control of satiety and hunger can cause a significant increase in weight at different ages and even in children. Recent studies have led researchers to the etiology of this global epidemic and have drawn their attention to the influence of genetics, environmental factors, social and behavioral factors. Appetite is a physiological response to eating food, and behavioral signals and energy fluctuations throughout the day regulate the appetite in the central nervous system. Among these, the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin can cause the development and evolution of some behaviors related to appetite through the regulation of the interval between two meals and the role of this neurotransmitter in inducing satiety. On the other hand, some studies have shown that moderate and intense sports activity and even intense intermittent exercise led to an increase in serotonin levels, which can have an effect on the caloric intake of obese women. In addition, recently, the attention of sports science researchers has been drawn to the use of medicinal plants effective in fat metabolism. Among medicinal herbs, there has been a recent increase in interest in naturally sweet herbs such as stevia and garlic. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of endurance training with garlic and stevia supplementation on serotonin gene expression and serotonin receptor in the brain tissue of obese Wistar rats. Methods: 35 obese male Wistar rats fed with a high-fat diet (24 grams of fat, 24 grams of protein and 41 grams of carbohydrates per 100 grams) were divided into seven groups, including: 1) Sham. 2) stevia supplement, 3) garlic supplement, 4) endurance exercise, 5) stevia supplement+endurance exercise, 6) garlic supplement+endurance exercise, and 7) healthy control. The training groups performed incremental endurance training for 15-50 minutes at a speed of 15-25 meters per minute, five sessions per week for eight weeks. Garlic and stevia supplements were added to the diet of the supplemented groups at a dose of 250 mg/kg. 48 hours after the last training session and in a state of 12 hours of fasting, the rats were anesthetized with ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylosin (15 mg/kg) in a ratio of 3 to 1. Further, after ensuring complete anesthesia and painlessness, rats were perfused with 10 cc of 9% sodium chloride to drain the brain tissue from the blood. In order to extract the brain tissue, first the rats were completely restrained and after cutting the upper part of the skull, the brain tissue was carefully separated, and after weighing and washing, they were placed in special tissue preservation cryotypes and immediately cooled to -80 were transferred. The qReal Time PCR method was used to measure the gene expression levels of the variables in the brain tissue. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for the data analysis. All statistical methods were performed using SPSS version 26 software at a significance level of P<0.05. Results: Regarding serotonin, the results showed that there was no significant difference in serotonin gene expression level between the healthy control group and the sham group (P = 0.903). Also, there was no significant difference between the sham group with stevia (P = 0.856), garlic (P = 0.994), endurance training+stevia (P = 0.303) and endurance training+garlic (P = 0.094). However, the results showed that the serotonin gene expression level of the endurance exercise group was significantly higher than that of the sham group (P = 0.000). Another important result is that there was no significant difference between the stevia and garlic groups (P = 0.996). However, adding endurance training to stevia had a significant effect on serotonin gene expression, so that the level of serotonin gene expression in the stevia+exercise group was significantly higher than the stevia group (P = 0.022). Also, adding endurance training to garlic caused the level of serotonin gene expression in the garlic+exercise group to be significantly higher than the stevia (P = 0.005) and garlic (P = 0.021) groups. Finally, the expression level of serotonin gene in the exercise group was significantly higher than all groups (P < 0.05). Regarding the serotonin receptor, the results showed that the expression level of the serotonin receptor gene in the healthy control group is significantly higher than the sham group (P = 0.003). Also, the level of serotonin receptor gene expression in stevia (P = 0.000), exercise (P = 0.000), exercise+garlic (P = 0.002) groups was significantly higher than the sham group. From other important results, it can be stated that the level of serotonin receptor gene expression in the stevia group was significantly higher than that of the garlic group (P = 0.000). Adding endurance exercise to stevia caused the serotonin receptor gene expression level to be significantly lower than the stevia group (P = 0.000). But, adding endurance exercise to garlic caused the serotonin receptor gene expression level to be significantly higher than the garlic group (P = 0.006). Finally, the expression level of the serotonin receptor gene in the exercise group was significantly higher than all groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that aerobic exercise with stevia supplement with AMPK activation mechanism activates hormone-sensitive lipase, improves fat and sugar metabolism and increases the expression of metabolic proteins in the hypothalamus. Therefore, it seems that consumption of stevia and aerobic exercise have synergistic effects in modulating and increasing serotonin in the brain tissue of desert rats exposed to high-fat food. Therefore, it can be concluded that endurance training with stevia supplementation synergistically affects the appetite control protein. However, more studies are needed on the changes in serotonin and serotonin receptor levels following the exercise and supplements used in this study.  }, Keywords = {Training, Garlic, Stevia, Serotonin, Serotonin-Receptor, Obesity}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {89-99}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر مکمل یاری عصاره سیر و استویا به همراه فعالیت استقامتی بر بیان ژن سروتونین و گیرنده سروتونین در بافت مغز رت‌های نر ویستار چاق}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: چاقی سبب اختلالات عروقی در بافت­های مختلف از قبیل قلب و سیستم عصبی مرکزی می­شود. لذا هدف از این انجام تحقیق حاضر تعیین تأثیر تمرینات استقامتی با مصرف مکمل سیر و استویا بر بیان ژن سروتونین و گیرنده سروتونین در بافت مغز موش‌های نر ویستار چاق بود.  روش کار: برای انجام تحقیق تجربی و کاربردی حاضر 35 موش با وزن 190 تا 220 گرم و سن 8 هفته با رژیم غذایی پرچرب (24 گرم چربی، 24 گرم پروتئین و 41 گرم کربوهیدرات در هر 100 گرم) تغذیه شده و به هفت گروه شم، مکمل استویا، مکمل سیر، تمرین استقامتی، مکمل استویا + تمرین استقامتی، مکمل سیر + تمرین استقامتی و کنترل سالم تقسیم شدند. گروه­های تمرینی به مدت 50-15 دقیقه تمرینات استقامتی افزایشی را با سرعت (m.s) 25-15، پنج جلسه در هفته انجام دادند. مکمل­های سیر و استویا با دوز  (mg/kg) 250 به رژیم غذایی گروه­های مکمل اضافه شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد سطح سروتونین در گروه تمرین به‌طور معنی‌داری بالاتر از سایر گروه‌ها بود (05/0 < P). بین گروه­های استویا با سیر (996/0 = P)، شم با استویا (856/0=P)، سیر (994/0= P)، تمرین استقامتی+استویا (303/0= P) و تمرین استقامتی+سیر (094/0= P) تفاوت معناداری وجود نداشت. همچنین مشخص شد سطح گیرنده سروتونین در گروه تمرین به طور معنی‌داری بیشتر از سایر گروه‌ها (05/0 < P). و در گروه­های استویا (094/0 =P) و تمرین استقامتی با سیر بیشتر از گروه سیر بود (006/0= P).   نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج تایید کننده تاثیر تمرین استقامتی+مکمل استویا بر پروتئین کنترل اشتها می­باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {تمرین, سیر, استویا, سروتونین, گیرنده سروتونین, چاقی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7679-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7679-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Khezri, Ali and Mousavi, Smatalsadat and MirzaeiGhazi, Marjan and Mirzaei, Saee}, title = {The Effect of Six Weeks Relaxation Massage with Jasmine Oil on Anxiety, Depression and Mental Health in Middle Aged Women with Depression}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Depression is a common and debilitating disease that affects more than 300 million people worldwide (1). Depressive disorder is associated with unemployment, poor physical health, impaired social functioning and, especially in severe cases, with suicide. Therefore, depressive disorder carries a great burden due to the increase in economic costs and the loss of productivity and demand in health care, not only on individuals but also on the whole society (3). with depression also stated that they are classified as "common mental disorders" (4) Although these symptoms have specific diagnostic thresholds, they affect the quality of life and social and occupational performance and cause pressure on the person and the economic status of the population in the scale becomes larger (5). Various methods have been proposed and recommended to reduce anxiety and depression and improve mental health. One of the non-medicinal, simple and uncomplicated methods for treating anxiety and depression is aromatherapy or aromatherapy, which is the use of volatile oils or aromas extracted from flowers and aromatic plants in order to promote therapeutic goals, and through inhalation, Inhalation and massage are performed (6). Aromatherapy using aromatic plant oil is effective in reducing anxiety, pain, fatigue and healing skin wounds (7-9). Massage is one of the most important non-drug interventions to reduce the level of anxiety (10). The use of aromatic plant oils in the traditional medicine of Asian nations including China, India and Iran has a history of thousands of years (12). In this regard, jasmine oil is widely used in different countries in order to benefit from its benefits. Jasmine oil is a sweet smelling substance that is prepared from the jasmine plant (Jasminum officinale) (14). Widely used in aromatherapy, this type of essential oil contains aromatic plant compounds that have various health benefits, including skin care and stress reduction. This plant has analgesic, sedative and anti-depressant properties (15). The results of some studies show that aromatherapy can help improve the physiological and psychological indicators of sick people (18, 19). There is little information about the effect of aromatherapy on anxiety, depression and mental health of people suffering from depression. On the other hand, the use of different medicinal plants in a traditional way has become widespread in the treatment of many ailments and also in the improvement of mental states. By reviewing the research done, no research was found that investigated the benefits of relaxation massage with jasmine oil to reduce depression and improve mental health. Therefore, considering the lack of sufficient information in this field, the need to conduct more studies is felt. Considering the benefits of massage therapy on many symptoms and psychological problems on the one hand and the positive effects of jasmine oil on the other hand, Does six weeks of relaxation massage with jasmine oil affect the level of anxiety, depression and mental health of middle-aged women with depression? Methods: In this semi experimental study, 30 middle-aged women (age 42 ± 3.06 years) with depression based on the DSM-IV standard were randomly divided into 2 groups; control and relaxation massage with jasmine oil. Experimental group received Relaxation Massage with Jasmine Oil for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 30 to 45 minutes each session. Spiel Berger, Beck and GHQ28 questionnaires were used to measure anxiety, depression and mental health of the subjects before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed by independent t-test and dependent t-test at the P<0.05. Results: The results showed that relaxation massage with jasmine oil improved the mental health of middle-aged women with depression compared to the control group (P=0.001). Also, the mean score of depression and anxiety was significantly lower in relaxation massage with jasmine oil group compared to the control group (P=0.001). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that six weeks of relaxation massage with jasmine oil significantly reduced the anxiety of middle-aged women with depression. The results of this research are consistent with the findings of Alavi et al. (2013) who showed that aromatherapy with jasmine oil significantly reduces anxiety in pregnant women (20). Some aromatherapy studies show that essential oils, including jasmine oil, may affect biological factors such as heart rate, stress level, blood pressure, breathing, and immune system function (14). In aromatherapy, the absorption of jasmine oil through the skin causes a message to be transmitted to the brain area called the limbic system. This region is involved in the control of emotions and also affects the nervous system (22-24). Therefore, it is possible that jasmine oil along with massage has led to the reduction of anxiety in middle-aged women with depression through the effect on the limbic system. Also, the present findings show that six weeks of relaxation massage with jasmine oil significantly reduced depression in depressed middle-aged women. There is evidence that aromatherapy can effectively reduce symptoms of depression. The stimulating and activating effect of jasmine oil can be useful for relieving depression and improving mood (14). When inhaled, jasmine oil affects brain activity and mood, and participants reported feeling more positive and energetic (22). The results of the present research also indicate the beneficial effects of jasmine oil in reducing depression symptoms. Finally, the present findings show that six weeks of relaxation massage with jasmine oil significantly improved the mental health of middle-aged women with depression. This finding is consistent with the results of Shahrjardi and Darvish (2013), who showed a significant improvement in the mental health of women with cancer after the massage period (29). Jasmine flower contains benzyl acetate, lymal alcohol, benzylic alcohol, indole oleanolic acid, dacosterol, hesperidin and active compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins and jasmine (30-32). It is possible that jasmine oil along with massage has led to a significant improvement in the mental health of middle-aged women with depression through the compounds found in jasmine. In the present research, after six weeks of relaxation massage with jasmine oil in middle-aged women suffering from depression, the level of mental stress has decreased and the patients have the feeling that they have the same abilities as other people and thus feel more self-confidence. have obtained Therefore, relaxation massage with jasmine oil can help to improve the mental health of patients suffering from depression, and as a behavioral intervention and complementary treatment, it can play an important role in improving the mental health of patients. One of the positive effects of relaxation massage with jasmine oil is regulating the amount of neurotransmitters in nerve cells and as a result establishing balance in the person's nervous function and reducing mental abnormalities. By performing a relaxation massage with jasmine oil, the level of stress decreases due to the secretion of a number of hormones from different glands and the effect on the nervous system, as well as increasing the consumption of oxygen (14). There were also some limitations in the present research, including the non-use of other massage methods. Overall, one can benefit from its mental health benefits by using relaxation massage with jasmine oil, as shown by the present findings. According to the findings of this research, according to the results of the research, it seems that relaxation massage with jasmine oil can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve the mental health of middle-aged women with depression. Therefore, according to the findings of the research, it is suggested that middle-aged women suffering from depression receive relaxation massage with jasmine oil to reduce the negative consequences of depression.  }, Keywords = {Relaxation Massage, Jasmine Oil,Anxiety,Depression,Mental Health}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {100-109}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر شش هفته ماساژ ریلکسی با روغن گل یاس بر میزان اضطراب، افسردگی و سلامت روان زنان میانسال مبتلا به افسردگی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: هدف از این پژوهش بررسی تاثیر شش هفته ماساژ ریلکسی با روغن گل یاس بر میزان اضطراب، افسردگی و سلامت روان زنان میانسال مبتلا به افسردگی بود. روش­ کار: در این مطالعه نیمه تجربی، تعداد 30 زن میانسال (سن 06/3 ± 42 سال) مبتلا به افسردگی بر اساس معیار (DSM-IV) به­طور تصادفی به 2 گروه کنترل و ماساژ ریلکسی با روغن گل یاس تقسیم شدند. آزمودنی های گروه تجربی به مدت شش هفته، 3 جلسه در هفته و هر جلسه 30 تا 45 دقیقه ماساژ ریلکسی با روغن گل یاس دریافت کردند. برای اندازه گیری میزان اضطراب، افسردگی و سلامت روان آزمودنی­ها از پرسشنامه های اشپیل برگر، بک و GHQ28 قبل و بعد از مداخله استفاده شد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از آزمون تی مستقل و تی زوجی در سطح 05/0>P استفاده شد. یافته­ ها: نتایج نشان داد ماساژ ریلکسی با روغن گل یاس سبب بهبود سلامت روان زنان میانسال مبتلا به افسردگی نسبت به گروه کنترل شد (001/0P=). همچنین میانگین امتیاز افسردگی و اضطراب در گروه ماساژ ریلکسی با روغن گل یاس نسبت به گروه کنترل به طور معنی داری کمتر بود (001/0P=). نتیجه ­گیری: با توجه به نتایج تحقیق، به نظر می رسد که ماساژ ریلکسی با روغن گل یاس می تواند به کاهش اضطراب و افسردگی و بهبود سلامت روان زنان میانسال مبتلا به افسردگی کمک کند.  }, keywords_fa = {ماساژ ریلکسی, روغن گل یاس, اضطراب, افسردگی, سلامت روان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7835-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7835-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {MahamArekhi, Bibi and Razavi, Hamidreza and AmirKhani, Amir hosei}, title = {Providing a Qualitative Model of Employee Behavior Adaptation with Emphasis on the Internet of Things}, abstract ={Background & Aims: According to the learning approach, adaptation is a set of learned behaviors, and incompatibility occurs when a person has not learned the necessary skills to cope with daily life problems. At the same time, there is no perfect compatibility, but optimal compatibility probably occurs when there is a reasonable agreement between what a person thinks about himself and what others think about him. Therefore, it can be said that behavioral compatibility with new processes or new ways of doing work and tasks that result from using the Internet of Things in the organization is a fundamental issue in today's organizations (13). In other words, successfully dealing with new phenomena is called adaptation. Creating a logical connection between the new ways of doing things and tasks, which can be called processes modified by the Internet of Things, with the behavior of employees and how they deal with these processes is of great importance and is considered one of the important issues of the organization a problem caused by technological changes in the organization's environment (14). One of the companies providing services to people and citizens is the Electricity Distribution Company. In recent years, this company has been able to update many internal processes through the use of administrative automation, and subscribers do not need to visit in person to solve their problems or follow up on their requests. The use of the Internet of Things in the electricity distribution company is one of the new topics in the organization, which has improved the quality of providing services to subscribers both in terms of the speed of service delivery and the access of all people to services at any place and time (15). But the point that should be checked and evaluated is how the employees of this company deal with these changes. The behavioral adaptation of the employees of the electricity distribution company with the new way of providing services to the subscribers and also the changes made in the duties of the employees are among the issues that have arisen due to these changes. During the past few years, the managers of the Mazandaran and Golestan Regional Electric Company have made many changes within the company and also want to make extensive changes in the coming years, so it is important and necessary for the company managers to know that the employees are facing the changes that are going to be made. How will they react? The critical issue for company managers is to see these behavior patterns so that they can implement a system that fits these behavior patterns for employees to adapt to changes in their organization and deal with each behavior pattern accordingly. Therefore, if organizations want to survive, continue to live, improve, develop, and increase effectiveness, they must be sensitive to the different behaviors of employees and show appropriate reactions. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the following central question: What is the pattern of adaptation of employees' behavior with an emphasis on the Internet of Things? Methods: In this research, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods has been done. The statistical population of the qualitative research includes organizational experts. These people included university professors (scientific experts) and senior managers, assistants, middle managers, and senior experts of the specialized mother company of Tavanir (practical experts) who had expertise (scientific experts) and sufficient experience (practical experts) in the field of research. Their opinions were used during Delphi and AHP hierarchical analysis. Criteria for selecting experts: People who have a master's degree or higher in the fields of human resource management or organizational behavior are included in this list. Also, have work experience in the management department of the electricity company (Tavanir specialized mother company) for 5 years or work experience for 10 years in the electricity company (Tavanir specialized mother company). Also, university professors in related fields as scientific experts are on this list. The time frame of data collection and implementation of the interview technique was carried out in the winter of 1400 and for one month. In the quantitative part of the questionnaire, the pairwise comparison of the dimensions and indicators of the model was provided to the statistical community, which included senior managers, assistant managers, middle managers, and senior experts in the field of human resources in the specialized mother company of Tavanir. To determine the sample in this section, the purposeful, non-probability sampling method was used until reaching theoretical saturation. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview (Delphi questionnaire) and a researcher-made quantitative questionnaire. Data analysis was done using the Delphi technique, structural equation method with the help of SMART PLS software, and AHP hierarchical analysis method. Results: The results show that the proposed model of employee behavior adaptation consists of 5 main dimensions, including attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, usage experience, cognitive processes, and behavioral motivation. In the hierarchical analysis section, the results show that the dimension of behavioral inspiration with a weight of 1.563 ranks first, and the dimension of mental norms with a weight of 0.602 ranks next in terms of importance in adapting the behavior of employees in the fourth industrial revolution with an emphasis on the Internet. Objects are located. Conclusion: In general, according to the results of the study, it can be said that the technology factor played an important role in the behavioral adaptation of the employees, therefore, the acceptance of technology and the behavioral adaptation of the employees with its, technological capabilities are needed in the field of improving the conditions of performing tasks for Describe the staff. The limitations of the research are those factors that create obstacles in the way of collecting information, analyzing, and obtaining desirable results. Limitations are inherent in any research. This research is not exempted from this principle and limitations include the problems of determining the index and converting qualitative categories into quantitative values such as attitude to behavior and the involvement of factors such as boredom, stress, lack of time and lack of sufficient knowledge of the respondents causing inaccuracy of people in Answering questions has had. Considering that behavioral motivation was recognized as the most important dimension of the behavioral adaptation model of the employees, it is suggested to improve the behavioral adaptation of the employees, to identify the expectations of the employees from the changes made, and to fulfill them or provide a logical justification for it. To accept the technology and adapt the behavior of the employees to it, it is suggested to explain the capabilities of the technology in the field of improving the working conditions for the employees.  }, Keywords = {Behavior Adaptation, Behavior Attitude, Mental Norms, Usage Experience, Cognitive Processes}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {110-120}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ارائه الگوی کیفی سازگاری رفتار کارکنان با تأکید بر اینترنت اشیا}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: محیط‌های اینترنتی شرایطی را ایجاد نموده‌اند که فعالیت‌های منابع انسانی به صورت الکترونیکی انجام گیرد که این خود باعث چابکی سازمان سازمان‌ها شده است؛ بنابراین تحقیق حاضر با هدف ارائه الگوی سازگاری رفتار کارکنان با تأکید بر اینترنت اشیا انجام شد. روش کار: تحقیق به صورت آمیخته کیفی انجام شده بود. جامعه آماری تحقیق مدیران ارشد، معاونین، مدیران میانی و کارشناسان ارشد حوزه منابع انسانی در شرکت مادر تخصصی توانیر بود. ابزار گردآوری داده­ها مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته (پرسشنامه دلفی) و پرسشنامه کمی محقق ساخته بود. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها با استفاده از تکنیک دلفی، روش معادلات ساختاری با کمک نرم‌افزار SMART PLS و روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی AHP انجام شد. یافته­ ها: نتایج نشان می‌دهند که مدل پیشنهادی الگوی سازگاری رفتار کارکنان متشکل از 5 بعد اصلی شامل نگرش به رفتار، هنجارهای ذهنی، تجربه استفاده، فرآیندهای شناختی و انگیزش رفتاری است. در بخش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی نتایج نشان می­دهند که بُعد انگیزش رفتاری با وزن 563/1 در رتبه اول و بُعد هنجارهای ذهنی با وزن 602/0 در رتبه‌های بعدی از نظر میزان اهمیت در سازگاری رفتار کارکنان در انقلاب صنعتی چهارم با تأکید بر اینترنت اشیا قرار دارند. نتیجه­ گیری: به طور کلی به توجه به نتایج مطالعه می‌توان بیان داشت که عامل فناوری در سازگاری رفتاری کارکنان نقش مهمی را داشت لذا برای پذیرش فناروی و سازگاری رفتاری بیشتر کارکنان با آن نیاز است قابلیت­های فناوری در زمینه بهبود شرایط انجام وظیفه برای کارکنان تشریح شود.  }, keywords_fa = {سازگاری رفتار, نگرش به رفتار, هنجارهای ذهنی, تجربه استفاده, فرآیندهای شناختی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7843-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7843-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Razdan, Alemeh and FaezyRazi, Farshad and Danaei, Abolfazl and VakilAlroaia, Younos}, title = {Development of a Qualitative Model of Social Media Marketing in the Purchase of Medical Equipment in the Conditions of Corona Disease in Order to Improve the General Health of the Society}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The outbreak of COVID-19 has had a devastating effect on global health systems with a ripple effect on all aspects of human life, and the outbreak of this disease began as an acute global emergency on January 30, 2020. Different governments have implemented various strategies such as border closures, travel restrictions, and quarantines even in the countries that make up the world's largest economies, raising fears of an impending economic crisis and economic stagnation. Its pandemic had a significant impact on world economic growth, and estimates so far show that the virus could reduce global economic growth if current conditions continue and increase the risk of global economic recession by approximately 2% per month, similar to what will happen during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Therefore, it is important to identify the appropriate solutions for the market to be active and the economy wheel to move, so that these solutions can play an effective role in dealing with the spread of the coronavirus and increasing the public health of society while increasing the economic cycle. The present age is the age of communication and information. In this era, the use of the Internet is expanding and it forms an important part of people's lives. Nowadays, people use the Internet and virtual space for shopping, collecting information, having conversations, and many other activities. Meanwhile, social media are the most popular parts of virtual space for public use. Social media are a group of Internet-based tools that are based on the ideological foundation and web technology and allow users to create content and exchange it. Unlike traditional media that send a one-way message to customers, social media is an ideal tool for continuous and two-way conversations with customers. Social media marketing forces organizations to use social media applications to complement traditional business methods and offers them a new way of relational evaluation. Give It seems that due to the ambiguities and limitations in the field of social media marketing, medical equipment sellers do not take much advantage of this marketing tool in the conditions of the corona disease. At the same time, all the market players need to use new methods of income generation to face threats such as many consumers and buyers not visiting in person due to the fear of corona disease. In addition, despite conducting numerous types of research in the field of social media abroad, this important field of science in the market of medical equipment has been less investigated in the current conditions of the market and especially its corona conditions. . It seems that considering the internet penetration rate of 82.12% in Iran, it is necessary to investigate and solve the issue of social media marketing in the purchase of medical equipment in the conditions of corona disease, considering the existing foundations of the society; Based on this, this research aims to clarify the role of social media marketing in the purchase of medical equipment in the conditions of the corona disease with the foundation's data theorizing approach. With this method, the researcher intends to produce a theory that has a deep connection with the data. As a result of this research, with the aim of identifying, categorizing, and designing the development model of social media marketing in the purchase of medical equipment in the conditions of corona disease, with the approach of data theorizing, the foundation, with an emphasis on qualitative and quantitative evaluation, developed the development model of social media marketing in the purchase of equipment. Medicine deals with the corona disease, which is a basic and absolutely necessary field to deal with the field of social media marketing in the current market conditions. Therefore, the researcher seeks to design the development model of social media marketing in the purchase of medical equipment in the conditions of corona disease in order to improve the general health of the people of the society with two qualitative and quantitative approaches and to answer this question: the qualitative paradigm model of social media marketing in How is the purchase of medical equipment in the conditions of corona disease to improve the public health of the society? Methods: The statistical population of this qualitative study included all academic experts and experts in the field of marketing, most of whom were members of the faculty of universities in the country, as well as experienced people in the field of marketing, especially the marketing of medical products and equipment. The statistical sample size was 25 people until reaching theoretical saturation through semi-structured Delphi interviews. Results: The results showed that the categories were identified in the form of 41 categories, 136 conceptual codes and 256 items (measures) and in the heart of the 6 structures of the paradigm model in the form of causal conditions (8 categories, 49 items, and 28 concepts), the main phenomenon and central: social media marketing in the purchase of medical equipment, (3 categories, 40 items, and 13 concepts), strategies (5 categories, 46 items, and 19 concepts), background conditions (8 categories, 49 items, and 32 concepts), conditions Intervenor or mediator (8 categories, 37 items, and 29 concepts), and consequences (4 categories, 35 items, and 15 concepts) were placed. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that paying attention to the qualitative model of the development model of social media marketing in the purchase of medical equipment in viral crisis conditions can be a fundamental and necessary basis for dealing with the field of social media marketing in viral crisis conditions. Be in the market the use of social media has become a big social phenomenon as group applications, online tools, and technologies that encourage and enable participation, dialogue, free-thinking, creation, and socialization in a group of users. . Social media have several features in common. One of the most important features is that most of these sites rely heavily on user-generated content, where it is the users who largely determine the product offered by the company. Do The large customer base has made social media very popular not only among users but also among companies that use social media as a marketing communication medium. Marketing programs based on social media are usually focused on creating content that can attract the attention of users of social sites and encourage them to share the desired content on social media. In this way, the message of the desired company/person/organization is transferred from one user to another in the form of a chain.  }, Keywords = {Social Media Marketing, Medical Equipment, Corona Disease, Health}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {121-129}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تدوین مدل کیفی بازاریابی رسانه‌های اجتماعی در خرید تجهیزات پزشکی در شرایط بیماری کرونا جهت ارتقا سلامت عمومی افراد جامعه}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: شیوع COVID-19 یک اثر مخرب بر روی سیستم های بهداشتی جهانی با تأثیر موج­دار بر همه جنبه­های زندگی بشری داشته است؛ لذا هدف این مطالعه تدوین مدل کیفی بازاریابی رسانه­های اجتماعی در خرید تجهیزات پزشکی در شرایط بیماری کرونا جهت ارتقا سلامت عمومی افراد جامعه بود. روش کار: جامعه آماری این مطالعه کیفی شامل تمام صاحب‌نظران دانشگاهی و خبرگان حوزه بازاریابی بود که اغلب عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه‌های کشور و نیز افراد مجرب در حیطه بازاریابی به ویژه بازاریابی محصولات و تجهیزات پزشکی بودند. حجم نمونه‌ی ‌آماری 25 نفر تا رسیدن به اشباع نظری از طریق مصاحبه‌های دلفی نیمه‌ساختاریافته بود. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که مقوله­ها در قالب 41 مقوله، 136 کد مفهومی و 256 گویه (سنجه) مشخص شد و در دل سازه‌های ۶ گانه الگوی پارادایمی به صورت شرایط علّی (8 مقوله، 49 گویه و 28 مفهوم)، پدیده اصلی و مرکزی: بازاریابی رسانه‌های اجتماعی در خرید تجهیزات پزشکی، (3 مقوله، 40 گویه و 13 مفهوم)، راهبردها (5 مقوله، 46 گویه و 19 مفهوم)، شرایط زمینه­ای (8 مقوله، 49 گویه و 32 مفهوم)، ‌شرایط مداخله­گر یا میانجی (8 مقوله، 37 گویه و 29 مفهوم)، و پیامدها (4 مقوله، 35 گویه و 15 مفهوم) جای گرفتند. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان اینگونه بیان داشت که توجه به مدل کیفی مدل توسعه‌ی بازاریابی رسانه­های اجتماعی در خرید تجهیزات پزشکی در شرایط بحرانی ویروسی می‌تواند زمینه‌ای مبنایی و ضرورتی تام و تمام برای پرداختن به حوزه‌ی بازاریابی رسانه­های اجتماعی در شرایط بحرانی ویروسی در بازار ‌باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {بازاریابی رسانه‌های اجتماعی, تجهیزات پزشکی, بیماری کرونا, سلامت}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7877-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7877-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Soltanabadi, Masume and Hedayati, Raheleh and Hekmat, Sepideh}, title = {Role of 99m Tc ECD Brain Perfusion SPECT in Assessment of Chronic Neurologic Complications of COVID-19}, abstract ={COVID-19, the infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus was declared as a pandemic by The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. The widespread spread of infections created an immediate emergency, with the number of affected patients exceeding the capacity of many involved healthcare systems, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality (1). More than 300 million people have been infected as a result of this pandemic disease (2). A significant number of people have also been affected by the acute and chronic complications of the pandemic disease COVID-19. Large-scale studies revealed that many COVID-19 patients experience symptoms for at least six months after recovery. The quality of life of about 10–30% of patients is severely impacted by lingering symptoms. This clinical condition has been acknowledged and labeled as a post-COVID-19 condition by the World Health Organization. Physical, neurocognitive, and psychiatric symptoms of this condition that last longer than two months and cannot be accounted for by another diagnosis are present three months after the onset of COVID-19 (2). Most clinicians have focused on pulmonary manifestations of this disease since its inception; however, neurologic complications may occur subtly and significantly increase morbidity and mortality in these patients. Although SARS-CoV-2 primarily affects the respiratory system, several studies have found neurological complications in COVID-19 patients. Headache, dizziness, loss of taste and smell, encephalitis, encephalopathy, and cerebrovascular diseases are the most common neurological complications associated with COVID-19. Seizures, neuromuscular junction disorders, and Guillain-Barré syndrome, as well as neurodegenerative and demyelinating disorders, have also been reported as COVID-19 complications (3). PCNS denotes prolonged post-COVID-19 neurological symptoms. Several studies have found that PCNS can manifest as long-term symptoms that last for months, such as muscle pain and weakness, myopathy, sleep impairment, anxiety, depression, severe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dizziness, headaches, and anosmia. Previous findings suggest that COVID-19 patients should be followed up after recovery for possible long-term post-COVID-19 neurological complications (3). Indeed, SARS-CoV-2 acts on angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptors found in lung alveoli type 2 as well as the brain (mainly in the brainstem). In this framework, the neuro-invasion of SARS-CoV2 has even been advocated to explain the development of respiratory failure in some patients (1). Fatigue, muscle weakness, depression, sleep difficulties, headaches, loss of smell and taste, tingling sensations, dizziness, nausea, and severe fatigue are some of the other symptoms. Furthermore, COV-ID-19 has been shown to be a risk factor for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). AIS in SARS-CoV2 patients is associated with more severe neurological deficits and higher in-hospital mortality. The incidence of AIS in COVID-19 patients is estimated to be around 1.5%, though this percentage is higher in critically ill patients (4). Myoclonus and ataxia, with or without opsoclonus, have recently been identified as a central nervous system syndrome associated with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), one of the other distinct neurological manifestations (5, 6). The exact mechanism of COVID-19's effects on the brain is unknown: either direct invasion to the brain or indirect invasion through hypoxia of the brain or a severe inflammatory response of the body (3). Many COVID-19 patients with severe hypoxia have disproportionately few symptoms of cerebral hypoxia, a phenomenon known as "happy hypoxia" (7). As a result, the brain's oxygen supply is underestimated, resulting in neurological damage, particularly in brain regions such as the hippocampus, which are particularly vulnerable to hypoxia. According to studies, a severe inflammatory response involving different immune cells around the vascular system and in brain tissue, as well as microhemorrhages, can develop in the CNS of COVID-19 patients (8). Because of the neuronal damage, patients may experience ongoing neurological and psychological issues that negatively impact their quality of life. After recovering from COVID-19, many patients, according to researchers, continue to struggle with cognitive issues such as memory loss and impaired concentration for several months. These COVID-19 neurological manifestations can be diagnosed using imaging, laboratory tests, and CSF analysis, depending on the patient's symptoms. Although CT and MRI are the primary methods used to evaluate these patients, some neurological complications show no abnormal findings in these imaging modalities. Brain SPECT, or single photon emission computed tomography, uses 99m-Tc ECD/HMPAO as a radioactive tracer to measure regional cerebral perfusion and create tomographic images of the three-dimensional distribution of the radiopharmaceutical. As a functional, anatomical, and molecular imaging technique, this method can be utilized for the diagnosis and treatment of neurologic complications in COVID-19 patients. The imaging algorithm of COVID-19 does not prioritize brain scanning, and for some patients, it may not even be practical. In a small subset of patients, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be useful during the acute phase and may be useful in understanding neuro-COVID mechanisms immediately following recovery. Even though the mid- and long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 neuro-infection are still unknown, cases of post-COVID-19 likely autoimmune (steroid responsive) but seronegative encephalitis as well as patients with anosemia have been reported in the absence of any change on MRI in COVID-19 patients (1). There are many uses for brain perfusion scintigraphy in COVID patients that have been demonstrated in the literature, including the assessment of cerebrovascular disease, convulsions, psychiatric issues, etc. By using baseline imaging and follow-up imaging, this imaging modality is useful for the diagnosis and assessment of the severity of cerebrovascular disease, such as CVA, and the assessment of the viability of brain tissue. It is also helpful for choosing the best therapy and evaluating the response to treatment. The evaluation of epileptogenic focus could also be done using this technique. Pharmaceuticals that improve local cerebral blood flow, like acetazolamide, can be used in conjunction with this modality (carbonic anhydrase). In transient ischemic attack and stroke patients with COVID-19, acetazolamide increases local pCO2 and causes arteriolar dilation, allowing for the assessment of cerebrovascular reserve. It can also be used to differentiate between vascular and neuronal causes of dementia (9). Additionally, brain SPECT can help with the differential diagnosis and diagnosis of various psychiatric issues, such as mood disorders, depression, anxiety, mild cognitive impairment, and loss of smell, and it can tell a factitious disorder from a real disease (9). Brain SPECT results can be used to guide the individualized treatment of COVID-19 patients with neurological and psychological complications. Additionally, by comparing baseline and follow-up images, which is done by visually and quantitatively measuring brain perfusion, SPECT brain images could be used to assess treatment response. Brain perfusion scintigraphy may be useful for proper diagnosis, improving patient management, and predicting prognosis. Prompt diagnosis of neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 is essential for appropriate management. According to an analysis of the literature, brain perfusion scans may be an important imaging tool for the differential diagnosis of neurological sequelae, therapeutic management, and patient follow-up. It is also a helpful research tool because it is widely accessible and allows for non-invasive in vivo evaluation of brain function. Clarification of this method's role in treating COVID patients with neurologic complications requires additional research.  }, Keywords = {COVID-19, Nuclear medicine, 99m Tc ECD scan}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {130-135}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {نقش اسکن خونرسانی مغز با رادیوداروی اتیل سیستین دایمر -تکنسیوم 99 در ارزیابی عوارض عصبی مزمن بیماری کووید-۱۹}, abstract_fa ={بیماری کووید۱۹ که ناشی از ویروس کرونا می‌باشد، در ۱۱ مارچ سال 2020 توسط سازمان بهداشت جهانی به عنوان پاندمی معرفی شد. گسترش این بیماری موجب اورژانس فوری و نیز فشاری فراتر از توان بر سیستم سلامت جوامع شد و مرگ و میر زیادی را موجب گردید (۱). بیش از ۳۰۰ میلیون نفر در این پاندمی مبتلا شده‌اند (۲) و تعداد قابل توجهی از افراد نیز دچار عوارض حاد و مزمن این بیماری شده‌اند. مطالعات، نشان داده‌اند که بسیاری از بیماران کووید۱۹ به مدت حداقل شش ماه پس از بهبودی، علایمی را تجربه می‌کنند که موجب افت کیفیت زندگی در ۳۰-۱۰ درصد این بیماران می‌شود. به این وضعیت، حالت پس از کووید گفته می‌شود. تعریف این وضعیت شامل علایم فیزیکی، شناختی و روانپزشکی است که بیش از سه ماه طول بکشد و با هیچ تشخیص دیگری توجیه نشود (۲). اغلب پزشکان از آغاز شیوع بیماری کووید، بر تظاهرات ریوی تمرکز کرده‌اند، در حالی که عوارض عصبی نیز ممکن است در این بیماران رخ داده و موجب افزایش قابل توجه مرگ و میر در این بیماران گردد. اگرچه بیماری کووید، عمدتاً موجب درگیری سیستم تنفسی می‌شود، اما در مطالعات مختلف نشان داده شده که عوارض عصبی نیز می‌تواند در این بیماران رخ دهد. سردرد، گیجی، از دست دادن بویایی و چشایی، انسفالیت، انسفالوپاتی و بیماری‌های مغزی‌عروقی شایعترین عوارض عصبی مرتبط با کووید۱۹ هستند. تشنج، اختلالات اتصال نورروماسکولار و سندرم گیلن‌باره و نیز اختلالات نورودژنراتیو‌ و و دمیلینه‌کننده نیز به عنوان عوارض کووید گزارش شده‌اند  (3) PCNS به علایم عصبی طول‌کشیده پس از کووید گفته می‌شود. مطالعات متعددی نشان داده‌اند که این وضعیت می‌تواند به صورت علایم طول‌کشیده‌ای که چند ماه پس از بیماری کووید بروز می‌یابد رخ داده و شامل درد عضله، ضعف، میوپاتی، اختلال خواب، اضطراب، افسردگی، اختلال تروماتیک پس از حادثه، گیجی، سردرد و فقدان بویایی می‌باشد. یافته‌های قبلی مطرح کرده‌اند که بیماران مبتلا به کووید۱۹ پس از بهبودی باید از نظر عوارض عصبی احتمالی مورد پیگیری قرار بگیرند (۳). ویروس SARS-CoV-2 بر گیرنده‌های آنزیم تبدیل کننده آنژیوتاتسین۲ که در آلوئول‌های ریه و نیز مغز (عمدتاً ساقه مغز) یافت می‌شود اثر می‌گذارد. به همین خاطر است که تهاجم این ویروس به مغز می‌تواند پیشرفت نارسایی تنفسی در برخی بیماران را توجیه کند (۱). سایر علایم شامل خستگی، ضعف عضلانی، افسردگی، مشکلات خواب، سردرد، از دست دادن بویایی و چشایی، حس گزگز، گیجی و تهوع می‌باشد. به علاوه، کووید۱۹ فاکتور خطری برای سکته مغزی ایسکمیک حاد است. این عارضه در بیماران مبتلا به کووید، همراه با اختلالات عصبی شدیدتر و میزان بالاتر مرگ و میر در بیمارستان می‌باشد. بروز این اختلال در بیماران کووید۱۹ حدود ۱.۵٪ بوده، هرچند این میزان در بیماران به شدت بدحال، بالاتر است (۴). اخیراً گزارش شده که میوکلونوس و آتاکسی با یا بدون اپسوکلونوس، به عنوان یک سندرم مرتبط با کووید۱۹ می‌تواند به وجود بیاید (۵،۶). مکانیزم حقیقی اثرات کووید بر مغز ناشناخته است: تهاجم مستقیم به مغز یا تهاجم غیرمستقیم از طریق ایجاد هیپوکسی مغزی یا پاسخ شدید التهابی بدن (۳). بسیاری از بیماران کووید ۱۹ با هیپوکسی، به طرز نامتناسبی علایم اندکی از هیپوکسی مغزی نشان می‌دهند که به این پدیده، "هیپوکسی شاد" گفته می‌شود (۷). در نتیجه، میزان تامین اکسیژن مغزی بیش از حد تخمین زده شده و موجب آسیب مغزی به ویژه در مناطقی چون هیپوکامپ که نسبت به هیپوکسی آسیب‌پذیر هستند، می‌شود. بر اساس مطالعات انجام شده، پاسخ ایمنی شدید که موجب درگیری سلولهای ایمنی مختلف در اطراف سیستم عروقی و نیز بافت مغز می‌شود و نیز خونریزی‌های ریز می‌تواند در مغز بیماران کووید۱۹ رخ دهد (۸). به دلیل آسیب نورونی، ممکن است علایم عصبی و روانپزشکی در این بیماران ایجاد شود که اثر منفی بر کیفیت زندگی آنها دارد. بسیاری از بیماران کووید، پس از بهبودی از این بیماری تا چندین ماه، از مشکلات شناختی مانند از دست دادن حافظه و اختلال تمرکز رنج می‌برند. تشخیص این تظاهرات نورولوژیکی که در بیماری کووید ۱۹ مشاهده می‌شوند، بسته به علایم بیماران، از طریق تصویربرداری، تستهای آزمایشگاهی و آنالیز مایع مغزی-نخاعی صورت می‌گیرد. اگرچه CT و MRI اولین روشهای ارزیابی در این بیماران هستند، اما برخی از عوارض عصبی در این بیماران، هیچ یافته غیرطبیعی در CT یا MRI ایجاد نمی‌کند. در تصویربرداری اسپکت مغز یا توموگرافی تابشی تک فوتونی، از ماده رادیواکتیوی به نام  Tc ECD/HMPAO استفاده می‌شود‌ تا خونرسانی موضعی مغز را اندازه گرفته و تصاویر توموگرافیک سه بعدی از توزیع رادیودارو در مغز تهیه کند. این تکنیک به عنوان یک روش تصویربرداری عملکردی، آناتومیکی و مولکولی می‌تواند جهت تشخیص و درمان عوارض عصبی در بیماران کووید۱۹ مورد استفاده قرار بگیرد. در الگوریتم تصویربرداری این بیماران، انجام اسکن پرفیوژن مغز الویت نداشته و حتی در برخی بیماران، ممکن است عملکردی نباشد. در دسته کوچکی از بیماران، MRI می‌تواند حین دوره حاد بیماری مفید بوده و نیز در درک مکانیسمهای اثر ویروس بر مغز، بلافاصله پس از بهبودی کمک کننده باشد. اگرچه اثرات طولانی‌مدت عفونت مغزی با ویروس کووید، هنوز شناخته شده نیست ولی مواردی از انسفالیت سرونگاتیو و احتمالاً خودایمن پس از کووید۱۹ و نیز آنوسمی در بیماران کووید19 گزارش شده که هیچ تغییری در MRI این بیماران ایجاد نشده است (۱). کاربردهای بسیاری برای اسکن پرفیوژن مغز در بیماران کووید۱۹ در مقالات ذکر شده که از جمله می‌توان به ارزیابی بیماری مغزی‌عروقی، تشنج، مشکلات روانپزشکی و غیره اشاره کرد. با استفاده از تصویربرداری پایه و پیگیری می‌توان از این روش برای تشخیص و ارزیابی شدت بیماری مغزی‌عروقی از جمله CVA و نیز ارزیابی زنده بودن بافت مغز استفاده کرد. همچنین برای انتخاب بهترین درمان و ارزیابی پاسخ به درمان می‌توان از این روش بهره برد. بررسی کانون صرعی نیز می‌تواند با کمک این تکنیک انجام شود. داروهایی مانند استازولامید که موجب بهبود جریان خون موضعی مغز می‌شوند، می‌توانند در ترکیب با این روش مورد استفاده قرار بگیرند. در بیماران مبتلا به کووید با حمله ایسکمی موقت و نیز سکته مغزی، استازولامید موجب افزایش دی‌اکسیدکربن موضعی و در نتیجه اتساع شریانی می‌شود و امکان ارزیابی رزرو مغزی‌عروقی را فراهم می‌کند. هم‌چنین از این روش می‌توان برای افتراق علل عروقی و عصبی دمانس استفاده کرد (۹). به علاوه، اسکن پرفیوژن مغز می‌تواند به تشخیص مشکلات روانپزشکی، از جمله اختلالات خلقی، افسردگی، اضطراب، اختلال اندک شناختی و از دست دادن بویایی کمک کند و نیز در افتراق بیماری ساختگی از حقیقی مفید باشد (۹). نتایج اسکن پرفیوژن مغزی می‌تواند جهت درمان شخصی شده در بیماران کووید مبتلا به عوارض عصبی و روانشناسی مورد استفاده قرار بگیرد. به علاوه، با مقایسه تصاویر اولیه و پیگیری که از طریق مقایسه چشمی و کمی پرفیوژن مغز به دست می‌آید، می‌توان پاسخ به درمان را در این بیماران ارزیابی کرد. اسکن پرفیوژن مغز می‌تواند برای تشخیص مناسب، بهبود درمان بیمار و پیش‌بینی پیش‌آگهی بیمار مورد استفاده قرار بگیرد. تشخیص فوری تظاهرات عصبی و روانپزشکی کووید۱۹ برای درمان مناسب، ضرورت دارد. با بررسی مقالات، می‌فهمیم که اسکن پرفیوژن مغز ابزار تصویربرداری مهمی برای تشخیص افتراقی عوارض عصبی، مدیریت درمانی و پیگیری این بیماران می‌باشد. همچنین ابزار مفیدی برای پژوهش می‌باشد زیرا امکان دسترسی گسترده و ارزیابی غیرتهاجمی عملکرد مغز را فراهم می‌کند. شفاف‌سازی نقش این متد در درمان عوارض عصبی بیماران کووید، نیازمند مطالعات بیشتر است.  }, keywords_fa = {کووید-19,پزشکی هستهای,اسکن 99m Tc ECD}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7740-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7740-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Tarajian, Mehdi and Molanorouzi, Keyvan and Ghasemi, Abdollah and Shojaei, Masoomeh}, title = {Effectiveness and Comparison of Two Types of Group Movement Intervention and Mindfulness on Balance, Emotional State and Cognitive Performance of the Elderly}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Aging is a result of physiological changes, such as a higher level of stress, functional impairment, decreased hormone production, and decreased metabolic rate, which can lead to catabolism and degeneration of organs (1). These processes lead to progressive loss of nerve extensions, bone mass, skeletal muscle mass, and strength. These are phenomena that disrupt the ability to perform daily life activities, reduce the quality of life and increase the risk of falling (2). Decreased ability to maintain balance may be associated with an increased risk of falling. In the elderly, falls usually lead to injury, loss of independence, associated illness, and premature death (22). Mobility, being strong and steadfast can help the elderly to remain independent, increase self-confidence and well-being with age (23). Cognition, the ability to think clearly, learn, and remember, often changes with age. Although some people develop cognitive impairment or other types of cognitive decline, many older people experience fewer changes in memory and thinking (12,13). The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association determined that cognitive function can be divided into six key areas (13). These areas include executive function, attention, learning and memory, language, motor-perceptual function and social cognition. The areas that are especially shocking for this research are memory, executive function, complex attention and social cognition, memory is the ability to encode, store and retrieve information (14). Anxiety, depression and cognitive decline are common problems in the elderly population. which contribute to significant mental complications and illness (19). Group movement and mindfulness exercises are specifically designed to strengthen the body and improve neural flexibility and multitasking ability. Group exercise and mindfulness include lots of fun cardio, strength and balance movements that increase heart rate, and can improve flexibility and reduce the risk of some diseases in the elderly (23). Methods: The present research was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design, with two experimental groups and one control group and a one-month follow-up test. The statistical population of the research was made up of all the elderly in District 5 of Tehran. The participants were selected by the Federation of Public Sports in Tehran. It was done by purposeful sampling. 60 people with an average age of 60-75 years, in the movement group (20 people), the mindfulness group (20 people), and control group (20 people) were included in the research. Fullerton-Rose & Loches (2006) Advanced Balance Clinical Instrument: This scale is a performance-based measure that broadly refers to various dimensions of balance. The brief cognitive status test was used to screen and evaluate the cognitive status of the elderly. This test was created by Folstein (1997) (7). The short form of the depression scale of the elderly was used to screen and examine the depression status of the elderly. This questionnaire, was created by Sheikh and Yasavij (1986), consists of 15 questions. The method of conducting the present study was that after receiving the code of ethics (Ir.iau.srb.rec.1399.147) from the National Biomedical Research Ethics Committee, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Science and Research Branch, a pre-test was taken from the participants. Then group movement intervention and mindfulness intervention were conducted for 12 weeks and after the end of the interventions, all the participants were tested in two rounds. Research data analysis: Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used for data analysis. In the inferential statistics section, the method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements and its presuppositions and Benferoni's post hoc test were used. All statistical tests were analyzed at a significance level of 500, and SPSS version 24 software was also used for data analysis. Results: In this research, the assumptions of analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni's post hoc test including normality test, homogeneity of variance matrix, homogeneity of variance of groups, homogeneity of variances and homogeneity of regression coefficients were implemented and investigated. The results of the Shapiro-Wilk test indicated the normality of the data distribution of the variables used for variance analysis. The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measurement show the difference between the experimental and control groups in the scores of emotional state (moderate depression, anxiety), cognitive state, overall balance score. The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measurement in depression showed that the difference between the depression post-test scores in the groups of group movement intervention, mindfulness exercises and the control group was significant for the source of group changes (F=7.88, P<0.05). Using Bonferroni's post hoc test, it was shown that there is a significant difference between the group movement intervention group and the control group (MD=0.691, P=0.001) and also between the mindfulness exercises group and the control group. The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measurement of anxiety showed that the difference between the post-test anxiety scores in the groups of group movement intervention, mindfulness exercises and control was significant for the source of group changes (F = 7.88, P<0.05). Using Bonferroni's post hoc test, it was shown that there is a significant difference between the group movement intervention and the control group (MD=0.747, P=0.001) and also between the mindfulness exercises group and the control group. Conclusion: The present study, which was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness and comparison of group movement intervention and mindfulness on balance, emotional state and cognitive performance of the elderly with and without mild cognitive impairment, shows the positive effect of group movement intervention and mindfulness on improving balance, emotional state and cognitive function. The results of the research showed that group movement exercises and mindfulness exercises have a positive and significant effect in the post-exam. No significant difference was observed between the balance scores of the two groups of group exercise and mindfulness in the post-test. These very interesting findings show that not only exercise training can improve metabolic parameters, but if it is a group exercise, it improves motor, emotional and cognitive performance. Increasing motor, emotional and cognitive functions is important to reduce the risk of cognitive impairment. Therefore, the results of the present study show that group movement intervention and mindfulness in healthy elderly people can be implemented well. Adaptation and training causes continuous changes in the physiological parameters of motor, emotional and cognitive functions, and if it is group motor training, it changes to a greater extent. The present findings may contribute to recommendations for people of retirement age to cope with long-term declines in physical function, metabolism, and health. This research recommends that it is never too late to participate in exercise training to improve motor performance and that group exercise intervention is superior to mindfulness training. In addition, continued group exercise and mindfulness seem to help improve the maintenance of several parameters related to overall body function and health.}, Keywords = {Mindfulness, Emotional status, Cognitive status, Elderly}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {136-150}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثر بخشی و مقایسه دو نوع مداخله حرکتی گروهی و ذهن آگاهی بر تعادل، وضعیت عاطفی و عملکرد شناختی سالمندان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: ورزش می تواند به معنای تفاوت بین زندگی و مرگ زودرس باشد؛ بین زندگی در خانه یا خانه سالمندان؛ بین لذت بردن از زندگی یا صرفاً آن را تحمل کردن باشد. هدف پژوهش حاضر مقایسه و تعیین اثربخشی دو  نوع مداخله حرکتی گروهی و ذهن آگاهی بر تعادل، وضعیت عاطفی و شناختی سالمندان بود. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر نیمه تجربی با طرح پیش آزمون پس آزمون با گروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش را تمامی سالمندان شهر تهران تشکیل دادند. نمونه آماری شامل 60 سالمند داوطلب واجد شرایط با دامنه سنی 75-60 سال، که به روش نمونه گیری هدفمند در گروه حرکتی(20 نفر)، گروه ذهن آگاهی (20 نفر)، و گروه کنترل (20 نفر)، وارد پژوهش شدند. از پرسش نامه آزمون کوتاه وضعیت ذهنی(1975) و پرسش نامه اضطراب و افسردگی بک در سالمندان ایرانی(2014) و آزمون های تعادل قبل و بعد از اعمال مداخلات استفاده شد. به منظور تحلیل داده ها از آزمون تحلیل واریانس با اندازه گیری مکرر و آزمون تعقیبی بنفرونی در نرم‌افزار SPSS  انجام پذیرفت. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که وضعیت عاطفی و شناختی و تعادل در گروه های مداخله حرکتی گروهی و مداخله ذهن آگاهی  افزایش معناداری داشتند(05/0P<). همچنین، بین گروه های مداخله حرکتی گروهی و مداخله ذهن آگاهی و کنترل در وضعیت عاطفی، شناختی و تعادل تفاوت معنی داری وجود داشت (05/0P<). نتیجه گیری: تمرینات حرکتی گروهی در مقایسه با تمرین ذهن آگاهی بر بهبود وضعیت تعادل، وضعیت عاطفی و عملکرد شناختی افراد سالمند اثربخش‌تر است.}, keywords_fa = {ذهن آگاهی, وضعیت عاطفی, وضعیت شناختی, سالمندان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7575-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7575-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Borzou, Shiva and Kazemi, Soltanali and Rezaei, Azarmidokht and Javidi, Hojatollah}, title = {The Role of Family Communication Model on Adolescents\' Responsibility with the Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy and Emotional Regulationof Secondary Students}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The family, as the founder of the personality, identity, values ​​and intellectual standards of children and the place of learning the culture, norms, values ​​and gender roles that exist in societies (2). In fact, given the importance of early moral development, children learn responsibility from their parents and learn to take responsibility for the consequences of their actions (3). Research has shown that families affect cognitive and emotional development through their relationship (6). Also, among human skills, none may be as important and effective as beliefs about self-efficacy defined as individuals' beliefs about their ability to control life-changing events (12). The tasks that human beings face throughout their lives are very wide and varied; As a result, the self-efficacy feature can be used and examined in specific spectrums. When a person has self-efficacy in situations in his life, he can experience more responsibility as a result (14). Other research in this field has shown that self-esteem affects interpersonal communication and responsible behaviors, social communication, and constructive thinking skills. Emotional development can follow a family communication pattern (15). In other words, emotion regulation can also affect human behaviors, such as responsibility. In this context, it has been shown that training emotion regulation skills can be considered as part of programs that create and increase responsibility (19). In addition, it has been found that a person who can control emotions and feelings experiences more responsibility (20). Based on the above, the researcher seeks to answer the question that what role does the family communication model play in adolescents 'responsibility with mediating the role of students' self-efficacy and emotional regulation? Methods: This research was a correlation in the form of structural equation model. To conduct this research, 352 students (163 boys and 189 girls) were selected from the second year high school students in Shiraz in the academic year 2010-2011 using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Were selected as a sample. The method of conducting the research was that the researcher first referred to the education and training of Shiraz city and after explaining the purpose of the research and the satisfaction of the officials and with a referral letter in hand, referred to the schools and questionnaires of communication patterns of Koerner family and Fitz Patrick (2002) distributed and collected the self-efficacy of Scherer et al. (1982), the Grosso John (2003) emotion regulation questionnaire, and Soroush (2011). Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Kalmogorov-Smirnov test and structural equations using SPSS-23 and AMOS-22 software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the relationships between many exogenous, mediating and endogenous variables are positively and negatively significant. And the range of correlation coefficients between all studied variables is from -0.001 to 0.86. In addition, the relationships between the research variables were significant at the level of 0.01 and 0.05. Another finding showed that dialogue affects responsibility through self-efficacy (p = 0.02, β = 0.32) and cognitive reassessment (p = 0.01, β = 0.18). . Also, compliance through cognitive reassessment affects responsibility (β = 0.06, p = 0.05). However, suppression between dialogue (p = 0.92, β = 0.0001) and compliance (β = 0.04, p = 0.10) does not have a significant mediating role on responsibility. Self-efficacy and cognitive reassessment are significant between the relationship between dialogue orientation and family compliance orientation and responsibility. On the other hand, it was found that the direct and indirect path (self-efficacy and cognitive re-evaluation) of dialogue to responsibility and the indirect path of compliance (cognitive re-evaluation) to responsibility are significant. Also, the coefficient of determination of responsibility (R2 = 0.46) is higher than the coefficient of determination of self-efficacy (R2 = 0.10), cognitive re-evaluation (R2 = 0.13) and repression (R2 = 0.7). Finally, the results showed that the self-efficacy prediction based on dialogue was approved and the compliance prediction based on self-efficacy was rejected. Also, the prediction of cognitive reassessment based on dialogue and compliance was confirmed. But in the field of repression, only conformity could predict repression, and dialogue could not predict repression. The liability prediction was approved based on dialogue and Conformity was not able to predict liability. The prediction of responsibility based on self-efficacy and the prediction of responsibility based on cognitive reassessment were confirmed. However, this hypothesis was not confirmed in the context of predicting liability based on suppression. On the other hand, it was found that self-efficacy between dialogue orientation and mediation responsibility is significant. However, self-efficacy is not significant between compliance orientation and mediation responsibility, and also, it was found that only cognitive reassessment between dialogue and compliance with mediation responsibility is significant. Conclusion: In the explanation of the present research, it can be stated that in the direction of dialogue, the person in the family can express his / her opinions, hear the arguments of family members and present appropriate arguments himself / herself, and skills Achieves a variety of topics such as problem solving, effective communication, emotion control and management; Because the individual is influential in important family decisions and has gained the necessary independence (22). These provide the basis for the development of abilities and belief in them, and thus verbal persuasion creates a source of self-efficacy (31). Also, when a person has a conversation in the family environment, he / she can get acquainted with different opinions according to the arguments that are put forward in the family environment on various issues (5); And he can use adaptive strategies to regulate his emotions and learn different cognitive skills. As a result, he knows that his thoughts, emotions and behaviors are under his control and he can look at events from different angles and perceive them (26). This confirms that external situations do not affect the individual, but it is his thoughts that create behavioral and emotional consequences (32). Also in the direction of conformity, the individual tries to avoid conflict and to experience mutual dependence with the family. In this regard, the cohesion of the family is high and the family has a hierarchy and emphasizes the relationships within the family and the interests of the family are paramount (5). All of these, especially the emphasis on matching one's views with others and emphasizing the interests and values ​​of the family, can provide the basis for understanding phenomena and events from different perspectives. Can use cognitive reassessment strategy. When adolescents use this strategy, they can eventually experience responsibility (5).  }, Keywords = {Responsibility, Family Communication Patterns, Self-Efficacy, Emotional Regulation}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {151-161}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {نقش الگوی ارتباطی خانواده بر مسئولیت‌پذیری نوجوانان با نقش میانجی خودکارآمدی و نظم‌بخشی هیجانی د‎انش آموزان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: خانواده‏ها با نوع ارتباط خود می­توانند بر رشد شناختی و هیجانی افراد، تأثیر بگذارند. لذا هدف از انجام این پژوهش، عیین نقش میانجی‏گری خودکارآمدی و نظم بخشی هیجانی در تأثیر الگوی ارتباطی خانواده بر مسئولیت‏پذیری بود. روش­ کار: برای انجام پژوهش حاضر که با روش معادلات ساختاری انجام شد از بین دانش‏آموزان دوره دوم متوسطه‏ شهر شیراز 352 دانش‏آموز  (163 پسر و 189 دختر) با استفاده از روش نمونه­گیری خوشه­ای چند مرحله­ای به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شده و به پرسشنامه‎های الگوهای ارتباطی خانواده کوئرنر و فیتز پاتریک (2002)، خودکارآمدی شرر و همکاران (1982)، پرسشنامه‏ تنطیم هیجان گروسو جان (2003) و مسئولیت‏پذیری سروش (1390)، پاسخ دادند. یافته­ ها: نتایج نشان داد که خودکارآمدی در رابطه‏ی بین جهت‏گیری گفت‏وشنود با مسئولیت‏پذیری نقش میانجی‏گری دارد و همچنین، مشخص شد که ارزیابی مجدد شناختی نیز بین جهت‏گیری گفت‏وشنود و جهت‏گیری همنوایی با مسئولیت‎پذیری نقش میانجی معنادار دارد. همچنین، نتایج از عدم نقش میانجی‏گری سرکوبی بین الگوهای ارتباطی خانواده و مسئولیت‎پذیری خبر داد. نتیجه­ گیری: بر اساس این یافته‏ها، زمانی که فرزندان نسبت به توانایی‎های خود آگاه شوند و راهبردهای صحیح تنظیم هیجان را در جهت‏گیری گفت‏‎وشنود و همنوایی در خانواده آموزش ببینند، می‏توانند مسئولیت‏پذیری بیشتری را تجربه کنند.  }, keywords_fa = {مسئولیت ‌پذیری, الگوهای ارتباطی خانواده, خودکارآمدی, نظم‌بخشی هیجانی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7111-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7111-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {AlizadehSeyyedabadi, Mehdi and Chirani, Ebrahim and Azadehdel, Mohammadreza and MonsefShebgo, Seyyed Mahmou}, title = {The Commercialization of Medical Products in Knowledge-Based Companies}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Innovation, which is the result of the joint work of university and industry, is an initiative that improves the efficiency of innovation. This type of cooperation, i.e. collaborative innovation between university and industry, is called collaborative innovation. Collaborative innovation brings dynamism and vitality to companies and causes economic growth and expansion. (1). In fact, one of the important factors in innovation, and one of the important factors in economic growth and development, is the transfer of knowledge that takes place between universities and industry because this cooperation makes commercialization in companies easier (2). On the other hand, one of the things that has always been very important in knowledge-based companies is the commercialization process. This process has three separate phases, the ideation phase, the technology/product development phase, and the commercialization phase. First, an idea that has a demand in the market is created and cultivated. In the development stage, this idea becomes a product or technology, and commercialization is technological knowledge that has entered the market (9). In our beloved country of Iran, knowledge-based companies active in the field of medical products have succeeded in reaching self-sufficiency in the field of medical products to almost 40% in the past few years, but they have been very unsuccessful in the discussion of commercializing medical products for export to other countries. . Now, according to the capacity of our country, we can earn up to two billion dollars a year from the commercialization of these types of goods, which has a positive impact on the national economy. Therefore, the researcher seeks to solve these problems by presenting a model for commercialization. Therefore, the main research question is, what is the commercialization model of medical products for knowledge-based companies? Methods: The current research is of an exploratory and expansion type, which was conducted using a qualitative method. The statistical population of this research is experts with practical experience in the field of commercialization of products of knowledge-based companies in the science and technology park of Mazandaran province, and professors of the University of Medical Sciences and management professors of management faculties of universities of Mazandaran province, who are aware of the subject of the research. 12 people were selected as samples from among them by snowball method until full saturation. Then a semi-structured interview was conducted to collect data from them. Interviews were held one by one with each expert. After conducting the interviews (audio recording), the texts of the interviews recorded from the experts, on the same day of the interview, were transcribed word by word on paper and typed as research data. , was used. The research data are analyzed on two levels, the textual level and the conceptual level. The textual level includes the coding of the data, the conceptual level emphasizes the construction of the research model including establishing a relationship between the codes based on the Strauss and Corbin model. Also, in order to ensure the validity of the model, the strategy of analysis and review by knowledgeable people (multi-view) has been used. Results: To design the model using the foundation data method in the first step; Initial coding was done using the text of the interviews. In this step, one hundred and nine primary codes were extracted. In the second step; Axial coding was done. In this step, thirty-two axial codings were obtained from a total of one hundred and nine initial codes. In the third step; Selective coding Selective coding was done based on the results of open coding and axial coding in this step, which is the main step of theorizing. Thirteen codes were obtained. Also, the validity of the research model was done by using the analysis and review method by knowledgeable people, in this method, to check the validity of the research model, all the data and primary extracted codes were sent to other experts who are familiar with the issue of commercialization of medical products in knowledge-based companies. They were informed and experts were given and they were asked to modify and approve the designed codes, and all the codes were approved, thus the validity of this research was proved. Also, the reliability of the research was checked with Kreppendorf's alpha method, and the agreement of five experts on the codes was equal to 89%. Considering that this amount is more than 60%, the reliability of the codings of this research is confirmed. Conclusion: In this research, the causal conditions for the commercialization of medical products, four factors of human capital, technology, digital transformability of the company and environmental factors have been stated. (Shirvani, Tulai and Delavi, 2019 limited the causal conditions to digital technology. Considering these factors by the companies residing in the science and technology park, they can take into account all the effective factors in creating a successful business for their products and Don't just focus on technology. The strategies of this research have been identified in three dimensions; Financial strategies, market orientation and attracting cooperation of the University of Medical Sciences. Every business unit needs capital in order to set up and start its activity, and in order to develop and continue its activity, it needs new investment, which must be provided through financial resources (24). Access to financial resources is one of the important factors in the success of companies and one of the important concerns of companies at different stages of their life (25). Market orientation can be defined as a stage of organizational growth or as a level that reflects organizational maturity (26). Kotler has looked at market orientation as the final stage of the development of a business organization and believes that the market orientation is created along the development of different business orientations. Market orientation is based on marketing thinking and marketing thinking forms its philosophical foundation. (26). However, marketing thinking as a foundation and philosophical foundation is not enough. Because market orientation focuses not only on customers, but also on competitors, different organizational issues and many external factors that affect the needs and preferences of customers.}, Keywords = {University of Medical Sciences, knowledge-based, data foundation}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {162-170}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تجاری سازی کالاهای پزشکی در شرکتهای دانش بنیان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: نسل جدید دانشگاه، همکاری شرکت‌های دانش بنیان با دانشگاه‌های علوم پزشکی را معرفی می­کند. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، طراحی و تبیین مدل تجاری سازی کالاهای پزشکی شرکت‌های دانش بنیان با همکاری دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بود. روش­ کار: جامعه آماری پژوهش کیفی اکتشافی حاضر را خبرگان جامعه، اساتید دانشگاه و خبرگان شرکت‌های دانش بنیان استان مازندان تشکیل دادند. نمونه‌گیری از خبرگان به صورت غیر احتمالی، هدفمند و به روش گلوله برفی تا رسیدن به حد اشباع نظری، با دوازده تن مصاحبه نیمه ساختار به منظور گردآوری داده انجام شد. طراحی مدل با روش داده بنیاد طی سه مرحله کدگذاری با روش اشتراس و کوربی ن به دست آمد. روایی با تحلیل توسط خبرگان و پایایی، با روش آلفای کرپیندورف سنجیده شد. یافته ­ها: نتایج تعداد یکصد و نه کد اولیه در سی و دو کد محوری و در سیزده کد انتخابی را نشان دادند. نتیجه ­گیری: نتایج تایید کننده نقش شرکت­های دانش بنیان در تجاری­سازی کالاهای پزشکی می­باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی, دانش بنیان, داده بنیاد}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7890-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7890-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Ganjeali, Fahimeh and Barekat, Golam Hossein and Hosseinpur, Mohamm}, title = {Relationship between personal characteristics of faculty of medical universities with learning through e-learning}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Today's world is the world of science, knowledge, and information, and the progress of every society is based on the expansion of information. Since the nature of higher education is to create information and exchange knowledge, it is reasonable to accept it. Developments in information technology have transformed schools and universities, and this seems inevitable. In the last century, which is the period of transition from the industrial age to the age of information and communication. Compared to the past, education has changed significantly both in terms of quantity and quality and speed of presentation. According to the experiences gained in education, it should be accepted that electronic education has become one of the necessities of life and has facilitated the teaching and learning process for professors and students. This use can be seen in the methods of teaching, taking units, lesson exercises, discussing and exchanging opinions with professors and their colleagues. The accessibility of people has expanded to such an extent that it is used to meet the daily needs of life. The ever-increasing growth of information technology in the world has made many people have access to the Internet in such a way that the speed of this movement is well evident in developing countries, including Iran. Terms such as e-commerce, e-government, e-education, e-society, etc., when they enter societies, require the use and application of information technology in different fields more than it seems. Information technology is one of the tools that can win in today's competitive arena by absorbing and applying correctly, accurately and quickly. Meanwhile, the development of the educational system in the era of information and communication technology is one of the main challenges of educational policy makers. The main purpose of using information and communication technology in higher education is to increase the efficiency of educational processes and improve the educational processes of students. Due to the ability to send content and course materials to the whole world at the same time, the ultimate goal of educational institutions to adapt to communication and information technologies is to serve newer and larger groups outside of their physical reach. Provide training. In the educational system of the 21st century, the use of information and communication technologies in the teaching and learning process has received much attention, and the issue of electronic education has been raised. This type of education is a foundation of the application of communication technology, professional and academic psychological concepts, based on common criteria and standards, which takes a special form according to the goals, needs and existing realities of societies. Electronic education has promised this to mankind. With the passage of time, place and borders, it can easily enter any home and fill the thirst of education with learning. Electronic learning is a better educational system for the new generation. This system includes many activities such as knowledge delivery, advanced training system, good coding, regular information updates, etc. E-learning is generally dependent on advanced computing and information technology infrastructure. The role of technology in the educational system is effective and can make it universal, simple, flexible and easily accessible. As a result, it can be concluded that today's education system needs new technology to make it more advanced and the education system better. Electronic education means the use of electronic information transfer tools to transfer information and knowledge, which include computer-based education, intranet-based education, web-based education, new paradigms and information technology products that humanity lead to a great educational revolution. The transition from the industrial society to the information society is not necessarily an evolutionary movement, but a structural leap. Therefore, for the first time, it is possible for countries to jump from a backward position to an advanced position. Meanwhile, the amount of development and application of information and communication technology in education is considered the most important indicator of progress, and virtual education or electronic education is considered the most important factor of scientific and cultural leap. In this research, an attempt is made to identify the challenges in the mentioned field after examining and studying e-learning and the capacities of using e-learning at different levels of medical education. Using the obtained information and the current situation, it is necessary to examine the relationship between the individual characteristics of the students of medical sciences universities and learning through electronic education, and the main question of this study is whether the individual characteristics of the faculty members of the universities of sciences Does medicine have a significant relationship with learning through e-learning? Methods: The method of this research was descriptive and correlational. In terms of data collection, it was a descriptive-field method. The statistical population of this research includes professors of Khuzestan universities of medical sciences, who are 680 people, and the sampling method in this research is a simple random method considering that the number of the statistical population is known. The current research questionnaire includes 7 main indicators and 32 items. The content-form validity of the present research questionnaire was obtained from the consensus of experts and experts based on the Delphi method. Data analysis in the quantitative part, the descriptive statistics of the professors of medical sciences universities of Khuzestan province are presented and Spearman's correlation coefficient is used. Results: The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between individual faculty characteristics (gender: 0.985, education status: 0.652, age: 0.432, job experience: 0.501) and learning through electronic education. There is no significant relationship between experience in e-learning with a coefficient of 0.125 and learning through e-learning. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the personal characteristics of faculty members of medical sciences universities and learning through e-learning, so trying to achieve optimal personal characteristics in the direction of education is considered important. This research, like other research, has some limitations, for example, considering that this research was conducted on the faculty of the Khuzestan University of Medical Sciences, the results of this research should be cautiously shared with other institutions, bodies, and organizations. The country extended. Also, due to the large number of questions and the time-consuming completion of questionnaires by experts, there is a possibility of bias in the results. Another limitation of this study was the difficulty in arranging and coordinating the appropriate time and place for some experts to answer the questionnaire. According to the results, it is suggested that the regional connections with the headquarters area and the role of universities in the development of virtual education need to strengthen the supporting role of the headquarters area in providing infrastructure and financial resources and more independence to the universities in planning and implementing the development of virtual education. Also, one of the most important factors in achieving such an environment is the training of management and experienced support staff who have the necessary knowledge, attitudes, and skills to guide students.  }, Keywords = {Individual characteristics, Faculty, Electronic education, University of medical sciences}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {171-178}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {رابطه ویژگی‌های فردی اعضای هیئت علمی دانشگاه‌های علوم پزشکی با یادگیری از طریق آموزش الکترونیکی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: ارتقای سطح آموزش در دانشگاه‌های علوم پزشکی امری مهم محسوب می‌شود، بنابراین پژوهش حاضر با هدف رابطه ویژگی های فردی هیئت علمی دانشگاه­های علوم با یادگیری از طریق آموزش الکترونیکی انجام شده است. روش کار: روش این تحقیق، از نوع توصیفی همبستگی بود. از لحاظ گردآوری اطلاعات روش توصیفی- میدانی بود. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل اساتید هیئت علمی دانشگاه­های علوم پزشکی خوزستان که تعداد 680 نفر هستند و روش نمونه­گیری در این پژوهش با توجه به اینکه تعداد جمعیت آماری مشخص است از روش تصادفی ساده است. پرسشنامه تحقیق حاضر، شامل 7 شاخص اصلی و 32 گویه می­باشد. روایی صوری محتوایی پرسشنامه پژوهش حاضر از اجماع نظر متخصصین و خبرگان براساس روش دلفی به دست آمده است. تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها در بخش کمی نیز آمار توصیفی اساتید هیئت علمی دانشگاه های علوم پزشکی استان خوزستان ارائه شده است و استفاده از ضریب همبستگی اسپیرمن است. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد ویژگی­های فردی هیئت علمی (جنسیت: 985/0، وضعیت تحصیلات: 652/0، سن: 432/0، سابقه شغلی: 501/0) با یادگیری از طریق آموزش الکترونیکی رابطه مثبت معنادار وجود دارد و بین سابقه فعالیت در آموزش الکترونیکی با ضریب 125/0 و یادگیری از طریق آموزش الکترونیک رابطه معنادار وجود ندارد. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که بین ویژگی های فردی اعضای هیئت علمی دانشگاه­های علوم پزشکی با یادگیری از طریق آموزش الکترونیکی رابطه معناداری وجود دارد لذا تلاش برای دستیابی به ویژگی‌های فردی بهینه در راستای آموزش امری مهم تلقی می‌گردد.  }, keywords_fa = {ویژگی‌های فردی, هیئت علمی, آموزش الکترونیکی, دانشگاه علوم پزشکی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7536-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7536-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Eslaminezhad, Ali and Tayebisani, Seyed Mostafa and Morsal, Bagher}, title = {The Role of Physical Activity and Psychological Stability in Human Resource Sustainability}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Sustainability is a phenomenon that has long been considered by human societies and has continued to be dynamic in terms of social and economic needs. Sustainability and development in any industry or style are considered the largest and most diverse development processes. Many countries consider achieving sustainability as the main source of income, job creation, growth of publishers, development of infrastructure. In many cases, the development of sustainability is the key to success. Today, stability in any field is becoming the first human desire. The dramatic and upward growth of physical activity in the world suggests that the future will largely belong to the people themselves. Today, sports and physical activity have become the common language of many people in the world, and the development of physical activity is increasing day by day, and creativity and innovation in the services of people who specialize in this field, sports sustainability is the first and most important The principle in the development of the physical activity. Today, no other social phenomenon is considered as much as physical activity and especially its events by different strata around the world, which have soft power and cultural, social, economic, and political aspects. When engaging in physical activity, even if it means getting out of bed. Physical activity, as the greatest social phenomenon, has become one of the necessities of contemporary human life and part of the culture and identity of human societies. As a result of the link between sports and people's psychological changes, a strong link was established. Since psychology is one of the most important aspects of human life in achieving health and many people around the world are thinking about developing their mental health, the relationship between physical activity and psychology is of particular importance and understanding the relationship of stability. Physical activity and psychological stability are of particular importance. Stability of physical activity and psychology is important of its importance is attention to physical activity and mental and emotional states of individuals The stability and capability of the workforce lead to a reduction in the life expectancy and quality of life of the workforce. The development of physical and mental health has become very important in the countries of the world today and has a special place. But the results of an internal study show that to achieve such a position requires significant action by various authorities. Manpower in the field of health can be achieved by relying on many natural and human potentials. From the ground up and managerial in the sustainable development of human resources and consequently the health of individuals effective, conducting various studies and reviewing the results of this research. As a result of this study, with the aim of the role of physical activity and psychology in the sustainability of human resources, with emphasis on qualitative and quantitative evaluation, is the basis and a complete necessity for addressing the field of human health. Methods: The research method is qualitative research with an exploratory and systematic approach. The statistical population consisted of two sections: human resources (managers, professors, etc.) and information resources (books, articles, documents, media). Adequate sampling was performed judiciously based on theoretical saturation (18 people and 53 documents). Research tools included library study and structured exploratory interviews. The validity of the instrument was evaluated and confirmed based on the legal and scientific validity of the statistical sample, expert opinion, and agreement coefficient between coding proofreaders. Results: After measuring the validity and reliability of the measurement model, the structural model is examined through the relationships between latent variables. In addition, in the present study, the most widely used criteria have been used to fit the structural model. These criteria include; T-values; the coefficient of determination (R2) and the coefficient of predictive power (Q2). Given that all paths of relationships between research components are greater than 1.96 and significant, this sign indicates the correct prediction of research model relationships. The results showed that psychological stability with a path coefficient of 2.61 and a significance level of 0.54 and also sports stability with a path coefficient of 11.07 and a significance level of 0.63, affect human resources. Conclusion: In general, based on the research findings, it can be said that the sustainability of human resources depends on two factors: the stability of physical activity and the sustainability of human resources. Data and, as appropriate, work on strengthening the sustainability of the workforce in all areas, processes and processes. Applying a higher level of methods to ensure the stability of physical activity and psychology has a positive effect on improving organizational performance and competitive advantage. Therefore, the sustainability of physical activity and psychology must first, in the dimensions of technology, lay the groundwork for the implementation of standards of sustainability and sustainable development. The importance of sustainability stems from the fact that the organization must have a complete description of human health in the process of applying them. The application of the research model can be predicted and proposed in managerial, educational, and research approaches. The present model can be used as an intellectual and analytical model in decision-making and planning for policymakers and managers in the field of the sports industry for sustainable development. Be taken in this industry. It can also be used as information and a guide to business and management for entrepreneurs, managers, and sports analysts. In addition, the results of this research and the model derived from it can be used as knowledge and scientific background for educational and research activities by university professors, course instructors, researchers, students. Sustainability is a positive development that increases human insight into activities in the form of a flow of value and provides them with greater and greater opportunities.}, Keywords = {Physical activity stability, Psychological stability, Manpower stability}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {179-187}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {نقش پایداری فعالیت بدنی و روانشناسی در پایداری نیروی انسانی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: پایداری فعالیت بدنی و روانشناسی داﻣﻨﻪ‌ای ﺑﺴﯿﺎر وﺳﯿﻊ دارد ﮐﻪ یﮑﯽ از ﻣﻬﻢ‌ﺗﺮیﻦ زیﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻫﺎی آن توجه به فعالیت بدنی و حالات روحی و روانی افراد ﻣﯽ‌ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. بنابراین هدف این مطالعه، بررسی نقش پایداری فعالیت بدنی و روانشناسی در پایداری نیروی انسانی بود. روش کار: روش تحقیق با رویکرد اکتشافی می­باشد. جامعه آماری در بخش کیفی شامل منابع انسانی (مدیران، اساتید، و خبرگان ورزشی) بود که نمونه‌گیری بر مبنای رسیدن به اشباع نظری به صورت قضاوتی انجام شد (18 نفر). جامعه آماری در بخش کمی شامل مدیران ارشد در حوزه ورزش بود که نمونه آماری به روش هدفمند و دردسترس انتخاب گردید که به تعداد 215 نفر از مدیران ارشد در حوزه ورزش بود. ابزار پژوهش شامل مصاحبه­های نیمه ساختاریافته و پرسشنامه حاصل از مصاحبه بود. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها در بخش کیفی، از سه مرحله کدگذاری برای دسته­بندی مولفه­های استفاده گردید. همچنین در بخش کمی از مدل­یابی ساختاری و سنجش روابط چندگانه بین متغیرها از نرم­افزار smart pls استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که پایداری روانشانسی بر نیروی انسانی با ضریب مسیر 61/2 و سطح معنی‌داری 54/0 و نیز پایداری ورزشی بر نیروی انسانی با ضریب مسیر 07/11 و سطح معنی‌داری 63/0، اثرگذار هستند. نتیجه‌گیری: به صورت کلی می­توان گفت که پایداری نیروی انسانی، به دو عامل پایداری فعالیت بدنی و پایداری نیروی انسانی وابستگی دارد و ﻣﺪﻳﺮان ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ارتقا پایداری و توسعه فعالیت بدنی و روانشناسی در کارکنان خود، ﺗﻮاﻧﻤﻨﺪﺳﺎزی نیروی انسانی را توسعه دهند.}, keywords_fa = {پایداری فعالیت بدنی, پایداری روانشناسی, پایداری نیروی انسانی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7349-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7349-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {ShokraleBabaei, Elahe and Abtahi, Ataullah and Ahghar, Ghodsi and Qayyomi, Abbasali and Rezaei, Ali Akbar}, title = {Explaining Cultural and Psychological Empowerment of First Year High School Teachers in Tehran}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Today, organizations are facing a competitive environment that is accompanied by amazing developments in which changes are constantly taking place, and markets do not have a fixed situation, and the political and legal frameworks often change and go along with these management developments. Organizations are faced with complexity, the speed of communication has increased, and organizations are required to examine and respond to customer requirements. In the meantime, large organizations with traditional structures do not have the necessary strength and flexibility to align with these changes, and for their survival, they are forced to change their structure or equip themselves with tools that can face and align with global developments. To obtain in this framework, education is one of the most basic necessities of a society in order to harmonize with these changes. Because education is an important part of individual and social activities. As UNESCO has announced in its global report, almost one out of every five people living today is a teacher or serves as a teacher in the formal education system and is in charge of educating the new generation. In this connection, many thinkers have identified a solution to this problem in the preparation of human resources. Therefore, efficient human resources can be considered the most important capital of an organization. Therefore, any process that improves the capability of human resources according to the type of work and activity is a capital-increasing process, the result of which is directly reflected in the quality and quantity of the system, which with the help of empowering human resources it is obtained. It can be said that the main capital in the education system of any country is its human resources, which become effective in the development of the society through knowledge, restraints and specialized motivations of their jobs. Teachers play an important role. Therefore, today, schools that equip their educational system with such precious capital, show more competitive advantage among their peers, because the excellence of schools in a close competition depends on skill, creativity, and independence. Knowledge and ability of teachers are dependent. In this connection, the present research was conducted with the aim of explaining the cultural and psychological empowerment of the first year secondary school teachers in Tehran. Methods: The research method was part of mixed research in terms of data collection. In the qualitative part, the statistical population included university experts, including managers and senior experts in education, and in the quantitative part, it included all the teachers of the first year of high school in Tehran in the academic year 2021-2022. The sample size in the qualitative part with theoretical saturation (10 people) and in the quantitative part is estimated to be 300 people based on Morgan's table, and for the selection of the sample in the qualitative part, purposive sampling was used and in the quantitative part, stratified random sampling was used. The data collection tool was an interview in the qualitative part and a researcher-made questionnaire with 144 questions and 17 components based on a 5-option scale in the quantitative part. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained through Cronbach's alpha for the whole questionnaire at 0.86. Confirmatory factor analysis using smartpls3 software was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that psychological cultural empowerment included organizational culture, organizational structure, organizational monitoring system, organizational reward system, organizational management systems, and its consequences include improving interpersonal ability, management and leadership ability, and the ability to create events. Conclusion: In the current research, two dimensions of psychological and cultural empowerment of secondary school teachers were pointed out and it was stated that today's teachers need more cultural and psychological empowerment because they are responsible for educating a generation that is supposed to be the future builder of the country. For this purpose, they must first have such ability so that they can transfer it to the students. In this research, it was found that when it comes to the psychological and cultural empowerment of teachers. It means mental and emotional empowerment, knowledge, and overall empowerment. Ensuring the health and mental health of teachers through the implementation of personality, mental and emotional tests and planning to prevent them from developing mental disorders are ways to ensure their mental health. Also, special attention should be paid to the intrinsic and psychological characteristics of teachers and their behavior, sense of acceptance of responsibility, appropriate social behavior and ability to adapt to the educational environment should be evaluated. It is in this way that one can have confidence in the ability of teachers and know that they are suitable options for educating students. In addition, teachers should be empowered in terms of knowledge and have an understanding of the logical relationships of phenomena and the interpretation of information, and be familiar with philosophical and scientific schools and their views, as well as a detailed understanding of tasks, tasks and educational phenomena of the school or the educational system of the society to better understand the work environment. Perceptual ability is also one of the other factors of psychological and cultural ability. It is imperative for teachers to have the power of analysis to diagnose problems correctly and to have the ability to make correct judgments about behaviors and the cause of those behaviors, as well as the ability to integrate different ideas and methods to achieve goals. In the current research, various factors affecting the psychological and cultural ability of teachers were also pointed out and it was determined that the organizational culture governing the education system and schools determines the degree of flexibility, adaptability, participation, and independence of teachers. A favorable organizational culture based on participation guarantees the psychological and cultural ability of teachers. In addition, the flexible organizational structure, decentralization, and the degree of risk-taking of the educational institution affect the ability of teachers. Of course, one should not neglect the rules and regulations, supervision and control of communication skills and mutual relations, value creation and wealth creation, welfare facilities, the number of salaries and wages, rewards and appreciation, and attention to satisfaction and respect. These cases determine the cultural and psychological ability of teachers. In general, it can be said that the practical components of cultural-psychological empowerment among teachers include the promotion of interpersonal competence, management, and leadership competence, and the ability to create events.}, Keywords = {Empowerment, Cultural, Psychological, Teachers}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {188-197}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تبیین توانمندسازی فرهنگی روانشناختی دبیران دوره اول متوسطه شهر تهران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: توانمندسازی معلمان یکی از موارد مهمی است که ارتباط مستقیم و تنگاتنگی با یادگیری فراگیران دارد. لذا مطالعه حاضر با هدف تبیین توانمندسازی فرهنگی روانشناختی دبیران دوره اول متوسطه شهر تهران انجام شد. روش کار: روش تحقیق از نظر گردآوری اطلاعات جزء پژوهش­های آمیخته بود. جامعه آماری در بخش کیفی شامل خبرگان دانشگاهی شامل مدیران و کارشنایان ارشد آموزش و پرورش و در بخش کمّی شامل کلیه دبیران دوره اول متوسطه شهر تهران در سال تحصیلی 1401-1400 بود. حجم نمونه در بخش کیفی با اشباع نظری (10 نفر) و در بخش کمّی بر اساس جدول مورگان 300 نفر برآورد شده که برای انتخاب نمونه در بخش کیفی از نمونه‌گیری هدفمند و در بخش کمّی از نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقه­ای استفاده گردید. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها، در بخش کیفی، مصاحبه و در بخش کمّی، پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخته 144 سوال و 17 مؤلفه بر مبنای مقیاس 5 گزینه‌ای بود. پایایی پرسشنامه از طریق آلفای کرونباخ برای کل پرسشنامه 86/0 به دست آمد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از تحلیل عاملی تاییدی با استفاده از نرم افزار smartpls3 استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که توانمندسازی فرهنگی روانشناختی شامل فرهنگ سازمانی، ساختار سازمانی، نظام پایش سازمانی، نظام پاداش سازمانی، نظام های مدیریتی سازمان بود و پیامدهای آن شامل ارتقای توانمندی بین فردی، توانمندی مدیریت و رهبری و توانایی خلق رویداد می­باشد. نتیجه­ گیری: به طور کلی می­توان بیان داشت که مؤلفه‌های تأثیرپذیر از توانمندسازی فرهنگی-روانشناختی در بین دبیران شامل، ارتقای توانمندی بین فردی، توانمندی مدیریت و رهبری و توانایی خلق رویداد می­باشند.  }, keywords_fa = {توانمندسازی, فرهنگی, روانشناختی, دبیران}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7693-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7693-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Pakravan, Behnaz and Ahmadi, Rez}, title = {Comparison of the Effectiveness of Play Therapy in Two Methods of Theraplay and Filial}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Children with learning disabilities do not have problems with intelligence and motivation and are not lazy or deaf and dumb. In fact, most of them are as smart as others and are healthy in terms of brain, but this difference affects the way they receive and process information (4). Researches have mentioned three factors of children's characteristics, family aspects and social environment as the main and influential factors in the occurrence of children's disabilities (5). Therefore, methods that can simultaneously affect more aspects of these factors will have more and more stable therapeutic effects. Play therapy is one of these lasting and effective methods (6). Among the new methods of play therapy that are used for children with behavioral or functional problems are therapy and philial therapy. The results of various researches support the effectiveness of therapy on depression (8), anxiety (9) and behavioral problems (7) in children. In fact, this approach is a combination of interpersonal theories of human development, such as object relations theory, Balbi and Inworth's attachment theory (10). On the other hand, filial therapy, as a play therapy method, is a structured and direct theory for working with parents and children (11). Filial therapy is designed as a treatment program for children with emotional problems. In this intervention approach, children play with their caregivers and find out that they are lovable and important (12). These methods simultaneously affect the family environment, the quality of the parent-child relationship, and the psychological characteristics of children, this multifacetedness highlights the therapeutic importance of this method. One of the psychological characteristics in children that may help students with learning disorders or deepen their problems when facing stressors is coping behaviors. Coping behaviors or skills refer to cognitions that control stressful situations and become more specific along with the growth of children and adolescents (14). Therefore, the researcher is trying to answer the question of whether there is a difference between the effectiveness of play therapy in two ways, therapeutic and filial, on students' coping behaviors or not? Methods: The method of the current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up plan with a control group. For this purpose, the statistical population of the present study includes 183 male and female students with learning disabilities in Isfahan city, 54 students (30 boys and 24 girls) with learning disabilities without mental disabilities, neurodevelopmental disorders, and obvious physical and sensory motor disorders with mothers without obvious clinical symptoms. They were selected as available for cooperation. Then they were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (18 people in each group). In the previous stages, immediately after and 2 months follow-up, they completed the Hernandez (2008) Coping Behavior Questionnaire. Also, to check and diagnose the learning disorder, the clinical interview was used based on the diagnostic criteria of DSM-5, which was conducted by a child psychiatry specialist. And the teenager took place. In the following, the Terapoly play therapy group gave its program based on the guide of Booth and Jerenberg (2019) to the first experimental group of 10 one-hour sessions (once a week for 10 weeks) and the filial therapy group gave its program based on the guide of Brighton et al. (2006). and Kalam et al. (2013) conducted 10 one-hour sessions (once a week for 10 weeks) to the second experimental group. Finally, the data were analyzed using software version 26 and using the multivariate analysis of covariance method. Results: The results showed that the mean scores of all three components of coping behaviors, including deviation from the problem, coping with the problem, and destructive coping, had a significant difference over time. Table 3 shows the results of intersubject analysis. Based on this table, the average scores for the dimension of deviation from the problem (F = 8.98 and P = 0.001), the dimension of coping with the problem (F = 6.91 and P = 0.002) and the dimension of destructive coping (42 F=83 and P=0.001) were obtained, which indicates that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups. The results showed that filial therapy and therapy play therapy has been effective in improving the coping behaviors of students with learning disabilities. Also, based on the results of Table 4, there was no significant difference between the average of all three components of coping behaviors in the two experimental groups in the post-test phase (P<0.001), which shows that both methods equally affect the components of deviation from the problem and coping with the problem. and destructive coping have been effective. The results of the Bonferroni test in Table 5 show that the average scores of the components of deviation from the problem, coping with the problem, and destructive coping in the post-test and follow-up stages are significantly different from the pre-test stage, but there was no significant difference between the average scores of the post-test and follow-up stages. It indicates that the average scores in the post-test and follow-up stage have changed compared to the pre-test stage and managed to maintain this change. Conclusion: The results of this research showed that therapy and filial therapy methods are effective in improving coping behaviors of students with learning disabilities. In explaining this finding, it can be said that both therapy and filial therapy methods have been able to leave a positive impact on the improvement of dimensions related to the coping behaviors of students with learning disabilities with a different structure (19). Because Teraplay is a type of short-term interactive play therapy that focuses on attachment-based games in the form of active games to create better relationships between parents and children. The therapist takes more responsibility for the progress of play sessions, as characterized by more attachment, empathic behavior, interactive play, interpersonal eye and body contact (24). Thus, in the present study, both parents and therapists helped the children in the test groups to strengthen their self-esteem and sense of competence and self-efficacy by providing playful challenges. Challenges caused frustration for children who learned how to face challenges and stress with the help of play (25). On the other hand, the emotional release capability of play is another explanation for the effect of parent-child play therapy, which helps children externalize their emotions in a completely safe and comfortable manner, and finally, these capabilities, when used in the context of parent-child play therapy are used to help not only children, but also mothers who have been placed in the role of coach and play therapist during play therapy to help their children get rid of the stresses and pressures of everyday life (16).  }, Keywords = {Play Therapy, Therapy, Philial Therapy, Coping Behaviors, Learning Disorder}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {198-207}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسۀ اثربخشی بازی‌درمانی به دو شیوۀ تراپلی و فیلیال‌ بر رفتارهای مقابله‌ای دانش‌آموزان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: دانش­آموزان دارای ناتوانی­های یادگیری همواره جزء گروه­های رایج با نیازهای خاص به حساب می­آیند که به توجه آموزشی بیشتری نیاز دارند. هدف پژوهش حاضر مقایسۀ اثربخشی بازی‌درمانی به دو شیوۀ تراپلی و فیلیال‌ بر رفتارهای مقابله‌ای دانش‌آموزان 12-10 سال با اختلال یادگیری در شهر اصفهان بود. روش کار: برای انجام پژوهش آزمایشی حاضر که با طرح پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون با گروه کنترل و دورۀ پیگیری انجام شد از بین دانش‌آموزان با اختلال یادگیری که در سال 1400 به یکی از کلینیک‌های روان‌شناختی شهر اصفهان مراجعه کرده بودند بر اساس جدول مورگان به صورت در دسترس 54 نفر انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه آزمایش و یک گروه گواه (هر گروه 18 نفر) تقسیم شدند. سپس آزمودنی­های گروه آزمایش 10 هفته و هفته­ای یک ساعت مداخله مورد نظر خود را دریافت کردند. همچنین قبل، بلافاصله بعد و دوره پیگیری 2 ماهه تمام آزمودنی­ها پرسشنامه رفتارهای مقابله‌ای هرناندز (2008) را تکمیل شد. نهایتا داده‌ها با استفاده از تحلیل واریانس با اندازه‌گیری مکرر تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد دو شیوۀ بازی‌درمانی تراپلی و فیلیال‌تراپی روی ابعاد رفتارهای مقابله‌ای شامل انحراف از مشکل، کنار آمدن با مشکل و کنار آمدن ویرانگر تاثیر پایدار داشتند (01/0>P). اما میزان اثربخشی دو شیوه بازی‌درمانی روی ابعاد رفتارهای مقابله‌ای تفاوت معنی‌داری نداشته است (05/0<P). نتیجه‌گیری: نتیجه‌ آنکه هر دو روش بازی درمانی علی‌رغم ساختارهای متفاوت تاثیر یکسانی دارند چون هر دو بر رابطۀ والد- فرزند متمرکز هستند که دلبستگی کودک را تحت تاثیر قرار می‌دهند}, keywords_fa = {بازی‌درمانی, تراپلی, فیلیال‌تراپی, رفتارهای مقابله‌ای, اختلال یادگیری}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8079-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8079-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Eskandari, Mohammad and Nemati, Neamatollah and Bagherpoor, Tahereh}, title = {Identifying the Components of the Sports Marketing Strategic Plan with an Emphasis on the Health of the Players in the Handball Federation (Meta-Synthesis of Studies)}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The organizations in order to maintain and stabilize their superiority over other organizations, must renew their valuable resources and use effective approaches, strategies, principles and components in this field (2). The marketing is related to the daily life of people and the assessment of their needs and has different types, which one of them is sports marketing (4). The sport in developed countries is considered as an important and influential industry in the growth of the national economy and is considered one of the most profitable industries of the 21st century (5). The sports marketing is a new scientific field and territory that tries to achieve its goals and ideals by using marketing principles and techniques (6). A sports marketer should be able to change, adjust and skillfully adapt controllable factors in an environment that is full of uncontrollable factors in the best way and the sports marketing includes all activities designed to satisfy the needs and desires of sports spectators (8). In today's competitive world, only organizations that use strategic planning in their marketing are successful (9). The strategic plan is a process which through that the organizations analyze their internal and external environment and gain knowledge from it. Then, they determine their strategic path and create strategies to reach them and finally implement and evaluate them (10). The marketing strategic plan is a management process that is responsible for creating, maintaining and logical balance between the objectives, resources and changing and unstable market situations and organizations' products, and its purpose is to create or change the work and products of organizations to achieve satisfactory growth and profit (13). Nowadays, it is absolutely necessary to use marketing activities in sports; So that not using it means failure in competition with competitors, and accordingly, senior managers are looking for effective and appropriate implementation of strategies to ensure the future of sports organizations (16). As a result, the sports marketing are done based on principles and components. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of identifying the components of the sports marketing strategic plan with an emphasis on the health of the players in the handball federation. Methods: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was qualitative from type of hybrid. The research population was all sources related to the sports marketing strategic plan in the handball federation in the 2002-2022 years. In this research, among the 1452 searched sources (Articles, books and dissertations), numbers of 80 sources after reviewing the title were selected as the initial sample, but the final sample after reviewing the abstract and content was 55 sources. The process of conducting the research was as follows: first, all sources including articles, books and dissertations with using the keywords of marketing, competitive advantage, sport marketing, brand, capabilities, marketing strategy, marketing management, strategic management, mobile marketing and handball research in the sources English and the keywords of sports marketing strategic plan, championship and public sports, strategic management, handball federation talent search, cultural intelligence, marketing capabilities in Persian sources in databases of EBS Chost, Science direct, SID, ERIC, DOJA, Emerald, Springer, Taylor and Fransic. , Sage Wiley, Proquest, Scopus, Noormags, Irandoc and Magira and in search engines of Google and Google Scholar. The tool of the current research was taking notes from the sources using the following questions. What are the components and sub-components of the sports marketing strategic plan with an emphasis on the health of the players in the handball federation and what is their pattern. All 55 sources were read line by line and written its components and sub-components. The formal validity of the findings obtained from note-taking was confirmed by the triangulation method and its reliability was calculated by the agreement coefficient method between two coders 0.86. Finally, the data were analyzed by thematic analysis method. Results: The findings showed that for the sports marketing strategic plan with an emphasis on the health of the players in the handball federation were identified 101 sub-components in the form of 5 components including positioning, goals and strategies, market opportunities, target market and marketing budget. Finally, the pattern of the sports marketing strategic plan with an emphasis on the health of the players in the handball federation was drawn. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present research, i.e. identification of 5 components of positioning, goals and strategies, market opportunities, target market and marketing budget for the sports marketing strategic plan with an emphasis on the health of the players in the handball federation and considering the inequality of sports participation in the provinces of the country, it is suggested that in the future planning the priority of allocation of resources should be assigned to the border and surrounding provinces so that in addition to preventing the migration of athletes, sports development and success in global and international events can be established. Also, to the managers, officials and planners It is suggested that selection of managers and officials of the Handball Federation from among experienced and expert people in the field of economics and marketing, the use of trained and efficient security forces in holding sports competitions, the use of the principle of outsourcing in the Handball Federation for the optimal use of facilities and sports resources and achieving success, getting to know competitors along with using the internet for marketing activities, paying attention to mass media including sports press to broadcast non-football disciplines such as handball, establishing a talent search system along with paying attention to the business intelligence and cultural intelligence of player managers and leaders, create an ethical-oriented sports opportunity and equal and justice-oriented growth in the distribution of resources and increase the support of the maximum presence of financial sponsors with an emphasis on securing and making investment attractive. The results of this study can be used as a pattern of sports marketing strategic plan in the handball federation and will improve the quality, efficiency, effectiveness and effective marketing in the handball federation.  }, Keywords = {Strategic plan, Sports marketing, Health of the players}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {208-221}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {شناسایی مولفه‌های برنامه استراتژیک بازاریابی ورزشی با تاکید بر سلامت بازیکنان در فدراسیون هندبال (متاسنتز مطالعات)}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بازاریابی ورزشی بر اساس اصول و مولفه‌هایی انجام می‌شود. بنابراین، پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسایی مولفه‌های برنامه استراتژیک بازاریابی ورزشی با تاکید بر سلامت بازیکنان در فدراسیون هندبال انجام شد. روش کار: این مطالعه از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر شیوه اجرا کیفی از نوع فراترکیب بود. جامعه پژوهش همه منابع (مقاله، کتاب و پایان‌نامه) مرتبط با برنامه استراتژیک بازاریابی ورزشی در فدراسیون هندبال در سال‌های 1380 الی 1401 بودند. در این پژوهش از میان 1452 منبع جستجو‌شده تعداد 80 منبع از پایگاه‌های معتبر داخلی و خارجی پس از بررسی عنوان به‌عنوان نمونه اولیه انتخاب، اما نمونه نهایی پس از بررسی چکیده و محتوی تعداد 55 منبع بود. ابزار مطالعه حاضر یادداشت‌برداری از منابع بود که روایی صوری آن با روش مثلث‌سازی تایید و پایایی آن با روش ضریب توافق بین دو کدگذار 86/0 محاسبه شد. در نهایت، داده‌ها با روش تحلیل مضمون تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: یافته‌ها نشان داد که برای برنامه استراتژیک بازاریابی ورزشی با تاکید بر سلامت بازیکنان در فدراسیون هندبال 101 زیرمولفه در قالب 5 مولفه شامل جایگاه‌یابی، هدف‌ها و استراتژی‌ها، فرصت‌های بازار، بازار هدف و بودجه بازاریابی شناسایی شد. در نهایت، الگوی برنامه استراتژیک بازاریابی ورزشی با تاکید بر سلامت بازیکنان در فدراسیون هندبال ترسیم شد. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این مطالعه می‌تواند به‌عنوان یک الگوی برنامه استراتژیک بازاریابی ورزشی در فدراسیون هندبال مورد استفاده قرار گیرد و سبب بهبود کیفیت، کارآیی، اثربخشی و بازاریابی موثر در فدراسیون هندبال شود.  }, keywords_fa = {برنامه استراتژیک, بازاریابی ورزشی, سلامت بازیکنان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7960-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7960-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Nikkar, Aida and Fereidoni, Erfan and Karkhane, Aliasghar and AllahyariFard, Najaf}, title = {Review of the Mechanism and Function of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in the Improvement of Type 2 Diabetes}, abstract ={In 2019, the prevalence of diabetes was estimated at 463 million people, and it is predicted that its prevalence will reach 548 million people by 2045. The most common type of diabetes is type 2 diabetes (T2DM), which accounts for more than 90% of all diabetes cases and is the fifth leading cause of death in people aged 50 to 74 years (1). T2DM is a metabolic disorder that is associated with elevated blood glucose levels, insulin resistance, or relative insulin deficiency, and (2) is on the rise around the world due to progressive damage to beta cells (4). A combination of non-pharmacological measures (such as exercise and diet modification) and anti-diabetic drugs are commonly needed to improve glycemic control and slow disease progression (5). Incretin hormones are insulin-stimulating agents that are released from the gastrointestinal tract within minutes after eating (6,7). Intestinal function and incretin secretion have been reported to directly regulate pancreatic health (4). glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is one of the types of incretins (7) that contains 42 amino acids and is synthesized in the L cells of the intestine by post-translational modifications of proglucagon by prohormone convertase 1 (PC1) (8,9). Recent evidences have shown that GLP-1 plays an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis (10-12). In several clinical trials, it has been observed that the adverse effects of incretin loss in patients with T2DM have improved after treatment with incretins or incretin agonists (13-15). In addition, evidences suggest that incretin-based therapies may have a positive effect on inflammation, cardiovascular and liver health, sleep, and the central nervous system (16). Intact GLP-1 is rapidly degraded by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) (20) and the resulting metabolite lacks insulinotropic activity (21). Therefore, less than 10% of the secreted GLP-1 is delivered to its target organs (23). using DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, vildagliptin) which prevent degradation of natural GLP-1, and synthesing DPP-4 resistant GLP-1 analogs (exenatide, liraglutide, exenatide LAR, albiglutide, D lixisenatide) are Two methods to overcome the short half-life defect of endogenous GLP-1 and achieve therapeutic benefits (25). The general effects of GLP-1 on metabolism include insulin secretion, glucagon inhibition, β cell preservation, suppression of gastric emptying, anorexia, weight loss, bone formation, and protection of certain organs (brain, heart, and kidney) (31). GLP-1 increases insulin sensitivity through several molecular mechanisms. These pathways are: 1- Reduction of oxidative stress through several molecular pathways (34-40), 2- Induction of insulin expression/secretion through various molecular mechanisms (40-42), 3- Improving insulin resistance due to inflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory mediators (43-45), 4- Increasing expression/localization of GLUT-4 in insulin-dependent tissues (46-49), 5- Improving the profile of plasma lipids, which leads to a decrease in insulin resistance due to dyslipidemia (50-54), 6- Improving the function of pancreatic beta cells through several molecular pathways (55-58), 7- Amplify insulin signal transmission in different stages (59-61), 8- Reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress (62,63). GLP-1 causes long-term glucose-lowering activity in a glucose-dependent manner, due to its insulinotropic action in pancreatic β cells (64). This activity of GLP-1 is partly mediated by interaction with β cells membrane GLP-1 receptors (65). In contrast, its non-insulinotropic function has been shown to have extra-pancreatic effects that may be useful in the prevention and treatment of diabetes-related complications and diseases independent of glycemic control (64). The results of studies have shown that exercise leads to the stimulation of GLP-1 secretion from intestinal L cells and α cells through an increase in IL-6 levels (71-73). GLP-1 (7-36) amide and GLP-1 (7-37) are two different biologically active isoforms of GLP-1 that are synthesized and secreted simultaneously in the body (74). Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R) is a member of the GPCR (G protein-coupled receptor) glucagon receptor family found in pancreatic beta cells and brain neurons and is involved in controlling blood sugar levels by increasing insulin secretion (76-78). Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are also known as incretin mimetics. These drugs are used to treat type 2 diabetes (85) and One of their advantages over older insulin-secreting stimulants, such as sulfonylureas or meglitinides, is that they have a lower risk of developing hypoglycemia (86). to overcome GLP-1 short duration of activity limitation, several modifications to the drug or its formulation are being developed. Approved GLP-1 receptor agonists are exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, albiglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, and the GLP-1 receptor agonists under study are taspoglutide, efpeglenatide, and tirzepatide (87). GLP-1 analogs have a broad polytropic effect on metabolism. beneficial effects of GLP1R agonists consist of blood glucose regulation, weight loss through inhibition of food intake and gastric motility, stimulation of cell proliferation, reduction of inflammation and apoptosis, improvement of cardiovascular function, and neuroprotection (88). Liraglutide is an acyl GLP-1 agonist derived from the human GLP-1- (7-37), a less common form of endogenous GLP-1. It is a drug used to treat type 2 diabetes or obesity (90) and reduces meal-related hyperglycemia by increasing insulin secretion, delaying gastric emptying, and suppressing glucagon secretion during the meal. Liraglutide is resistant to metabolic degradation by peptidases with a plasma half-life of 13 hours (91,92). Exenatide is a 39 amino acid peptide with 50% amino acid homology with GLP-1 which has a longer half-life in vivo. It binds to the intact human GLP-1R in a manner similar to the human GLP-1 peptide (93,94). Lixisenatide is a  44 amino acids peptide with an amide group at its C terminal which is a GLP-1 receptor agonist used as a diet and exercise supplement to treat type 2 diabetes (95). Albiglutide is another GLP-1 agonist that can be used alone or in combination with other anti-diabetic drugs, including insulin, to treat type 2 diabetes in adults. According to an analysis in 2015, Albiglutide is less effective than other GLP-1 agonists in reducing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c, an indicator of long-term blood glucose control) and weight loss (96). Dulaglutide is an adult diet supplement and exercise supplement for improving blood sugar control in adults with type 2 diabetes which can be used alone or in combination with other medicines for type 2 diabetes, especially metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and insulin is taken with food. Dulaglutide is not recommended for the treatment of people with type 1 diabetes or patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, as these problems are due to the inability of islet cells to produce insulin, and one of the actions of Dulaglutide is to stimulate islet cells to produce more insulin (97). Semaglutide is chemically similar to human GLP-1 with 94% similarity and acts like GLP-1 because it increases insulin secretion and sugar metabolism. It is administered by subcutaneous injection in a pre-filled pen or orally. One of its advantages over other anti-diabetic drugs is that it has a long-lasting effect, so a once-weekly injection is sufficient. It has been shown to supplement diet and exercise to improve blood sugar control in adults with type 2 diabetes (98,99). Finally, GLP-1R activation leads to cAMP production and cAMP-dependent activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and Epac2 messenger pathways. These pathways are involved in a variety of intracellular events, including increased systolic calcium levels, altered ion channel activity, and increased exocytosis of insulin-containing granules, all of which participate in the stimulation of insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. Current therapeutic approaches, including drastic lifestyle modifications and dietary and pharmacological interventions to control the global increase in metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, are not sufficient. Therefore, a new method is needed to combat metabolic disorders. Although GLP-1 has several potentially beneficial effects on type 2 diabetes, it is not a suitable treatment for type 2 diabetes due to its short half-life. Therefore, due to the reduction of GLP-1 incretin hormone activity in patients with type 2 diabetes, incretin mimics have been developed as new therapeutic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.}, Keywords = {Type 2 diabetes, Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), GLP-1 receptor agonists}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {222-239}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مروری بر مکانیسم و عملکرد پپتید شبه گلوکاگون-1 و آگونیست‌های گیرنده آن در بهبود دیابت نوع دو}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: دیابت نوع دو یک مشکل عمده بهداشت عمومی جهانی است که یک بار جهانی سنگین بر سلامت عمومی و هزینه­های اقتصادی قابل‌توجه بر جامعه تحمیل می‌کند. دیابت نوع دو شایع‌ترین نوع دیابت هست. GLP-1 یا پپتید شبه گلوکاگون-1 یکی از انواع اینکرتین­ها یا هورمون‌های گوارشی است که فعالیت آن در بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع دو کاهش یافته است. تجویز GLP-1 به بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع دو منجر به طبیعی شدن شرایط هایپرگلیسمی می‌شود. بنابراین استراتژی‌های مبتنی بر افزایش GLP-1 و نیز استفاده از آگونیست­های گیرنده GLP-1 اهداف مناسبی برای درمان دیابت نوع دو به نظر می‌رسند. در این مقاله مروری بر ارتباط بین پپتید GLP-1 و دیابت نوع دو خواهیم داشت و هدف از این مطالعه مرور عملکرد، مکانیسم های مولکولی، توالی و ساختار، گیرنده و اگونیست های گیرنده این پپتید موثر بر دیابت نوع دو می باشد. روش کار: در این مقاله با کلیدواژه­های دیابت نوع دو و GLP-1 یا پپتید شبه گلوکاگون-1، آخرین یافته­های علمی منتشرشده در پنج سال اخیر منتهی به سال ۲۰۲۱ در پایگاه­های داده PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar  مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و نتایج بصورت مکانیسم عملکرد، چگونگی فعالیت، توالی، ساختار، اندام­های متاثر از GLP-1 و معرفی آگونیست­های گیرنده GLP-1  ارائه شده است. یافته ­ها و نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج نشان داد نقش GLP-1 در متابولیسم شامل ترشح انسولین، مهار گلوکاگون، حفظ سلول β، سرکوب تخلیه معده، بی‌اشتهایی، کاهش وزن بدن، تشکیل استخوان و محافظت از برخی اندام‌ها (مغز، قلب و کلیه) است. فعال‌سازی گیرنده GLP-1، منجر به تولید cAMP و فعال‌سازی وابسته به cAMP مسیرهای پیام‌رسان دوم، مانند مسیرهای پروتئین کیناز A (PKA) و Epac2 می‌شود. این مسیرها نیز در انواع رویدادهای درون سلولی، از جمله تغییر فعالیت کانال یونی، افزایش سطح کلسیم سیستولیک و افزایش اگزوسیتوز گرانول‌های حاوی انسولین که همگی در تحریک ترشح انسولین به روش وابسته به گلوکز شرکت می کنند، درگیر هستند. آگونیست­های گیرنده پپتید شبه گلوکاگون-1 به‌عنوان مقلدهای اینکرتین نیز شناخته می‌شوند. با توجه به عدم کفایت روش‌های درمانی موجود جهت کنترل افزایش روزافزون بیماری دیابت نوع دو در سراسر جهان، آگونیست­های گیرنده GLP-1 به عنوان رویکرد درمانی جدیدی جهت بهبود بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع دو توسعه یافته اند. آگونیست­های گیرنده GLP-1 تأیید شده عبارت‌اند از: Exenatide ، Liraglutide ، Lixisenatide ، Albiglutide ، Dulaglutide، Semaglutide.  }, keywords_fa = {دیابت نوع دو, پپتید شبه گلوکاگون-1, آگونیست‌های گیرنده GLP-1}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7473-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7473-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Behzadinezhad, Hafez and Moslehi, Motahareh and Behboodi, Mohsen and Khayami, Mehdi and MirpourShirkhoda, Shahin and Sarhadi, Mo}, title = {The Effect of Water Exercise on Static and Dynamic Balance of Injured Elderly Athletes}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Aging is a period that is associated with gradual, progressive and spontaneous erosive changes in most organs and physiological functions of the body. In fact, human beings have many problems that affect their lives as they enter old age. Common physical problems among the elderly that occur as a result of certain diseases or as a result of the aging process include loss of balance, postural control, difficulty in gait and gait control, muscle atrophy, weakness and dysfunction, and decreased strength (1). Balance is a complex motor skill that describes the body's postural dynamics in preventing falls. With the onset of old age, changes in the function of the musculoskeletal system, vestibular system, sensory system and visual system occur as physiological systems involved in balance, and the elderly are exposed to serious injuries due to imbalance, including bone fractures and Places long disabilities (1, 2). It is one of the effective factors in improving the balance of athletic performance, but older people have problems in performing these exercises due to movement restrictions due to chronic pain, low level of physical fitness, as well as fear of imbalance and falling. Research has shown that water has a beneficial role in rehabilitation in injured people due to its special properties such as buoyancy, relaxing role on muscles and reducing tension, reducing pain caused by environmental stresses such as weight pressure on the lower extremities, as well as People with special disabilities, such as the elderly (9). According to the above, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercises and sports activities in water on the balance of injured elderly athletes. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 retired athletes with knee and ankle injuries were selected by purposive sampling and randomly divided into two groups of control and water exercise. Dynamic balance and static balance of subjects were measured before and after the exercise intervention. The star excursion balance test (7) was used to measure static balance and the star balance test (11) was used to measure the dynamic balance of the subjects. The intervention included 8 weeks of water balance exercises. SPSS version 26 was used for data analysis software. Results: The results showed that in the static equilibrium index, the main effect of test sessions (F1,28= 184.90, P= .001, h2= 0.738) and group (F1,28= 19.84, P= .001, h2= 0.524) was significant. In the dynamic equilibrium index, the main effect of the test sessions (F1,28= 317.40, P= .001, h2= 0.689) and the group (F1,28= 55.33, P= .001, h2= 0.511) was significant. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that selected water sports exercises improved static and dynamic balance of elderly athletes with a history of knee and ankle injuries. The results of the present study are in line with the results of previous research, including the research of Guillamón et al. (2019), Askari et al. (2018), Padua et al. (2018), Mousavi and Ghazalian (2020) and Dokht Abdiyan et al. (2016), all of which have beneficial effects of exercise in water mentioned (8, 12-15) was consistent. Retired Athletes are a group of seniors who, in addition to the problems that arise in the normal course of old age, are also involved in chronic injuries during their professional sports career. In some cases, the presence of such chronic sports injuries can increase the problems many times over. Exercise in water can improve the motor function (9, 10) of the elderly by developing the capabilities of the central nervous system as well as motor coordination. One of the limiting factors of motor function in injured people is chronic pain caused by injury (16). It has also been shown that these individuals are limited in their daily activities due to chronic pain and excitatory stress-induced stress (17, 18); On the other hand, to prevent age-related complications that include the destructive process of the nervous system as well as skeletal muscles, and exercise can be a preventive and therapeutic process (18). The use of the aquatic environment due to its properties can reduce the fear of falling in the elderly with the buoyancy it creates (9, 10); Therefore, the elderly can easily exercise and enjoy the benefits of exercise. On the other hand, due to the fact that body weight on land causes pressure on the lower limbs and thus increases stress on nerve endings and as a result increases pain in injured limbs, they usually have problems for training on land; Therefore, according to the characteristics of aquatic environments, these people can benefit from the benefits of rehabilitation exercises as well as physical activities by adjusting their weight due to the special conditions of water (19, 20). In general, it can be said that exercising in water by increasing neuromuscular function improves balance in elderly athletes with a history of lower limb injuries. Balance and gait problems and maintaining a proper walking pattern are complications of aging that are much more severe in the elderly with a history of severe sports injuries to the knee and ankle. Exercise has its limitations due to the physiological problems of the aging process, especially those suffering from diseases such as osteoarthritis, chronic joint injuries, and mobility disabilities. Therefore, despite the benefits of physical exercise, it should be considered that doing this type of exercise on land due to some psychological and physical problems of old age, especially in people who suffer from diseases and injuries such as joint pain and have limitations. They are, it is difficult.Therefore, due to the low risk nature of water, water exercises can be used to improve balance and gait indicators. The results of the present study showed that participation in 8 weeks of selected water sports exercises led to improved gate parameters such as stride length, step frequency, walking speed and endurance as well as static and dynamic balance in elderly athletes with a history of severe knee and ankle injuries This exercise method can be used to prevent the complications of old age, especially in the elderly who have a strong sports history and have suffered severe ankle and knee injuries during their professional sports.  }, Keywords = {Elderly, Injury, Balance, Exercise in water}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {240-250}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر تمرینات ورزشی در آب بر تعادل ایستا و پویا ورزشکاران سالمند آسیب دیده}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: آسیب های شدید در اندام تحتانی در سابقه ورزشی از عواملی می باشد که می تواند در سنین بالاتر مانند سالمندی افراد را درگیر عوارض ناشی از آسیب مانند مشکلات اسکلتی-عضلانی و یا اختلالات عملکردی مانند کاهش تعادل کند. بنابراین هدف تحقیق حاضر بررسی تاثیر تمرینات و فعالیت­های ورزشی در آب بر تعادل ورزشکاران سالمند آسیب دیده بود. روش کار: در این پژوهش نیمه تجربی، 30 ورزشکار بازنشسته مبتلا به آسیب زانو و مچ پا، با نمونه گیری هدفمند انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه کنترل و تمرینات ورزشی در آب تقسیم شدند. تعادل پویا و تعادل ایستای آزمودنی­ها قبل و بعد از مداخله تمرین ، اندازه­گیری شدند. مداخله شامل 8 هفته تمرینات تعادلی در آب بود. برای آنالیز داده­ها از آزمون های تی وابسته و تحلیل واریانس با اندازه گیری مکرر با استفاده از نرم­افزار SPSS(26) استفاده شد. یافته­ ها: پس از دوره تمرین افزایش معنی داری در تعادل ایستا (F1,28= 19.84, P= .001, h2= 0.524) و تعادل پویا (F1,28= 55.33, P= .001, h2= 0.511) در گروه تمرین نسبت به گروه کنترل مشاهده شد. نتیجه ­گیری: نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان داد که تمرینات منتخب ورزش در آب موجب بهبود تعادل ایستا و پویای ورزشکاران سالمند با سابقه آسیب‌های زانو و مچ پا شد. با توجه به این که افزایش تعادل می تواند از عوارض سالمندی مانند به هم خوردن تعادل و آسیب های ناشی از آن جلوگیری کند؛ بنابراین تمرینات ورزشی در آب می تواند برای سالمندانی که در سابقه ورزشی خود دچار مصدومیت‌های شدید مچ پا و زانو شده‌اند، مفید باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {سالمند, آسیب, تعادل, تمرین در آب}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6986-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6986-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Yasini, Zahrasadat and MirpourShirkhoda, Shahin and Sarhadi, Mona and Nasirizadehfarsani, Mokhtar}, title = {The Effect of Eight Weeks of Proprioceptive Exercise with Closed Eyes on Static and Dynamic Balance in Ballerina Teenage Girls in Tehran Province}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Ballet is not only a dramatic sport but also an activity with high physical needs. In ballet jumps and rotations, delicate movements, high flexibility and the final transition to the en pointe are performed in women (1). Every position and step in ballet requires postural control (2), and researchers consider static and dynamic balance and weight movement to be very important for motor function in ballet (3). A determining factor in maintaining balance is the size of the support surface, and ballerinas must perform some movements on very little support surface (3, 4). Doing these techniques on young ballerinas who have not had enough proper training can lead to numerous injuries (5). Balance is a key component of motor skills for maintaining posture and performing complex sports skills. It seems that maintaining balance and use training programs to improve it is a good solution that will help reduce the amount of falls during training or competitions (23). Balance is achieved through a variety of sensory input information to the CNS, including visual, vestibular, and sensorimotor (24, 25). It seems that by simultaneously stimulating the superficial and proprioceptive senses and creating sensory integration, it can increase the cortex's awareness of the organs and increase the balance this causes proper control during movement (9). Proprioceptive sense refers to the ability to integrate sensory information received from mechanical receptors and thus determine the position and movements of the body in space. Mechanical receptors for proprioceptive sensation in the muscles of the lower limb, soles of the feet, and around the ankle joint provide important information about the displacement and movement of the body mass center, as well as the characteristics of the impact surface for the CNS (7). Proprioceptive training includes activities that challenge the ability of the target joint to find and respond to input information about the position of the joint (11). Some evidence suggests that improving the proprioception of agonist muscle groups strengthens and stabilizes limb coordination, thus leading to improve movement during ballet (12, 13). Conversely, some studies show that ballerinas are more dependent on visual information to maintain balance (3, 14). Accordingly, the question of whether it is possible to increase balance by strengthening the sense of proprioception and also enhance performance in ballerinas has not been studied and needs to be investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of open or closed eyes balance training on static and dynamic balance in adolescent ballerina girls. Methods: Twenty ballerina girls aged 8-15 years with a history of 6 months to 1 year ballet training were selected and divided into two groups of ten: 1- closed-eyes balance training (proprioceptive training) in addition to routine ballet training and 2- open-eyes balance training in addition to routine ballet training. Both groups participated in balance training for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week, 30 minutes to 1 hour each session) (15). The training movements used in the balance section were 14 items and were used from simple (exercises with hand support, with two legs and without interference) to complex (exercises without support, with one foot and with interference by the trainer) (14). 48 hours after the end of the last training session in both groups, post-test was taken. Stork balance test and star excursion balance test were used to measure static and dynamic balances, respectively. Before starting the research protocol, to eliminate the learning effects, the samples were asked to perform stork and star balance tests several times during the routine ballet training period. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to examine the data. If time was significant, the paired t-test was used to examine the post-test changes compared to the pre-test in each group, and if the group was significant, the independent t-test was used to examine the differences between the two groups in the post-test. Significance level was set at 0.05. All calculations were performed using SPSS statistical software version 21. Results: The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed that the group (F1, 9 = 7.50, P = 0.023) and time (F1, 9 = 593.64, P = 0.001) effects on static balance were significant. The results of paired-samples t-test showed that there were significant difference in static balance scores between pre-test and post-test in the closed-eyes (P = 0.001) and open-eyes (P = 0.001) groups. The results of independent-samples t-test showed that static balance was significantly increased in the closed-eyes group compared to the open-eyes group (P = 0.006). The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed that the time effect on dynamic balance (dominant foot and non-dominant foot) was significant but the group effect was not significant. The results of paired-samples t-test showed that there were significant difference in dynamic balance scores between pre-test and post-test in the closed-eyes (P = 0.001) and open-eyes (P = 0.001) groups. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that both types of balance training with open and closed eyes significantly improved static and dynamic balances in adolescent ballerinas. The result of the present study on the effect of exercise on dynamic balance is consistent with the results of Yalfani et al. (2017) (17), Ashoury et al. (2016) (18), and Sadeghi Dehcheshmeh et al (2015) (19). The results of the present study showed that closed-eyes training significantly increased static balance compared to the open-eyes training group, but in the dynamic balance there was no difference between the two groups. Gebel et al. (2018) set a minimum training duration of 12 weeks for significant balance improvement but found that 8 weeks could also be effective (15). In the present study, eight weeks of exercise improved balance in both groups, but the short duration of exercise probably had an effect on the results. Another reason could be the use of more static exercises in the present study, and therefore the significance of static balance in closed-eyes exercises compared to open-eyes exercises can be explained. The next point to consider is that open-eyes balance tests were used to assess balance in the present study, and it is possible that different results will be seen in closed-eyes balance tests. Finally, in the present study, the effect of exercise on ballet performance was not evaluated, and the stork and star tests used in the present study provide the opportunity to use more visual information to maintain balance, and as mentioned Ballerinas are more dependent on visual information to maintain balance. Therefore, if the ballet performance was evaluated according to its dynamics, it could be effective on the results. One of the limitations of the present study was the low volume of research samples, which was due to the small number of athletes active in this field according to the research criteria. Also, due to being in the growth ages, the age range of research samples was wide and it was not possible to form research groups in a more limited age range.}, Keywords = {Ballet, Proprioceptive exercise, Static balance, Dynamic balance}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {251-261}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر هشت هفته تمرینات حس عمقی با چشمان بسته بر روی تعادل ایستا و پویا در دختران نوجوان بالرین در استان تهران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی تأثیر هشت هفته تمرینات تعادلی با چشمان باز یا بسته بر روی تعادل ایستا و پویا در دختران نوجوان بالرین بود. روش کار: تعداد 20 دختر بالرین در دامنه سنی 15-8 سال و سابقه بین 6 ماه تا 1 سال تمرین باله انتخاب شدند. این افراد به صورت هدفمند در دو گروه 10 نفره تمرینات تعادلی با چشمان بسته (تمرینات حس عمقی) و تمرینات تعادلی با چشمان باز قرار گرفتند. هر دو گروه علاوه بر تمرینات روتین باله به مدت 8 هفته و هفته­ای 3 جلسه (30 دقیقه تا 1 ساعت) در تمرینات تعادلی شرکت کردند. 48 ساعت پس از پایان آخرین جلسه تمرینی در هر دو گروه، پس­آزمون گرفته شد. برای اندازه­گیری تعادل ایستا از آزمون لک­لک و تعادل پویا از آزمون ستاره استفاده شد. از آزمون­های آنالیز واریانس با اندازه‏گیری مکرر، تی‏وابسته و تی­مستقل برای بررسی داده­ها استفاده شد. سطح معنی­داری 05/0 در نظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که هر دو نوع تمرین تعادل با چشم باز و بسته نسبت به پیش­آزمون موجب بهبود تعادل ایستا و تعادل پویای پای برتر و غیربرتر شدند. تمرینات با چشم بسته موجب افزایش معنی­دار تعادل ایستا نسبت به گروه تمرین با چشم باز شد (006/0 = p) اما در تعادل پویای پای برتر (122/0 = p) و غیربرتر (129/0 = p) تفاوتی بین دو گروه وجود نداشت. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج می توان گفت که هشت هفته تمرینات تعادلی با چشمان باز و بسته موجب بهبود تعادل در دختران بالرین نوجوان می شود.  }, keywords_fa = {باله, حس عمقی, تعادل ایستا, تعادل پویا}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7091-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7091-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Heydari, Hossein and Badami, Rokhsareh and Meshkati, Zohreh}, title = {The Effect of Sports Vision Training on Cognitive Skills in Inline Hockey Players}, abstract ={Background & Aims: In recent years, different vision training has been used to improve visual skills and performance. One of these trainings is sports vision training. Sport vision training, that uses stimuli in optometric tasks (2,3), sport-specific videos or images (4), or stroboscopic interruption of vision (5,6), has been proposed under the idea that improving vision with oculomotor exercises, which might be associated with motor actions, would improve performance. For instance, Abernethy and Wood (2) used generic stimuli (e.g., alphanumeric symbols, shapes, patterns and colors) presented to athletes in a form of painted charts or apparatuses. Participants had to respond with simple ocular adjustments, which in some cases were combined with simple motor actions, such as pointing or touching targets (7). Although an increasing interest in vision training for sport performance, whether vision training would have a transfer to the field-sport setting remains unclear. Most of the intervention studies employed tasks based on optometric stimuli (e.g., hart charts and Marsden ball) and on computer programs (e.g., D2 Dynavision and Eye port) requiring simple ocular adjustments, and generic movements of hands as responses (2,3,11-14). The lack of evidences for supporting sport vision training efficacy to improve performance has been proposed to be related to methodological approaches resulting in a lack of ecological validity of the training stimuli (15). As such, generic and automated nature of the motor actions required as response might have limited the potential effects on the sport performance. This lack of transfer seems to support the idea, proposed in ecological framework by Gibson, that perception and action have a direct circular relationship mediated by the information within external environment (i.e. affordances), rather than by internal representations (16). Although the results of various studies have shown an improvement in visual skills and athletic performance based on sports vision training; but the main challenge is to examine the qualitative process versus the quantitative processes. Considering that balance is one of the main components in hockey (25), and considering that balance is created from the interaction of three visual, atrial and sensory- motor systems (26), The main question is whether sports vision training can improve the balance (kinetics) of hockey players or not? Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of sports vision training on balance and gaze behavior. Methods: The current study, according to the predicted goals, was a quasi-experimental research and the research design was pretest-posttest. Also, the current study was applied in terms of using the obtained results. Participants in the current study were 40 male hockey novices aged 15 to 20 years who were selected by convenience sampling. Participants were randomly divided into two groups of sports vision training and control. Criteria for inclusion in the study include normal vision, binocular vision, right leg and right hand. Exclusion criteria include withdrawal from the study, absence on the day of the test, and injury at various phases of the study. The measuring instruments included a force plate form and an eye tracking system. The present study included pre-test, intervention (practice) and post-test phases. In the pre-test phase, participants stood on a force platform to measure their balance. Participants were asked to stand barefoot on the force plate for 30 seconds while looking at the marked spot in front of them and trying to maintain their balance. At the same time, an eye tracking system was used to measure the gaze behavior of participants in performing balance skills. In the intervention phase (practice), which lasted for nine weeks and two sessions per week and each session lasted 90 minutes; the training group performed the relevant exercises while the control group performed their daily activities. The post-test phase was performed exactly after the last training session. At this phase, participants were asked to stand barefoot on the force plate for 30 seconds. At the same time, an eye tracking system was used to measure the gaze behavior of participants in performing balance skills. Data analyzed with paired sample t test and independent t test. Results: The results showed that the anterior-posterior displacement of the center of pressure was significantly improved by pre-test (29.25) to post-test (24.45) mm. Other results indicate that there is a significant difference between the groups in the anterior-posterior displacement of the center of pressure, and the sports vision group with an mean difference of 4.30 mm has a lower center of pressure displacement compared to the control group (P <0.05). Other results showed that the lateral-midlateral displacement of the center of pressure was significantly improved by pre-test (45.80) to post-test (39.90) mm. Other results indicate that there is a significant difference between the groups in the lateral-midlateral displacement of the center of pressure, and the sports vision group with an mean difference of 7.15 mm has a lower center of pressure displacement compared to the control group (P <0.05). Also, other results showed that fixation was significantly improved by pre-test (188.70) to post-test (248.60) ms. Other results indicate that there is a significant difference between the groups in fixation, and the sports vision group with an mean difference of 52.014 ms has a longer fixation compared to the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion: In general, the results of the current study showed that sports vision training improved balance and increased fixation of participants, so the results of the present study emphasize the importance of sports vision training on behavioral (balance) and process (fixation) characteristics. As a result, coaches and professionals working with novice hockey players are advised to pay attention to these exercises beforehand and use them in field and laboratory environments to improve performance and movement process. Also, according to the research results, trainers are advised to pay special attention to sports vision exercises and their possible effects on gaze behavior so that they can at least overcome the negative effects (psychological and physiological pressures). Although the current study and previous studies in this field have provided considerable insight into the value of sports vision training in understanding conscious perception, note that this work has been done almost exclusively using information processing paradigms. Other paradigms, such as ecological psychology and nonlinear dynamics, can provide new methods for the research gap identified in this study.}, Keywords = {Gaze Training, Center of Pressure Displacement, Fixation, Eye}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {262-274}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر تمرینات دید ورزشی بر مهارت‌های شناختی هاکی‌بازان این‌لاین}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اگرچه علاقه فزاینده­ای به تمرین بینایی برای عملکرد ورزشی وجود دارد، اما اینکه آیا تمرین بینایی می­تواند به محیط میدانی ورزش انتقال داشته باشد، هنوز ناشناخته است. بنابراین، مطالعه حاضر با هدف تاثیر تمرینات دید ورزشی بر مهارت­های شناختی هاکی­بازان این­لاین انجام گرفت. روش کار: در این مطالعه نیمه تجربی که با طرح پیش آزمون- پس آزمون با گروه کنترل انجام گرفت، 40 هاکی­باز نوآموز با دامنه سنی 15 تا 20 سال (سن: ‏49/1‏‎±‎‏09/17‏ سال؛ قد: ‏98/3‏‎±‎‏ 23/167‏ سانتیمتر؛ وزن: ‏83/4‏‎±‎‏ 18/68‏ کیلوگرم) به صورت در دسترس انتخاب و در دو گروه تمرین دید ورزشی و کنترل قرار گرفتند. در مطالعه حاضر مهارت­های شناختی شامل تعادل (جابجایی قدامی- خلفی و مرکزی- جانبی مرکز فشار) و رفتار خیرگی (تثبیت) بود. در مرحله پیش آزمون شرکت­کنندگان روی فورس پلت فورم ایستادند تا تعادل آن­ها به مدت 30 ثانیه اندازه­گیری گردد. همزمان از دستگاه ردیابی بینایی برای سنجش رفتار خیرگی شرکت­کنندگان در اجرای مهارت تعادل استفاده شد. مرحله مداخله (تمرین)، به مدت نه هفته و هر هفته دو جلسه و هر جلسه 90 دقیقه به طول انجام یافت. مرحله پس آزمون دقیقا پس از آخرین جلسه تمرینی اجرا شد که شرکت­کنندگان اقدام به اجرای حفظ تعادل روی صفحه نیرو کردند و همزمان رفتار خیرگی شرکت­کنندگان اندازه­گیری شد. داده­ها با استفاده از آزمون تی وابسته و تی مستقل با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS-24 در سطح آلفای 05/0 تحلیل شد یافته­ ها: نتایج نشان داد که تمرینات دید ورزشی بر تعادل تاثیر معنی­داری دارد و باعث کاهش معنی­دار جابجایی قدامی- خلفی و مرکزی- جانبی مرکز فشار شرکت­کنندگان گردید. دیگر نتایج نشان داد که تمرینات دید ورزشی بر افزایش تثبیت شرکت­کنندگان تاثیر معنی­داری دارد. نتیجه ­گیری: نتایج مطالعه حاضر بر اهمیت تمرینات دید ورزشی بر ویژگی­های شناختی (تعادل و رفتار خیرگی) هاکی­بازان این­لاین تاکید دارد که در نتیجه به مربیان و متخصصان کار با هاکی­بازان نوآموز پیشنهاد می­گردد پیش از پیش به این تمرینات توجه نمایند.  }, keywords_fa = {تمرینات خیرگی, جابجایی مرکز فشار, تثبیت, چشم}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7020-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7020-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Farahani, Masoumeh and Rahimi, Changiz}, title = {Predicting Anxiety Based on Ambiguity Tolerance and Self-Efficacy in Students}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Among psychological issues, anxiety is a "futuristic state of mind" in which a person is ready or preparing for the negative events of the future, indicating that there is a distinction between present and future dangers that alienate fear. Separates from anxiety (2). In fact, normal reaction anxiety is considered to be stress that may help a person cope with difficult situations. When anxiety is excessive, it may be so great that it is placed in the categories associated with anxiety disorders (2). Another variable that can be different in different situations between individuals and students is the individual self-efficacy of students. Self-efficacy refers to a person's personality strength in dealing with problems in achieving his goals and success, and more than it is influenced by the student's intelligence and learning ability, it is influenced by personality traits such as self-confidence, diligence and submission, self-esteem , Is self-regulation and self-direction. In the age of information explosion, cultivating self-sufficient people, people who can overcome their own anxiety and learn and solve problems independently is much more important than transferring a huge amount of information (3). Humans, on the other hand, are constantly solving problems throughout their lives. Problem solving helps people deal effectively with life's problems and challenges. When an issue is not clearly defined, ambiguity tolerance is used to construct and reconstruct solutions and interpretations. When an issue is not clearly defined, ambiguity tolerance is used to construct and reconstruct solutions and interpretations (4). Due to the above and the impact of anxiety on students' lives on the one hand, the identification of important factors and factors related to anxiety on the other hand and considering that research in the field and research was not found in the field The researcher seeks to answer the questions of whether there is a relationship between students' tolerance of ambiguity, anxiety and self-efficacy? Can tolerance of ambiguity and anxiety be able to predict anxiety in students? Methods: To conduct the present descriptive research, which is a type of basic and applied research, among male and female students of Farhangian University (former teacher training), Tehran in the academic year 1394-2014, based on multi-stage sampling of 150 people with a minimum of Undergraduate education was selected as a sample and then the questionnaires of McDonald (1970), Beck Anxiety (1998) and the self-efficacy of Scherer et al. (1982) were distributed and collected among the sample. After removing incomplete and invalid questionnaires, a total of 142 questionnaires were collected. Finally, descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation and linear regression tests were used simultaneously with the help of SPSS software for statistical analysis of data. Results: The results showed that the sum of the variables used (self-efficacy and ambiguity tolerance) predicted 18% of the variance of students' anxiety. Given that F calculated at the level less than 0.01 is significant, so the linear regression model is significant. The results of regression analysis show that self-efficacy at the level (= = 0.01) is able to significantly predict students' anxiety and t-test is significant for the significance of regression coefficients at the level less than 0.01. In other words, with increasing self-efficacy score, students' anxiety score decreases and vice versa. Given that β is the standardized coefficient of regression, it is clear that self-efficacy with an coefficient of explanation (0.393) is more effective in predicting student anxiety. Conclusion: The results showed that the variables of self-efficacy and ambiguity tolerance predict 18% of the variance of anxiety in students. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that self-efficacy is able to significantly predict students 'anxiety. In other words, with increasing self-efficacy score, students' anxiety score decreases and vice versa. It was also found that self-efficacy was more effective in predicting student anxiety. Explaining this finding, it can be said that tolerating the ambiguity of a personality variable is perceptual-emotional. In the clinical literature, ambiguity tolerance is a cognitive characteristic that can predict the risk of anxiety disorder. Tolerance of ambiguity is associated with negative anxiety and expectation about the future and is therefore always considered in research on anxiety disorders (11). Self-efficacy also refers to a person's perceived ability to perform a desired action. This means that evaluating one's abilities in a situation influences one's decision to act or avoid that situation, and because fear of judgment and negative evaluation prevents anxious people from displaying their abilities, The person is drawn to avoidance, passivity, and ultimately the inability to perform functional activities. Therefore, it is likely that a common factor in the structure of anxiety and low self-efficacy is the inability to understand individual competencies and adequacy and the misconception about the failure of activities (13). Beliefs about strong self-efficacy have been suggested as a powerful personal resource in dealing with stressful situations. Much evidence has been reported on the effect of self-efficacy beliefs on blood pressure with heart rate in heart patients. According to Bandura, self-efficacy related to one's judgments can affect one's actions in future situations. When a person is examining behavior or performing a task, he or she also makes judgments about his or her ability to perform the task and its circumstances. These judgments about self-efficacy affect a person's thinking about the ability or inability to do work and the individual's excitement and performance (14). The main focus of social cognitive theory is that self-efficacy beliefs strongly influence human performance. According to Graham and Wiener, self-efficacy is the most consistent predictor of behavioral outcomes relative to any other motivational structure (15). In predicting student anxiety.}, Keywords = {Tolerance of Ambiguity, Anxiety, Self-efficacy, Students}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {275-282}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {پیش بینی اضطراب بر اساس قدرت تحمل ابهام و خودکارآمدی در دانشجویان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اضطراب واکنشی بهنجار به تنیدگی تلقی می­شود که ممکن است به فرد در رویارویی با شرایط سخت کمک نماید. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر پیش بینی اضطراب بر اساس قدرت تحمل ابهام و خودکارآمدی در دانشجویان بود. روش کار: برای انجام تحقیق توصیفی و کاربردی حاضر از بین دانشجویان دختر و پسر دانشگاه فرهنگیان تهران در سال تحصیلی 1394 -1393 با نمونه­گیری چند مرحله­ای 150 دانشجو با حداقل تحصیلات دانشجوی کارشناسی به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. سپس پرسش­نامه­های تحمل ابهام مک دونالد (1970)، اضطراب بک (1998) و خودکارآمدی شرر و همکاران (1982) بین افراد نمنونه توزیع و جمع­آوری شد. نهایتا از آزمون­های ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و رگرسیون با استفاده از نرم افزار آماری SPSS جهت تجزیه و تحلیل آماری داده­ها استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد با بالا رفتن نمره قدرت تحمل ابهام و خودکارآمدی در دانشجویان میزان اضطراب آنان کاهش می‌یابد و بالعکس. همچنین با بالا رفتن نمره خودکارآمدی در دانشجویان قدرت تحمل ابهام آنان نیز افزایش می‌یابد و بالعکس. لازم به ذکر است که قدرت تحمل ابهام با ضریب تبیین (393/0) تأثیرگذاری بیشتری را در پیش‌بینی اضطراب دانشجویان به خود اختصاص داده است. نتیجه ­گیری: با توجه به نتایج تحقیق توصیه می­شود مسئولین و دانشجویان جهت کاهش اضطراب به متغیرهای خودکارآمدی و قدرت تحمل ابهام توجه ویژه­ای داشته باشند.  }, keywords_fa = {قدرت تحمل ابهام, اضطراب, خودکارآمدی, دانشجویان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7503-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7503-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Tanhaeinowghabi, Fereshteh and Samari, Aliakbar and Nejat, Hami}, title = {Predicting Divorce Tendency Score Based on Cognitive Flexibility, Emotional Regulation, and Early cognitive behavioral patterns in Iranian Couples Living in Iran and Canada}, abstract ={Background & Aims: In general, divorce is the most common destructive consequence of conflict, and the high rate of divorce in Western countries confirms it, so that its prevalence reaches more than 50% (5). Various factors are influential in divorce, one of them is schemas. A schema is an abstract representation of the distinctive features and salient elements of an event. Many primary schemas are formed early in life and confirm themselves in later life experiences, even if they are no longer applicable (8). But one of the variables that is related to the pathology of marital relations is cognitive flexibility (13). Cognitive flexibility is a person's assessment of the controllability of the situation, which changes in different situations (13). Cognitive flexibility enables a person to deal effectively with pressures, challenges and other emotional and social issues. Flexibility means abilities such as changing a person's perspective or adapting to rules, demands and new environmental conditions (14). Considering the above contents and the negative impact of divorce on personal and social life on the one hand and because the effect of three variables of cognitive flexibility, primary maladaptive schemas and emotional regulation have not been analyzed together in predicting the tendency to divorce, also specifying the variables Related to divorce, in order to prevent this social problem, the researcher is trying to answer the question whether the divorce tendency score can be predicted based on cognitive flexibility, emotional regulation, and initial incompatible schemas in Iranian couples living in Iran and Canada? Methods: The current research is practical and of the correlational type, and to do it, 250 couples (140 couples living in Iran and 110 Iranian couples living in Canada) were selected from among the Iranian couples who were inside Iran and Canada and 5 years had passed since their marriage. The condition of having the conditions to enter the research (having at least 5 years of cohabitation among couples living in Iran and couples living in Canada, having at least 3 years of living experience among couples living in Canada and informed consent to participate in the research) by available sampling method were selected as samples. Also, the criteria for withdrawing from the research were unwillingness to continue participating in the research and undergoing psychiatric or psychotherapy treatment. Couples living in Iran, men or women, living in areas 9, 10, and 11 of Mashhad Municipality and couples living in Canada were among the people who referred (men or women) to financial advisors in Toronto in the summer, fall, and winter of 2017 (from July 2018 to March 2019). . Then, all the subjects were asked the Johnson and Morrow (1986) Divorce Propensity Questionnaires, Young (1990) (short form, third edition, 90 items), Dennis and Vanderwaal (2010) cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation (Gross and John, 2003) completed. Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Kalmogorov Smirnov test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression at the first type error level of 0.05 and SPSS software version 21 were used for statistical analysis of the data. Results: Based on the results obtained from Table 1, the correlation between initial incompatible schemas with the divorce tendency score was positive and the correlation between cognitive flexibility and emotional regulation with the divorce tendency score was negative. According to Table 2, the standard regression coefficient (beta) for self-directedness is 0.500, impaired performance is 0.713, cutting and rejection is 0.816, impaired limitation is 0.231. According to the statistical value of t obtained from the variables of self-management and impaired functioning, other orientation, cut and rejection, the impaired limitation predicts the tendency to divorce is positive and significant. Based on the results obtained from Table 3, the correlation between initial incompatible schemas with the divorce tendency score was positive and the correlation between cognitive flexibility and emotional regulation with the divorce tendency score was negative. Based on Table 4, it is clear that the standard regression coefficient (beta) for cognitive flexibility is -0.280, self-management and impaired performance is 0.251. According to the statistical value of t obtained from the variable of self-management and impaired performance, the prediction of the tendency to divorce is positive and significant, and for the variable of cognitive flexibility, the prediction of the tendency to divorce is negative and significant. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, cognitive flexibility and self-management and dysfunctional performance were able to predict the divorce tendency score in couples living in Canada, it can be concluded that family communication patterns, motivational structure and psychological flexibility were the factors affecting the emotional divorce of spouses. . Therefore, the results of the present study can be used to prevent couples from divorcing. Also, the results indicated that there was a negative and inverse relationship between emotion regulation and the tendency to divorce. In marital conflicts, revenge and spite had given place to compatibility; They regulated their negative emotions and responded positively. People with emotional instability and impulsivity were considered undesirable spouses, while people with stability and open and expressive emotions had happier relationships. In this way, it is clear that emotion regulation is an important principle in determining the quality of the relationship. In the life of most couples, there are differences, but how to manage these emotional impulses is important. Relationships serve as the primary developmental context for the successful acquisition of emotion regulation skills. Conversely, emotion regulation skills are a prerequisite for full engagement in social relationships. People who enter adulthood and married life without these skills face problems (31). The results of the correlation test showed that there was a relationship between the initial incompatible schemas and the tendency to divorce. To clarify this result, it can be said that the increase of these schemas was associated with the increase of divorce. With the increase in the presence of primary incompatible schemas, marital satisfaction and intimacy decreased. According to Yang and Brown (2005), early maladaptive schemas are self-damaging emotional and cognitive patterns that are the result of not meeting basic needs in the child's primary environment in relation to parents and are repeated throughout life and affect the interpretation of experiences and Relationships with others are affected (33). Because incompatible schemas are ineffective, they lead to dissatisfaction and lack of intimacy in marital relationships and provide the basis for separation, and that is why divorce occurs. According to Yang, those whose schemas are placed in the field of rejection and exclusion cannot establish a safe and satisfying relationship with others and believe that they do not need stability, security, love and belonging (34).}, Keywords = {Tendency to Divorce, Cognitive Flexibility, Emotional Regulation, Early Maladaptive Schemas}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {283-293}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {پیش‌بینی نمره گرایش به طلاق بر اساس انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی، تنظیم هیجانی و الگوهای شناختی رفتاری اولیه در زوج‌های ایرانی ساکن ایران و کانادا}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: افزایش روزافزون طلاق، ضرورت مطالعه عوامل زمینه ساز طلاق را یادآور می­شود. هدف از این پژوهش پیش‌بینی نمره گرایش به طلاق بر اساس انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی، تنظیم هیجانی و طرح واره‌های ناسازگار اولیه در زوج‌های ایرانی ساکن ایران و کانادا بود. روش کار: برای انجام تحقیق کاربردی و همبستگی حاضر از بین زوجین ایرانی ساکن ایران و کانادا با سابقه 5 سال زندگی مشترک تعداد 250 نفر (زن یا مرد) به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. سپس پرسشنامه­های گرایش به طلاق جانسون و مورو (۱۹۸۶)، طرح‌وارۀ یانگ (1990) (فرم کوتاه، ویرایش سوم،90 گویه‌ای)، انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی دنیس و وندروال (2010) و تنظیم هیجان (گراس و جان، 2003) بین آنها توزیع و جمع­آوری شد. نهایتا داده­ها با استفاده از آزمون همبستگی پیرسون و رگرسیون خطی چندگانه تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد متغیرهای خودگردانی و عملکرد مختل (001/0ρ˂، 713/0β=)، دیگر جهت‌مندی (001/0ρ˂، 500/0β=)، بریدگی و طرد (001/0ρ˂، 816/0β=)، و محدودیت مختل (001/0ρ˂، 231/0β=)، اثر معناداری بر میانگین نمره گرایش به طلاق در زوج های ایرانی ساکن ایران داشت و انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی(001/0ρ˂، 280/0-β=)، و خودگردانی و عملکرد مختل (001/0ρ˂، 251/0β=)، اثر معناداری بر میانگین نمره گرایش  به طلاق در زوج‌های ایرانی ساکن کانادا داشتند. نتیجه ­گیری: نتایج نشان می‌دهد که همبستگی طرح‌واره‌های ناسازگار اولیه با نمره گرایش به طلاق در زوج‌های ایرانی ساکن ایران و زوج‌های ایرانی ساکن کانادا مثبت ومعنادار بود و همبستگی انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی با نمره گرایش به طلاق فقط در زوج‌های ایرانی ساکن کانادا منفی و معنادار بود.}, keywords_fa = {گرایش به طلاق, انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی, تنظیم هیجانی, نقشه‌های ناسازگار اولیه}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7858-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7858-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Samadi, Shaghayegh and RahmaniFirouzjah, Ali and AbbasiEsfajir, Aliasghar}, title = {Investigating Factors Affecting the Mental and Psychological Pathology of Child Labour in Mazandaran Province}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Social issues and harms caused by the rapid transformations of human societies are important issues that have always occupied the minds of sociologists and thinkers. Accelerated social changes such as rapid population growth, the rapid growth of industrialization and urbanization, rapid migration of masses and migration to big cities and marginalization of megacities, increase in social inequalities and the class gap in megacities, transformation in The construction and functioning of the family, the collapse of traditional patterns and norms of behavior and the increase of social tensions have caused unfortunate social consequences in the urban life of societies. Children and teenagers are one of the most vulnerable groups in today's society. Working children are all people who are under 18 years of age and are directly or indirectly involved in earning money. In general, the importance working and street children in the city due to the lack of social abilities and skills to correctly and dynamically face the social environment and their dependence on adults in meeting their needs and going through the stages of their growth and development is more than other groups. Institutions such as family, education and religious institutions, government, and mass media under social changes cannot fulfill their obligations towards socialization and normalization of children and adolescents. Functioning as a city, the consequence of such inabilities is to abandon and even send children and teenagers to the unsafe and anxious environment of the streets of big cities. The entry of children into the road is mostly due to the unfavorable conditions of children in disorganized and broken families, child abuse in the family, and running away from home. In some cases, street children are considered to be the result of poverty and the inability of children's families to meet their living expenses, and street children are part of working children. Sometimes, a set of family factors such as divorce, lack of guardianship and mistreatment of children in the family, and economic problems are known to be effective in the emergence of street children. The phenomenon of street children, which is referred to as an urban tragedy, is a common social problem in the metropolises of contemporary societies, both in industrialized and developing countries, with the difference that the incidence of this phenomenon, the grounds, and factors of its spread And the way to deal with it is different in different societies according to their economic, social and cultural characteristics. The work of children on the street is a serious problem in the capitals and many big cities of the world, especially in developing countries, but it is difficult to accurately estimate the number of street children and the difference in how to define and classify the children who live on the street. Child labor is a global problem and has a broad research background. Although according to the statistics of the International Labor Organization, since 2000, the number of children working in the world has decreased to two-thirds, it still includes around 168 million children, of which 85 million are engaged in risky work. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the factors affecting the mental and psychological pathology of working children in Mazandaran province. Methods: This survey study was approved by the code of ethics IR.IAU.BABOL.REC.1399.142 in the Code of Ethics Commission of the Islamic Azad University of Babol branch. The statistical population of the research was made up of working children of Sari city, who were selected as a sample of 200 people based on Cochran's formula. The sampling method was a multi-stage cluster and random sampling. The data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. This questionnaire has 60 items that measured the number of injuries by working children in Sari city in 2019. Each item was graded on a five-point Likert scale from one (very little) to five (very much). The number of items in each component of the questionnaire made by the researcher for the components of the feeling of objective physical security was 15 items, the feeling of objective verbal security was 7 items, the feeling of mental security was 8 items, the family breakdown was 6 items, sense of parental responsibility was 10 items, social support was 4 items, child labor was 11 items. Construct validity, which is the most important part of validity investigation in this research, was obtained through Cronbach's alpha in Spss24 software, based on which the coefficient of research variables and dimensions for social support components was 0.855, sense of responsibility of parents 0.836, sense of security 0.884, the family breakdown was 0.799, and child labor was 0.879, which indicated the high reliability of the questionnaire components. To analyze the research data, correlation coefficient tests with Spss24 software and confirmatory factor analysis of the second stage with Amos25 software were used. Results: Demographic descriptive results showed that out of the total of 200 people in the sample measured in this research, 110 people equal to 51.8% are girls and 90 people equal to 48.2% of working children are boys. There are 169 children, equivalent to 84.5%, in peddling, 20 children, equivalent to 10%, are engaged in deviant jobs such as garbage collection, etc., and 11 children, equivalent to 5.5%, are engaged in vaccinating on the street. . Also, 111 people, equal to 55.5% of the children working on the street, stated that they were verbally and physically abused by their parents. Among these children, 110 people, equivalent to 55%, are illiterate, and 70 people, equal to 35%, have primary education, and only 20 of them, equivalent to 10%, were studying. In this research, the relationship between the variables of verbal and physical violence and parents' sense of responsibility, the sense of objective and mental security, family disintegration, and the injury of working children were measured, and the relationship of all variables was confirmed. Conclusion: In general, based on the results of the research, it can be stated that the family and the consolidation of relationships between family members is an important issue in preventing the phenomenon of child labor at the community level, and it is necessary to change variables such as parents' sense of responsibility, family breakdown, and support. Social issues should be taken into consideration and parents must pay attention to the important issues of child-rearing before getting married and having children to reduce the phenomenon of working children at the community level. One of the limitations of the current research was relying on the data obtained from the self-report questionnaire, in this style of information collection, the participant will probably have difficulty in expressing his emotions and cognitions, so it is suggested to increase the statistical power and reliability of the findings to collect information from methods Other than an interview or qualitative study. The results of the present research can be generalized and applied in different situations by considering the mentioned limitations. It is also suggested that the officials of counseling centers consider training courses for couples and affected families so that their children do not get involved in issues such as street work. Among the limitations of the current research was the difficulty of coordinating and establishing communication with the participants, which was time-consuming. Another limitation is that the current research was conducted at this point and place. Perhaps, if it was conducted at another point in time and place, different results would be obtained.  }, Keywords = {Child Labour, Pathology, Parents, Poverty}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {294-303}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر آسیب شناسی روحی و روانی کودکان کار در استان مازندران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: مسائل و آسیب­های اجتماعی ناشی از تحول­های سریع جوامع انسانی از موضوع­های مهمی هستند که همواره ذهن جامعه­شناسان و اندیشمندان را به خود مشغول داشته­اند. بنابراین هدف این پژوهش بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر آسیب شناسی روحی و روانی کودکان کار در استان مازندران بود. روش کار: این پژوهش با استفاده از روش پیمایش و با ابزار پرسشنامه صورت گرفته است. این پژوهش از نوع کاربردی و از شاخه توصیفی- ­همبستگی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کلیه کودکان کار شهر ساری بود و نمونه آماری بر اساس فرمول کوکران، 200 نفر انتخاب شد. در این پژوهش از روش نمونه‏گیری خوشه­ای چند مرحله­ای و نمونه­گیری تصادفی ساده استفاده شده است. برای تحلیل داده­های پژوهش، از آزمون­های ضریب همبستگی با نرم­افزار SPSS24 و تحلیل عامل تاییدی مرحله دوم با نرم­افزار Amos25 استفاده شد. یافته ­ها: در این پژوهش رابطه متغیرهای خشونت کلامی و فیزیکی و احساس مسئولیت والدین، احساس امنیت عینی و ذهنی و گسیختگی خانواده و آسیب کودکان کار سنجیده شد که رابطه همه متغیرها مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. نتیجه­ گیری: به طور کلی بر اساس نتایج پژوهش می­توان بیان نمود که خانواده و تحکیم روابط بین افراد  خانواده امری مهم در پیشگیری از وقوع پدیده کودکان کار در سطح جامعه است و لازم والدین قبل از ازدواج و فرزندآوری، به مسائل مهم تربیت کودک توجه کنند تا پدیده کودکان کار در سطح جامعه کاهش یابد.  }, keywords_fa = {کودکان کار, آسیب‌شناسی, والدین, فقر}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7787-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7787-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Abutaleb, Farhad and Sajjadi, Hamid and Zarei, Ali and AshrafGanjouei, Farideh}, title = {Investigating the Relationship between Organizational Innovation and Social and Psychological Capital in the Municipal Sports Organization}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Social and psychological capital is one of the environmental factors that determine the level of adaptation and health of the society; mainly because social activities and mobility require more physical activity compared to activities that are socially isolated. Social capital is a set of existing norms in the social system that increases the level of cooperation among members of the group or society and also reduces the level of exchange and communication costs. In general, it can be said that trust, norms, and networks are the most important components of social capital. Reconstruction of organizations is done by harmonizing the goals with the current situation and modifying and improving the methods of achieving these goals. What is new in recent decades is the speed of amazing developments in various fields. What has become more apparent to organizations today than in the past is the necessity of predicting ways to meet the needs that may appear in the future due to possible changes, as a result, to predict the ways to meet the needs. To help, the organization must be able to institutionalize creativity and innovation; because it is with creativity that new ways are obtained and this discussion shows the importance of creativity and innovation in the organization. Sports and society have common value patterns and so-called behavioral configurations. The evolution and transformation of sports do not take place outside of society, but their development is achieved in close connection with the social environment in which the action takes place. Sports reflect the social relations of society. The reality of sports as a product of human action is related to cultural, social, and historical processes. Considering that social and psychological capital includes interpersonal relationships within groups and social networks that enable access to successes, opportunities, information, material resources, and social situations for people. And in the organizational dimension, the possibility that these relationships can be effective needs more investigation. Therefore, on the other hand, the innovation factor seeks to achieve a common goal, which is growth, development, and effectiveness. We can assume the point of intersection between these two variables. Also, considering that the Tehran Municipal Sports Organization, according to its mission, needs human resources with the approach of innovation and improving the atmosphere of individual and interpersonal working relationships in the organization, and considering the extent of the work environment of the Tehran Municipal Sports Organization, despite the presence of several employees Culturally, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether there is a significant relationship between organizational innovation and social and psychological capital in the municipal sports organization. Methods: The statistical population of this descriptive-correlation study included all the employees (managers and experts) of the sports organization of the city of Tehran, totaling 300 people, and the whole number sampling method was used for the number of the statistical sample. The organizational innovation questionnaire of Omid and colleagues (2002) and the social and psychological capital questionnaire of Putnam (2000) were used to collect data. Data analysis was done using Pearson's correlation test and multiple correlations from regression. Results: The findings showed that the variable of organizational innovation has a significant effect on social and psychological capital. The beta coefficient of 0.29 of organizational innovation means that for each unit change in the standard deviation of organizational innovation, there is a 0.29 unit change in social and psychological capital, and since the direction of this relationship is positive, the change is directly and it is of increasing type. Conclusion: Today, sports organizations need to manage their human resources in a different way in order to meet and respond to these challenges and opportunities. It should be noted that human capital is the main focus of behavior and performance in the organization, and for this reason, in the last two decades, managers and educational researchers have always paid the most attention to it. Based on the findings of researchers and the experiences of managers, it is necessary to achieve stable human and intellectual capital by implementing an efficient human resource management system. On the other hand, human resources committed to the goals and values of the organization is not only a factor for the superiority of one organization over another, but it is also considered as a sustainable competitive advantage for many organizations. In this regard, the optimal use and utilization of human resources are within the scope of the duties of the organization's human resources managers, and the real investment in human capital and the implementation of human resources measures lead to an increase in organizational performance and productivity. The municipal sports organization is a local organization responsible for various and many tasks. One of the most important tasks of this organization is the development and promotion of sports in different parts. In this regard, this organization needs to have committed and expert human resources in addition to using new technology, using all facilities and equipment of the municipality, and using the capacities and abilities of the public and private sectors. Having one of the largest organizational and organizational structures in the field of sports, the municipal sports organization seeks to manage its diverse human resources by providing the necessary grounds, but the problem is that this organization has key uncertainties, and trends, He does not know the drivers and drivers affecting his system in the relevant field, and he has formulated strategic plans in the medium and long term. Thinkers consider today's world to be an organizational world, because, in the present era, people are connected with various organizations in every place they live and in everything they do, and organizations are a part of They form the daily life of all people. The general conclusion of the research is that human resources are considered the most valuable capital of any organization and are considered the center of development, and it is clear that the municipal sports organization in the path of growth and development needs detailed planning for this valuable capital. And because the municipal sports organization is always exposed to rapid changes in the environment, both the organization in question and human resources need to change, it is necessary to correctly respond to these changes by considering future developments, predicting the environment, and making effective decisions about the future. Therefore, flexibility and acquiring sufficient knowledge to respond to these uncertainties in sports organizations are more necessary than ever.}, Keywords = {Organizational Innovation, Social and Psychological Capital, Municipal Sports}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {304-311}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی ارتباط بین نوآوری سازمانی و سرمایه اجتماعی و روانی در سازمان ورزش شهرداری}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: سرمایه اجتماعی و روانی یکی از عوامل محیطی تعیین کننده سطح سازگاری و سلامت جامعه محسوب می­شود و از آنجاییکه یکی از وظایف شهرداری، توسعه ورزش و سلامتی مردم جامعه است، لذا هدف این مطالعه بررسی ارتباط بین نوآوری سازمانی و سرمایه اجتماعی و روانی در سازمان ورزش شهرداری بود. روش کار: جامعه آماری این مطالعه توصیفی- همبستگی شامل کلیه کارکنان (مدیران و کارشناسان) سازمان ورزش شهرداری شهر به تعداد 300 نفر تهران بود و روش نمونه‌گیری تمام شمار برای تعداد نمونه آماری استفاده شد. از پرسشنامه نوآوری سازمانی امید و همکاران (2002) و سرمایه اجتماعی و روانی از پرسشنامه پاتنام (2000) برای گرداوری داده­ها استفاده گردید. تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها با استفاده از آزمون همبستگی پیرسون و ارتباط چندگانه از رگرسیون انجام شد. یافته ­ها: یافته­ها نشان داد متغیر نوآوری سازمانی تاثیر معناداری بر سرمایه اجتماعی و روانی دارد. ضریب بتای 29/0 نوآوری سازمانی بدان معناست که به ازای هر واحد تغییر در انحراف معیار نوآوری سازمانی، 29/0 واحد تغییر در سرمایه اجتماعی و روانی به وجود می­آید و از آنجا که جهت این رابطه مثبت است، تغییر بصورت مستقیم و از نوع افزاینده می­باشد. نتیجه ­گیری: با توجه به ارتباط بین متغیرها می­توان بیان داشت که سازمان ورزش شهرداری در مسیر رشد و توسعه نیاز به برنامه­ریزی دقیق در راستای نوآوری و حفط سرمایه اجتماعی و روانی دارد و لازمه برنامه­ریزی در نظر گرفتن تحولات آینده، پیش بینی محیط و اتخاذ تصمیمات اثرگذار در خصوص آینده است.  }, keywords_fa = {نوآوری سازمانی, سرمایه اجتماعی و روانی, ورزش شهرداری}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7826-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7826-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Tolouei, Masoud and MatinHomaee, Hasan and Azarbayjani, Mohammad Ali}, title = {Changes in Brain Neutrophils and Neurological Function in Response to Acute Speed and Plyometric Training in Adolescent Boys}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Neural activation is associated with increasing energy requirements, and increasing peripheral Lactate (LA) concentration in response to severe exercise, enhances LA supply as an energy substrate to meet acute neurological needs. The acute speed and football exercises may affect cognitive function by increasing LA concentration and nervous activation. Increasing the neurocognitive performance of growing adolescent boys plays an important role in their physical performance. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of speed and plyometric training activity on the concentrations of nerve proteins in blood circulation. Although speed interval and plyometric training in football players may lead to progressive fatigue and activate the central nervous system and subsequent cognitive disorders, it may also positively increase neurotrophines such as BDNF or IGF-1 and affect brain neutrophils and neurological function. According to this evidence, we assumed that BDNF, BNG and IGF-1 increase in response to a football training session, which may be associated with increasing neurological function of adolescents. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of an acute speed and plyometric football-based exercise on plasma concentrations of BDNF, BNG and IGF-1 neural proteins, which may play an important role in enhancing cognitive abilities. And the effect of speed and plyometric training activity on the concentrations of nerve proteins in blood circulation. Methods: The present study is a semi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design, which was conducted in two sessions, including an intervention and control session. After calling in Tehran's schools, 20 adolescents 14-15 years of age were selected and accessible as a sample, and randomly participated in 2 sessions of speed and plateometric exercises and control sessions. All subjects are familiar with how to perform speed exercises (RAST Test) during a familiarization period (two sessions). On the day of the main test, after 12 hours of fasting, the test was referred to the test site and the first blood sample (5 cc) was taken from the antiquiobital vein. After the standard breakfast of the subjects, we were wearing sportswear and after ten minutes of general warming up the speed training included six times a maximum of 35 meters with a 10-second recovery between each run. After the test was performed, the plyometric exercise was executed, including a pair jump and one -foot barriers, jump on barriers with 180 degrees rotation, zigzag jump and one foot forward, jump on  obstacles with both legs and legs Single-to-foot jumping on the barriers of single -foot and throwing a medicine ball, on the sides, with 12 repetitions. The active rest between turn was considered two to three minutes (29). The subject's heart rate was performed during the controlled exercise (Polar heart rate monitor) and the exercise in the range of 80-90 % of the heart rate. The second blood sample was taken immediately after the training session was completed. All sampling steps for each subject were performed under the same conditions and the BDNF and NGF levels were measured through the USA-made Kit. The IGF-I levels were measured through the ELISA methods and IGF-I Kit. Cognitive neurological function was also measured through the Stroop test (ST) before and after the training session. In this study, the Polish paper version of ST was used. ST consisted of 71 words written with colored ink. The task of the participants was to name the font color regardless of the written word. For statistical analysis, the research data are first described using the mean and standard deviation, then the changes before and after all the variables of the two sessions were calculated and analyzed using the dependent stroop test. A significant level was considered to be P≤0.05 and SPSS 16 was used to perform statistical calculations. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the somatic specifications of the research subjects was as follow: Weight (59.7±3.2), Body mass index (21.4±1.3), Fat percentage (21.7±2.8), and Fat free mase (41.10±4.1) The results of the present study showed that BDNF data changes were significantly different in training and control session (t19=12/89, p<0/001). In the exercise session, the BDNF rate increased by approximately 2.5 times compared with control session. NGF data also showed significant differences in both sessions before and after acute speed and Plyometric training (t19=4.89, p<0/001). Regarding the plasma levels of IGF-1 also the results showed a quite significant difference in comparison of two sessions (t19 =2.89, p=0.019). The time of implementation of the stroop test at two sessions of training and control in the preceding and later times also showed significant differences that in the exercise session the test was significantly reduced than the control session (t19 =3.89, p=0/009). The test time in the exercise session decreased from 59.3s to 53.1s. There was no significant change in the control session at the time of stroop performance (58.6 s and 59.3 s). These findings show that acute speeds and plyometric exercise are useful for improving post exercise cognitive performance in adolescent. Skeletal muscle contraction during high-intensity exercise increases BDNF levels in the brain, and the speed and plyeometric exercise protocol is a more effective and preferred intervention to raise BDNF levels than traditional exercise mode, with moderate intensity. Acute speed and plyometric exercises increase human cognitive function. Improvement of cognitive function may be the synthesis or release of neurological proteins that are adjusted by high blood LA after exercise. Conclusion: In summary, the current findings suggest that acute plyometric and speed training enhances human cognitive performance. The improvement in cognitive performance may be from the synthesis or release of neuroprotective proteins modulated by high blood LA concentrations after exercise.  }, Keywords = {Interval speed training, RAST, BDNF, IGF-1, NGF, Plyometric training, Cognitive function, Football players}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {312-322}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تغییرا ت نوتروفین‌های مغزی و عملکرد عصبی شناختی در پاسخ به یک جلسه تمرین سرعتی و پلایومتریک در پسران نوجوان درحال رشد}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: افزایش عملکرد عصبی شناختی نوجوانان پسر در حال رشد نقش مهمی در عملکرد بدنی آن ها دارد. از این رو هدف مطالعه حاضر بررسی تأثیر فعالیت تمرینی سرعتی و پلایومتریک بر غلظت‌های پروتئین­های عصبی در گردش خون بود. روش کار: مطالعه حاضر از نوع نیمه تجربی با طرح پیش آزمون-پس آزمون بود. 20 نفر نوجوانان پسر در حال رشد  15-14 ساله به صورت هدفمند در دسترس و داوطلبانه در تحقیق حاضر داوطلبانه شرکت نموده و به طور تصادفی در 2 جلسه فعالیت سرعتی و پلایومتریک و جلسه کنترل حضور داشتند. از آزمودنی ها پس از 12 ساعت ناشتایی اولین نمونه خونی گرفته شد. پس از اجرای آزمون رست و تمرین پلایومتریک نمونه خونی دوم گرفته شد. عملکرد عصبی شناختی نیز از طریق آزمون استروپ (Stroop- Test-ST) قبل و بعد از جلسه تمرینی اندازه گیری شد. در جلسه کنترل آزمودنی ها فعالیت بدنی نخواهند داشت و تنها در زمان های مشابه جلسه تمرین نمونه خونی و آزمون شناختی گرفته شد. فاکتورهای BDNF، NGF و IGF-1 از نمونه های پلاسما اندازه گیری شد. داده­ها با استفاده از آزمون تی وابسته تحلیل شدند. سطح معنی داری برابر با 05/0 P≤ در نظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج تحقیق حاضر نشان داد که تغییرات داده­هایBDNF ، NGF و IGF-1 در جلسه فعالیت و کنترل اختلاف معناداری دارند (05/0P<). زمان اجرای ST در دو جلسه نیز اختلاف معناداری نشان داد (009/0=P، 89/3=19t). نتیجه‌گیری: به طور خلاصه، یافته های فعلی نشان می دهد که تمرین سرعتی و پلایومتریک حاد عملکرد شناختی انسان را افزایش می دهد. بهبود عملکرد شناختی ممکن است از سنتز یا آزادسازی پروتئین‌های محافظ عصبی که توسط غلظت بالای LA خون پس از ورزش تعدیل شده‌اند، باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {ورزش تناوبی سرعتی, آزمون رست,BDNF,IGF-1,NGF,تمرین پلایومتریک, عملکرد شناختی, بازیکنان فوتبال}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7610-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7610-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {KafshdarJalali, Hossnieh and Issazadeh, Khosro and Rezaeian, Abbas Ali}, title = {Evaluation of Probiotic Properties and Toxic Effects of Lactobacilli Cell Extract Isolated from Dairy Products of Guilan Province on HT29 Cancer Cells and HUVEC Normal Cells}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Due to the negative effects of cancer, various methods such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are used to treat cancer and are used as primary methods in the treatment of colorectal cancer. However, the success rate of this treatment is not enough and the death rate due to it increases every year, and a series of necessary strategies are needed to control this deadly disease (5). In general, the main characteristic of cancer cells is uncontrollable cell proliferation and resistance to programmed death, so an agent that causes apoptosis in cancer cells can be known as an anticancer substance (8). Among various cases, probiotics control the digestive enzymes of animals and humans, inhibit cancer agents in the body and in laboratory conditions, and also play an important role in suppressing compounds and tumors caused by cancer in laboratory animals (9, 10). HT29 is not only used to study the biology of human colon cancers, but is of particular interest in studies focused on digestion and accessibility due to its ability to express the characteristics of colon cells (11). HUVEC are human umbilical vein endothelial cells used to study endothelial cell function and pathology (eg, angiogenesis). Primary isolated HUVECs are probably the most popular used in research, as human umbilical vessels are more readily available than other blood vessel types (8). Today, due to the increasing prevalence of gastrointestinal cancer, this issue is considered as an important global health challenge, and in the past few decades, it has been shown that the imbalance in the intestinal microbiota is related to the rate of various chronic disorders, including cancer. Oral administration of different strains of probiotics can prevent the occurrence of cancer or reduce the incidence of inflammation after surgery (12). Therefore, the researcher is trying to answer the question whether probiotic properties and toxic effects of Lactobacillus cell extract isolated from dairy products of Gilan province have an effect on HT-29 cancer cell line and normal HUVEC cell or not. Methods: In order to carry out this research, lactobacilli were first isolated from dairy samples, then morphological, biochemical, genetic and phylogenetic identification was performed on them. Using sequencing and then analyzing the determined sequences on the NCBI site, Lactobacillus fermentum species (L. Fermentum) was detected with 88.61% homology and its phylogenetic tree was drawn and registered as Limosilactobacillus fermentum GL strain. The isolated lactobacillus extract was affected on the HT-29 cancer cell line and normal HUVEC cells, and the survival of the cells under the effect of lactobacillus was determined using the MTT test (3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was investigated. Finally, considering that all the tests were performed in triplicate, Minitab ver16 software and GraphPad Prism ver9 software were used to determine the mean (One-Way Unstacked ANOVA) and standard deviation, respectively (p < 0.05). Results: The results showed that the bacteria were gram positive, catalase negative, oxidase negative, negative movement, no growth at 15°C and growth at 37°C and 45°C. Also, molecular analysis showed the amplification of S rRNA16 gene in two of the 4 samples. Further, the blast results showed that the desired sequence of one of the samples with 61.88% similarity belongs to Lactobacillus fermentum. Then, the phylogenetic tree resulting from the analysis of S rRNA 16 sequence was performed by NCBI genome database and MEGA 7 software, and its relationship with other bacteria is shown. Finally, gene registration was done from the sequence obtained in the NCBI database and the desired bacterium was named Limosilactobacillus fermentum GL. Also, the results of cell viability were evaluated using the MTT colorimetric method. Based on the results, cytoplasmic extract in concentrations of 0.5, 0.75 mg/ml did not significantly change the cell viability of HT-29 cells, and concentrations of 1, 1.5, 2 mg/ml increased cell viability by 4.87±50%, respectively, decreased 8.61±40%, 5.80±25%. The IC50 value of cytoplasmic extract for HT-29 cells was 1.43 mg/ml. Also, the results of the cytotoxicity study showed that the concentrations used of the cytoplasmic extract had no inhibitory effect on the normal HUVEC cell line for 24 hours (P<0.05). Conclusion: Despite recent advances in cancer treatment strategies, cancers are one of the most important causes of death worldwide. Although some anticancer treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have been used with varying degrees of success in many types of cancer patients, these treatments are expensive and have harmful side effects including cardiotoxicity, diarrhea, intestinal strictures, and Inability to effectively absorb nutrients. Probiotics have been suggested as supplements to increase the effectiveness of anti-cancer treatments (24). The results showed that the concentrations of 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/ml of lactobacillus extract can reduce the cell viability by 50±4.87, 40±8.61 and 25±5.80% respectively during 24 hours. . Based on the MTT test, a concentration of 1 mg/ml of the cytoplasmic extract inhibited 50% of HT29 cells and had no toxic effect on normal HUVEC cells. In a study after 24-hour treatment of HT29 cells with 109 CFU/mL of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393, cell survival decreased by 78% (13). Probably, in the future, these species or their metabolites can be used as food supplements or additives with anti-cancer activity, and for the production of such products, the selection of Lactobacillus strain is of high value (4). As shown in the results, the cell extract of Limosilactobacillus fermentum GL had important effects on growth inhibition in HT-29 cells by suppressing cell proliferation. However, the exact underlying mechanisms of the effects of probiotics on cancer cells have not been fully defined (4). It should be noted that the bacteria used in this study (Limosilactobacillus fermentum GL) were isolated from traditional dairy samples of Gilan and their anti-proliferative and anti-cancer effects were investigated for the first time.                                                                                                 }, Keywords = {Probiotic,Cancer Cells,Lactobacilli,HT29,HUVEC}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {323-333}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی خصوصیات پروبیوتیکی و اثرات سمی عصاره سلولی لاکتوباسیلوس‌های جدا شده از فرآورده‌های لبنی استان گیلان بر رده سلول سرطانی HT-29 و سلول نرمال HUVEC}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: برخی از غذاها از جمله محصولات لبنی مثل ماست، منابع خوبی برای پروبیوتیک‌ها محسوب می‌شوند. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر بررسی خصوصیات پروبیوتیکی و اثرات سمی عصاره سلولی لاکتوباسیلوس‌های جدا شده از فرآورده‌های لبنی استان گیلان بر رده سلول سرطانی HT-29 و سلول نرمال HUVEC بود. روش­ کار: برای انجام تحقیق حاضر، ابتدا لاکتوباسیلوس‌ها از نمونه‌های لبنی جداسازی شدند،  سپس  شناسایی مورفولوژیکی، بیوشیمیایی، ژنتیکی و فیلوژنتیکی روی آنها انجام گرفت. با استفاده از توالی یابی و سپس آنالیز سکانس‌های تعیین شده در سایت  NCBI، گونه لاکتوباسیلوس فرمنتوم (L. Fermentum) با همولوژی 61/88% تشخیص داده شد و درخت فیلوژنتیکی آن رسم گردید و به عنوان سویه Limosilactobacillus fermentum GL ثبت گردید. عصاره لاکتوباسیلوس‌های جدا شده بر روی رده سلول‌های سرطانی HT-29 و سلول‌های نرمال HUVEC اثر داده شد و  بقای سلول‌ها تحت اثر لاکتوباسیلوس با استفاده از تست MTT (3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) بررسی گردید. یافته‌ها: نشان داد عصاره سیتوپلاسمی باکتری لاکتوباسیلوس فرمنتوم در غلظت mg/ml 1، باعث کاهش 50% از سلول‌های HT-29 شده، ولی هیچ اثر سمی روی سلول‌های نرمال HUVEC نداشته است. نتیجه ­گیری: بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده، عصاره سیتوپلاسمی لاکتوباسیلوس فرمنتوم جدا شده از محصولات لبنی، موجب کاهش رشد سلول‌های سرطانی HT-29 نسبت به سلول نرمال HUVEC شد که با انجام مطالعات بیشتر می‌تواند به عنوان یک محصول پروبیوتیک، در درمان و پیشگیری از سرطان روده بزرگ مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.  }, keywords_fa = {پروبیوتیک, سلول سرطانی, لاکتو باسیلوس, HUVEC, HT-29}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7861-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7861-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Madani, Farnaz and Zomorody, Saeedeh}, title = {The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Cognitive Flexibility and Perfectionism in Women}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The family is the first and smallest social unit in which a person experiences collective life, and group and cooperative behavior for the first time and builds his cultural-social identity. A healthy person is the product of a healthy family, and social health is undoubtedly related to family health. The family is the most suitable system for meeting the material, mental and spiritual needs of human beings, and it has provided the best platform for providing the security and peace of mind of the members, raising the new generation, socializing the children, and meeting the emotional needs. For people, the starting point of family formation is when a man and a woman marry each other and get married to form a family. What is being paid attention to today, along with psychological issues, is the issue of cognitive flexibility. In general, the ability to change cognitive signs to adapt to changing environmental stimuli is the main element in operational definitions of cognitive flexibility. This factor requires the ability to communicate with the present and the ability to separate the person from inner thoughts and experiences. People with flexible thinking positively adjust and change their mental structure according to the environment and overcome stressful and stressful situations by accepting and tolerating them to achieve optimal mental health. Another component of research is perfectionism. Perfectionism is a motivational component that includes the individual's efforts to reach the perfect self; In other words, people have a strong drive for perfection, unrealistically high standards, compulsive effort, and all-or-nothing thinking about outcomes in the form of complete success or complete failure. These people are so scrutinizing and critical that they cannot accept their faults and mistakes or failures in different aspects of life. Of course, reaching perfection and flourishing hidden and potential talents and abilities is very valuable in itself, and in this valley, perfectionism is a positive and desirable thing, but what was mentioned is the extreme or negative aspect of perfectionism. The characteristics of perfectionism are defined in three dimensions: self-centered perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, and society-oriented perfectionism. It seems that people's perfectionism originates from their illogical and distorted views and thoughts; therefore, to treat these people, it is necessary to be familiar with cognitive biases and thinking errors, as well as to identify how these errors appear in perfectionism. Various methods have been used to improve psychological components in people. One of these methods is a treatment based on acceptance and commitment, whose clinical effectiveness has been shown in various research to improve the psychological components of different people. Treatment is based on acceptance and commitment, which is a combination of ways of accepting and paying attention to awareness along with commitment and changing behavior, and this approach teaches people to accept their thoughts without judgment instead of challenging them, and the goal is to People should learn to identify their life values and plan and act based on them. Action therapy is one of the treatments of the third wave of behavioral therapy, which is theoretically based on the theory of the framework of mental relations, which is how the human mind creates suffering and the useless methods of dealing with it, as well as alternative contextual approaches for It explains these areas. The treatment based on acceptance and commitment is studied by teaching this point to the sample group, i.e. overweight women, life is mixed with suffering, man cannot approach his desires by avoiding and abstaining, and by distinguishing between tolerance and Accepting and emphasizing the point that tolerance is accompanied by suffering and hides passivity in itself while accepting pain (instead of suffering) is accompanied and does not stop a person from moving; Maybe it follows the weaving. Also, accepting the fact that a valuable life is accompanied by suffering and moving in the path of values requires commitment, and words do not replace experience and can strengthen the tolerance of failure. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to answer the question, is the therapy based on acceptance and commitment effective on cognitive flexibility and perfectionism in married women? Methods: The research method is semi-experimental with two experimental and control groups, and the statistical population of the research includes all married women of 25-50 years of age who announced their desire to participate in the research in virtual space, and their number was 120. According to the research method, 30 people were voluntarily and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 people for each group) using the available sampling method. Data collection was done by Wall Wadner and Denier's cognitive flexibility and Hill et al.'s perfectionism questionnaires, and the intervention was done by acceptance and commitment protocol. Also, the statistical method of multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the mean value and standard deviation for the cognitive flexibility variable in the experimental group were 20.65 and 6.941 in the pre-test and 73.11 and 2.915 respectively in the post-test and the control group in the pre-test. 67/13 and 3/871 and in the post-test it is 67/20 and 3/840 respectively. Also, the mean value and standard deviation for the perfectionism variable in the experimental group in the pre-test were 191.60 and 12.046 in the post-test respectively, and in the control group in the pre-test 184.53 and 16.203 respectively. In the post-test, it is 183/80 and 15/001 respectively. According to the table, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores in the total cognitive flexibility and perfectionism test group. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the total score and the subscales of the cognitive flexibility and perfectionism questionnaires in the pre-test and post-test in the experimental and control groups of married women. Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on cognitive flexibility, it can be concluded that the awareness of the intensity of needs and the psychology of internal control is a predictive factor of people at risk. Therefore, it can be suggested that these factors are identified and necessary information provided in consultations using this technique. This study, like all other studies, has some limitations, which can be mentioned as follows: Since the present study was conducted on married women, caution should be observed when generalizing it to married men. Also, the geographical area investigated in this research was Tehran, so the generalization of its results to cities and provinces should be done with caution. According to the results of this study, it is suggested to hold a therapy workshop based on patience and commitment in the direction of flexibility and perfectionism for married people.  }, Keywords = {Therapy Based on Acceptance and Commitment, Cognitive Flexibility, Perfectionism}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {334-343}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی و کمال‌گرایی در زنان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: روش­های مختلفی برای بهبود مولفه­های روانی در افراد استفاده شده است. یکی از این روش­ها درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد است که اثربخشی بالینی آن در تحقیقات مختلف برای بهبود مولفه­های روانی افراد مختلف نشان داده شده است؛ لذا این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثربخشی درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر انعطاف پذیری شناختی و کمال گرایی در زنان انجام شد. روش کار: روش پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی با دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل می باشد و جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کلیه زنان متاهل 25-50 سال فراخوانی در فضای مجازی تمایل خود را برای شرکت در پژوهش اعلام نمودند می باشد که تعداد آن ها 120 نفر تشکیل دادند، با توجه به روش پژوهش با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری در دسترس30 نفربه صـورت داوطلبانه و به طور تصادفی به دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل تقسیم شدند (15 نفربرای هر گروه) انتخاب شدند. گردآوری داده ها توسط پرسشنامه های انعطاف پذیری شناختی وال وادنر و دنیر و کمال گرایی هیل و همکاران انجام شد و مداخله توسط پروتکل پذیرش و تعهد انجام شد. همچنین از روش آماری تحلیل کواریانس چند متغیره (مانکوا) جهت تحلیل داده ها استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج حاکی از آن بود که در مجموع تفاوت معنادار بین نمره کل و خرده مقیاس های دو پرشسنامه انعطاف پذیری شناختی و کمال گرایی در پیش آزمون و پس آزمون در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل در زنان متاهل وجود داشت نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به اثربخشی درمان شناختی رفتاری بر انعطاف­پذیری شناختی بود می­توان نتیجه گرفت که آگاهی از میزان شدت نیازها و روانشناسی کنترل درونی یک عامل پیش‌بینی کننده افراد در معرض خطراست. بنابراین می­توان پیشنهاد نمود که در مشاوره­ها با استفاده از این تکنیک این عوامل شناسایی شده و آگاهی­های لازم ارائه گردد.  }, keywords_fa = {درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد, انعطاف پذیری شناختی, کمال گرایی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7862-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7862-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Sartipi, Vahid and Divkan, Behzad and Goodarzi, Paris}, title = {The Effect of Emotional Intelligence on the Model of Talent Management and Organizational Innovation in Health-Oriented Organizations}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Today, human resources are considered the most important capital of organizations, and it is clear that people are the main factor in the survival of organizations in the field of competition With the complexity of the environment and the creation of diversity of different cultures and occupations, the role of human resources has gradually changed. Dynamic organizations to operate in this competitive world, in an effort to create opportunities for today's organizations, need creative, flexible and responsive forces and on the other hand, they are attracted to these talents, and organizations that cannot manage their human resources according to today's norms will be doomed. Career developments facing organizations have caused the strategies and plans that have been determined in advance to not respond to the future needs of the workforce in these organizations; Based on this, during the past decades, there has always been the issue of how to successfully implement the human resources talent management system in public organizations. Considering that both talent management and innovation agents seek to achieve a common goal, which is growth, development and effectiveness. It is possible to assume the point of intersection between these two variables. And in the meantime, it is very important to examine the effective components from the psychological and cognitive aspect such as emotional intelligence. Also, considering that the municipal sports organization of Tehran city needs talented human resources and providing new products with an innovative approach and improving the current business environment in order to achieve optimal effectiveness and efficiency according to its mission, conducting such a research at this time of Time seems necessary. Methods: The statistical sample of the present study included all the managers and experts of the sports organization of Tehran city in the number of 272 people who were selected in a purposeful way. The participants of Phillips and Roper's (2009) standard talent management questionnaire including 38 questions and four components, the emotional intelligence questionnaire of Brackett et al. They completed the component voluntarily. The instrument had good validity and reliability. In the data analysis section, descriptive and inferential statistics were used, the method of structural equation testing was used to test the hypotheses of this research using Lisrel software version 8.8. Results: The results show that the model had sufficient fit (RMSEA = 0.08) and the indices of IFI, GFI and NFI indices are.49, .43 and.41, respectively, which indicate the appropriate fit of the model. A significant causal relationship was reported between talent management and emotional intelligence of managers, also the relationship between talent management and organizational innovation was significant, in addition, talent management showed a significant causal effect through the mediating variable of emotional intelligence on organizational innovation. Conclusion: Although a review of the research conducted in this field shows that innovation in organizations is a growing scientific branch, but the effectiveness of talent management and its value creation is still not properly understood in sports organizations. In addition, the number of studies related to emotional intelligence and talent management in sports organizations is very small and requires more research in this field. Since employees with higher emotional intelligence overcome problems better and have a better relationship with their colleagues. The social self-awareness of the employees has increased and can have a favorable effect on the performance of the organization  }, Keywords = {Talent Management,Emotional Intelligence,Organizational Innovation,The sports organization of Tehran city}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {344-353}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر هوش هیجانی بر مدل مدیریت استعداد و نوآوری سازمانی در سازمان‌های سلامت محور}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: هدف تحقیق حاضر بررسی نقش میانجی هوش هیجانی بر ارتباط مدیریت استعداد و  نوآوری سازمانی سازمان ورزش شهرداری شهر تهران بود. روش کار: نمونه آماری پژوهش حاضر شامل کلیه مدیران و خبرگان سازمان ورزش شهرداری شهر تهران به تعداد 2۷2 نفر بودند که به شیوه هدفمند و بصورت تمام شمار انتخاب شدند . شرکت کنندگان پرسشنامه استاندارد مدیریت استعداد فیلیپس و راپر (2009) شامل 38 سوال و چهارمولفه، پرسشنامه هوش هیجانی براکت و همکاران (2006) شامل 19 سوال و 5 مولفه و پرسشنامه نوآوری سازمانی امید و همکاران (2002) که مشتمل بر 22 سؤال و 5 مولفه را به صورت داوطلبانه تکمیل نمودند. ابزار از روایی و پایایی مطلوب برخوردار بود. در بخش تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از آمار توصیفی و استنباطی استفاده شد از روش آزمون معادلات ساختاری برای آزمون فرضیات تحقیق حاضر با استفاده از نرم اقزار لیزرل نسخه 8.8 استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها: یافته‌ها نشان دارد مدل از برازش کافی برخوردار بود (08/0 RMSEA= ) و شاخص های شاخص‌های GFI، IFI،  و NFI بترتیب برابر با 49/0، 43 /0 و 41/0 می‌باشد که نشان دهنده برازش مناسب مدل می باشند. ارتباط علی معنی داری بین مدیریت استعداد و هوش هیجانی مدیران گزارش شد، همچنین ارتباط بین مدیریت استعداد و نوآوری سازمانی معنی دار بود علاوه بر آن مدیریت استعداد از طریق متغیر میانجی هوش هیجانی بر نوآوری سازمانی اثر علی معنی داری را نشان داد. نتیجه‌گیری: هنگامی که سازمانی روی استعدادهایش سرمایه گذاری می‌کند و هوش هیجانی کارکنان را تحت تاثیر قرار می‌دهد. هوش هیجانی به عنوان یک رفتار اثربخش از سوی کارکنان می‌تواند ارتباط موثرتر در کار و نقش اساسی در رشد ابتکار و نوآوری ایجاد نموده باعث می‌شود فضای کاری بهتر و عملکرد سازمانی موثرتری را به همراه داشته باشد.}, keywords_fa = {مدیریت استعداد, هوش هیجانی, نوآوری سازمانی, سازمان ورزش شهرداری شهر تهران}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7869-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7869-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Foroumadian, Fereshteh and Rahmani, Hamed and Ataee, Mohamm}, title = {Designing a Structural Model for the Application of Behavioral Standards for Young and Inexperienced Human Resources in the Country\'s Hospitals}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Today human resources are the most valuable factor of production and the most important capital of any organization and the main resource that generates competitive advantage and creates the basic capabilities of any organization, one of the most important organizational planning is human resources planning. The important factor for the existence of human resources planning is planning to achieve skill, and educational needs and finally improving human resources. The most effective way to achieve a competitive advantage in the current conditions is to make the employees of organizations more efficient by improving them and what is important in the direction of human resources development is that the improvement of human resources is not achieved only with technical and specialized training, but it should be developed in many ways. Payment and this important component will not be possible by applying strategic management in the field of human resources management. Today, the role of resources in every organization is well-defined. Among all the resources of organizations, human resources are the most sensitive and vital resource. The reason for this is the difficult and difficult access to expert human resources when needed. Therefore, the sensitivity of human resources seems important and necessary in today's organizations. Paying attention to human resources and proper management of these resources is important and worthy of attention for the organization. On the other hand, human resource management in hospitals is of great importance; because the performance of all the employees of a medical center has a direct effect on the health of people (patients). If human resources in the health system are directed in the right direction, we can hope to improve other structures of the health system. Considering the above contents and considering the high importance of the performance of hospital personnel on the one hand and the observation of unprofessional behaviors in all hospitals of the country, it is necessary to take more management measures to manage the behavior of this category of employees. According to the review of the relevant literature and records related to the research topic regarding the criticisms of the past programs, it can be concluded that none of the past programs related to the design of behavioral standards of hospital nurses has been fully and comprehensively criticized and reviewed and few criticisms in this The ground has been made. Client satisfaction with the services provided in a health center can be a suitable indicator for measuring the quality of these services, for this reason, the use of behavioral standards is considered very important. Therefore, this research tries to design an interpretive structural model of applying the behavioral standards of young and inexperienced human resources in the country's hospitals (case study: nurses and midwives of Milad Hospital). Methods: The current research is of mixed types (qualitative and quantitative). In the first phase, a qualitative research method was conducted using thematic analysis, and in the second phase, a quantitative method was conducted based on interpretive structural modeling. The statistical population in both qualitative and quantitative sections, due to the expert-centeredness of the interpretive structural modeling approach, formed experts, who included long-term managers of Milad Hospital. The purposeful sampling method was of a criterion type (the criterion of having more than 10 years of experience) until reaching theoretical saturation. The number of samples included 24 people. The sampling method in the quantitative part, due to the expert-oriented approach of interpretive structural modeling, the experts was in the qualitative part (N=15). The measurement tool in the qualitative part was a semi-structured interview and in the quantitative part, a questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the data were confirmed. Results: The results showed that 5 main themes of effective factors in the application of behavioral standards of human resources in the country's hospitals have been identified. Individual and management are placed in the linked cluster, that is, they influence other factors and are influenced by other factors; Legal and social-cultural are located in the independent cluster, which means that it has a great influence on other factors and other factors have little influence on it, and organizational, occupational and communication are located in the dependent cluster, which means that they are affected by other factors and have little influence on other factors. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, individual and managerial factors have been identified among the main factors affecting the application of behavioral standards of human resources in the country's hospitals. In this regard, individual factors such as people's belief in ethical principles and appropriate behavior, personality characteristics of human resources, the degree of adherence to behavioral principles, individual characteristics (age, sex, education, marital status), the legality of hospital human resources, lifestyle and the amount Income and living conditions of human resources and management factors such as management style of managers, the leadership style of managers, use of management techniques by managers, development of a strategic plan for the development of behavioral standards, degree of adherence to behavioral standards of managers from the dimensions of designing an interpretive structural model of applying behavioral standards of human resources. It is the country's hospital. In terms of individual and managerial dimensions, there are two dimensions affecting organizational behavior that can help to improve behavior in the organization. In total, the main variables of the factors affecting the application of the behavioral standards of human resources in the country's hospitals were identified and extracted based on the thematic analysis technique, and the classification of primary concepts into sub-concepts and main concepts is observed; Therefore, finally, the data obtained from the theme analysis method and the theme network formation show that the factors affecting the application of the behavioral standards of human resources in the country's hospitals have 7 main themes and 36 concepts.  }, Keywords = {Human Resource Behavior, Hospital, Behavioral Standard}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {354-364}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {طراحی مدل ساختاری به‌کارگیری استانداردهای رفتاری منابع انسانی جوان و کم‌تجربه بیمارستان‌های کشور}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: به‌کارگیری استانداردهای رفتاری امر بسیار مهمی تلقی می‌گردد که در بیمارستان اهمیت بیشتری دارد؛ زیرا با بیماران سروکار دارد. لذا هدف این مطالعه طراحی مدل ساختاری به‌کارگیری استانداردهای رفتاری منابع انسانی جوان و کم‌تجربه بیمارستان‌های کشور بود. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از نوع آمیخته (کیفی و کمی) بود. جامعه آماری در هر دو بخش کیفی و کمی با توجه به خبره محور بودن رویکرد مدل‌سازی ساختاری تفسیری، خبرگان تشکیل دادند که شامل مدیران باسابقه بیمارستان میلاد بودند. روش نمونه­گیری به‌صورت هدفمند از نوع معیاری (معیار داشتن تجربه بیش از 10 سال) تا رسیدن به اشباع نظری بود. تعداد نمونه­ها شامل 24 نفر بود. روش نمونه­گیری در قسمت کمی نیز با توجه به خبره­محور بودن رویکرد مدل‌سازی ساختاری تفسیری، خبرگان بخش کیفی به تعداد 15 نفر بودند. ابزار اندازه‌گیری در بخش کیفی مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته و در بخش کمی، پرسشنامه حاصل از مصاحبه بود. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که 5 مضمون اصلی عوامل مؤثر بر به‌کارگیری استانداردهای رفتاری منابع انسانی بیمارستان‌های کشور شناسایی‌شده است. فردی و مدیریتی در خوشه پیوندی و قانونی و فرهنگی اجتماعی در خوشه مستقل قرار دارند و سازمانی، شغلی و ارتباطی در خوشه وابسته قرارگرفته‌اند. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان پیشنهاد می‌شود تا در زمینه عوامل مدیریتی و قانونی پیشنهاد می‌شود تا خط و مشی‌های سازمانی در خصوص استانداردهای رفتاری تدوین شود و تمهیدات تشویقی در راستای آن در نظر گرفته شود.  }, keywords_fa = {رفتار منابع انسانی, بیمارستان, استاندارد رفتاری}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7872-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7872-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Mohammadi, Zeinab and Didekhani, Hosei}, title = {Evaluation of Patients’ Satisfaction with Healthcare Services in Privet Hospital}, abstract ={Background & Aims: There are different definitions of patient satisfaction provided by researchers. In general, the definition of patient satisfaction includes the patient's expectations and the excellence of health care and medical services (1). Various factors are involved in creating patient satisfaction, which include nursing care, medicine, support and various organizational departments (2). Information related to patient satisfaction can be used in many health-care facilities and designs and be effective in improving the quality of health care (1). The importance of patient satisfaction is that if this is achieved, the patient will establish a better and more appropriate relationship with the treatment team, and in this way, recovery will be accelerated. By building trust towards hospital personnel, the patient will be more cooperative in treatment procedures (3). According to the above content, it is clear that firstly, the level of patients' satisfaction with hospitals is very low compared to the rest of the world, and on the other hand, the conducted researches have considered other dimensions that are contrary to the dimensions of the present research. In the context of the subject, it has not been done in Gorgan hospitals, so in this study, we investigated the level of patients' satisfaction with the health and treatment services of Gorgan Philosophical Hospital in order to add a point to the existing information in this field in order to solve the existing deficiencies. For this purpose, a satisfaction questionnaire was completed by the patients and the obtained information was analyzed. Methods: The current research is a descriptive-cross-sectional type that was conducted in 1401. For this purpose, from among the patients who were admitted in the departments of internal medicine and male surgery (Milad), neurology and psychology (Aghaz), CCU, general department (Pegah), internal medicine and female surgery (Shafaq) and maternity ward, available during a 173 patients were selected as samples. Then, the satisfaction level of referring patients was investigated using a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed by the professors of Golestan University of Medical Sciences. The questionnaire contained demographic information including age, gender, level of education and the department where the patient was admitted. Questionnaire topics include security with one question, reception with two questions, department secretary with one question, medical staff with 5 questions, nursing staff with 8 questions, nutrition with 5 questions, laboratory with 3 questions, pharmacy with one question, discharge and cashier with 4 questions, imaging with 3 questions and amenities with 13 questions. Results: Out of 173 patients included in the study, 13 patients were excluded due to the incompleteness of the questionnaires and their lack of consent to participate in the study. A total of 160 patients were examined. The demographic information of the patients is presented in Table 1. According to the information obtained, the age of men was higher than the age of women, while the number of female participants was higher than that of men. The educational level of most of the participating patients (38%) was diploma and most of the patients (25%) from Milad department of the hospital participated in this study. The frequency distribution of patients based on different health and treatment services provided in Philosophical Hospital is presented in Table 1. The most satisfied was with "doctors' encounter" where 129 people (80.62 percent) gave an excellent answer. The lowest level of satisfaction was "providing necessary training regarding the amount of tariffs and service insurance coverage" where 83 people (51.87%) gave an excellent answer. Of course, the lowest level of satisfaction was related to "how to provide ambulance services" that not all patients used this service. The most weak answer was related to the question of "providing necessary information for admission" and 7 people (4.37) gave this answer. Conclusion: Based on the results, more than 50% of patients had an excellent opinion on all the services provided. In general, in the medical staff department with 5 services, on average, 73.25% of patients had an excellent opinion and 19.50% had a good opinion. In general, patients' satisfaction with the services of the nursing staff was slightly lower than that of the medical staff. The importance of satisfaction with nursing services is to the extent that it affects patients' satisfaction with the entire hospital services (6). In this regard, Aiken et al. (2018), in an extensive study on patients discharged from 161 British hospitals, point out the important role of the quality of nurses' work and the presence of the right number of professional and experienced nurses in patients' trust in nurses and doctors (7). In the nutrition department, on average, 63.22% of the patients gave an excellent response and 29.37% gave a good response to the service. The highest level of satisfaction was related to "time of food distribution" and the highest level of satisfaction was related to food quality. In the laboratory department, on average, 58.33% of patients gave an excellent response and 28.33% gave a good response to the service. In this department, the percentage of patients with no response was increasing. This result is worth considering. In the departments of pharmacy, discharge and fund, imaging and comfort facilities, the satisfaction of the patients gradually decreased, which should be noticed by the hospital officials. In the security department, reception and department secretary, the responses were mostly excellent and good. But the presence of 7 weak answers in "providing the necessary information at the time of admission" was significant and requires more cooperation of the admission staff. In this context, Moin et al. (2016) investigated the satisfaction of 400 patients with the emergency services in Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, Tehran. The findings showed that 91.3% of patients had satisfactory satisfaction. The highest level of satisfaction was with the medical staff. The lowest level of satisfaction was reported in the received costs, the facilities of the emergency department compared to the comfort facilities and park clinic affairs. They stated that the status of health insurances, activating hospital staff, equipping comfort facilities and finding committed and experienced human resources were the things that needed more attention from the managers of the mentioned hospital (3). In our study, similar to the study of Moin et al., satisfaction with the medical staff (doctors and nurses) was more than other services. Overall, patient satisfaction is one of the factors that increase patients' loyalty to the hospital and its services. In this regard, Yousefi et al. (2017), in the study of the factors affecting the loyalty of patients to the hospital brand in the educational and therapeutic hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, named three factors affecting the increase of loyalty, which are patient satisfaction, trust and commitment. to the relationship in the hospital (14).}, Keywords = {Patients’ satisfaction, Privet hospital, Behavior of doctors}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {365-374}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی رضایتمندی بیماران از خدمات بهداشتی و درمانی در بیمارستان خصوصی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: رضایتمندی بیماران با کمک به ایجاد اعتماد و روابط بهتر بیماران با تیم درمانی، بهبود بیماران را تسریع می‌بخشد. ضمن این که بر بهبود کیفیت خدمات بهداشتی-درمانی تاثیرگذار می‌باشد. از این رو در این مطالعه میزان رضایتمندی بیماران از خدمات بهداشتی-درمانی یک بیمارستان خصوصی در شهر گرگان مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. روش­ کار: تحقیق حاضر از نوع توصیفی- مقطعی بود که با استفاده از پرسشنامه انجام شد. برای انجام این تحقیق از بین بیماران مراجعه کننده به بیمارستان غیر دولتی فلسفی گرگان تعداد 173 بیمار به صورت در دسترس به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند سپس سطح رضایت بیماران بستری با استفاده از پرسش نامه محقق ساخته که دارای پنج مولفه بوده و روایی و پایایی آن توسط اساتید دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گلستان مورد تایید قرار گرفت ارزیابی شد و اطلاعات با استفاده از نرم­افزار SPSS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: در مجموع اکثر بیماران رضایت متوسط به بالا ابراز داشتند. رضایتمندی در بخش درمانی نسبت به بخش غیر درمانی بیشتر بود. بیشترین رضایتمندی از "برخورد پزشکان" (62/80 % پاسخ عالی) بود. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج توصیه می­شود جهت بهبود رضایتم­ندی بخش پذیرش تمهیدات لازم در نظر گرفته شود. همچنین وجود نارضایتی اندک علی رغم میزان رضایت خوب بیماران از خدمات بهداشتی-درمانی بیمارستان، توجه و بازنگری مدیران برای رفع ضعف ها و جذب اعتماد و وفاداری بیشتر بیماران را می‌طلبد.  }, keywords_fa = {رضایتمندی بیماران, بیمارستان خصوصی, برخورد پزشکان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7883-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7883-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Zourani, Elham and Sotudeh, Reza and Piri, Habib}, title = {Identification and Ranking of Factors Affecting the Transparency of Health Insurance Financial Reports}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Currently, insurances and their coverage is an important issue for people in society, during which health can progress or decline and help to improve social and economic security and reduce people's concern in accessing health services. Treatment, prevention of poverty due to disease, creation of a healthy and dynamic society and economic growth, etc., ultimately leading to the strengthening of national security. Disclosure of financial information of insurance companies is necessary because if insurance companies do not plan and implement strategies properly and do not review them according to environmental changes, it will lead to bankruptcy. In the area of financial disclosure of insurance companies, leaders must keep their team informed and share information freely, the most important role of a leader in such a system is to set a clear direction, be clear about how to get there and stay on track. The regulation "Reporting and Disclosure of Transparent Financial Information in Insurance Institutions" approved by the Supreme Council of Insurance, is currently the only document requiring the disclosure of information by insurance companies, the entirety of which alone does not meet the needs of this industry. In addition, despite the short time for the approval and implementation of corporate governance in Iran's insurance industry and the lack of full implementation of these regulations, the Central Insurance of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Securities and Exchange Organization and the resistance of commercial insurance companies, which can be a reason for weakness, Whether it is the inadequacy of the notified instructions and the lack of a mature, comprehensive and appropriate model or the lack of executive guarantee for its implementation, we are witnessing the weakness of financial reporting in Iran's insurance industry. One of the performance evaluation indicators of the insurance industry is the insurance penetration rate (dividing the production insurance premium over the GDP), which indicates the effect of the insurance industry on the GDP. This index does not have a good coefficient compared to the region and the world. Therefore, by effectively monitoring and guiding insurance companies through the "reporting transparency model", protecting the rights, assets and capital of shareholders and beneficiaries remains immune from managerial greed. At present, a large part of the structural problems of Iran's joint stock companies can be attributed to such things as the inefficiency of the companies' performance, not respecting the rights of the beneficiaries, the lack of accountability of the board of directors, and the lack of constant monitoring of the companies' performance. Since the health insurance system is the most important tool in providing, maintaining and promoting health, the lack of transparency of the financial information of the health insurance system will cause concern and anxiety in the society and weaken the national security, hence the purpose of this research. The design of the financial reporting transparency model is in the field of health insurance. Transparency is essential as a tool for the growth and development of society, therefore, the correct discovery and identification of factors affecting the transparency of financial reporting from the perspective of different groups can turn financial reports into an important source of reliable information for users. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of identifying and ranking the factors affecting the transparency of financial reporting in order to introduce the factors affecting the transparency of health insurance financial reporting. Methods: The statistical population consisted of 11 professors familiar with the subject of health insurance and accounting with at least ten years of experience, who were selected purposefully and using the snowball method. Also, in order to collect data, a questionnaire based on the DANP method was used. By reviewing the literature on the transparency of financial reporting and by reviewing the research literature and applying the opinion of expert using the fuzzy Delphi technique in the screening of factors, 54 factors affecting the transparency of financial reporting were identified and identified in 12 groups. Results: The findings showed that the factors affecting the transparency of financial reporting were categorized into 12 groups, which include the establishment of internal control system, meritocracy in the hiring of managers, evaluation of the quality of financial reporting, intra-unit political communication, intra-unit economic communication, transparency of financial reporting. , economic development in health insurance, establishment of accounting standards, establishment of accounting rules and requirements, need for transparency of financial reporting, control over financial and operational policies of the company, pressure and competition of the capital market were categorized. The research results showed that the clarification of financial reporting procedures with a weight of 0.0345, the revaluation method in identifying assets with a weight of 0.0311, the existence of rent and political connections of individuals with a weight of 0.0309, and the application of the rules established in the company with a weight of 0.0308 were ranked first to fourth. Conclusion: Therefore, considering the importance of financial reporting transparency in insurance, it is recommended to the insurance organization to consider rewards and benefits for companies with high financial reporting transparency and punishments for companies with low financial reporting transparency, so that companies can improve their position from in terms of financial reporting transparency and appropriate information, they are taking steps. In this way, health insurance can benefit from the quality consequences of proper disclosure (such as optimal allocation of resources in the economy and information efficiency).  }, Keywords = {Financial reporting transparency, Health insurance, DANP technique}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {375-385}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {شناسایی و رتبه بندی عوامل موثر بر شفافیت گزارش مالی بیمه سلامت}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: شفافیت ملی در بیمه‌ها، به عنوان ابزاری برای رشد و توسعه جامعه ضروری است، لذا پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسایی و رتبه‌بندی عوامل مؤثر بر شفافیت گزارشگری مالی بیمه سلامت صورت گرفت. روش کار: جامعه آماری  شامل 11 نفر از اساتید آشنا با مبحث بیمه سلامت و حسابداری با حداقل ده سال سابقه بودند که به صورت هدفمند و روش گلوله برفی انتخاب شدند. همچنین به منظور گردآوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامه مبتنی بر روشDANP  استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: با بررسی ادبیات شفافیت گزارشگری مالی و با بررسی ادبیات پژوهش و به‌کارگیری نظر خبرگان با استفاده از تکنیک دلفی فازی در غربالگری عوامل، 54 عامل مؤثر بر شفافیت گزارشگری مالی شناسایی و در 12 گروه مشخص شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد شفاف‌سازی رویه‌های گزارشگری مالی با وزن 0345/0، روش تجدید ارزیابی در شناسایی دارایی‌ها با وزن 0311/0، وجود رانت و ارتباطات سیاسی افراد با وزن 0309/0 و به‌کارگیری قوانین وضع شده در شرکت با وزن 0308/0 رتبه اول تا چهارم را کسب کردند. نتیجه‌گیری: بنابراین با توجه به اهمیت شفافیت گزارشگری مالی در بیمه، به سازمان بیمه توصیه می‌شود که پاداش و مزایایی برای شرکت‌های با شفافیت گزارشگری مالی بالا و تنبیهاتی برای شرکت‌های با شفافیت گزارشگری مالی پایین در نظر گرفته شود تا شرکت‌ها در جهت ارتقای جایگاه خود از لحاظ شفافیت گزارشگری مالی و اطلاع‌ رسانی مناسب گام بر دارند.  }, keywords_fa = {شفافیت گزارشگری مالی, بیمه سلامت, تکنیک DANP}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7901-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7901-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Farrokhzad, Farnaz and Izadi, Fatemeh}, title = {The Effectiveness of Emotional Working Memory Training on Cognitive Control and Emotion Regulation in Adolescents with A Tendency to Risky Behaviors}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Adolescence is a transition period that is associated with physical, emotional and psychological changes and developments, and in which children are at greater risk for certain behaviors, including drug use, risky sexual behavior, and behavioral adjustment problems (1). Engaging in these risky behaviors and adjustment problems at an early age is particularly problematic because it is associated with many negative outcomes later in life, including pregnancy and adult substance or alcohol abuse (2). Researchers believe that risky behaviors are one of the most important factors that affect people's physical, social and psychological health (7). Therefore, the mechanisms that explain the various traumas during adolescence are said to pinpoint the protective factors that prevent the development of high-risk behaviors. It is one of the most important mechanisms for brain development processes; During adolescence, neural development is characterized by long-term growth of frontal brain regions and earlier and faster development of limbic systems (9). The joint development of these two systems and their inability precede risky behaviors during adolescence, because maturation in the prefrontal regions enables diagnostic control and regulates decision-making behavior to overcome inappropriate responses. Its growth is associated with defects in cognitive control and causes high-risk behaviors (10). On the other hand, a series of researches and other studies indicate that high-risk behaviors may also be caused by emotion regulation processes (14). Agents who use negative emotional regulation strategies and suppress their emotional responses are prone to tend to risky behaviors in order to self-control their emotional states (17). Among the treatments that have recently received a lot of attention for the advancements of the nerves is emotional working memory training, which can be effective in improving cognition and regulation of affective sciences (19, 26, 29). However, due to the fact that less researches have investigated the effectiveness of working memory training to control cognition and emotional regulation in adolescents with a tendency to risky behaviors, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of emotional working memory training on cognitive control and regulation. Excitement in teenagers tends to risky behaviors. Methods: For the implementation of this research, which was in the category of semi-experimental research with a control group and of pre-test and post-test type, 30 adolescent boys who had the minimum cut-off score of the questionnaire tending to risky behaviors and other entry criteria were selected as available. They were divided into two groups of 15 people, experimental and control. The experimental group underwent 20 sessions of emotional working memory training, but the control group did not receive any intervention. All of these people were evaluated before and after the training in two stages, pre-test and post-test, with Gross and Jan (2003) emotion regulation questionnaire and (go/no-go) test. The collected data were analyzed using the Mancova multiple covariance analysis method by SPSS software version 28. The tools of this research include Iranian adolescents' risk-taking scale, emotion regulation questionnaire and test (Go/No-go). To train emotional working memory in this research, emotional memory training software based on the protocol described by Schweizer et al. was used (20). This software includes visual and auditory back-to-back emotional tasks in which a face was simultaneously presented for 500 milliseconds on a four by four matrix on the monitor screen and a word was presented for 500 milliseconds in headphones, during which the subjects pressed Pressing the button responded to one or both stimuli simultaneously. 60% of the words (such as rape and death) and faces (such as fear, sadness and anger) are emotionally negative and the rest are emotionally neutral (for example, closet and chair). The subject was required to compare whether the word Is the previous hearing similar to the presented word or not, or is the presented image compatible with the previous image or not? In order to place the subjects at their best level of performance, the lower threshold of the test was 20 and the upper threshold of the test was 60 (out of a total score of 100). That is, if the number of correct answers of the subjects for images and auditory stimuli was more than 60, one step was added to the test, and if the number of correct answers of the subjects was less than 20%, one step was reduced from the test. Results: The results of covariance analysis and T-test showed a significant difference between the control and experimental groups in reaction speed (β = 0.89 & p < 0.01) as well as improving positive emotion regulation skills (β = 0.89 & p < 0.01). and negative (p < 0.01 & β = 0.89) in subjects. Therefore, it can be said that working memory training has a significant effect on the variables of cognitive control and emotion regulation and their components in teenagers with high-risk behaviors (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this research showed that 20 sessions of continuous training of the emotional working memory program increased the cognitive control of subjects with a tendency to risky behaviors in the reaction time component of the correct answer as well as their emotional regulation from the pre-test to the post-test stage. The results of this research are consistent with the results of Friedman and Miyak's research on the increase of emotional working memory capacity after emotional working memory training; According to the results of this study, increasing the capacity of emotional working memory leads to an increase in the activity of frontal regions related to cognitive control, which improves cognitive control of people as a result (38). The results of Schweizer et al.'s research also showed that emotional working memory training can improve cognitive and emotional control and emotion regulation (39). According to the results of the present study and the results of other studies, it can be said that training emotional working memory by improving emotional regulation can reduce the tendency to risky behaviors in adolescents. Also, the application of this new treatment method by improving executive actions and cognitive control of people limits their attention to irrelevant thoughts and information and reduces risky behaviors.  }, Keywords = {Emotional Working Memory,Cognitive Control,Emotion Regulation,Risky Behaviors}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {386-397}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی آموزش حافظه کاری هیجانی بر کنترل شناختی و تنظیم هیجان در نوجوانان با گرایش به رفتارهای پرخطر}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثربخشی آموزش حافظه کاری هیجانی بر کنترل شناختی و تنظیم هیجان در نوجوانان با گرایش به رفتارهای پرخطر بود. روش کار: این پژوهش در دسته پژوهش‌های نیمه آزمایشی همراه با گروه کنترل و از نوع پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون قرار داشت. به‌منظور اجرای این پژوهش 30 نفر از دانش‌آموزانی که نمره‌ی آن‌ها فراتر از خط برش پرسشنامه گرایش به رفتارهای پرخطر زاده محمدی و احمدآبادی (1387) بود به‌صورت نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند و به‌صورت تصادفی در دو گروه 15 نفره کنترل و آزمایش قرار گرفتند. نوجوانان گروه آزمایش طی 20 جلسه فردی تحت آموزش حافظه کاری هیجانی قرار گرفتند و افراد گروه کنترل هیچ مداخله‌ای دریافت نکردند. همه‌ی این افراد قبل و بعد از آموزش در دو مرحله پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون با پرسشنامه تنظیم هیجان گروس و جان(2003) و آزمون (go/no-go) ارزیابی شدند. داده‌های جمع‌آوری‌شده با استفاده از روش تحلیل کوواریانس چندگانه مانکوا به‌وسیله نسخه 28 نرم‌افزار spss مورد تجزیه ‌و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد تفاوت معناداری بین گروه‌های کنترل و آزمایش در سرعت واکنش  (01/0>p & 89/0 = β) و همچنین بهبود مهارت‌های تنظیم هیجان مثبت (01/0>p & 89/0 =β) و منفی (01/0>p & 89/0 =β) در آزمودنی‌ها شده است. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج پژوهش حاضر می‌توان گفت آموزش حافظه کاری هیجانی درمان مناسبی برای افزایش کنترل شناختی و بهبود تنظیم هیجان نوجوانان با گرایش به رفتارهای پرخطر می‌باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {حافظه کاری هیجانی, کنترل شناختی, تنظیم هیجان, رفتارهای پرخطر}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7993-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7993-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Tayari, Faranak and Safania, Ali Mohammad and Kamkari, Kambyz and Shokrzadeh, Shohreh and Hemmati, Jamshi}, title = {The Impact of Conflict Management Psychology Components on the Effectiveness of Women\'s Basketball Teams}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Conflict is an inevitable fact of human existence that can arise among members of a team such as a professional basketball team. Basketball coaches, as team leaders, must identify and manage the sources of conflict between players. This is important because of the human and social nature of sports can also happen in women's basketball. The premise of this issue is that lack of conflict control in the team reduces the effectiveness of the team. Some coaches in teams perform better when there is a conflict in the team and have a different relationship with other coaches, and some coaches seem to lack strategies for resolving the conflict to increase effectiveness in be a team.No systematic review of the use of conflict management and problem-solving strategies and communication with players and the effectiveness of the basketball team, especially among Iranian women coaches, has been examined. Understanding how to select aspiring coaches may be helpful to the players and managers who work with these club coaches. Coaches can help players and stakeholders develop coping skills to compensate for the problem-solving aspects preferred by teammates. The value of the present study is that, since so far little has been reported on the value of conflict management strategies, conflict identification and the process that coaches go through at different stages of the basketball game, especially when some of these processes These include team members' conflicts. A conflict can affect a period of competition, and a loss can overshadow the performance of players and coaches and eventually be transferred to the team. Therefore, considering the importance of psychological components in problem solving management, the aim of the present study was the effect of conflict management psychology components on the effectiveness of women's basketball teams. Methods: The present research method is descriptive and falls within the scope of field research. Initially, in order to obtain the number of coaches present in the competitions, the 2021-2022 period was prepared by interacting with the competitions section of the basketball federation, a complete list of teams, and telephone numbers, supervisors and head coaches, and questionnaires were distributed online among coaches. For the effectiveness of the teams, the results and ranking of the matches were used from the official website of the Basketball Federation, which is publicly available. The researcher was responsive at all stages of completing the questionnaire to any ambiguities and doubts that educators may have encountered. The statistical population included all the coaches of Iranian women's basketball club leagues. Statistical sample was obtained from the coaches of 41 teams, leagues (category 2, category 1 and superior) of Iranian adult women's basketball club, which included 118 coaches (37, league coaches 1, 44, coaches of league 2 and 37 coaches of Premier League). Collected. The sampling method was non-random (targeted). Three different instruments were used for measurement. The research questionnaire consisted of three parts. The first section collects demographic information from coaches, demographic questions about age, coaching degree, education, coaching experience, and work experience with the current team. The second and third sections show the main research questionnaires that mention their psychometric properties: Robbins Conflict Management Strategies Questionnaire was used as a research tool in this study. This questionnaire measures five conflict management styles in three cases. The measurement tool includes a conflict management strategies questionnaire that includes 30 questions in three dimensions of competition, cooperation and avoidance. The coach-athlete relationship questionnaire consisted of 11 items and was used in three subscales of commitment, closeness / intimacy and complement / complementarity, and the intimacy and closeness questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 statistical software with a confidence level of 0.05. Both the independent variable and the dependent variables were quantitative and continuous and were measured at the distance scale level; hence, the statistical model was multivariate regression. Predictions of the effectiveness of the results and performance of the teams that led to their wins and losses were obtained from the official website of the Basketball Federation. Finally, structural equation modeling was performed using LISREL software. Results: According to Pearson correlation coefficients, it can be said that there is a significant positive relationship between the component of "no coping strategy" related to "conflict management strategies" and "effectiveness". Thus, with the increase of "non-confrontation strategy" component in the coaches of women's basketball teams, "effectiveness" also increases and with its decrease, "effectiveness" also decreases in the coaches of women's basketball teams. In addition, a significant positive correlation was observed between the "complementary / complementary" component related to "coach-player interaction" and "effectiveness". Thus, with the increase of "complementary" component in the coaches of women's basketball teams, "effectiveness" also increases and with its decrease, "effectiveness" also decreases in the coaches of women's basketball teams. It can also be argued that no significant relationship was observed between the components of "commitment" and "closeness / intimacy" related to "coach-player interaction" and "effectiveness". Conclusion: The results showed that the model with emphasis on these indicators has a fit and has high efficiency in describing the relationships between variables and explaining the effectiveness variable through the variables of conflict management strategy and coach-player interaction. The experimental results of this dissertation also provide more support for the concept of the use of conflict management strategies using analysis at the team evaluation level. This means that team coaches are close to each other in their general tendencies to deal with team conflicts with effectiveness in understanding management, and the role of avoidance strategy means that coaches understand conflict management. Therefore, the results of this article can be helpful in contemporary and future trends in basketball management factors, and coaches can use conflict management to improve the results and improve the player-coach relationship by guiding effectiveness.}, Keywords = {Conflict Management, Basketball, Real Conflict, Effectiveness, Coach}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {398-410}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر مولفه‌های روانشناسی مدیریت تعارض بر اثربخشی تیم‌های بسکتبال بانوان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: تعارض یک واقعیت اجتناب­ناپذیر از وجود انسان است که می­تواند در بین اعضای یک تیم ایجاد شود. بنابراین هدف از تحقیق حاضر تاثیر مولفه های روانشناسی مدیریت تعارض بر اثربخشی تیم های بسکتبال بانوان هست. روش کار: روش تحقیق از نوع توصیفی و جامعه آماری شامل کلیه مربیان لیگ­های باشگاهی بسکتبال بانوان ایران بود. با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری غیر تصادفی 41 تیم از لیگ­های (دسته دو ، دسته یک و برتر) و 118 مربی (37 مربی لیگ دسته یک، 44 مربی لیگ دسته دو و 37 مربی لیگ برتر) انتخاب شد. ابزار اندازه‌گیری شامل پرسشنامه­های استراتژی­های مدیریت تعارض که شامل 30 سوال در سه بعد رقابت همکاری و اجتناب است. پرسشنامه ارتباط مربی- ورزشکار شامل 11 گویه بوده در سه خرده مقیاس تعهد، نزدیکی/ صمیمیت و  متمم / مکمل مورد استفاده قرار گرفت و پرسشنامه صمیمیت و نزدیکی بودند. یافته‌ها: با توجه به ضرایب همبستگی پیرسون، می‌توان مطرح نمود که ارتباط مثبت معنی‌داری بین مولفه «استراتژی عدم رویارویی» مرتبط با «استراتژی های مدیریت تعارض» و «اثربخشی» مشاهده می‌شود. بدین ترتیب که با افزایش مولفه «استراتژی عدم رویارویی» در مربیان تیم های بسکتبال بانوان، «اثربخشی» نیز افزایش و با کاهش آن، «اثربخشی» نیز در مربیان تیم های بسکتبال بانوان کاهش می‌یابد. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد که مدل پرداخته شد با تأکید بر این شاخص­ها، از برازش برخوردار است و کارایی بالایی را در توصیف روابط بین متغیرها و تبیین متغیر اثربخشی از طریق متغیرهای استراتژی مدیریت تعارض و تعامل مربی- بازیکن را داراست.  }, keywords_fa = {مدیریت تعارض, بسکتبال, تعارض واقعیتی, اثربخشی, مربی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7566-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7566-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {ObidiZadegan, Afsaneh and Mousavi, Seyed Asghar and Narimani, Mohamm}, title = {The Effectiveness of Gestalt Therapy on Emotional Disorders and Post-Traumatic Growth in Girls with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Emotional schemas make people avoid treatment. Emotional schemas have been related to post-traumatic stress disorder, knowing and treating these schemas can be effective in improving the symptoms of this disorder. On the other hand, psychological issues such as post-traumatic stress at older ages are among the consequences related to traumatic experiences, and these consequences are not limited to negative ones, and according to researches, some stressful situations and suffering They can provide a suitable platform for people's development, and injured people not only return to their previous state, but also reach a higher level of psychological functioning, and this higher level psychological functioning, growth after injury. Post-traumatic growth is characterized by positive psychological changes after coping with challenging life circumstances and has five domains; a) communication with others, which means developing a network of relationships and more intimacy with them; b) new possibilities that indicate the creation of a new path or opportunities; c) Personal strength, which refers to the increase of inner strength and the ability to rely on oneself in difficulties; e) spiritual change, which refers to understanding experiences and strengthening spiritual beliefs; f) Appreciation of life, which means realizing the value of life. There are several intervention approaches to help people with post-traumatic stress disorder and improve their emotional schemas and post-traumatic growth, among which Gestalt therapy has useful and significant effects in treating problems caused by post-traumatic stress disorder. They have the assumption that people have the basic ability to be alert, introspective and reflect, people have the potential freedom of understanding and action and a responsible attitude in relation to others and life in society. Personal growth and fulfillment is possible if the existing potential is not blocked by limiting expectations and norms and this personal growth is supported by the utilitarian resources of others. Based on the background of the research, group gestalt therapy can be used as an independent therapy or along with other treatments to improve symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. It has also been shown that Gestalt therapy is effective for helping teenagers with traumatic experiences, and by combining cognitive-behavioral elements and committed to an interactive and conversational approach, it can help reduce the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. But what has not been paid attention to in previous researches is the effectiveness of this treatment method on emotional schemas and post-traumatic growth in girls suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Therefore, based on what was said, the research question is, is Gestalt therapy effective on emotional schemas and post-traumatic growth in girls with post-traumatic stress disorder? Methods: In this research, the statistical population of all girls aged 14 to 19 years with post-traumatic stress disorder who referred to the welfare of Boushehr city was 91 in 2019, and by using simple random sampling method, 40 of them were selected and They were replaced in two groups (gestalt therapy test group of 20 people and control group of 20 people). The experimental group underwent Gestalt therapy (10 sessions of 90 minutes); But the control group did not receive any Gestalt therapy intervention and remained on the waiting list. Foa et al.'s PTSD scale (1993), Leahy's emotional schemas (2002) and Tedeschi and Calhoun's post-traumatic growth (1996) were used to collect information. The analysis of the information obtained from the implementation of the questionnaires was done through SPSS software version 24 in two descriptive and inferential parts (variance analysis with repeated measurements and Ben-Ferroni post hoc test). Results: The results showed that the above-mentioned treatment had a significant effect on emotional schemas and post-traumatic growth in girls with post-traumatic stress disorder compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it can be said that Gestalt therapy can be used as a therapeutic method to reduce emotional schemas and increase post-traumatic growth in girls suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder in medical centers. be taken away It is suggested that similar researches be conducted in other cities and other cultures on girls suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder in other cities as well as male students so that the results of the researches can be compared. Applied research should be conducted with similar topics on the effectiveness of Gestalt therapy on other problems of girls with post-traumatic stress disorder such as aggression, resilience, distress tolerance, anxiety and depression. Conducting research on the comparison of Gestalt therapy with other treatment methods such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, commitment-acceptance therapy, self-compassion therapy, etc., can lead to effective results in improving the problems of girls with post-traumatic stress disorder. have In addition to the use of self-reporting tools, in which the possibility of bias is possible, it is suggested to use other research methods such as interview and observation to measure this variable in order to reduce the biases to a minimum. Considering the prevalence of this disorder and that the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder can have negative psychological, physical and social consequences for girls; Psychological interventions with the Gestalt therapy approach can reduce the severity of these negative consequences, and carrying out this therapeutic intervention with the aim of increasing growth after injury and improving emotional schemas can help the psychological health of these girls, and counselors and clinical psychologists. They can use the results of this research in counseling centers and psychological services.  }, Keywords = {Gestalt therapy, Emotional schemas, Post-traumatic growth, Post-traumatic stress disorder}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {411-423}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثربخشی گشتالت درمانی بر اختلالات هیجانی و رشد پس از آسیب در دختران مبتلا به اختلال استرس پس از سانحه}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: طرحواره­های هیجانی باعث می­شود که افراد از درمان دوری کنند. طرحواره­های هیجانی با اختلال استرس پس از آسیب در ارتباط بوده است؛ لذا هدف مطاعه بررسی گشتالت درمانی بر طرحواره­های هیجانی و رشد پس از آسیب در دختران مبتلا به اختلال استرس پس از سانحه بود. روش کار: جامعه آماری این مطالعه نیمه آزمایشی کلیه دختران 14 تا 19 سال مبتلا به اختلال استرس پس از سانحه مراجعه کننده به بهزیستی شهر بوشهر به تعداد 91 نفر در سال 1399 بودند و با روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده تعداد 40 نفر از آنان انتخاب و در دو گروه (آزمایش 20 نفر و کنترل 20 نفر) جایگزین شدند. گروه‌ آزمایش تحت گشتالت درمانی (10 جلسه 90 دقیقه‌ای) قرار گرفت. از مقیاس نشانگان اختلال استرس پس از سانحه فوآ و همکاران (1993)، طرحواره­های هیجانی لیهی (2002) و رشد پس از آسیب تدسچی و کالهون (1996) به منظور گردآوری اطلاعات استفاده شد. از تحلیل واریانس با اندازه‏گیری مکرر و آزمون تعقیبی بن­فرونی برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد درمان مذکور در مرحله پس‌آزمون و پیگیری نسبت به گروه کنترل اثربخشی معناداری بر طرحواره­های هیجانی و رشد پس از آسیب در دختران مبتلا به اختلال استرس پس از سانحه اعمال کرده است (05/0>P). نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج پژوهش حاضر، می­توان گفت که گشتالت درمانی می­­تواند به عنوان یک شیوه درمانی برای کاهش طرحواره­های هیجانی و افزایش رشد پس از آسیب دختران مبتلا به اختلال استرس پس از سانحه در مراکز درمانی به کار برده شود.  }, keywords_fa = {گشتالت درمانی, طرحواره‌های هیجانی, رشد پس از آسیب, اختلال استرس پس از سانحه}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7984-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7984-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {KhalilnejadNarmigh, Leila and Abolmaali, Khadije}, title = {Predicting Readiness for Change Based on Basic Beliefs and Personality Traits with the Mediation of Self-Determination}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The concept of readiness for change has been proposed in organizational studies. Due to its abstract nature, there is a willingness to change different definitions of this structure. Readiness for change is defined as individual beliefs, feelings, and intentions about the limits and capacity of the organization to successfully implement changes and that this amount of changes will be beneficial for themselves and their organization. Researchers emphasize that it is necessary to prepare for change before any planning, implementation, and change management. The first stage of Lewin's modification model shows unfreezing (opening) when the perspective of change is agreed upon. At this stage, people are involved and affected by possible changes in what is happening. Readiness for change is the basis of a person's willingness to progress in the "change process". Researchers in this field have always been asked the question of what factors affect readiness for change. Most researchers examine the factors related to readiness for change in two categories: individual and organizational factors. Individual factors for predicting individual readiness for change include self-management, personal capacity, values and beliefs, demographic characteristics, general attitudes, self-efficacy, individual resilience, variety of skills, emotional commitment, health, and Compatibility noted. The researchers in the studies conducted on the preparation for change are of the same opinion on the issue that the main and central cognitions and beliefs provide the preparations for the preparation for change. Beliefs, as relatively stable structures, are one of the most important individual characteristics that can explain a large part of a person's feelings and thoughts. It seems that an individual's readiness for change can be the result of a person's positive beliefs about himself and the world. On the other hand, social-cognitive theorists consider factors related to the individual (beliefs, motivation, and personality) as mediators between external stimuli and behavior. Therefore, it seems that examining the role of beliefs, motivation, and personality in readiness for change will help to fully and comprehensively understand this structure. Personality is one of the durable and unique characteristics that can change in response to different situations. Because among the personality traits identified by personality theorists and the five big factors of personality i.e. neuroticism, extroversion, openness, adaptability, and conscientiousness have been agreed upon by psychological experts. The theory of self-determination shows that the optimal functioning of Rome requires satisfaction and three psychological needs for autonomy (understanding the source of the internal cause), competence (feeling effective), and connection (feeling a meaningful connection with others). The researchers suggested that instead of making a list of independent variables that predict individual readiness for change, researchers should investigate the factors that mediate or moderate these relationships, in a detailed manner of the readiness profile. To clarify the change. In general, despite the existence of many theories and research in the field of readiness for change, it is necessary to explain the factors related to it. In this research, the role of self-determination as a mediating variable is investigated. It seems necessary to examine the effective factors in individual preparation for change in the student society, which can play an important role in the implementation of change programs. The researches that have been conducted so far on the structure of readiness for change are mostly in the field of organizational management and organizational change. According to the researcher's searches, no research was found that examined the relationship between readiness for change and basic beliefs and personality traits, and self-determination. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to fit the structural model, to predict readiness for change based on basic beliefs and personality traits with the mediation of self-determination in students. Methods: Descriptive-correlation research method and structural equation modeling analysis method. The research population includes all undergraduate students in the faculties located at Azad Rodhen University, who were selected as a sample using the method suggested by Schumacher and Lomax (2004) and the multi-stage cluster sampling method, and they were asked to fill in the questionnaires. They answered and after removing the distorted questionnaires, finally, 375 questionnaires were examined. To collect data from the questionnaires of Neo McGarry and Costa (1985), basic beliefs of Kathleen Webstein (1992), readiness for change, Slow (2006), and self-determination with basic psychological needs. LaGuardia et al. (2000) were used. Results: Structural equation modeling showed that all fit indices support the optimal processing of the structural model of the research with the collected data. Among the personality factors, openness and extroversion are positive, and neuroticism and conscientiousness factors negatively and significantly predict readiness for change. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that cognitive-social factors and personal factors (beliefs, motivation, and personality) are considered mediators between external stimuli and behavior. The current research, like most research, has limitations that it seems logical to recognize in order to conduct future research and try to reduce or eliminate these limitations. The current research was conducted on undergraduate students of Islamic Azad University, Rodhan branch, so caution should be taken in generalizing its findings to other students. The lack of familiarity of many students with research and research affairs was managed with the briefing session. Only using self-report questionnaires, especially for evaluating thoughts was one of the limitations. Therefore, it is suggested to examine the research topic in other regions of the country due to the existence of different cultural and ethnic conditions in order to examine and compare the research results with each other.}, Keywords = {Basic Beliefs, Personality Traits, Readiness for Change, Self-Determination}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {424-432}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {پیش بینی آمادگی برای تغییر بر اساس باورهای اساسی و ویژگی‌های شخصیتی با میانجیگری خود تعیین‌گری}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بررسی عوامل موثر در آمادگی فردی برای تغییر در جامعه دانشجویان که می­تواند نقش مهمی در اجرای برنامه های تغییر داشته باشند ضروری به نظر می­رسد، لذا هدف از این پژوهش، تبیین نقش باورهای اساسی و ویژگی­های شخصیتی بر آمادگی تغییر با میانجیگری خود تعیین­گری بود. روش کار: روش پژوهش توصیفی– همبستگی و روش تحلیل از نوع مدل­یابی معادلات ساختاری بود. جامعه پژوهش شامل کلیه دانشجویان مقطع کارشناسی در دانشکده­های واقع در دانشگاه آزاد رودهن، که با روش پیشنهادی شوماخر و لوماکس (2004) و روش نمونه گیری خوشه­ای چند مرحله­ای 400 نفر به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند و به پرسشنامه­ها پاسخ دادند و پس از حذف پرسشنامه­های مخدوش در نهایت، 375 پرسشنامه بررسی شد. برای جمع­آوری داده­ها از پرسشنامه­های ویژگی­های شخصیتی نئو مک گری و کاستا (1985)، باورهای اساسی کاتلین واپستاین (1992)، آمادگی برای تغییر اس لو (2006) و خود تعیین­گری با نیازهای بنیادین روان شناختی لاگواردیا و همکاران (2000) استفاده شد. یافته ­ها: مدل یابی معادلات ساختاری نشان داد که همه شاخص­های برازندگی، از پردازش مطلوب مدل ساختاری پژوهش با داده­های گرد آوری شده حمایت می­کند. از بین عامل های شخصیت، گشودگی و برون­گرایی به صورت مثبت و عامل­های روان رنجور خویی و وظیفه شناسی به صورت منفی و معنادار آمادگی برای تغییر را پیش بینی می­کند. نتیجه­ گیری: به طور کلی می­توان نتیجه­گرفت که عوامل شناختی- اجتماعی و عوامل مربوط به فرد (باورها، انگیزش وشخصیت) به عنوان میانجی بین محرک­های بیرونی و رفتار در نظر می­شوند.  }, keywords_fa = {باورهای اساسی, ویژگی‌های شخصیتی, آمادگی تغییر, خود تعیین‌گری}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8133-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8133-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Torabi, Zahra and SaeidaArdekani, Saeid and Hataminasab, Seyed Hass}, title = {Designing a Professional Qualification Model for Health Tourism Marketing after Corona (Covid-19)}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {Health tourism marketing, Professional qualification, Covid-19, Structural equations, Post-Corona}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {433-443}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {طراحی الگوی صلاحیت حرفه‌ای بازاریابی گردشگری سلامت در پسا کرونا}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {بازاریابی گردشگری سلامت, صلاحیت حرفه ای, کوید19, معادلات ساختاری, پسا کرونا}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8086-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8086-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Hirad, Alirez}, title = {Managers\' Thinking on Financial Health from the Perspective of Financial Health System Employees}, abstract ={Background & Aims: health system reform is one of the basic and pioneering strategies and policies in different countries, according to the two main principles of structural reform and decentralization and reform of financial systems. Based on this, the financial system is considered the second most effective feature of the reform, in addition to the feature of self-organization and decentralization, as the first fundamental basis for the reform of the health system, which acts as the driving force and backbone of the reform. The financial function is one of the main functions of the health system (management, resource generation, health financing, and service provision). In most middle-income countries, more than 5% of GDP and 5-10% of total government spending are allocated to the health sector. Without a suitable infrastructure for the effective deployment of resources, especially financial resources, it will not be possible to evaluate and monitor the effectiveness and efficiency of these resources, and even the permanent increase in financial credits of this sector will not be useful in solving the problems of the system. Therefore, the effort to reform financial management and accountability in the public sector started in 2000 in Australia by changing the accounting method from cash to accrual as the most fundamental step resulting from the reform of financial management in the public sector. While in Iran, several major problems in health and pharmaceutical affairs as one of the government sectors prevent the emergence of reforms. By mentioning a few cases, these problems can be listed: problems of cash registration and financial records of receipts and payments, as well as recording the purchase of assets and real estate, weakness in preparing financial reports and preparing financial sheets, and ambiguity. In the actual performance of the budget. Among the most important priorities of the health sector to achieve an optimal financial management system, the following can be mentioned: allocating credit at the time of creating or approving expenses, implementing effective internal controls, integrating and standardizing processes, budgeting Basis of activity, budget control and project deviation analysis, organizational structure modification and data homogenization and people's awareness of managers' thinking style level. As mentioned, people's awareness of the thinking style level of CEOs is considered important and effective in reducing the financial burden of health and disease control audits. One of the important factors to explain the difference in people's behavior is the difference in their attitude toward different subjects, which is referred to as thinking style in psychological texts. Thinking style is defined as a part of rational methods in using individual abilities and preferred methods of people to use their abilities in doing cognitive tasks. Ability refers to how well a person can do something, but style refers to how things are done. Therefore, people may be similar in abilities, but different in styles. It is expected that the identification of factors affecting human behavior and the examination of relationships and the scope of their influence and influence will make human action and reaction predictable to a large extent, thus providing a possibility to improve the financial burden process. Based on this, the main problem of this article is to investigate the impact of managers' thinking styles on financial health. Methods: The statistical population of the present study included the employees of the financial affairs of the health system of Tehran, who were working in health centers and hospitals from 2018-2019. The number of the statistical population was over 100,000 people according to the inquiry from the Medical Sciences University Unit of Tehran. The sample size of 384 people was selected by a simple random sampling method through the Morgan Krejci table. The financial health questionnaire made by the researcher and the thinking style of Sternberg and Wagner (1992) was used to collect data. The method of structural equations has been used to investigate the relationship between variables. Results: The results showed that managers' thinking style has a 0.905 effect on financial health (P<0.05). Considering that the desired level of the GOF index is higher than 0.36, it can be said that the level of this index in the research variables is in a favorable condition. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present research, it can be said that one of the ways to develop financial health is to improve the thinking style of managers in the direction of the financial development of the medical system organization. Although financial health deals with access to minimum income and financial resources; at the same time, it focuses on "skill enhancement, training and empowerment of individuals and community organizations in the field of financial management to create a sense of confidence and control over financial affairs". On the other hand, financial inclusion seeks to provide the necessary infrastructure and tools for the use of financial skills and capabilities by individuals and organizations. As a result, we should note that financial health and financial inclusion do not focus only on poverty alleviation of the society and the low-income deciles, but seek to "empower all people, businesses, and organizations of the society in the field of financial management to increase the quality of life of the whole society". Naturally, in order to have the ability to use financial skills and capabilities, individuals and organizations must have access to the necessary financial tools. According to the above explanations, it can be said that the requirement of financial health is to increase financial inclusion and to increase the quality of life in society, we need both factors. That is, we must provide the ground for all members of society to have access to jobs and minimum income, and then empower them in terms of thinking and financial literacy skills. It is also necessary to provide the necessary tools for effective administration and continuous improvement of the quality of financial life at the disposal of people and organizations of society. Financial institutions can play a role in all these three areas, i.e., job creation, community empowerment, and the development of life financial management tools. Also, thinking styles are among the variables related to individual differences that can be affected by visual abilities. People learn through their experiences, and there are many ways in which learned facts are described, and there are many ways of understanding and thinking about what is. For example, some people learn reality better by drawing. If some way of searching, pattern means that people may use different ways to learn which is called thinking style. Thinking styles are the preferred ways for people in using their abilities; therefore, thinking style is not an ability in itself but refers to how to use abilities. The basic characteristic of a human being is the ability to think. With the help of their thoughts, humans have been able to master the complex and changing environment and continue their lives.  }, Keywords = {Managers' thinking style, Financial health, Health system financial staff}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {444-450}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تفکر مدیران بر سلامت مالی از دیدگاه کارکنان امور مالی نظام سلامت}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اصلاح نظام سلامت یکی از سیاست­های اساسی در کشورهای مختلف با توجه به مبنای اصلی اصلاح سیستم­های مالی انجام می­گردد، لذا هدف مطالعه بررسی تأثیر سبک تفکر مدیران بر سلامت مالی از دیدگاه کارکنان امور مالی نظام سلامت بود. روش کار: جامعه آماری تحقیق حاضر شامل کارکنان امور مالی نظام سلامت شهر تهران بود که در سال 99-1398 مشغول به فعالیت در مراکز بهداشت، بیمارستان­ها بودند. تعداد جامعه آماری بنا بر استعلام از واحد دانشگاه­ها علوم پزشکی تهران بالغ بر 100000 نفر بود. حجم نمونه از طریق جدول کرجسی مورگان تعداد 384 نفر، به روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند. از پرسشنامه سلامت مالی محقق ساخته و سبک تفکر استرنبرگ و واگنر (1992) برای جمع آوری داده­ها استفاده شد. از روش معادلات ساختاری برای بررسی رابطه بین متغیرها استفاده شده است. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد سبک تفکر مدیران بر سلامت مالی تاثیری به میزان 905/0 دارد (05/0>P). با توجه به اینکه میزان مطلوب شاخص GOF بالاتر از 36/0 می­باشد، می­توان چنین اعلام داشت که میزان این شاخص در متغیرهای تحقیق در وضعیت مطلوبی قرار دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج پژوهش حاضر، می­توان گفت که یکی از راه­های توسعه سلامت مالی، ارتقا سبک تفکر مدیران در جهت توسعه مالی سازمان نظام پزشکی می­باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {سبک تفکر مدیران, سلامت مالی, کارکنان امور مالی نظام سلامت}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8092-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8092-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Abbasi, Majid and ShariatBagheri, MohammadMahdi}, title = {Predicting Students\' Attitudes towards Addiction Based on Attachment Styles and Emotional Chemas}, abstract ={Background & Aims: A person's attitude towards drugs is a type of thinking that may be logical or irrational. This type of attitude is often spontaneous, unconscious and permanent and cannot be easily changed. One of the methods that helps an addict to get to know himself is to examine the type of attitude and create a negative attitude towards addiction. Researchers have identified various reasons, including pressure from friends and peers, rebellion against parents, escape from life's adversities, emotional turmoil, alienation or rejection by others, life history, attachment styles and personality traits. Addiction is considered effective. As mentioned, one of the important factors that can have a significant effect on a person's attitude towards addiction is the person's attachment style. Many believe that addiction is a coping mechanism and attachment style can play an important role in the development of addiction, such as addiction to smoking, drugs, alcohol, and the InternetIn general, despite the fact that the student period is a sensitive and risky period and there is a possibility that students will be drawn towards drug use and addiction, modifying students' attitudes towards drugs can help prevent addiction in the university and society. May it be useful. In this regard, the current research intends to investigate the role of attachment styles and emotional schemas in predicting the general attitude towards addiction among students; Therefore, the researcher is looking for an answer to this question: do attachment styles and emotional schemas predict the general attitude towards addiction in students? Methods: The current research is descriptive (correlation) and survey in terms of its purpose and applied. The statistical population of this research includes all students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Central Branch in the academic year 2019-2019. available (online method due to the spread of corona disease through virtual networks by distributing the link of the online questionnaire-press online-) participated in the research. The attempt was to select the sample in such a way that all students such as natives and non-natives , girls, boys and different faculties should be present in the research. Results: After higher values and mental rumination, avoidant attachment has the largest contribution in predicting attitude towards addiction. The correlation coefficient of these three variables with the attitude towards addiction is 0.437, and these three variables have been able to predict nearly 20% of the changes in the attitude towards addiction, which is significant. The weight of avoidant attachment (B=0.246) (t=3.684) shows that this variable with 99% confidence can, along with variables of higher values and mental rumination, attitude In relation to addiction, in this research sample, explain that if the study sample is generalized to the main population, the weight of avoidant attachment will be 0.246 (Beta), finally, the higher the score of avoidant attachment, the more positive attitude towards addiction. It will be more. Table 3 shows that about 20% of the total variance of attitude towards addiction is explained by higher values and mental rumination, avoidant attachment. Other variables did not have a significant role in predicting positive attitude towards addiction. Conclusion: The present research was conducted with the aim of predicting students' attitudes towards addiction based on attachment styles and emotional schemas. The results of the regression analysis showed that higher values, mental rumination and avoidant attachment in three steps are able to explain about 20% of the changes in attitudes towards addiction in a meaningful way in students. These schemas cause bias in people's interpretations of events, and these biases manifest themselves in interpersonal psychopathology in the form of misunderstandings, distorted attitudes, false assumptions, unrealistic goals and expectations. When emotional schemas are activated, it negatively causes bias in information. On the other hand, the temptation of materials goes through a process and each of the parts of this process can have a different contribution in speeding up this process, which according to the contribution of each one can prevent the temptation. This cycle starts with an arousing stimulus, and this stimulus, by affecting each part of the process, causes the person to be tempted. Inconsistent emotional schemas such as mental rumination increase temptation in people suffering from substance abuse. Maladaptive emotional schemas, such as being uncontrollable, which mainly refer to the suppression, avoidance and non-acceptance of emotions, prevent emotional processing and lead the person to use ineffective strategies, causing the continuation and intensification of unpleasant emotions.}, Keywords = {Attitude to addiction, attachment styles, emotional schemas}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {451-460}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {پیش‌بینی نگرش به اعتیاد دانشجویان بر اساس سبک‌های دلبستگی و طرح‌واره‌های هیجانی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف پیش بینی نگرش به اعتیاد دانشجویان بر اساس سبک­های دلبستگی و طرح واره­های هیجانی انجام شد. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر یک تحقیق همبستگی از نوع پیش بینی می­باشد. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر را کلیه دانشجویان دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی در سال تحصیلی 1400-1399 تشکیل دادند. که تعداد 250 نفر با روش نمونه­گیری در دسترس به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. برای جمع آوری اطلاعات از پرسشنامه نگرش سنج مواد مخدر (محمدرضایی و همکاران، 1391)، پرسشنامه سبک دلبستگی بزرگسال کولینز و رید  (1990) و مقیاس طرحواره­های هیجانی (لیهی،2002) استفاده گردید. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از آزمون همبستگی  پیرسون و رگرسیون گام به گام استفاده گردید. یافته ­ها: نتایج تحلیل همبستگی نشان داد که بین سبک دلبستگی ایمن با نگرش نست به اعتیاد رابطه معنی­دار منفی و بین سبک دلبستگی دوسوگرا و اجتنابی با نگرش نست به اعتیاد رابطه معنی­دار مثبت بدست آمد. در طرحواره­های هیجانی بین طرحواره­های نشخوار ذهنی؛ سرزنش ودیدگاه ساده انگارانه با نگرش مثبت نست به اعتیاد رابطه مثبت معنی­دار و بین طرحواره­های خودآگاهی هیجانی؛ گناه؛ غیرقابل کنترل بودن؛ قابل درک بودن؛ تلاش برای منطقی بودن؛ سرزنش؛ تلاش برای منطقی بودن؛ ارزشهای والاتر؛ پذیرش هیجان­ها و توافق با نگرش نسبت به اعتیاد رابطه معنی داری منفی بدست آمد. همچنین، نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه نیز نشان داد که ارزش­های والاتر، نشخوار ذهنی، دلبستگی اجتنابی نزدیک به 20 درصد از تغییرات نگرش مثبت نست به اعتیاد را به طور معناداری در دانشجویان تبیین نمایند. نتیجه ­گیری: با توجه به نتایج پژوهش بدست آمده می­توان گفت سبک­های دلبستگی و طرحواره­های هیجانی نقش مهمی در پیشگیری از گرایش دانشجویان به سوء مصرف موادمخدر دارد.  }, keywords_fa = {نگرش به اعتیاد, سبک های دلبستگی, طرح واره های هیجانی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8093-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8093-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {DahouiQoriyaMusa, Taybeh and MohammadHosseiniAnari, Azam and KhorshidTalab, Elham and MoradzadhKhorasani, Soheila and Isarizadeh, Motahareh}, title = {Comparison of Treatment Based on Acceptance and Commitment with Drug Therapy in the Study of Interpersonal Relationships and Perfectionistic Thinking in the City of Yazd}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the serious psychological health problem and imposes huge economic and social costs on society every year. Problems associated with obsession and its debilitating symptoms disrupt interpersonal functioning, job, and life. In obsessive-compulsive disorder, a person's mind is filled with uncontrollable and persistent thoughts and is forced to repeat specific actions that cause helplessness and disruption in his daily functioning. Excessive and negative perfectionism can become the basis of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Perfectionism is motivated by the fear of failure, and as a result, perfectionists are almost always worried about achieving high-level and unrealistic goals. Treatment studies about this disorder are generally focused on three areas: drug therapy, behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, and the combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy with drug therapy. Therapy based on acceptance and commitment is basically context-oriented therapy and tries to change the socio-verbal context of the behavior instead of changing the clinical content of the behavior. In this treatment, instead of changing cognitions and challenging them, it is tried to increase the psychological connection of the person with his thoughts and feelings. It means that painful thoughts and feelings should be changed from the old form, i.e. abnormal traumatic symptoms that prevent a meaningful and rich life, to a newer form, i.e. natural human experiences that are parts of a rich and meaningful life. The main goal of treatment is to create psychological flexibility. Acceptance and commitment therapy directly targets emotional distress by accepting unpleasant thoughts and emotions. The goal of treatment based on acceptance and commitment is to improve a person's performance and reduce his emotional distress by increasing psychological flexibility. Psychological flexibility, from the point of view of this psychotherapy approach, means the ability to fully communicate with the present and change or maintain behavior in the service of valuable and important life goals. Therapy based on acceptance and commitment has six central processes that lead to psychological flexibility. Each of these processes affects a person's language act. Some of these processes weaken the function of verbal regulation of cognition and some others increase the function of behavioral activation. These processes are related to each other and have a mutual effect on each other for psychological flexibility. Commitment and acceptance of therapy is an approach based on mindfulness. Mindfulness-based approaches increase the acceptance of internal experiences such as thoughts, emotions, perceptions, and physiological feelings that can strengthen and sustain many complaints and clinical problems. In this regard, studies have shown that acceptance and commitment therapy has been effective in reducing the severity of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression. Despite the many types of research that have been conducted regarding the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in the field of obsession and other related disorders and its effectiveness has been confirmed; However, there has been no research comparing this intervention with drug therapy, so in this research, the researcher is looking for an answer to the question of whether there is a difference between the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy with drug therapy in improving interpersonal relationships and perfectionism of patients with Is there a significant difference? Methods: The research method was experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the present study included all obsessive-compulsive patients in Yazd city, and 45 obsessive-compulsive patients were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study and divided into two experimental groups (15 people under drug treatment and 15 people under medical treatment) on acceptance and commitment) and the control group (15 people) were randomly assigned. The research tool was Maudsley's obsessive-compulsive questionnaire (1977) and Rempel and Holmes' (1986) interpersonal relationships. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures. Results: The findings showed that treatment based on acceptance and commitment and drug therapy has a significant effect on improving interpersonal relationships and perfectionistic thinking of obsessive-compulsive patients in Yazd city (P<0.01). Also, the findings showed that there is a significant difference between treatment based on acceptance and commitment and drug therapy (P<0.01). Conclusion: In general, it can be said that therapy based on acceptance and commitment is more effective than drug therapy in improving interpersonal relationships and perfectionistic thinking. Therefore, it is suggested that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment be used by clinicians as an effective treatment in the treatment of obsessions and improving interpersonal relationships and the perfectionistic thinking of people with obsessions. Paying attention to drug side effects in the long term, patients refuse to take medicine and this issue causes recurrence of disease symptoms. If the treatment is based on acceptance and commitment with the method of accepting the person's self and negative thoughts and mindfulness, which shows the obsessive patient himself, can be effective in treating and controlling the signs and symptoms of obsession and perfectionism. An obsessive person with perfectionism can also reduce obsessive actions.}, Keywords = {Acceptance and commitment therapy, Drug therapy, Perfectionist thinking, Interpersonal relationships, Obsession}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {461-469}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد با دارو درمانی در بهبود روابط بین فردی و تفکر کمال گرایانه به وسواس شهر یزد}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: اختلال وسواس- اجبار یکی از مشکلات جدی سلامت روان شناختی بوده که بر همه جوانب روابط بین فردی تأثیرگذار می­باشد؛ بنابراین هدف از پژوهش حاضر مقایسه درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد با دارو درمانی در بهبود روابط بین فردی و تفکر کمال گرایانه مبتلایان به وسواس شهر یزد بود. روش کار: روش پژوهش آزمایشی با طرح پیش آزمون- پس آزمون با گروه کنترل و دوره پیگیری دو ماهه بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر شامل کلیه‌ بیماران وسواسی شهر یزد بود که با شیوه نمونه گیری در دسترس 45 نفر از بیماران وسواس بر اساس ملاک­های ورود و خروج پژوهش انتخاب و در دو گروه آزمایشی (15 نفر تحت درمان دارویی و 15 نفر تحت درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد) و گروه کنترل (15 نفر) به طور تصادفی گمارده شدند. ابزار پژوهش پرسشنامه وسواس فکری- عملی مادزلی (1977) و روابط بین فردی رمپل و هولمز (1986) بود. داده‌ها با استفاده از تحلیل واریانس با اندازه گیری مکرر تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: یافته‌ها نشان داد که درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد و دارو درمانی در بهبود روابط بین فردی و تفکر کمال گراینه مبتلایان به وسواس شهر یزد تأثیر معنی­داری را دارد (01/0>P). همچنین یافته ­ها نشان داد بین درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد و دارو درمانی تفاوت معنادار وجود دارد (01/0>P). نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می­توان نتیجه گرفت که درمان مبتنی برپذیرش و تعهد اثر بخشی بیشتری را نسبت به دارو درمانی در بهبود روابط بین فردی و تفکر کمال گرایانه دارد.  }, keywords_fa = {درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد, دارو درمانی, تفکر کمال گرایانه, روابط بین فردی, وسواس}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8102-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8102-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Salemi, Mohammad Hossein and Sobhigharamaleki, Naser}, title = {A Review of the Influence of Personality Disorders on the Development of Skin Diseases}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Personality disorder is a type of mental disorder in which a rigid and unhealthy pattern of thought, performance, and behavior is observed in a person. A person with a personality disorder has difficulty in understanding and communicating with situations and people. This causes significant problems and limitations in relationships, social activities, and understanding of diseases. The presence of personality disorders in sick people leads to the development of the disease and increases the level of stress and depression in patients. Among the diseases observed in patients suffering from personality disorders such as dual personality, the presence of stress, depression, harming themselves, scratching the skin, and causing self-inflicted wounds are mentioned. Personality disorders usually start in adolescence or early adulthood. There are different types of personality disorders. Some types may become less apparent during middle age. Types of personality disorders are classified into three clusters based on similar characteristics and symptoms. Many people with one personality disorder also have signs and symptoms of at least one other personality disorder. To diagnose a disorder, showing all signs and symptoms is unnecessary. Cluster A personality disorders are characterized by abnormal and unusual thinking or behavior. They include paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. Cluster B personality disorders are characterized by dramatic, overly emotional, or unpredictable thinking or behavior. They include antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder. Cluster C personality disorders are characterized by anxious, fearful thinking or behavior. They include avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. There is increasing evidence about the negative impact of personality disorders on various physical, mental, and emotional aspects of healthy and sick people. Psychotherapy can help a person understand the effects of their behavior on others, learn to manage or cope with symptoms and reduce behaviors that cause problems in functioning and relationships. The type of treatment depends on the specific personality disorder, its severity, and the individual's condition. If personality disorders are not treated in people, the level of many diseases such as depression, cardiovascular diseases, and skin diseases will increase. Skin diseases are conditions that affect the skin. These diseases may cause rashes, inflammation, itching, or other skin changes. Some skin diseases may be genetic, while lifestyle and psychological factors such as severe obsessions and personality disorders may cause others. Both the skin and the central nervous system are derived from the ectoderm during embryogenesis. Their anatomical-functional relationship has been known for a long time. However, many aspects of this relationship are not fully understood. There are several studies that confirm the link between Dermatosis and mental illness. The findings of studies conducted in the field of psychiatry show that infectious-parasitic Dermatoses are the most common skin diseases in more than 70% of patients with mental disorders. The general explanation for this complication is that the physical condition of many mental patients decreases, which is associated with a decrease in immune defense and, as a result, an increase in sensitivity to skin infections. Considering the importance of skin diseases and the effect of personality disorders on this type of disease and the explanations provided, the question raised here is the relationship between personality disorders and skin diseases in various studies in the field of psychiatry. What results have been obtained and what requirements have been recommended regarding the reduction of this disease through psychotherapy? Methods: The current study is a review study that includes papers published in domestic and foreign journals available in SID, PubMed, Google Scholar, Magiran, Springer, Wiley, Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, Science direct, and ProQuest databases. The range of years 2020 to 2022 was used. Papers were searched using the keywords "acute skin diseases, skin diseases, personality disorders, mental disorders" and their English equivalents. As a result of the initial search of papers, there were 156 articles, of which 74 apapers remained in the screening stage, and at the end, 12 papers were subjected to content analysis. Results: This review study showed that personality and mental disorders have an effect on the development of skin diseases and controlling these disorders is considered as a solution to reduce the complications of skin diseases. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that in order to reduce the complications of skin diseases, paying attention to the personality and mental disorders of people can increase the patient's understanding of the disease and reduce the level of complications of this disease. Psychotherapy of the last century uses biological, psychological, and social factors at different levels significantly in the pathogenesis of each disease, through complex interactions in the treatment of diseases. There are many ontogenetic, anatomical, and functional connections between the skin, the psyche, and the immune system. These connections are the reason that Neuro-immunological mechanisms are often involved in the pathogenesis of Dermatoses. This is why skin diseases are classified as "paradigm" psychosomatic diseases. The skin is the only organ that is completely visible, and therefore the patient can always observe it closely. Patients are free to act on their ideas about pathogenic mechanisms. This means that, as mentioned above, clinicians, especially in the field of dermatology, must examine (and respect) patient disease models. However, skin lesions are visible not only to the patients themselves but often to other people as well. For example, patients with Dermatosis are often exposed to stigma: skin diseases may cause hatred or fear of contagion. Therefore, feelings such as embarrassment about one's illness, or disgust expressed by other people, may affect the patient's outlook on life. Some patients actually anticipate and experience imaginary stigma even in the case of minimal skin lesions. The fact that skin is very visible has also contributed to psychoanalytic theories and interpretations of psychoanalysts interested in psychosomatic medicine for skin diseases.  }, Keywords = {Personality Disorders, Mental Disorders, Stress, Skin Disease}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {470-478}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مروری بر تأثیر اختلالات شخصیتی بر توسعه بیماری‌های پوستی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بیماری­های پوستی از مهمترین بیماری­هایی می­باشد که بر خلق و خوی و حالات روحی و روانی بیماران اثرگذار است. از این جهت در این مطالعه  مروری، بر تأثیر اختلالات شخصیتی بر توسعه بیماری‌های حاد پوستی پرداخته شد. روش کار: مطالعه حاضر یک مطالعه مروری می‌باشد که از مقاله‌های چاپ ‌شده در مجلات داخلی و خارجی موجود در بانک‌های اطلاعاتی SID، PubMed، Google Scholar، Magiran، Springer، Wiley، Web of Science(ISI)، Scopus، Science direct، ProQuest در محدوده سال‌های 2020 تا 2022 استفاده شد. جست‌وجوی مقاله‌ها با استفاده از کلمات کلیدی "بیماری­های حاد پوستی، بیماری­های پوستی، اختلالات شخصیتی، اختلالات روانی" و معادل انگلیسی آن‌ها انجام شد. در نتیجه جستجو ابتدایی مقالات 156 مقاله بوده است که در مرحله غربالگری 74 مقاله باقی مانده است و در انتها 12 مقاله مورد تجزیه و تحلیل محتوایی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: این مطالعه مروری نشان داد که اختلالات شخصیتی و روانی بر توسعه بیماری­های پوستی اثرگذار هستند و کنترل این اختلالات راهکار کاهش عوارض سطح بیماری­های پوستی محسوب می­شود. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان نتیجه‌گیری کرد که در راستای کاهش عوارض بیماری­های پوستی، توجه به اختلالات شخصیتی و روانی افراد می­تواند درک بیمار نسبت به بیماری را افزایش داده و از سطح عوارض این بیماری بکاهد.  }, keywords_fa = {اختلالات شخصیتی, اختلالات روانی, استرس, بیماری پوستی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8128-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8128-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Rostamkhani, Somaye and Hosseini, Seyed Ebrahim and Mehrabani, Dawood and Hashemi, Seyed Sar}, title = {The Effect of Methamphetamine on Neuronal Stem Cells (SH-SY5Y cell line) in an Animal Model of a Mouse}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The increasing use of methamphetamine, as a strong psychoactive drug, has caused severe concerns around the world. Abuse of glass or methamphetamine is considered a global problem for human health, especially in East and Southeast Asia as well as in North America due to its easy production and availability and cheap price. Methamphetamine increases the activity of the central nervous system and causes increased heart rate and blood pressure and even sudden death. Glass causes the discharge of dopamine terminals in the striatum, and in high doses, it also causes the discharge of serotonin terminals in the brain. Cognitive and movement disorders, attention, learning and memory, and brain damage are observed in glass users. Methamphetamine compounds in the central nervous system prevent the reabsorption of dopamine and other monoamine neurotransmitters and also facilitate the release of monoamine neurotransmitters into the synaptic spaces. Repeated use of methamphetamine drugs causes damage to dopaminergic and serotonergic nerve terminals in different parts of the brain. It leads to abnormalities such as anxiety, depression, and movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. On the other hand, new evidence shows that addiction to narcotic drugs and amphetamines causes disruption in neurogenesis and weakens the function of neural stem cells/progenitors, and based on this, it has been claimed that this feature is one of the basic mechanisms of behavioral changes. In patients addicted to methamphetamine drugs. Therefore, it is possible to use stem cells/neural progenitors to reduce or treat the side effects caused by the use of methamphetamines. SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma cell lines from the stem cell category (SH-SY5Y) are derived from immature neoplastic neural crest cells that display the properties of stem cells. These cells are derived from the bone marrow, which consists of a triple-cloned subset of SK-N-SH cells, and are widely used for neurological studies, focusing on neurotoxicity, protecting the nervous system against Neuropathogenic agents. It destroys nerve tissue, and is also used to differentiate neuron-like cells into cholinergic, adrenergic or dopaminergic neurons and to express one or more nerve fiber proteins. These cells also express opioid, muscarinic, and neurodevelopmental receptors. The SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line is able to express different alleles in various conditions and turn into nerve cells in front of compounds such as retinoic acid and neurogenic factors derived from the brain. Therefore, according to the mentioned characteristics and also the high ability of SH-SY5Y cells in long-term proliferation (without contamination) of nerve cells and taking into account the high and increasing consumption of methamphetamine substances, especially among young people and adolescents, and the effects of neurotoxicity. These substances in nerve cells, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the cytotoxicity effect of methamphetamine on the SH-SY5Y cell line. ​Methods: In this experimental study, SH-SY5Y cells were purchased from the Pasteur Institute of Iran and then incubated in DMEM medium with 10% fetal bovine serum, L-glutamine, penicillin, and streptomycin at 37 degrees and 5% CO2. After ensuring the multiplication of the cells and reaching the necessary density, the cells in the fourth passage, to the control and experimental groups treated with a dose of 0.6 mmol for 7 days (10 days after the cultivation of the cells) were divided and the growth of SH-SY5Y cells was calculated by flow Cytometry. Results: SH-SY5Y cells, 24 hours after being transferred to the cell culture flask, wholly adhered to the bottom of the flask and were initially spherical, and became spindle-shaped after 24 hours. The results of the cell counting test on days 1 to 7 showed a strong decrease in the growth of cells treated with methamphetamine compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that SH-SY5Y cells were spindle-shaped in the culture medium, similar to fibroblast cells, and based on the results of cell counting, it was determined that methamphetamine probably has the effects of cytotoxicity and inhibition of growth in the SH- cell line. Methamphetamine leads to progressive neurological disorders, which can be due to the changes and damage in the brain tissue along with neuropsychiatric symptoms. Many other mechanisms have been proposed for methamphetamine-induced toxicity; including toxicity stimulation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and Neuroinflammation which is caused by Microgliosis, Astrogliosis, and cytokine induction and leads to apoptosis and neurotoxicity in the central nervous system. One of the strengths of this study is the time-dependent investigation of the growth of SH-SY5Y nerve cells in the presence of methamphetamine, and this test was repeated within 7 days, But it would have been better if this experiment was done in vivo (animal) and by injecting amphetamine into the animal, a behavioral test was taken from the animals and its effect on SH-SY5Y nerve cells was investigated.}, Keywords = {SH-SY5Y cell, Methamphetamine, Cell growth and proliferation}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {479-486}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی اثر ماده مخدر متامفتامین بر سلول‌های بنیادی عصبی (رده سلولی SH-SY5Y) در مدل حیوانی رت}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: سوءمصرف طولانی مدت متامفتامین دارای پیامدهای بسیاری؛ از جمله اعتیاد است. مشخص شده است که اعتیاد به امفتامین­ها تأثیرات آناتومیکی و فیزیولوژیکی زیادی در مراکز مختلف مغز دارد و در نتیجه تغییرات روانی، رفتاری و حسی- حرکتی ایجاد می­کند؛ بنابراین این تحقیق با هدف بررسی اثرات مصرف متامفتامین بر سلول­های عصبی رده SH-SY5Y انجام گردید. روش کار: در این مطالعه تجربی سلول‌های رده  SH-SY5Yاز انیستیتو پاستور ایران خریداری گردید و سپس در محیط DMEM به همراه 10% سرم جنین گاوی، L گلوتامین، پنی سیلین و استروپتومایسین در دمای 37 درجه و CO2 5% انکوباته شدند. پس از اطمینان از تکثیر سلول­ها و رسیدن به تراکم لازم ، سلول­ها در پاساژ چهارم، به گروه­های کنترل و تجربی تحت تیمار با دوز  6/0 میلیمولار در طول مدت 7 روز (10 روز پس از کشت سلول­ها) تقسیم شدند و رشد سلول‌های  SH-SY5Yبه روش فلوسایتومتری محاسبه گردید. یافته­ ها: سلول‌های ردهSH-SY5Y ، 24 ساعت بعد از انتقال به فلاسک کشت سلولی، به کف فلاسک به طور کامل چسبیدند و در ابتدا کروی بوده و بعد از 24 ساعت دوکی شکل شدند. نتایج آزمون شمارش سلولی در روزهای 1 تا 7 نشان دهنده کاهش شدید رشد سلول‌های تیمار شده با متامفتامین در مقایسه با گروه کنترل بود. نتیجه ­گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد سلول‌های SH-SY5Y در محیط کشت مشابه سلول­های فیبروبلاستی، دوکی شکل شده و بر اساس نتایج حاصل از شمارش سلولی مشخص گردید که متامفتامین احتمالاً با اثرات سمیت سلولی و مهار رشد در رده سلولی SH-SY5Y   را القاء کند.  }, keywords_fa = {سلول SH-SY5Y, متامفتامین, رشد و تکثیر سلول}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8001-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8001-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Vatankhah, Alireza and Dabirifar, Saeed and Khaleghi, Fatemeh}, title = {Investigating the Effect of Cellulose Powder and Cromolyn Sodium in Controlling Allergic Rhinitis Symptoms and Quality of Life and Its Relationship with CT Scan Findings}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa, the prevalence of which is estimated at 40% in children and 10-30% in adults. The symptoms of the disease include frequent sneezing, runny nose, itching of the nose, throat and eyes, which can significantly affect the patient's daily life and activities. Over time, these symptoms may lead to depression, anxiety and loss of performance by affecting a person's psyche. In the United States, this disease accounts for 2.5% of medical visits. Unfortunately, only in a small number of patients, the symptoms may be suppressed for a long time and may not return. Currently, the prevalence of disease is increasing in industrialized countries, especially in urban areas, and it imposes a lot of costs on societies. On the other hand, due to the fact that the cause of the disease is unknown, no definitive treatment has been proposed yet. But the existing symptomatic treatments have been able to relieve the annoying symptoms of the disease to some extent. The most effective treatment in patients with severe and permanent symptoms is the use of topical intranasal corticosteroids. Cellulose powder is used as a thickener in many nasal sprays. Due to the fact that cellulose powder acts as a protective layer, it plays a role in preventing the inhalation of pollen, dust and allergens and prevents these substances from reaching the nasal mucosa. As a result of allergies, the nasal mucosa has a low surface tension, and allergens can easily pass through the nasal mucosa and be absorbed by the nasal mucosa, and cellulose powder reduces the symptoms of patients by compensating this system. Also, intranasal cromolyn is widely available today and is used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis with the mechanism of inhibiting the granulation of mast cells. Although this drug is safe for general medicinal use, it is not used as a line of treatment because compared to antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids, it is less effective in reducing symptoms, the results of a study showed. that consumption of cellulose powder significantly improved all symptoms of allergic rhinitis and especially runny nose in these people and no clinical side effects were reported in these people. Also, Nasaliz was able to control hay fever well and significantly improved the patients' symptoms. In general, CT scan is usually not recommended for simple rhinitis. However, when rhinosinusitis or nasal polyp is suspected, especially if it does not respond to medical treatment, CT scan is useful. Due to the chronic nature of this disease on one hand and patients' self-treatment and lack of attention to medical recommendations on the other hand, definitive and effective treatment of allergic rhinitis has become a challenge for patients and treatment staff. The present study was designed and carried out with the aim of investigating the effects of nasal cellulose powder and sodium cromolyn in controlling the symptoms of allergic rhinitis and quality of life, as well as its relationship with CT scan findings in patients referred to Baqiyatullah Clinic. Methods: The present study is a clinical trial that was conducted on patients with allergic rhinitis who were referred to the ENT clinic of Baghiy A. (Aj). The study was conducted as a random and single-phase study in two groups (50 people for each group) using Cromolyn spray with a dose of 3 puffs per day and nasal spray with a dose of 3 puffs per day for 6 weeks in patients. RQLQ quality of life questionnaire, nasal endoscopy score based on Lund criteria, Kennedy score, and visual analog scale (VAS) was completed. Also, in this study, patients with a clinical diagnosis of allergic rhinitis were selected for a CT scan of the Paranasal sinuses without medical treatment. They were referred to the CT scan departments of Baqiyatullah University of Medical Sciences and underwent a Paranasal CT scan and indicators such as polyps, mild mucosal thickening without obstruction, increased bone density of the sinus wall, septal deviation, inferior corneal hypertrophy, and Conca Bellaza were investigated. Then, the findings of the CT scan were reported blindly by only one radiologist. The data collected from both study groups were compared by the respective statistical tests. The significance level for data difference was considered 0.05. Results: The severity of nasal congestion after 6 weeks of treatment was 2.27 ± 0.97 in the sodium Cromolyn group and 4.61 ± 1.1 in the cellulose powder group. There was a significant difference in the mean severity of nasal congestion after treatment between the two groups. (P=0.03). Statistical analysis showed that the intensity of sneezing and also the intensity of runny noses in both groups improved significantly after the completion of the treatment. (P=0.00). The mean RQLQ score after treatment was 22.525 ± 5.71 in the sodium Cromolyn group and 25.85 ± 2.91 in the cellulose powder group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the average RQLQ score after treatment. (P=0.073). In this study, the relationship between CT scan findings in both groups of patients before and after the use of both drug categories was investigated. In this study, both groups of patients underwent CT scans before starting the treatment, and the most common findings in both groups in the CT scan were polyps, mild mucosal thickening without obstruction, increased bone density of the sinus wall, and septal deviation. hypertrophy of the inferior cornea and Conca Blesa, also according to the obtained results, no statistically significant difference was found between the findings of the CT scan in both groups (P-value<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that nasal decongestant can be used as an effective drug without complications in the treatment of allergic rhinitis patients due to the improvement of symptoms and quality of life. But in terms of effectiveness, it is not more effective than Cromolyn. On the other hand, there is no correlation between CT scan findings among patients with allergic rhinitis, and it can be said that the use of radiology and especially CT scans is not recommended for allergic rhinitis.  }, Keywords = {Cellulose powder, Cromolyn sodium, Allergic rhinitis, Quality of life, CT scan}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {487-496}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی تأثیر پودر سلولزی و کرومولین سدیم در کنترل علائم رینیت آلرژیک و کیفیت زندگی و ارتباط آن با یافته‌های سی تی اسکن}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: رینیت آلرژیک بیماری التهابی مخاط بینی بوده که می‌تواند زندگی روزمره بیمار را به میزان قابل توجهی تحت تاثیر قرار دهد. بنابراین مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی تاثیر پودر سلولزی و کرومولین سدیم در کنترل علائم رینیت آلرژیک و کیفیت زندگی بیماران و همچنین ارتباط ان با یافته­ های سی تی اسکن  طراحی و انجام شد. روش کار: مطالعه حاضر از نوع کارآزمایی بالینی بوده که بر روی بیماران مبتلا به رینیت آلر‍ژیک مراجعه کننده به درمانگاه ENT بقیه ا.. (عج) انجام شد. مطالعه بصورت رندوم و تک فاز در دو گروه (50 نفر برای هر گروه) و با استفاده اسپری کرومولین با دوز 3 پاف در روز و اسپری نازالیز با دوز 3 پاف در روز به مدت 6 هفته در بیماران صورت گرفت. تکمیل پرسشنامه کیفیت زندگی،  نمره اندوسکوپی بینی بر اساس معیار  Lund، Kennedy score و نمره دهی آنالوگ دیداری صورت گرفت. داده­های جمع آوری شده از هر دو  گروه مورد مطالعه توسط تست­های آماری مربوطه با هم مقایسه شد. یافته­ ها: بررسی­های آماری نشان داد که میزان شدت عطسه و همچنین میزان شدت آبریزش بینی در هر دو گروه بعد از اتمام درمان به صورت معناداری بهبود داشت. میانگین نمره RQLQ پس از درمان بین دو گروه اختلاف معنی­داری نداشت؛ با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده اختلاف آماری معناداری بین یافته­های سی تی اسکن در هر دو گروه یافت نشد. نتیجه ­گیری: بر اساس نتایج این مطالعه می­توان نتیجه گرفت که داروی نازالیز با توجه به بهبود علائم و کیفیت زندگی در بیماران مبتلا به رنیت آلرژیک می­تواند به عنوان دارویی موثر و بدون عارضه در درمان این بیماران مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. اما از لحاظ تأثیرگذاری موثرتر از داروی کرومولین نمی­باشد.}, keywords_fa = {ال پودر سلولزی, کرومولین سدیم, رینیت آلرژیک, کیفیت زندگی, سی تی اسکن}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8120-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8120-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Ghanipourkhondabi, Fatemeh and AsadiDavodabadi, Mohammadhossein and Aliahmadi, Omid and Roshanaei, Ali}, title = {A Comparative Study of Women\'s and Men\'s Employment Programs in Iran\'s Development Programs}, abstract ={Background & Aims: It was associated with the policy maker's attitude based on the belief of greater participation of women in the social, economic and cultural scenes, therefore, compared to the previous two programs, attention to the situation of women was planned in a clearer way. One of the basic points in the third development plan was to align it with the establishment of an institution as "Women's Participation Affairs Center". In the important parts of the program, such as education and employment policies, no interesting needs are observed between the two sexes. The fourth program is interesting both in terms of the amount of materials of the program that are dedicated to women and also in terms of a different approach regarding the topic of gender. In the fourth development plan, it is emphasized to eliminate violence against women. The most important concern in the fourth development plan is the issue of women's employment and the improvement of the economic status of women in the society, and if we are talking about reforming public attitudes towards women, this reform of attitudes is related to holding economic positions and employment opportunities. In the third program, special educational and cultural-sports needs are emphasized by using Islamic principles and foundations. In the fifth development plan, which is considered to be the most important article of this plan about women and family. In the 6th Development Plan, it is very important to improve the status of women and a suitable position for women and family was considered in this program. Creating suitable job opportunities to attract unemployed graduates, which has increased as a result of the increase in the number of girls entering universities, paying attention to female heads of the household, self-headed and abusive women, reducing divorce, increasing the facilitation of marriage, the possibility of facilitating the entry of women into higher academic degrees such as Ph.D. Specialization and serious attention to improving the quality of women's health is one of the issues that should be given serious attention in the future. As a result, it is in accordance with the theories of gender justice, which is often equated with the concept of gender equality. But in reality, they are two separate concepts. Gender equality refers to equal life opportunities for women and men, which includes the ability to participate in the public sphere. Gender equality focuses on fair participation in education, the labor market, health services and politics. Legal reform is one of the key and important tools in the fight for equality. Gender equality does not necessarily ensure equality of outcomes; because it assumes that when barriers to participation are removed, there will be a level playing field for both sexes, and it does not consider that men and women may have different realities and experiences. Therefore, the concept of gender justice is raised. Gender justice refers to justice in life outcomes for women and men. As a result, it thinks beyond equal opportunities, reminds the need to change attitudes, emphasizes the different interests, preferences and needs of men and women, and emphasizes the need to redistribute power and resources. This paper examines the gender policies governing Iran's employment development programs before and after the revolution. Which is using qualitative content analysis. The purpose of this study shows that there are several elements and propositions of gender discourses in the set of employee development programs of Iran before and after the revolution. Methods: The above paper is a documentary and library study. The research method used is of the secondary analysis type and is mostly done by using library data and using sites and the general population and housing censuses and registration information. The data used are second-hand data and partly third-hand data. According to the type of data, the study is descriptive and analytical. In this paper, due to the limitation of census information, that part of the gender analysis of employment based on Iran's development programs before and after the revolution and population and housing statistics has been used to some extent from registration data. Results: The results obtained from the employment status of women show that during different years before the revolution and even after the revolution, the changes in women's employment did not experience a regular upward or downward trend. Comparing the employment of women and men also shows superiority the regularity of men in the labor market during the statistical survey was from (1956-2020). Also, the unstable trend of development in the employment of women and men, especially women, shows that with the smallest changes in economic conditions, a large part of the female labor force has left the market. This issue is not only from an economic point of view but also from a social point of view. It also has adverse consequences for society. The current state of Iran's labor market, including its high unemployment rate, and low participation rate, shows limited employment generation. That the set of policies, laws, and regulations in the field of employment did not have the necessary efficiency. A review of each of the development programs in Iran shows that the issue of "gender justice" has been neglected and has faced shortcomings in its application and implementation. In the development programs before the Islamic revolution, the statesmen's view of development was purely economic. It was believed that the movement towards development begins with the growing trend of the growth of the national gross product. By dividing the population into two semi-urban and rural, the semi-urban brought new values following the increasing contact with the outside world. Conclusion: In terms of the period, the approval authorities in the fields of employment, diversity, transformation, decline, and rise. In other words, while in the development programs, there have been things such as equal pay, insurance, equal working hours, and expertise for the employment of women and men. In some cases, policymakers have paid attention to things such as wage equality, skill-oriented, empowerment and structural changes in women's employment, and in general, by using the theory of Giddens, Barry, Tocqueville, Bloomberg, it can be seen that there are approaches to create jobs for women and men, change the structure, identified equality, development, dignity, economic power in the documents of Iran's employment development programs. That a diverse set of macroeconomic policies and active and inactive labor market policies have been implemented with the purpose and motivation of creating employment. Which have different and diverse positive and negative, strong and weak consequences and functions. The results of women's employment status show that during different years before the revolution and even after the revolution, the changes in women's employment did not experience a regular upward or downward trend.}, Keywords = {Development programs, Before and after the revolution, Gender analysis, Employment, Women and men}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {497-509}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مطالعه تطبیقی برنامه‌های اشتغال زنان و مردان در برنامه‌های توسعه‌ای ایران}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: مهم ترین عامل سرعت رشد و توسعه اقتصادی جامعه منابع انسانی آن جامعه است و هر جامعه نیز متشکل از زنان و مردان فعال است لذا هدف این مقاله بررسی سیاست­های جنسیتی حاکم بر برنامه­های توسعه اشتغال ایران در پیش و پس از انقلاب است. روش کار: مقاله فوق مطالعه اسنادی و کتابخانه­ای می­باشد. روش تحقیق بکار رفته از نوع تحلیل ثانویه و اکثرا با بهره­گیری از داده­های کتابخانه­ای و بهره برداری از سایت­ها و سرشماری­های عمومی نفوس و مسکن و اطلاعات ثبتی انجام شد. با توجه به نوع داده­ها مطالعه در سطح توصیفی و تحلیلی می­باشد. یافته­ ها: نتایج بدست آمده از وضعیت اشتغال زنان نشان می­دهد که در طول سال­های مختلف در پیش از انقلاب و حتی پس از انقلاب تغییرات اشتغال زنان روند صعودی یا نزولی منظمی را تجربه نکرده است. در مقایسه اشتغال زنان و مردان نیز نشان دهنده برتری همیشگی مردان در بازار کار در طول بررسی آماری از سال (1400-1335) بوده است. همچنین روند بی­ثبات توسعه در اشتغال زنان و مردان، به ویژه زنان نشان دهنده آن است که با کوچکترین تغییرات در شرایط اقتصادی، بخش عمده ای از نیروی کار زن از بازار خارج شده و این مسئله نه تنها از نظر اقتصادی، بلکه از نظر اجتماعی نیز پیامدهای نامطلوبی را برای جامعه در بر دارد. در برنامه های توسعه پیش از انقلاب اسلامی، دیدگاه دولتمردان از توسعه، صرفاً اقتصادی بود. نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج بدست آمده از وضعیت اشتغال زنان نشان می­دهد که در طول سال­های مختلف در پیش از انقلاب و حتی پس از انقلاب تغییرات اشتغال زنان روند صعودی یا نزولی منظمی را تجربه نکرده است.  }, keywords_fa = {برنامه‌های توسعه‌ای, تحلیل جنسیتی, اشتغال, زنان و مردان}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8074-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8074-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Dolatabadi, Masoumeh and Matinhomaee, Hasan and Ghazalian, Farsh}, title = {The Effect of A Detraining Period Following Continuous Aerobic Training and High-Intensity Interval Training on Cardiac Denosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Gene Expression in Alloxan-Treated Diabetic Rats}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world (1). Diabetes and hyperglycemia caused by diabetes lead to disorders in various organs such as lungs, heart, muscles, kidneys, etc. (9, 10). One of the main complications of diabetes is diabetic cardiomyopathy; Diabetic cardiomyopathy is the result of diabetes-induced changes in the structure and function of the heart. Diabetic cardiomyopathy occurs as a result of impaired glucose and lipid metabolism associated with diabetes, which leads to increased oxidative stress and activation of multiple inflammatory pathways that mediate cellular and extracellular damage, pathological remodeling of the heart, and diastolic and systolic dysfunction. Preclinical studies in animal models of diabetes have identified several intracellular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy and potential cardioprotective strategies for disease prevention and treatment, including anti-fibrotic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, and antioxidants (11). Cellular energy homeostasis is a fundamental process that governs the overall health of the cell and is critical for cell survival. Central to this is the control of ATP production and utilization, which is regulated by a myriad of enzymatic reactions controlling cellular metabolism (12). Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy sensor with aberrant expression in various diseases, including diabetes (12). There is considerable evidence that AMPK is reduced in cardiac tissues of animals and humans with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome compared with non-diabetic controls, and that AMPK stimulation (physiological or pharmacological) can ameliorate diabetes-related cardiovascular complications (14). Considering the role of AMPK in energy metabolism in the heart, as well as the effects of diabetes and exercise on the gene and protein expression of this energy sensor, measuring the changes of this gene can improve our knowledge about the effect of different adaptations caused by different exercises, as well as the effect of lack of exercise. With the aim of investigating the effect of maintaining these adaptations after training (22, 23). However, so far, no research has been done that specifically compares the effect of two common training methods, continuous and intermittent training, followed by no training on cardiac AMPK gene expression in diabetic rats, which shows the necessity of the current research. According to the mentioned information, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of a detraining period followed by aerobic and HIIT exercises on cardiac AMPK gene expression in alloxan-treated diabetic rats. Methods: In this experimental research, 48 male Wistar rats (age: 10-weeks; weigh: 220±20 grams) were randomly divided into six groups (n=8). One group was considered as a healthy control and the rest of the rats were made diabetic using a single dose of 90 mg/kg of alloxan. One group was considered as diabetic control; and the rats were divided into two groups of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous moderate aerobic training (MICT). After 12 weeks of training, half of the rats in each group were sacrificed; and the rats were sacrificed after 2 weeks of no training. MICT program was performed for 5 sessions per week with a gradual increase in speed (18-26 m/min) and time (10-55 minutes). HIIT program also included 5 30-minute sessions per week in the form of running on a treadmill with one-minute repetitions and 2-minute active rest between each interval. For statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used and the significance level (P ≤ 0.05) was considered. Results: The results showed that the induction of diabetes decreased the cardiac AMPK gene expression compared to the healthy control group (P < 0.001), also the results showed that after 12 weeks of training, there was a significant increase in the cardiac AMPK gene expression in the training groups compared to the control group. Diabetes control was observed (P < 0.001), but no significant difference was observed between the two exercise groups (P > 0.05). Also, the results showed that after 2 weeks of non-training, there was a slight decrease in cardiac AMPK gene expression compared to the training groups, and these changes were not significant (P > 0.05). Conclution: The results of the present study showed that induction of diabetes with alloxan decreased cardiac AMPK gene expression, which was related to hyperglycemia caused by induction of diabetes with alloxan injection. Previous research has also shown that a single dose of alloxan injection with 90 mg/kg body weight of rats induces diabetes (24-26). According to the findings of the present study, 12 weeks of continuous aerobic exercise and HIIT both significantly increased cardiac AMPK gene expression in diabetic rats, but no significant difference was observed between the two types of exercise. Based on the research conducted in animal models, exercise increases cardiac AMPK values, which are consistent with the results of the present study (30, 31). However, comparing the effects of continuous and HIIT exercises, the results of these two studies were different from our findings; In their research comparing the effect of moderate intensity continuous training and HIIT training on AMPK of skeletal and cardiac muscle, Wen et al. reported that the effects of HIIT training on increasing oxidative capacity and AMPK are more obvious (30); The results of Su et al.'s research showed better effects of continuous training on AMPK and PGC-1α gene expression in the HIIT group than continuous aerobic training (30). As shown in various animal models and patient studies, physical exercise is known to be cardioprotective and can partially compensate for cardiac damage. At the cellular level, exercise counteracts heart disease-related changes in these cellular pathways and can improve heart function (32). AMPK activation leads to the regulation of metabolism, protein transport, transcription factors and/or activators, kinases, and other enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins. AMPK increases substrate uptake and utilization in the heart, enhances mitochondrial biogenesis, and modulates the activity of specific proteins and transcription factors to exert cardioprotective functions (33). Therefore, exercise training can moderate the effects of diabetes on the heart by increasing cardiac AMPK. AMPK also plays an important role in reducing oxidative stress, regulating autophagy and anti-apoptosis of cardiomyocytes (29, 34). Exercise activates signaling molecules and transcriptional networks to promote physiological adaptations such as mitochondrial biogenesis (35). It has been reported that after swimming exercises in rats, the levels of activated AMPK showed a decrease in cardiac fibrosis due to the inhibition of NADPH oxidase (36). This finding has been confirmed as decreased AMPK activity by beta-adrenergic activation exacerbates cardiac fibrosis (37). These changes are important because exercise activates AMPK and thus may be able to inhibit pathological hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis (38). Other findings of our research showed that 2 weeks of detraining after exercise decreased AMPK in both exercise groups, but this decrease was not statistically significant. In line with the findings of the current research, Cao et al also reported in their research that after the training period, a significant increase in AMPK level was observed, but after stopping training for 10 days, the AMPK level started to decrease, but the changes were not significant 40). Based on the results, it can be said that any two methods of continuous aerobic exercise and HIIT increase the expression of the AMPK gene; Also, after two weeks ofdetraining, cardiac AMPK gene expression is still high in diabetic rats. However, more research is needed to investigate the longer-term effects of non-exercise on AMPK gene expression and mechanisms related to non-exercise on diabetic cardiomyopathy.}, Keywords = {Diabetes, Heart, High intensity interval training, Detraining, Protein kinase activated by adenosine monophosphate}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {510-519}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر یک دوره بی‌تمرینی به دنبال تمرینات هوازی تداومی و تمرینات تناوبی شدت بالا بر بیان ژن پروتئین کیناز فعال شده با آدنوزین مونوفسفات قلبی در رت‌های دیابتی شده با آلوکسان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: پروتئین کیناز فعال شده با آدنوزین مونوفسفات (AMPK) یک حسگر انرژی با بیان ناهنجار در بیماری های مختلف از جمله دیابت است. با این حال، مطالعات کمی برگشت‌پذیری مزایای ناشی از ورزش را نشان داده‌اند. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تعیین تاثیر یک دوره بی تمرینی به دنبال تمرینات هوازی و AMPK قلبی در رت­های دیابتی بود. روش­ کار: برای انجام این تحقیق 48 سر رت نر ویستار 10 هفته‌ای با وزن 20±220 گرم به‌طور تصادفی در شش گروه 8 تایی تقسیم شدند. یک گروه به عنوان کنترل سالم در نظر گرفته شد و بقیه رت ها با استفاده از تک دوز 90 میلی گرم الوکسان به ازای وزن بدن دیابتی شدند. یک گروه به عنوان دیابت کنترل در نظر گرفته شد. و بقه رت ها در دو گروه تمرینات هوازی تداومی و تناوبی شدت باالا تقسیم شدند. پس از 12 هفته تمرینات نصف رت های هر گروه قربانی شدند. و بقه رت ها نیز 2 هفته پس از بی تمرینی قربانی شدند.  برنامه تمرین هوازی تداومی برای 5 جلسه در هفته با افزایش تدریجی سرعت‌ (18 الی 26 متر بر دقیقه) و زمان (10 الی 55 دقیقه) انجام گرفت. برنامه تمرین تناوبی شدت بالا نیز شامل 5 جلسه 30 دقیقه­ای در هفته در قالب دویدن روی تردمیل با تکرارهای یک‌دقیقه‌ای و استراحت فعال 2 دقیقه‌ای بین هر تناوب بود. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل آماری از آزمون تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه و آزمون تعقیبی توکی استفاده شد و سطح معنی داری (05/0 ≥ P) در نظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد القای دیابت موجب کاهش بیان ژن AMPK قلبی نسبت به گروه کنترل سالم شد (001/0 > P)، همچنین نتایج نشان داد که پس از 12 هفته تمرین افزایش معنی داری در بیان ژن AMPK قلبی در گروه های تمرین نسبت به گروه کنترل دیابت مشاهده شد (001/0 > P) ولی تفاوت معنی داری بین دو گروه تمرین مشاهده نشد (05/0 < P). همچنین نتایج نشان داد که پس از 2 هفته بی تمرینی کاهش جزئی در بیان ژن AMPK قلبی نسبت به گروه های تمرین مشاهده شد و لی این تغییرات معنی دار نبود (05/0 < P). نتیجه­ گیری: با توجه به نتایج می‌توان گفت که تمرینات ورزش با بیان ژن AMPK موجب حفاظت قلبی در برابر کاردیومیوپاتی دیابتی می‌شود و این اثر 2 هفته پس از بی تمرینی نیز همچنان باقی می‌ماند.}, keywords_fa = {دیابت, قلب, تمرین تناوبی شدت بالا, بی‌تمرینی, پروتئین کیناز فعال شده با آدنوزین مونوفسفات}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8311-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8311-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} } @article{ author = {Naimi, Sara and Minaei, Asghar and Niusha, Beheshteh}, title = {The Predicting Mathematic Self Efficacy with Self-Regulation Strategies Among Students of Saveh City}, abstract ={Background & Aims: One of the challenges for middle school students is learning mathematics. Researches show that due to the complex nature of mathematics, using effective and efficient self-regulation learning strategies and having motivation is related to success in mathematics. Measuring self-regulated learning is one of the research fields that play a key role both in developing theory and for intervention. Historically, the tools used to measure self-regulated learning rely on researchers' conceptualizations of self-regulated learning as a construct and have been used to expand theories. To measure self-regulated learning, various tools and methods have been used, such as structured interviews, self-report questionnaires, as well as direct measurement of students' behaviors, such as behavioral effects and observing behaviors. To measure self-regulation, several self-report questionnaires have been created, among which we can refer to the self-regulation questionnaire, self-regulation questionnaire, motivational strategies questionnaire for learning, academic self-regulation learning scale, and teacher scoring scale of self-regulation strategy list. All these questionnaires, except the self-regulation strategy list questionnaire, have been translated into Farsi and their psychometric properties have been studied. Self-report questionnaires are considered to be the most widely used tools for measuring self-regulated learning and have many benefits such as ease and low cost of design, implementation, and scoring, and they allow students to report their thoughts and motivational thoughts that are not visible to others. Mathematics requires solving multi-stage problems, learning different strategies, and using concepts correctly. For example, students who have high progress in mathematics often use self-regulated learning strategies effectively and efficiently when learning different theories and applying ideas, while students who have poor progress in Mathematics students use these strategies to a lesser extent. Learning strategies and self-regulation are some of the most important factors influencing the quality of learning. The purpose of this study was to predict math self-efficacy based on self-regulation processes and determine the convergent validity of the self-regulation learning strategies questionnaire with the math self-efficacy source scale? Methods: This research is a descriptive cross-sectional and correlational survey. After approving the proposal and receiving the implementation license from the university and coordination with the Education Department of Saveh City, 610 students (317 girls and 293 boys) of the seventh, eighth, and ninth grades of the first secondary school online and by sampling method in Available were selected. To collect data, study questionnaires were first uploaded to Google Docs; then their link was provided to the school officials, and with their help, it was provided to the participants. In the end, after completing the number of samples to the appropriate extent, the data collection was stopped. To maintain confidentiality, the students were assured that the information obtained from the research would be analyzed as a group and that their individual information would remain completely confidential. At the end of the data analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used, which were analyzed in the SPSS software environment. Results: The results showed that self-regulation was a predictor of students' mathematical self-efficacy (p=0.05, β=0.76). Also, the self-regulation questionnaire had a convergence validity of 0.874 with the mathematical self-efficacy questionnaire. The coefficients of recognition power indicate that all the items of the questionnaire on self-efficacy strategies have good and high recognition power because most of the correlation coefficients of the item-total score are above 0.40 and the highest recognition coefficient is related to item 24 and the lowest recognition coefficient is related to items 15 and 22. The correlation between students' scores in the self-regulation questionnaire and its subscales with their scores in the math self-efficacy questionnaire showed that all coefficients are statistically significant at the alpha level of 0.01, which indicates the convergent validity of the self-regulation questionnaire. Conclusion: Therefore, according to the findings of the research, it can be said that students who use more self-regulated learning strategies have a higher sense of mathematical self-efficacy and vice versa; That is, students who use little self-regulated learning strategies have a lower sense of self-efficacy in mathematics and do not consider themselves competent and competent in terms of mathematics. The feeling of self-efficacy increases the student's self-confidence and interest in studying. Increasing self-confidence and interest in the lesson makes the student try to use all the available methods and facilities to learn mathematics. It makes the student try to act independently in learning mathematics.}, Keywords = {Self-Regulation, Convergent Validity, Self-Efficacy}, volume = {29}, Number = {12}, pages = {520-528}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {پیش‌بینی خودکارآمدی ریاضی با خودتنظیمی در دانش آموزان شهر ساوه}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: راهبردهای یادگیری و خودتنظیمی یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل تأثیرگذار بر کیفیت یادگیری است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف پیش‌بینی خودکارآمدی ریاضی بر اساس فرایندهای خودتنظیمی و تعیین روایی همگرای پرسشنامه راهبردهای یادگیری خودتنظیمی با مقیاس منبع خودکارآمدی ریاضی بود. روش کار: این پژوهش یک مطالعه توصیفی از نوع پیمایشی مقطعی و همبستگی است. برای این منظور پس از ترجمه و آماده‌سازی پرسشنامه‎های مذکور و ارسال آن با ایمیل به 1480 دانش‎آموز یا والدین آن­ها، تعداد 610 دانش‎آموز در این پژوهش شرکت کردند. پس از تکمیل پرسشنامه‎های مقیاس منابع خودکارآمدی ریاضی (آشر و پاخارس، 2008) و پرسشنامه خودتنظیمی کلری، 2006) داده­ها با استفاده از روش­های همبستگی و رگرسیون تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که خودتنظیمی پیش­بینی­کننده خودکارآمدی ریاضی دانش‎آموزان بود (05/0=p ,76/0=β). همچنین پرسشنامه خودتنظیمی با پرسشنامه خودکارآمدی ریاضی روایی همگرایی به میزان 874/0 داشت. نتیجه‌گیری: بنابراین با توجه به یافته‌های پژوهش می‌توان گفت راهبردهای خودتنظیمی پیش­بینی­کننده خودکارآمدی ریاضی دانش‎آموزان است؛ همچنین پرسشنامه خودتنظیمی (فرم دانش‎آموز) از روایی همگرای بالایی با مقیاس منابع خودکارآمدی ریاضی دارد و می‌توان از این پرسشنامه در فعالیت‌های پژوهشی استفاده نمود.  }, keywords_fa = {خودتنظیمی, روایی همگرایی, خودکارآمدی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8132-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8132-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2023} }