@article{ author = {Kashanian, Maryam and Hajjaran, Maryam and Ghasemi, Afsaneh and Khatami, Elahe Sadat}, title = {Evaluation of the diagnostic value of the first and third trimester maternal mean platelet volume (MPV) for prediction of}, abstract ={  Background: Preeclampsia is a severe complication of pregnancy, often associated with significant morbidity and mortality for both mother and newborn. The aim of this study is to evaluate if mean platelet volume during first trimester predict preeclampsia or preterm labour development.   Methods: All pregnant women, in the first trimester, attending to prenatal clinic at Shahid Akbar Abadi Hospital for routine obstetric care during 2010 were enrolled. According to the study, blood sample was taken from women at the first visit in first trimesters and the third and recorded. After delivery, outcome data were obtained.   Results: A total of 400 women were included and 35 (8.8%) and 96 (24%) of them developed pre-eclampsia and preterm labor, respectively. Parameters of platelet during pregnancy were similar between groups. MPV values of pre-eclamptic women were not significantly different with normotensive counterparts.   Conclusions: Our study did not provide evidence that MPV changes could predict preeclampsia or preterm labor development.}, Keywords = {Mean platelet volume, preeclampsia, pregnancy hypertension.}, volume = {19}, Number = {94}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2095-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2095-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mokhtarinia, Hamid-reza and Kahrizi, Sedigheh and Parnianpour, Mohammad and Sanjari, Mohammad-Ali}, title = {Test- retest reliability of coordination and movement pattern stability measures during repetitive trunk bending in healthy and non specific low back pain groups}, abstract ={  Background: To define the dynamic organization of the neuromuscular system, we need useful tools that allow for the expression of the neuromuscular system in low dimensional term (i.e one variable), so it seems that relative phase provides a better measure of organization of the neuromuscular system. Besides, selection of a measure for research or clinical use should be motivated by several factors, including the measure reliability. To our knowledge there seems to exist no study that have ever investigated the reliability of the relative phase and deviation phase in healthy or Low back pain subjects in dynamic movement tasks.   Methods: Twelve healthy volunteers and 12 low back pain patients performed repeated trunk bending motion in eight different conditions of high and low speed, in symmetric and asymmetric planes, with or without external load.   All measurements were repeated on a second session, 7-10 days later. Mean absolute relative phase and deviation phase of lumbar-thorax and pelvis-lumbar were used to calculate coordination pattern and variability.   Relative reliability was assessed using intra class correlation coefficient (ICC) and absolute reliability was assessed using standard error measurement, minimum detectable change and coefficient of variation.   Results: Results in healthy subjects revealed that relative phase and deviation phase showed good to excellent reliability, with ICC range of 5.3-8.4 and in low back pain group ICC range was0 /52-0/85 except in three asymmetric test conditions and one symmetric test condition. SEM values range for healthy subjects were 0/92-4/8 and for low back patients were 1/2-5/8.   Conclusion: Relative phase and deviation phase are suggested as good parameter to use for evaluating coordination and variability in dynamic situations such as lifting and complex trunk movement and also for discrimination low back pain patients from healthy subjects.}, Keywords = {Relative phase, Reliability, Asymmetric movement, Low back pain. }, volume = {19}, Number = {94}, pages = {10-19}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2096-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2096-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Alidaei, Nasim and Zarrin, Sahar and Eishi, Ali and Rahimi, Mohammad-Hossei}, title = {Evaluation of the relationship between platelet count, mean platelet volume and pulmonary thromboembolism}, abstract ={  Background: Mean platelet volume (MPV) is associated with platelet reactivity. Large platelets contain more thrombogenic factors than small ones. Previous studies have shown platelet reactivity in patients with pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE).The aim of this study was to investigate the mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet count in patients with PTE and healthy control subjects.   Methods : In This study, 210 patients with PTE were retrospectively evaluated. The diagnosis of PTE was made clinically and was confirmed with CT angiography. 210 healthy subjects matched for age, gender and body mass index (BMI) served as control group. We recorded the main demographic, clinical and laboratory data of groups. MPV values and platelet counts were measured at the first day of admission.   Results: Mean age between PTE patient and control group was 52.6 ± 19.7 vs. 49.43 ± 20.68 years respectively (p=0.109) .MPV was significantly higher among patients with PTE in comparison with control group (10.57 ± 1.08 vs. 9.80 ± 0.86 fL respectively p= 0.000). Platelet count was not significantly different in PTE patients and control group (231.76 ± 92.22 vs. 243.76 ± 67.32 × 10 9 /L, respectively p= 0.129).   Conclusion : MPV is a simple and easy test and it can be used as an activity marker of platelet function in PTE. It also shows the platelet production rate and stimulation. We have shown that MPV was increased in patients with PTE. Platelet count was not different between PTE patients and control group.}, Keywords = {Mean platelet volume, Platelet count, Pulmonary thromboembolism, Platelet activation}, volume = {19}, Number = {94}, pages = {20-26}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2097-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2097-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ghajarzadeh, Mahsa and Adili-aghdam, Fatemeh}, title = {Learning styles of medical residents of different disciplines in Tehran University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={  Background: Learning is a complex process that many factors such as learning style has key roles on it. The goal of this study was to determine learning style of different field of medical residents.   Methods : By random selection, seven medical fields (radiology, internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, psychology, ophthalmology and emergency medicine) selected. Sixteen residents from each field were chosen. They asked to fill Kolb learning style Inventory.   Results : The most common learning style among medical residents was assimilator followed by converger.   Conclusion : Considering assimilator and converger learning styles among medical residents is recommended that faculty members should use diagrams, lectures and self-learning methods.}, Keywords = {Learning style, Medical residents, Tehran University of Medical Sciences.}, volume = {19}, Number = {94}, pages = {27-32}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2098-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2098-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mostafavian, Zahra and Gohardehi, Farzad and Shakerian, Sareh and Nojomi, Marzieh and Kiaee, Abbas and Gholamipour, Arash and Rezvani, Mohamm}, title = {Quality of life in patients with Parkinson\'s disease: Assessing with the Parkinson\'s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39)}, abstract ={  Background: The aim of this study was to examine the quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) using a Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) as a measure.   Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 200 consecutive patients with PD who referred to Tehran University of Medical Sciences Hospitals were enrolled. The PDQ-39 was used for evaluation. Statistical tests like ANOVA, t-test and Spearman rank correlations were used to assess the relationship between duration and clinical stage of disease and the quality of life.   Results: The mean age of the patients was 57.32years (10.5 SD). 135(67.5%) were male and 65(32.5%) female. Most of the patients (46/5%) were in mild stage. The results showed total effect of PD on patient`s quality of life, on dimensions that measured by PDQ-39. The mean of Parkinson`s disease summary index (PDSI) was 35/17 ± 15/43.Also severity (p=0.008) and duration (p=0.0001) of disease had a significant effect on Quality of life. Quality of life deteriorated significantly with increasing disease   Conclusion: Paying attention to other dimensions of quality of life than clinical symptoms is suggested to improve health related quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease.}, Keywords = {Parkinson\'s disease, Quality of life, The Parkinson\'s disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39).}, volume = {19}, Number = {94}, pages = {33-39}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2099-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2099-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Meidani, Mohsen and Mirzadeh, Farnoosh and Sadeghi, Alirez}, title = {Simultaneous deep vein thrombosis and acute brucellosis: case report}, abstract ={  Background: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that is common in developing countries such as Iran which is a serious medical impact. Vascular complications, including arterial and venous associated with Brucella infection, have rarely been reported. In a review of articles, it is clear that , only five cases of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremities and just one case of cerebral venous thrombosis, associated with brucellosis have been reported so far. In this article a case of DVT of the left leg in association with acute Brucella infection was reported. Apparently, this case report is the first case of DVT due to brucellosis in Iran.   Case presentation: Patient is a 28-year-old male who presented with clinical manifestations of fever, unilateral calf pain and swelling. Peripheral venous doppler ultrasound showed DVT and patient was treated with anti coagulants. Through controlling the fever and decreasing the lower extremity. The patient discharged with warfarin therapy. During follow up, the patient came back with repeated fever, sweating, myalgia and bilateral knee swelling. Because of patient clinical manifestation and epidemiologic status, brucellosis serology test was recommended, which was positive in high titer. He was discharged with a prescription of anti-brucellosis treatment. In the course of treatment, the patient referred to hospital due to sudden dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis , pleuretic chest pain. In spiral CT with protocol PTE, pulmonary thrombo emboli was detected and standard therapy for PTE was administered. In the course of his hospitalization other etiologies of thrombo phelebitis were excluded. Finally, the patient's clinical presentation subsided with warfarin therapy and anti brucellosis multi drug regimen.   Conclusion: Early detection and appropriate treatment of Brucellosis are crucial measures to prevent problematic complications of the disease. The authors' case and those previously reported, suggest that brucellosis should be included among the etiologies and the infections which are taken into account in patients suffering from DVT, particularly in those coming from Brucella-endemic areas.}, Keywords = {Brucellosis, Deep venous thrombosis, Pulmonary thromboemboli.}, volume = {19}, Number = {94}, pages = {40-43}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2100-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2100-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Baghaiee, Behrooz and Tartibian, Bakhtiar and Aliparasty, Mohammad Reza and Baradaran, Behzad and Almasy, Shohreh}, title = {Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutaseenzyme of lymphocytic cell gene expression, total antioxidant status and oxidative stress variation fallowing to intensive exercise in young men athletes}, abstract ={  Background: The aim of this research is investigation of Cu/ Zn Superoxide Dismutase e nzyme of lymphocytic cell gene expression, total antioxidant status and oxidative stress changes following intensive exercise in young men athletes.   Methods: This study was a semi-experimental research with a repeated measures design. 20 young men athletes (age range of 21-23 years) participated in this study after signing an informed consent form. Blood sample were collected in pre intensive exercise (grade: 5%, speed: 7/5 mile/h, time: 20 minutes) immediately and recovery (3 hours after exercise test), and Real time-polymerase chain reaction was used for evaluation of Cu/Zn SOD gene expression and autoanalyzer for other markers.   Results: H2O2 level and mRNA of Cu/Zn SOD were both increased ,immediately and 3 hours after of exercise (p=0/012, p=0/014), (2.95 ± 0.84 and 3.37 ± 0.99) but this changes were not reported significant , but TAS levels areeffectively ,raised only in recovery state (p=0/009) (0.86 ± 0.16).   Conclusions: Intensive exercise increases oxidative stress markers and can weakens the immune system of men athletes, but they raisethe activity of antioxidant enzymes in response to threat of free radicals, so Cu/Zn SOD gene expression does not significantly increased.}, Keywords = {Cu/Zn SOD mRNA, TAS, H2O2, Men Athletes. }, volume = {19}, Number = {95}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2114-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2114-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Faam, Bita and Daneshpour, Maryam Sadat and Salehi, Marziyeh and Hedayati, Mehdi and Azizi, Fereydoo}, title = {Thyroid Peroxidase Gene Polymorphisms and Anti-TPO level in Tehranian adults}, abstract ={  Background: TPO gene variations are one of the causes of thyroid autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the association between the T1936C, T2229C and A2257C SNPs ) single nucleotide polymorphisms ( of the TPO gene and Anti-TPO level.   Methods: In this case-control study, 188 individuals (86 males and 102 females), aged 20-80 years, were randomly selected from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study population (TLGS). A2257C and T2229C SNPs were detected with RFLP by use of BsrI and Eco57I as restrictive enzymes respectively, while the T1936C SNP was determined with ARMS-PCR.   Results: In the presence of the C allele of T1936C, Anti-TPO level was significantly increased (CC: 238±43.3, CT: 47.7±15.9, TT: 74.1±11.3 IU/L p 0.002) however, it disappeared after adjustment for sex and age (p 0.059). No significant difference, before and after adjustment, was found in Anti-TPO level in the presence of T2229C SNP (CC: 129.1±24.5, CT: 43.5±12.6, TT: 126.5±13.8 IU/L p 0.196). The association of A2257C with Anti-TPO level was only significant after adjustment for sex and age (p 0.007),and between the ATC ,CTT haplotypes and Anti-TPO level ,the association was significant (p 0.023, 0.021) however, the association it was dominant between CTT and anti-TPO concentration was significant only after adjustment for sex (p 0.014).   Conclusion: The result of this study, showed age and sex as potential confounders which could modify the association between TPO polymorphisms and Anti-TPO level in a Tehranian population.}, Keywords = {Thyroid Peroxidase, Polymorphism, Anti-TPO, TLGS.}, volume = {19}, Number = {95}, pages = {10-16}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2115-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2115-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Dehdari, Tahereh and Jafari, Alireza and Joveyni, Hami}, title = {Students’ perspectives in Tehran University of Medical Sciences about factors affecting smoking hookah}, abstract ={  Background: Smoking hookah is recognized as a growing health problem in Iran and many countries in the world and its harmful outcomes on human health have attracted attention of medical community. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting on hookah smoking in male students who are living in dormitories of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2011.   Methods : This study was a descriptive analytical. The questionnaire was developed and its validity and reliability was assessed. Then, 162 male students living in dormitories at Tehran University of Medical Sciences were selected in multi-stage sampling and questionnaires were filled out by them. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software and the Chi-Square and Independent sample T- tests.   Results : The results showed that 29% of subjects had history of smoking hookah. The main factors affecting the use of hookah from subjects point of view, were filling leisure time, cost-effectiveness, anxiety reduction, refreshment and easy access to the hookah.   Conclusion : Designing multi-dimensional activities for filling leisure time of college students who living in dormitories (such as promote sports activities), teaching of problem-solving methods for reducing anxiety and fatigue and learning skills to say ”NO” against request of friends for smoking hookah, can lead to reduced smoking hookah in this group.}, Keywords = {Leisure time, Hookah, College Students.}, volume = {19}, Number = {95}, pages = {17-24}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2116-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2116-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {MohammadianHafshejani, Abdollah and BaradaranattarMoghaddam, Hamid Reza and Sarrafzadegan, Nazal and BakhsiHafshejani, Fatemeh Allah and Hosseini, Shidokht and AsadiLari, Mohsen and Ramezani, Arash and Ovaysegharn, Shahram and Mohammadian, Mahdi and Zarfeshani, Soni}, title = {Evaluation of short-term survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction and the differences between the sexes in Isfahan and Najaf Abad between (1378 – 1387)}, abstract ={  Background: The purpose of this study is detecting short-term survival of all hospitalized patients with acute myocardial infarction in Isfahan and Najaf Abad based on sex.   Methods: The data of all patients who were hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction between 1378 to 1387 in Isfahan and Najaf Abad were collected by trained nurses of the surveillance department in a research center. Using these information and Cox proportional hazard method , Kaplan-Meier method and log Rank test, the survival by sex in different subgroups of patients, was determined and compared between two sexes.   Results: Short-term 28 days survival following the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction is 90.9%. A significant difference was seen between overall women and men survival ( Respectively , 86.7% vs. 92.5% p<0.001). It decreases significantly with increasing age and increases with thrombolytic use.   Conclusion: The survival rate of acute myocardial infarction in Iranian women is less than men. Physicians should pay more attention to the treatment and care of patients at higher risk of mortality, especially women and older patients.}, Keywords = {Acute myocardial infarction, Short-term survival, Kaplan-Meier, Isfahan.}, volume = {19}, Number = {95}, pages = {25-34}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2117-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2117-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Baghaiee, Behrooz and Tartibian, Bakhtiar and Baradaran, Behz}, title = {The relationship between total antioxidant status with creatine phosphokinase and hydrogen peroxide in the athlete girls influenced by acute exercise training}, abstract ={  Background: The research show that the relationship between antioxidant markers with inflammatory and oxidative stress markers levels changes was not clear , so the purpose of this study is investigation of relationship between total antioxidant status with creatine phosphokinase and hydrogen peroxide in the athlete girls influenced by acute exercise training   Method: This study was a semi-experimental research with a repeated measures design and 25 athlete girls within the age range of 21-24 years old volunteered to participate in the research after having expressed their consent through a consent form. Blood sample were collected in the three stages pre of GXT ( Graded exercise test) exercise test (grade: 5%, speed: 12 km/h, time: 20 minutes), immediately and 3 h after exercise test ( recovery phase ). Auto analyzer device was used for measurement of total antioxidant status, H2O2 and CPK level, also mixed model methods used for statically analysis.   Result : Total antioxidant status (TAS) concentration was faced with a significance increase after of exercise training (p≤ 0/031) (0.89 ± 0.16 ), but mixed model analysis indicated TAS levels has been reduced in 3h after exercise (p≥ 0/065) ( 0.88 ± 0.15 ). Plasma levels of hydrogen peroxide has not significantly changed after exercise (p≥ 0/255) ( 2.84 ± 1.38 ), and this increase was significant only in the recovery phase (p≤ 0/029) ( 3.04 ± 1.16 ), also CPK levels has been significance increased in both phases after exercise and recovery phase (p1≤ 0/031, p2≤0.002) ( 96 ± 18 and 90 ± 19).   Conclusion: The results of this study show that the immune system in athlete girls by increasing in antioxidants levels, can prevented the tissue injury caused from CPK H2O2 in response to acute exercise training . And Contrary to popular belief , CPK enzymes are effective role in stimulate of antioxidant response in athlete girls.}, Keywords = {TAS, CPK, H2O2, Athlete girls.}, volume = {19}, Number = {95}, pages = {35-43}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2118-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2118-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Kiasalari, Zahra and Khalili, Mohsen and Ghanbarian, Leyl}, title = {The effect of aqueous Crocus sativus L. (saffron) extract on learning and memory in male streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats}, abstract ={  Background: Diabetes mellitus is accompanied with disturbances in learning, memory, and cognitive skills in the human society and experimental animals. Considering the potential anti-diabetic effect of the medicinal plant Crocus sativus (Saffron) and the augmenting effect of its consumption on the memory and mental health, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chronic interaperitoneal administration of Crocus.S extract on learning and memory in diabetic rats.   Methods: In this experimental study a total of 60 male rats were divided into normal and diabetic groups. Then, each of these groups was divided into three subgroups. Two of these subgroups received 30 and 60 mg/kg crocus.s extract in the treatment periods, but the third group didn’t receive any treatment. At the end of treatment period, each of these subgroups was evaluated by two ways: Y-maze (alternative behavior percentage) and shuttle box (initial latencies (IL) and step-through latencies (STL)) in passive avoidance test. Finally, obtained data were subjected to one way ANOVA test and post hoc Tokey analysis.   Results: Treatment of the diabetic animals with the extract could antagonized the augmenting effect of diabetics on initial latency (P< 0.05). Also, treatment of the diabetic rats with the extract (60 mg/kg) increased the reduced step through latency time (recall of the data) induced by diabetic in the animals (P< 0.05). However, obtained data from Y maze test show that the extract could not improved the spatial memory disruption due to diabetics.   Conclusion: Chronic Crocus.S injection is effective on the capability of maintaining information in the stores memory and reminding in the diabetic rats. However, the extract could not improve the spatial memory in the diabetic rats.}, Keywords = {crocus sativus, Learning, Memory, Diabetes mellitus. }, volume = {19}, Number = {95}, pages = {44-51}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2119-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2119-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Khoshnevisan, Alireza and SistaniAllahabadi, Narges and Abdollahzadeh, Si}, title = {Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in Dandy Waker syndrome: Case report and review of literature}, abstract ={  Background: Dandy walker syndrome is a kind of congenital anomaly consisting of absence of cerbellar vermis, cystic fourth ventricle and large posterior fossa. It can be associated with hydrocephaly. Generally it is treated with shunting but endoscopic third ventriculostomy can also be used.   Case presentation: Our patient is a known case of dandy walker syndrome. She has been shunted due to hydrocephaly when she was 5 months old. She was presented with signs of raised intracranial pressure and endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) was considered for the patient. As ETV didn’t resolve the symptoms ventriculoperitoneal shunting was done. Patient discharged with good general condition.   Conclusion: ETV is a novel procedure for hydrocephaly, but it should be considered that there are many factors that determine the success rate of it. Correct patient selection can increase success rate of this procedure.}, Keywords = {Dandy walker syndrome, Hydrocephaly, Endoscopic third ventriculostomy. }, volume = {19}, Number = {95}, pages = {52-56}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2121-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2121-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Yousefi, Ahmad and Gilvari, Abbas and Shahmirzadi, Tayyebe and Hemmat, Morteza and Keshavarz, Maryam}, title = {A survey of scientific production of Iranian researchers in the field of immunology in the ISI database}, abstract ={  Background : Currently, the scientific output indexed in databases such as ISI is the major criteria for evaluation and ranking of countries, researchers, institutes and universities in the world. Each country's share in the world's scientific output in general and specifically in a specific field will be evaluated accordingly. Therefore, determination of the rate of growth of articles from Iranian authors in the ISI database in the field of immunology, its distribution and growth in different years, average citation per paper in comparison with the Iranian and world average, co-authorship, the most cited papers, the most prolific authors, the most prolific Iranian universities and institutions, are the main objectives of the study.   Methods: The study area is scientometrics and the necessity of the survey methods and citation analysis has been used.   Results: Findings show that from 1974 to the end of 2010 a total of 1775 articles of Iranian writers in the immunology field have entered into ISI Web of Science. According to the results, the number of articles has been high in the recent years. Most collaboration of the Iranian authors has been with their counterparts from USA. Immunology articles have had the most interaction with the field of transplantation. Most of the articles of Iranian scholars in the field of immunology are published in the Transplantation Proceedings journal. Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) is the most active center and Ardeshir Ghavamzadeh is the most prolific author. The costs of 10.99% articles is provided by Iranian and foreign universities and institutes.   Conclusion: Iranian papers in the field of immunology have steadily increased and in the recent years have reached its peak. Iranian immunologists have disposition to co-authorship with their counterparts from other countries which is almost the same with other subject areas in Iran. The average citation per paper in the field of immunology is higher than that of the Iranian average and lowest than the global average, much lower than global and Middle East average in the field of immunology. Tehran University of Medical Sciences is the most prolific university. Also, the most prolific authors are affiliated to the TUMS. Domestic and foreign universities and institutions in financing research have had little share.}, Keywords = {Immunology, Articles, Iran, Ranking, Scientometrics, ISI Web of Science Database.}, volume = {19}, Number = {96}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2130-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2130-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Shams, Sedigheh and HaghiAshtiani, Mohammad Tagi and Mohseni, Ameneh and Irani, Heshmat and Moradi, Zolikha and Tabatabai, Maryam Alsadat and Nikmanesh, Bahram}, title = {ate and causes of post-analytical errors in clinical laboratory of children’s medical center}, abstract ={  Background: Laboratory tests are used to diagnose diseases, monitor its progress and response to treatment. So the goal of the laboratory medicine is reporting accurate and on time test results. The aim of this study was to evaluate rate and causes of post-analytical errors in the Clinical Laboratory of Children’s Medical Center. We especially focused on 1) delay in reporting test results and 2) inaccuracy of test results.   Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in Children’s Medical Center in 2008. Any complaint related to accurate reporting and on time test results from inpatients and outpatients, physicians and wards during 3 months period were registered. The reasons were investigated then recorded in predesigned forms data were analysed with SPSS version 15, Chi square and Fischer’s tests.   Results : A total of 375 of 425 complaints were related to delay in reporting test results. We also recorded 50 cases of erroneous result complaints. Also 72% of delayed reports and 34% of complaints of unaccepted results were caused in post-analytical phase (i.e. after test was performed). “Failure to input the results in computer” was the main reason (37%). “Lost results “(25%) and transcription error (22.6%), “absence of laboratory request form” (9.8%) and “wrong method of filing” (4.2%) were the other observed causes. Microbiology, hematology and clinical chemistry were departments with the highest rate of complaints whereas urine culture, CBC and biochemistry tests were the most frequent problematic tests. The rate of complaints was 1:108 patients or 1:541 tests, and 4.8% of results were not reported in timely manner.   Conclusion: Our findings revealed that the source of most of the errors related to reporting test results were in post-analytical phases. Therefore along with continuing the educational programme, and improvement of automation, it seems necessary to add periodic evaluation and investigation of errors to benchmarks programmes, especially in reporting test result processes, in order to provide error free service to physician and their patients. Cooperation with the clinicians and the other personnel outside the laboratory is also important for error reduction.}, Keywords = {Laboratory error, Post-analytical error, Transcription error, Test results. }, volume = {19}, Number = {96}, pages = {12-19}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2131-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2131-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, Rahim and Abdollahy, Elahe}, title = {The effects of salvia officinalis extract on serum level of creatine kinase and alkaline phosphatase in male rats}, abstract ={  Background : Studies show that there is association between Salvia officinalis extract administration and liver and heart functions. The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of Salvia officinalis extract on serum level of creatine kinase and alkaline phosphatase in male rats.   Methods : In this laboratory experimental study, m ale wistar rats were randomly divided into control, normal saline receiving and Salvia officinalis extract (100, 150 or 200 mg/kg/day) receiving animals of 5 in each group. After a period of 6 weeks, blood samples were collected using cardiac puncture method. Following serum collection, serum creatine kinase and alkaline phosphatase levels were measured by spectrophotometry method. Data were statistically analyzed and compared between groups using ANOVA.   Results : The results indicated that serum creatine kinase level was significantly decreased in rats receiving Salvia officinalis extract (100 mg/kg/day) compared with control animals (p<0.001). However, daily administration of Salvia officinalis extract (150 or 200 mg/kg) could not significantly change serum creatine kinase level. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly increased in animals receiving Salvia officinalis extract (100, 150 or 200 mg/kg/day) as compared with control rats.   Conclusion : Our findings show that Salvia officinalis extract is enhancer of serum alkaline phosphatase and daily administration of the extract is serum creatine kinase reducer. However, such effect is dose dependent, according to which, repairing or impairing effect of the extract on certain tissues is conceivable.}, Keywords = {Salvia officinalis, Creatine kinase, Alkaline phosphatase, Rat.}, volume = {19}, Number = {96}, pages = {20-25}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2132-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2132-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ghasemi, Zeinab and Falahati, Mehraban and Farahyar, Shirin and Nami, Sanam and Nozari, Shima and Ahmadi, Farzaneh and Ghaffarpour, Gholam Hossei}, title = {Investigation of prevalence of onychomycosis due to yeast fungi in dystrophic nails of patients who referred to Razi hospital (2010 - 2011)}, abstract ={  Background: Yeasts are one of the most common causes of onychomycosis. In countries like Iran, Saudi Arabia, Italia and Spain, yeasts are reported as the most frequent causes of onychomycosis. Inhibition of the immune system such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, the use of broad spectrum antibodies, aggressive treatment with corticosteroids, HIV and diabetes melitus predispose the body with these fungal infections. Onychomycosis due to yeast has a higher prevalence in finger nails and its incidence in women is two or three times more than men. In some occupations such as nurses, dish washers, confectionery and housewives it can be more observed. Among the yeasts, Candida albicans is the most common agent onychomycosis. This study has been designed for investigation of prevalence of onychomycosis due to yeast in patients who referred to Razi hospital.   Methods: This was a cross sectional study and 700 dystrophic nail samples were examined by both direct examination and culturing. In direct examination KOH (hydroxide potassium) 20% and for culturing saboroud dexterose agar (S) media were used. For identification yeasts complementary examination were done such as: Reynold braude test, API test and culturing on candida chrom agar media and corn meal agar media were used. For investigation of relevance between variables, Chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used.   Results: Of 700 dystrophic nail samples (15.71%), 110 samples were yeast positive by both direct examination and culturing. Thirty one patients were males and 79 patients were females and in both sexes those most infected were between 50-59 years of age (27.3%). Eighty patients had fungal infection of finger nails and 16 patients had fungal infection on toe nails 14 patients had both infections on finger and toe nails. The most frequent detected yeast species was Candida albicans (42.7%) which was followed by Candida parapsilosis (20.9%), Candida tropicalis (14.5%), Candida krusei (12.7%), Candida glabrata (3.6)%, Candida gillermondi (2.7%), and Candida lousitani, famatata, rodotroula (each 0.9%) .The most common clinical type noted was distal subungual onychomycosis in 50% of cases. In this study 52 patients (48.1%) had diabetes which was the most common disease between patients with onychomycosis due to yeasts.   Conclusion: Diagnosis of onychomycosis due to yeast is very important because it shows the person’s immune response. Identification of pathogenic yeast species in terms of epidemiology and selecting appropriate and effective treatment is important.}, Keywords = {Yeast, Onychomycosis, Dystrophic nails.}, volume = {19}, Number = {96}, pages = {26-33}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2133-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2133-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Eslamian, Ghazaleh and Sadeghi, Mohammad Reza and Rashidkhani, Bahram and Pahlavan, Somayeh and Amirjannati, Naser and Hekmatdoost, Azit}, title = {The effects of combined docosahexaenoic acid and vitamin E supplements on spermatogram in asthenozoospermic males: A randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial}, abstract ={  Background: Considering the decrease of omega-3 fatty acids in spermatozoa of asthenozoospermic men, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of combined docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and vitamin E supplements on spermatogram in asthenozoospermic males.   Methods: In this randomized, triple-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial, out of 275 men who referred to Avicenna infertility clinic, fifty asthenozoospermic males , defined as less than 50% sperm motility or less than 25% with rapid progressive motility , were randomly assigned to one of two groups according to the stratified blocked randomization. Participants in the intervention group took daily 465 mg of DHA and 600 IU of vitamin E and those in the control group took daily two placebos for 12 weeks. Sperm characteristics, dietary intakes, anthropometric measurements and physical activity were measured at the baseline and at the end of the study. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software, the statistical tests being analysis of covariance, Student's t-test, paired-samples t-test, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney.   Results: Out of 50 participants, 22 men in the intervention group and 20 men in the control group completed the protocol of the study. Number of sperms, sperm concentration, percentage of motile sperms and percentage of motile sperms with a straight direction increased in the intervention group, as compared with the control values (p<0.05).   Conclusion: According to this research, combined DHA and vitamin E supplements led to increasing sperm concentration and sperm motility however no significant changes occurred in sperm morphology and vitality in asthenozoospermic men. DHA and vitamin E, as an antioxidant, may improve sperm motility.}, Keywords = {Docosahexaenoic acid, Vitamin E, Asthenozoospermia, Sperm motility, Infertile men. }, volume = {19}, Number = {96}, pages = {34-44}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2134-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2134-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Modares-zadeh, Mehdi and Soudi, Reza and Hatamkhani, Shim}, title = {An overview of pharmacologic treatment of pseudophakic macular edema}, abstract ={  Background: To present an overview of the pharmacologic treatment of pseudophakic macular edema.   Methods: A systematic review of the currently accepted pharmacologic treatments for pseudophakic macular edema. Main outcome parameters include visual acuity and central macular thickness as determined by ocular coherence tomography. Articles retrieved by Pubmed search using keywords pseudophakic cystoids macular edema, cataract surgery, treatment, vascular endothelial growth factor, Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Optical Coherence Tomography, and vitrectomy.   Results: New drugs including new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents have been used in the treatment of pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Furthermore, new routes for drug administration and surgical methods have been used in chronic cases, some showing good effects.}, Keywords = {Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema, Pharmacotherapy.}, volume = {19}, Number = {96}, pages = {45-56}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2135-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2135-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Salehi, Masood and Vazirinasab, Habibeh and Khoshgam, Masoomeh and Rafati, Nasri}, title = {Application of the generalized additive model in determination of the retinopathy risk factors relation types for Tehran diabetic patients}, abstract ={  Background : One of the most important complications of diabetes, is diabetic retinopathy that causes the blindness of 10,000 people every year. Different researches have been done on retinopathy risk factors in diabetic patients. This study was carried out to check the type of relationship between retinopathy risk factors and the condition of temptation it with generalized additive models. The study attempts to increase the quality of predicting the response variable and to reveal the non-linear and non-monotonic relationships between the response and the set of explanatory variables with generalized additive models.   Methods: This cross-sectional study has been done on 367 diabetic patients who take part in assessment recall of retinopathy in Tehran. Entrants have been checked to determine their particulars, medical conditions and medicines. Finally has been used a data complex for fitting generalized additive models and binary logistic regression, including six continues explanatory variables: age, duration of diabetes, Body Mass index (BMI ), hemoglobin A1C, cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and response variable, to the presence of retinopathy Fitting model has been done with mgcvR software.   Results: In this study 120 cases (33%) were retinopathy patient and 247 cases (67%) were not. Results of the generalized additive model were denoting that following factors have affected on retinopathy: duration of diabetes, hemoglobin and systolic blood pressure. Moreover, it has been mentioned that duration of diabetes with linear function, hemoglobin with function of degree four and systolic blood pressure with quadratic function was related to retinopathy.   Conclusion: In addition to determination of retinopathy risk factors, it has been shown that generalized additive model can identify nonlinear relationship between variables. Therefore this model increases the quality of predicting response variable, with more information of the data relationships.}, Keywords = {Generalized additive models, Binary logistic regression, Diabetic retinopathy.}, volume = {19}, Number = {97}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2151-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2151-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Lotfali, Ensieh and Falahati, Mehraban and Foroumadi, Alireza and Emami, Saie}, title = {Evaluation of Antifungal activity of new derivatives of Imidazole using Colorimetric method}, abstract ={  Background : The incidence of invasive fungal infections has been increasing for two decades. Amatter of concern in the treatment of fungal infections is the limited number of efficacious antifungal drugs. Many available drugs lead to the development of resistance, In order to seek new antifungal agents we assessed the antifungal activity of newly synthesized Imidazol compounds by a colorometric method .   Methods: In this experimental study antifungal activity of the new Imidazol compounds against Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cervisiae, Aspergillus niger, Microsporum gypseom was investigated by colorometric method and results were compared to microdilution ones.   Results: 2-hydroxyphenacyl-azole and 2- hydroxyphenacyl-azolium compounds have been identified as a new class of azole antifungal agents with a good spectrum of activity . The colorimetric method is a simple microtiter method for determining the susceptibility of species of fungal against antifungal agents.   Conclusion: Most derivatives showed significant in vitro antifungal activities against tested fungi with low MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values included in the range of 0.25-32 µg/mL comparable to the reference drug Fluconazole.}, Keywords = {Imidazole, Colorimetric method, Antifungal activity, Susceptibility tests.}, volume = {19}, Number = {97}, pages = {10-16}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2152-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2152-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Hassani, Valiollah and Faiz, Seyed Hamidreza and Rahimzadeh, Poopak and Sharifian, Mahshi}, title = {Fiberoptic intubation}, abstract ={  Airway management is the most important duty of an anesthetist, so more attention should be paid on different educational approaches in tackling difficult airway. Having problems in airway control leads to terrible consequences such as hypoxia and aspiration. Intubation with fiberoptic is a useful method for a safe airway management.   When neck movement is not possible due to cervical spine injury or when direct laryngoscopy and vocal cord vision is not possible, awake oral or nasal fiberoptic intubation or under general anesthesia is very useful. This study’s aim is to introduce a useful scopic device for intubation.}, Keywords = {Fiberoptic, Laryngoscopy, Airway, Intubation.}, volume = {19}, Number = {97}, pages = {17-28}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2150-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2150-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ghavidel, Nooshin and Samadi, Maryam and Kharmanbiz, Amirhossein and Asadi, Ali and Feyzi, Alireza and Ahmadi, Roghiyeh and Abedini, Mojtaba and Hosseini, Fatemeh}, title = {Investigation of substance use prevalence and the interrelated factors involved through third-year high school students in Nazarabad city from January 2008 to June 2008.}, abstract ={  Background : Opioids are one of the most prevalent hygienic difficulties of the country and are causes of prevalence of some dangerous diseases such as AIDS and Hepatitis. Studies show relatively more prevalence of substance use in 15-35 years old students in the country. The purpose of the present study is investigation prevalence of substance use and the interrelated factors involved with third-year high school students in Nazarabad city.   Methods: This is a cross sectional study done on 400 students including 204 female and 196 male of third-year of high school in Nazarabad city by random sampling.   Research instruments were questionnaire Investigating substance use in young students and MMPI test. The methods of data analysis, were descriptive statistics methods, Pearson and Chi-Square tests, in the format of software program of SPSS 11/5.   Results: The findings of the study reveal that 24/5% students were users of substances such as: cigarette, alcohol, opium, psychoactive substances, heroin, heroin crack, LSD, cannabis and cocaine. Prevalence of substance use was expressively more in males ( % 69/7) than females ( % 26/2) and the most important cause of use was amusement ( % 42/5) and curiosity ( % 29/9). Prevalence of substance use in suburban boys’ high schools is more than urban boys’ high schools. Prevalence of psychological disease was similar to usual individuals but some disease such as psychotic disorders, hysteric, adjustment disorders and OCD in substance users was more than usual students.   Conclusion: The prevalence of substance use in teenagers is high and the most cause of use is entertainment and curiosity, Therefore some steps should be taken to resolve this problem.}, Keywords = {Substance use, Opium, Psychoactive substances, Students, Prevalence.}, volume = {19}, Number = {97}, pages = {29-37}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2153-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2153-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Damanpak, Vahid and Ghasemi, Mohammad Sadegh and Nasiri, Nader and Doostdar, Asgar}, title = {Posterior corneal elevation changes after photorefractive keratectomy}, abstract ={  Background : Posterior corneal elevation changes are keys to early diagnosis of corneal ectasia after keratorefractive surgery, so it is important to use an accurate method for measuring posterior corneal elevation. The purpose of this study is investigating posterior corneal elevation changes with Pentacam(HR) on patients underwent photorefractive keratectomy.   Methods: In this clinical trial and prospective study, Pentacam was used to evaluate changes in posterior corneal elevation before and after photorefractive keratectomy in 32 eyes of 16 patients. Posterior corneal elevation defined by maximum elevation before and after surgery and posterior corneal displacement defined by maximum difference in posterior elevation before and after surgery in the central 4mm zone. SPSS for windows ) version 17) was used for data analysis and Paired T test was used for statistical analysis.   Results: The mean age of patients was 25.17±7.11 years and the mean of equivalent sphere was -3.75±1.14 diopters. After photorefractive keratectomy, mean posterior corneal displacement was -0.84±3.53 micrometers and mean posterior corneal elevation before and after surgery was 5.38±4.12 and 4.31±5.05 micrometers respectively (p=0.108) .   Conclusion: There was no statistically significant difference in posterior corneal elevation values between before and after photorefractive keratectomy and no case of corneal ectasia with Pentacam, that was contrary to results obtained with Orbscan in previous studies . Our study suggests that Pentacam can show more accurate values of posterior corneal elevation in comparison to Orbscan. More studies must be performed to verify our conclusion.}, Keywords = {Corneal elevation, Photorefractive keratectomy, Pentacam.}, volume = {19}, Number = {97}, pages = {38-44}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2154-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2154-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Abdullahzade, Masood and Ghasemi, Abbas and Salehi, Rohollah and Taheri, Mohamm}, title = {Possibility Analysis of using radioisotope neutron sources at Boron neutron capture therapy}, abstract ={  Background : Performing successful BNCT experiments needs a suitable neutron source. Important factors of the neutron beam are flux and energy that are very important in the selection of neutron source. In most centers that use this method for treatment, reactor is a neutron source, which according to characteristics of the reactor appropriated neutrons are very high. High cost of constructing a BNCT center with using of reactor caused seeking other sources such as accelerator indirectly and radioisotope source directly that each has their own advantage and disadvantages. In this paper we created neutron beam by analysis Am-Be neutron source, using neutron filter technique and suitable moderators. The advantages of Am-Be neutron source are being inexpensive, easy portability, small size and well-designed shields. Therefore, by analyzing radioisotope neutron sourcesand Am-Be neutron source specially, we can prepare possible analysis radioisotope neutron source at boron neutron capture therapy. We hope to achieve suitable results by more studies.   Methods: Neutron beam in 1keV energy created with using Am-Be neutron source and designed suitable neutron filter with using neutron absorbent materials that it will be used in testing BNCT. By studying and Identifying various materials such as oxides Alumina, graphite and beryllium as a moderator and materials such as boron, cadmium and titanium as absorbent materials to a cylindrical crust in filter has been used. Neutron Filter has been designed in the investigation of two parts. The first is consisting of a moderator with high scattering and very low percent and it is caused the fast Neutron servant brought back his spectrum Am-Be source in this without mono-energetic to the low energy transferred spectrum. Part II filter is consisting of the elements of boron, cadmium and titanium that are absorbent neutron with various energy, therefore they can exchange these neutrons in certain energy to mono-energetic. More analysis, study and designing suitable neutron conductors for increase neutron flux is recommended.   Results: Neutron filter passes neutron with energy 1keV that can be used in the BNCT experiments. According to data obtained from the implementation MCNP4C code, a peak is obtained in energy 1keV that indicate area under the flux 2.22E-05 n/cm2.s with error 0.0065 for a neutron. Flux obtained can be multiplied at the Am-Be source of power that is equal 108n/cm2.s until the total flux to be achieved. The total flux is obtained 2.22E+03n/cm2.s at 1 cm2. We must multiply total intensity at total area to achieve total neutron flux, Since the flux required for the BNCT experiments is 5*108n/cm2.s with using different ways and designing suitable reflectors and conductors, this neutron flux will be provided.   Conclusion: This paper analyzed possible use of radioisotope neutron source by simulation Am-Be neutron source. We can solve many problems that exist for reactor source paying attention to characteristics of radioisotope sources such as being inexpensive, easy portability and small size also more studies are present in this base. Of course, with completing this simulation, we can be hopeful for practicality and remedy of patients in Iran.}, Keywords = {Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), Radioisotope neutron source, Neutron filter, Mount Carlo method, MCNP4C code.}, volume = {19}, Number = {97}, pages = {45-53}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2155-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2155-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Moridi, Maryam and Ziaei, Saeideh and Kazemnejad, Anooshirvan and Effati, Meysam}, title = {Relationship between concentration of inhaled pollutants, Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide and spontaneous abortion}, abstract ={  Background : Living in polluted areas could be considered a risk factor for preterm labor and low birth weight. Few studies examined the association between air pollution and abortion. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between ambient air pollutant and rate of spontaneous abortion.   Methods: This study was a case-control research conducted on 148 cases of spontaneous abortion (case group) and 148 pregnant women (control group). Samples were collected randomly from 10 hospitals in Tehran in 2011. The correlation between spontaneous abortion and air pollution was investigated by the SPSS software using independent sample t-test, multiple and linear regression models and also Arc View geospatial information system (GIS) software using circular buffer.   Results: The mean of environmental sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide concentration in case group (35.91±20/46 , 49.62±19.87) was significantly higher than that of the control group (29.1±11.11, 45.67±13.2) (p=0.000, p=o.o45). Also it was determined that the rate of abortion was higher in those living within 100 meters of the highways.   Conclusion: According to the findings of this study it seems that air pollution and living near crowded areas threaten the health of pregnant women and fetus. Thus, it is suggested to present necessary training about the hazardous effects of air pollution on pregnancy of women residing in crowded areas of city and also to adopt ways to reduce these pollutions.}, Keywords = {Sulfur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Abortion, Geospatial information system.}, volume = {19}, Number = {98}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2158-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2158-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Tol, Azar and Azam, Kamal and EsmaeilShahmirzadi, Sima and Shojaeizadeh, Davoud and Mohebbi, Bahram and Asfia, Abolghasem and RezaKhani, Hame}, title = {Relation between empowerment of diabetes control and adoption of self-management behaviors and its related factors among type 2 diabetic patients}, abstract ={  Background : Diabetes mellitus as a chronic disease is associated with complications and stress. Empowerment as a coping index in health issues can be helpful among diabetic patients. In this study, we aimed to determine empowerment and adoption of self-management behaviors and its related factors among type 2 diabetic patients referring to hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences during 2010.   Methods: This study was a cross-sectional research conducted during a 9 months period (2010-2011). A total of 688 samples were selected by random sampling. A questionnaire consisting of three parts including socio-demographic and health related data, diabetes empowerment scale (28 items), and diabetes self- management instrument (35 items) was used. Collected data was analyzed by SPSS software version 18 with using parametric and nonparametric tests.   Results: Response rate was 100 %. Mean age of participants was 54.41± 8.22 (Mean ± SD). Study findings showed that empowerment had significant relation between level of education (p=0.006) and age (p=0.009). Self- management and some variables such as age (p < 0.001), level of education (p < 0.001), marital status (p=0.04) and disease duration (p=0.004) had significant relationship. Also, Pearson correlation coefficient showed that empowerment had reverse and linear relation with adoption of self-management behaviors among type 2 diabetic patients. Thus, by increasing empowerment score, adoption of self-management behaviors is increased (r = 0.28, p < 0.001).   Conclusion: Regarding to relation between empowerment and adoption of self-management behaviors, focusing on planning empowerment based interventions has been more highlighted. It seems these strategies can be helpful in decreasing complications and mortality.}, Keywords = {Empowerment, Self-management, Type 2 diabetes.}, volume = {19}, Number = {98}, pages = {11-18}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2159-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2159-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Rokn, Amir Reza and Abedi, Fatemeh}, title = {Comparison of gingival health indices in smokers and nonsmokers with dental implants}, abstract ={  Background : Although factors such as implant length, location, and diameter as well as bone quality have been associated with excessive failure rates, smoking is suggested as a stronger predisposing factor for higher failure rates. Thus, knowing the relationship between bone loss around the dental implants, maintenance of the implants and smoking could be a principle step towards solving these problems. The aim of this study was to compare bone loss rate around the dental implants in smokers and none smokers.   Methods: This retrospective cohort study was performed on ITI implants (Straumann) replaced in 36 patients. After written testimonial was obtained, clinical observations was done based on questionnaire, the data of age, gender, systemic status, date of surgery, tooth replaced with implant, implant length, duration of placed implant (in months), and cigarette smoking. Implants were placed in two groups: non smokers (60 case specimen) and smokers (30 control specimen). After obtaining OPG radiography, data such as occlusion type, oral hygiene, situation of the opposite tooth, PPD and BOP was gathered. Finally, the rate of bone loss was calculated using radiography and measuring the changes in the height of bone around the implant from the time of surgery to the time of this study. After gathering information by SPSS, statistical tests such as Chi-Square and ANOVA were done.   Results: In this study there was statistically significant relationship between the smoking and BOP (p<0.05) and smoking and PPD (p<0.05). Finally, there was statistically significant relationship between the smoking and rate of bone loss (p<0.05). The mean rate of bone loss in the non-smokers and smokers was 0.32 ± 0.51 mm and 0.69 ± 0.52 mm, respectively.   Conclusion: In this study, smoking had effect on survival rate or bone less around implant.}, Keywords = {Implant, ITI system, Bone loss, Smoking.}, volume = {19}, Number = {98}, pages = {19-27}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2160-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2160-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ershad, Neda and Kahrizi, Sedighe and ParnianPour, Mohamad and Azghani, Mahmud Reza and Kazemnejad, Anoushirav}, title = {Evaluation of postural stability while holding dynamic load in nonspecific low back pain patients}, abstract ={  Background : Epidemiological studies showed that low back pain after load-carrying and holding is the most common disorder in industrialized countries and cause of dysfunction and economic problems. Variable dynamic loads impose varying moments about the intervertebral joints and cause a threat to balance. The aim of the present study was to compare the postural stability while holding dynamic load among subjects with and without nonspecific low back pain.   Methods: In this semi-experimental study 24 men (12 healthy and 12 low back pain ( participated. Subjects held static and dynamic loads in neutral and flexed trunk position (12 conditions). Center of pressure (COP) data were used to calculate: displacement, velocity and its standard deviation in Anterior- Posterior (AP) and Medial-Lateral (ML) directions, and path length.   Results: The results of repeated measurements and independent T- tests showed that displacement of COP in ML direction in low back pain patients (1.31, 1.22 cm) during holding dynamic loads (10-15 Hz) is more than healthy subjects (1.03, 1.10 cm ). AP displacement, ML velocity and its standard deviation, path length, standard deviation of ML displacement in flexed and AP velocity in standing position during holding dynamic loads are more than static loads.   Conclusion: The increased displacement of COP in subjects with low back pain during holding dynamic loads is probably due to higher sensory threshold in this patient. In addition, external perturbations in dynamic loads increase postural sway and may cause spinal injury.}, Keywords = {Nonspecific low back pain, Postural stability, Dynamic load.}, volume = {19}, Number = {98}, pages = {28-36}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2161-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2161-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Soheilipour, Said and Sohelipour, Fahime and Danesh, Zahra and Danesh, Hamide}, title = {Evaluation of type and risk factors of hearing loss in 5-15 years old children in Isfahan}, abstract ={  Background : Normal hearing is essential for development of appropriate academic and psychosocial skills in children. Many causes of hearing loss are preventable and curable. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of types and probable causes of hearing loss in 15-5 years old hearing impaired children in Isfahan.   Methods: In a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted during 2007-09, 628 children aged 5-15 years with hearing problems referring to Hearing clinics in Esfahan were studied. In children with hearing loss physical exam, audiometry and tympanometry was done. Detailed information about potential etiologies of hearing loss was obtained on a questionnaire. Later common types of hearing loss and probable risk factors were evaluated. Data analysis was done with Logistic regression and Chi2 tests and SPSS version 14.   Results: The most common types of hearing loss in this group were conductive (%60.83), followed by Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL) (%30.89) and mixed (%8.28). In children with conductive hearing loss the common cause was serous otitis media (%69.9), tympanic membrane (TM) perforation with or without otorrhea (%27.74), tympanosclerosis and ossicle fixation (%1.05), head and ear trauma (%1.05) and external ear deformity (% 0.26). In children with SNHL the probable etiology was history of febrile Illness (meningitis, measles, rubella, mumps) (60.62%), severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (%13.4), exposure to noise (%9.79), exposure to gentamycin and other ototoxic drugs (%5.67), head and ear trauma (%2.57), maternal illness (%7.21), neonatal respiratory distress (%7.21), family history of hearing loss (%2.06) and unknown (%31.44). In mixed hearing loss common etiology was Chronic Otitis Media (COM) (%78.85) and serous otitis media (%21.15).   Conclusion: Hearing loss is common in 5-8 years old children (%67.36) and common cause of hearing loss in this age group is inflammatory disease of the middle ear, which is easily preventable and curable. Specific attention is essential in this group}, Keywords = {Children, Hearing loss, Etiology.}, volume = {19}, Number = {98}, pages = {37-44}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2162-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2162-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Rahbar, Mohammad and Jabalameli, Mahmoud and RamezanShirazi, Mehdi and Eghbali, Farshid and Masdari, Zahr}, title = {Assessment of clinical and radiologic manifestations of Larsen syndrome}, abstract ={  Background : Larsen syndrome has complex clinical manifestations accompanying different congenital joint dislocations. Therefore, early diagnosis, correct treatment and prevention of complications are essential. This study was performed on 10 cases of Larsen syndrome and their clinical / radiological aspects were assessed.   Case report: In our review, there were 6 male (cases 1 to 6) and 4 female patients. The youngest and oldest patients at the time of referral were 3 and 51 years old, respectively. An interesting aspect is that hypertelorism and nose widening were detected in all cases. In spine, six patients had Spina bifida, whereas hip dislocation was also detected in eight cases. The significant points were high riding DDH in a 46- year old female patient and bilateral femoral head subluxation in a 51- year old male patient. Knee dislocation was seen in 9 patients. The above two cases had neglected knee dislocation, but acceptable knee function was reported. In upper extremities of eight patients, radial head posterior dislocation was seen. A 5- year old male patient had distal humerus physical deformity. All patients had 2nd metacarpal base deformity (double epiphysis in 2nd metacarpal bone).   Conclusion: Concerning multiple joints involvement in the syndrome, accurate physical examination is essential. Prioritization and staged management of the involvements is recommended.}, Keywords = {Larsen syndrome, Dislocation, Clinical manifestation.}, volume = {19}, Number = {98}, pages = {45-51}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2163-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2163-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Hashemi, Fatemeh and Yaghmaei, Parichehre and Saadati, Naghmeh and HaghighiPoodeh, Sepideh and RamezaniTehrani, Fahimeh and Hedayati, Meh}, title = {Association of serum adipsin levels with polycystic ovarian syndrome}, abstract ={  Background : Adipokines are proteins secreted from adipose tissue that are involved in metabolism control. Adipsin is one of the adipokines that has a systemic role in lipid metabolism or physiological systems relating to energy balance. Serum levels are found to be associated with BMI, and insulin resistance in several studies. The aim of this study was to assess adipsins association with Poly Cystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).   Methods: This case-control study was performed on patients who referred to the clinic of the Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences of Shahid-Beheshti University in 2011. Forty five patients with PCOS and 45 normal individuals as control group were selected by easy given sampling method and studied. Fasting adipsin and insulin serum levels were measured by Elisa method and fasting glucose serum level was measured by enzyme-calorimetric method. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and one-way ANOVA by SPSS 16 software.   Results: Adipsin serum levels did not correlate with insulin resistance in PCOS (15.93±7.24 ng/dl in PCOS patients and 14.21±7.53 ng/dl in control group). Glucose and insulin serum levels increased in PCOS (104.1±13.4 mg/dl and 10.8±5.2 mU/L respectively) in comparison with controls and these PCOS patients had insulin resistance.   Conclusion: This study does not show the correlation between adipsin level and PCOS. It is possible to find a relationship between PCOS and adipsin through expanding the population or limiting the age levels.}, Keywords = {Adipsin, Obesity, Insulin resistance, Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)}, volume = {19}, Number = {99}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2196-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2196-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Rahgozar, Mehdi and Cheraghi, Leila and Bakhshi, Enayatollah and Karimloo, Masoud and Fadaei, Farbod and Biglarian, Akbar}, title = {Application of recurrent events model in determining the risk factors of recurrence of Schizophrenia}, abstract ={  Background : Identifying the risk factors of recurrence of a disease is important both for physicians and patients. Analyzing the first recurrence may lead to an inaccurate evaluation of risk factors as it may not reflect the history of disease completely and may result in the loss of some valuable information. This study was aimed to analyze the time up to the recurrent relapses of schizophrenia as well as determining the risk factors that lead to the recurrence of the disease.   Methods: In this study 159 registered schizophrenia patients at Razi hospital were selected from a longitudinal study. The effect of age, sex, marriage, start of disease, and history of head trauma variables on recurrence of disease was assessed by a frailty model. Data analysis was made on by R 2.14.1.   Results: Mean of patients’ age was 21.5±6.6 year. Based on the Gamma frailty model, sex of patients (p=0.045) and history of head trauma (p=0.028) had significant effect on the hazard of recurrent relapses of Schizophrenia. In addition, the correlation of first, second and third times of recurrence was significant (p<0.001).   Conclusion: Based on the dependency between relapses, treatment and follow-up actions are suggested within the first recurrence time.}, Keywords = {Recurrent events, Frailty model, Relapses of disease, Schizophrenia}, volume = {19}, Number = {99}, pages = {7-11}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2197-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2197-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Borhani, Khatereh and Aliabadi, Faranak and Alizadeh, Mehdi and Amiri, Nassrin and MahmoodiGharaei, Jav}, title = {The performance of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a visual attention test}, abstract ={  Background : Line bisection test is used for detecting inattention. In this test normal people usually show a rightward bias which indicates right hemisphere dominancy for visuo-spatial attention processing. The performance of people with Attention deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in these kinds of visuo-spatial tests is different from normal people. The difference could be as a result of right hemisphere deficit in cases with ADHD. The aim of this study is comparing visuo-spatial attention in children with ADHD-combined subtype and normal children.   Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the performance of 15 children with ADHD-combined subtype was compared with the performance of 15 children while matched for age, sex and IQ. The direction of each group bias was determined in line bisection test.   Results: In ADHD-combined subtype group, bisected lines showed significant right side bias (p=0.005). Normal group also showed a rightward bias but it was not significant (p=0.08). In addition there was no significant difference between the two groups performance in this test.   Conclusion: Both normal and ADHD-combined subtype groups showed a rightward bias in line bisection test and there was no difference between the two groups performance. More future studies are needed.}, Keywords = {Line bisection test, Visuo-spatial bias, ADHD-combined subtype.}, volume = {19}, Number = {99}, pages = {12-17}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2198-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2198-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {BarzegariFirouzabadi, Fatemeh and Mirhosseini, Mahboubeh}, title = {Effect of Persian hogweed (Heracleum persicum) on the morphological changes in mice testes and the level of hormone testosterone}, abstract ={  Background : Golpar plant contains chemicals including protein, fibers, reduction and non-reduction sugars, three types of coumarin, organic compounds of camphor family, Fitoestrols and 1, 2 Dimetoksil 4 methyl benzene. These compounds encompass anti-mitotic, estrogenic, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity and anti-mutation properties. In this study, the effect of Golpar extract on testicular tissue changes and the level of testosterone in mice were studied.   Methods: The study was experimental. Thirty two male Wistar rats weighing approximately 280 ± 10 g were studied. The rats were randomly divided into five groups of eight: control group (received distilled water) and treated experimental groups that received Golpar alcoholic extract in amounts 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg, respectively. All groups at the end of the fourteenth day were bled and blood samples were collected to measure testosterone by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Results were evaluated with SPSS and Tukey test. Also the testicles were removed and after weighing, tissue studies were done.   Results: Serum testosterone levels in 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg treated groups significantly decreased as compared to the control group. Sperm density in the tubules and the mean body and testes weight in 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg treated groups decreased significantly compared to the control group.   Conclusion: According to the results of this study it can be concluded that consumption of Golpar alcoholic extract probably reduced plasma testosterone, body weight, testis weight and sperm density and thus can be used to treat sexual dysfunction in males.}, Keywords = {Golpar alcoholic extract, Testosterone, Testis tissue, Rat.}, volume = {19}, Number = {99}, pages = {18-24}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2199-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2199-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, Rahim and Asgary, Vahi}, title = {Effects of decreased serum estradiol or progesterone level on thermal pain threshold in female rats}, abstract ={  Background : Various studies indicate that gonadal hormones exert modulatory effects on pain threshold. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of estradiol or progesterone in the response by female rats to thermal nociceptive stimulation.   Methods: In this laboratory experimental study, thirty 7 week old albino (Wistar) rats were randomly divided into control, sham and ovariectomised groups of 10 each. After 10, 20 or 40 days thermal pain threshold was measured through tail immersion test (55°C water bath). The pain threshold was measured as the time required eliciting a flick of the tail which was called analgesia time. Serum estradiol, progesterone or prolactin levels were also simultaneously measured by radioimmunoassay method. Data were statistically analyzed and compared between groups using ANOVA.   Results: There was no significant change in serum estradiol or progesterone levels as well as analgesia time 10 days after ovariectomy however, a significant decrease was observed 20 or 40 days after operation compared with control female rats (p<0.001, p<0.05 or p<0.001, respectively). Also there was no significant change in serum prolactin level 10 or 20 days after ovariectomy compared with control rats however, a significant decrease was observed 40 days compared with 20 days after ovariectomy (p<0.05).   Conclusion: Our findings clearly indicate that depletion of female gonadal hormones 20 or 40 days after ovariectomy modulates the pain-induced behavioral responses related to thermal nociception in female animals.}, Keywords = {Estradiol, Progesterone, Thermal Pain, Rat}, volume = {19}, Number = {99}, pages = {25-31}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2200-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2200-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Gohari, Mahmood Reza and Salehi, Masoud and Zaeri, Farid and Moghdamifard, Zeinab and Kholdi, Nahid and Vahabi, Nasim}, title = {Application of random effect model for determining factors affecting FTT in less than 2 years children in east of Tehran}, abstract ={  Background : Failure To Thrive (FTT) is the delay or suspension in child growth not dealing with this disorder may lead to more serious consequences like increased death rate, appearance of other relevant diseases, reduced learning, and mental, emotional, or physical disabilities. Given the serious symptoms of failure to thrive in children’s future, this paper tries to identify and investigate factors affected in FTT.   Methods: The study population included children below 2 years old visiting the Health Center of East Tehran from which 1660 infants using two-stage cluster sampling method were selected according to the input criteria (not suffering from any particular disease at birth, and having regular visit to health centers). After gathering data from the first two years of the infants’ lives, factors associated with FTT using SAS software and Random Effect Regression Model were analyzed.   Results: Mean age (± SD) of mothers at birth time was 27.3 ± 5.46 years and 46% (764) of the mothers had an education lower than high school diploma but there was no significant relationship between mothers’ education and FTT (p = 0.290). Mean weight (± SD) of children at birth was 3202 ± 463.03 g and 5.1% (85) of them were born with underweight (2500g) and 68.1% (1130) of the children were affected by FTT at least in one period. Factors associated with diarrhea, infection, teething, nourishment, weaning, and other diseases had significant role in causing FTT (p < 0.05), out of which the cause of diarrhea was the most likely factor. In addition, the model’s random section became significant (p < 0.05).   Conclusion: Given the abundance and graveness of the symptoms of this disorder in child’s future and the high likelihood of occurrence of this disorder among infants below 2 years, a strong need is felt to deal with this impairment. Given the significance of the random effect, the known causes alone are not enough for prediction of FTT among infants and genetic and environmental factors play a role in occurrence of FTT as well.}, Keywords = {Random effect model, Affected factor, Failure to thrive, Children}, volume = {19}, Number = {99}, pages = {32-39}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2201-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2201-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Shaarbafchi-zadeh, Nasrin and Azami, Saeidreza and Bastani, Peiv}, title = {Opportunities and challenges against cross border supply of health services in Iranian health sector: a qualitative approach}, abstract ={  Background : Recognition of positive and negative outcomes of globalization in different areas of telemedicine is one of all countries` priorities. This study was conducted to investigate the most significant opportunities and challenges of telemedicine in Iranian setting from the experts’ points of view.   Methods: This was a qualitative research, applying structure and thematic analysis on a goal- oriented sample of 22 key informants in private and public health sector. Deep and semi-structured interviews were used until achieving saturation. Data were analyzed applying a 5-step process of framework analysis to extract main themes.   Results: Results lead to present 12 main themes in challenges part including exit of money, high cost of telemedicine, un suitable structure of telemedicine, restricted electronic financing network, lack of patient laws, inter sector cooperation, lack of insurance system and 6 main themes about opportunities containing absorbing incomes, increase of employment and quality improvement of internal health services,...   Conclusion: It seems that the revenue increment driving from telemedicine can be used for developing health infrastructures especially for the poor. It is along with improving quality of health services providing for foreigners in those successful countries in telemedicine scope that may lead to absorb the large number of sick persons applying their health services.}, Keywords = {Globalization, Cross Border Supply of Health Services, Telemedicine.}, volume = {19}, Number = {100}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2237-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2237-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Imani, Mehdi and Salehi, Masoud and Hosseini, Agha Fatemeh}, title = {Forecasting number of work-related injuries time series with Box-Jenkins Models for registered insured in SSIO between 2000 and 2010 in Iran}, abstract ={  Background : Controlling occurrence of accidents in work place has been an interesting subject in all countries worldwide. Financial consequences of these accidents and their economic losses imposed on the involved companies is only one of the insignificant aspects of such damages and when the non-economic but intangible losses to the society are taken into consideration ,these economic damages will be marginalized. Purpose of this research is fitting the box-Jenkins model to time series of total number of accidents in work place and estimation of series' missing values during fitting of this model.   Methods: This longitudinal (time series) study, intends to model, estimate and forecast time series of total number of work place accidents for the insured people between 2000 and 2010 in Iran. Spline non-parametric regression methods to find the best interpolation and estimation of the series’ missing value as well as box-Jenkins prediction method to find the best prediction on series have been used.   Results: Smoothing spline method using some adjusts for seasonal time series in order to estimate missing values, shows better performance on the series. Then, suitable box-Jenkins model, , was fitted to the series. Goodness of fit criterion of model, AIC, for prediction of the time series was equal to 1050.833.   Conclusion: Estimation of the missing data in time series with regard to characteristics such as long period of missing data and exposure of values in tandem without any reliable middle points, is an appropriate method in order to leave situation of such gaps in the data. Looking at the goodness of fit of the model can be said that the error estimation and prediction model is rather low and hence, the model is well fitted to the series. Therefore, box-Jenkins model will be reliable for fitting to similar data.}, Keywords = {Work-related accidents, Estimation of missing values, Spline Smoothing, Time series, Box-Jenkins models.}, volume = {19}, Number = {100}, pages = {12-21}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2238-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2238-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Falahati, Mehraban and Fateh, Roohollah and Sharifynia, Somayeh and Kanani, Ali and Memar, Ahmad Reza and HashemDabbaghiyan, Fattaneh}, title = {Anticandidal effects of shallot extracts against chronic candidiasis agents}, abstract ={  Background : Shallots are an important part of the diet of many population and there is long-held belief in their health enhancing properties. At least one episode of vaginal candidiasis is reported in up to 75 percent of women that Candida albicans is responsible for 80 to 92 percent of episodes of vaginal candidiasis in the world. The aim of this study was to determine anticandidal activity of shallot against chronic candidiasis agents.   Methods: This study is an experimental study. With use of microdilution method, antifungal activities of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of shallot (allium hirtifolium) were tested against 33 candida species in vitro that isolated from patient with chronic candidiasis that referred to Mirza Koochak khan and Lolagar hospitals.   Results: The results showed antifungal activity of Allium hirtifolium against all the candida species tested and anticandidal activity of the alcoholic extract was much better than aqueous one.   Conclusion: The results indicated that crude juice of shallot has anticandidal activity and might be promising in treatment of candidiasis.}, Keywords = {Allium hirtifolium, Alcoholic extract, Aqueous extract, Chronic candidiasis.}, volume = {19}, Number = {100}, pages = {22-28}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2239-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2239-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Seddigh, Ruhallah and Shariat, Seyed Vahid and Gharraee, Banafsheh and Azarnik, Somayeh}, title = {Evaluation of relationship between severity of depression and chess skill in members with international rating scale in Chess Federation of Islamic Republic of Iran in 1389}, abstract ={  Background : Our purpose in this research was to evaluate the correlation between skill in chess (international chess rating scale) and severity of depression and anxiety and ten cognitive errors in members of Iranian Chess Federation that have international chess rating scale as well as to study the prevalence of depression and anxiety in the sample.   Methods: 96 persons that had an international chess rating scale were sampled with convenient method and took part in this cross sectional study. All samples completed the second version of Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Cognitive Error Test. Data were analyzed with SPSS software.   Results: There was a significant reverse correlation between chess rating scale and four cognitive errors including over generalization, magnification, jumping to conclusion and must statement. The depression severity decreased by increasing the numbers of hours of game playing in the day. Also there was a reverse significant correlation between chess skill and depression severity, but chess skill had no significant correlation with severity of anxiety. The prevalence of mild moderate depression was 16.7%. There was no case with severe depression. The prevalence of mild and moderate anxiety was 27.1% and severe anxiety was 5.2%.   Conclusion: We conclude that this significant reverse correlation between chess rating scales and depression severity is mediated by decrease of cognitive errors and the number of the hours of game playing in the day, which is in accordance with Beck's Cognitive Theory and Behavioral Activation Theory.}, Keywords = {Chess rating scale, Depression, Anxiety, Cognitive error.}, volume = {19}, Number = {100}, pages = {29-36}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2240-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2240-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, Rahim and HodavandMirzaee, Zahra and Mafi, Mahyar}, title = {The effects of Salvia officinalis extract on serum level of CEA in male rats}, abstract ={  Background : There are few studies indicating the association of Salvia officinalis extract with tumor markers. The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of Salvia officinalis extract on serum level of CEA (Carcinogenic embryonic antigen) in male rats.   Methods: In this laboratory experimental study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, normal saline or Salvia officinalis extract (100 or 200 mg/kg/body weight) receiving animals of 5 in each group. After 7 weeks blood samples were collected using cardiac puncture method. Following serum collection, CEA level was measured by radioimmunoassay method. Data were statistically analyzed and compared between groups using ANOVA.   Results: The results indicated that serum CEA level was significantly decreased in rats receiving Salvia officinalis extract (200mg/kg/body weight) compared with control animals (P<0.05), however, CEA serum level was not significantly changed in rats receiving 100mg/kg/body weight of extract compared to control animals   Conclusion: Our findings show that appropriate dose of Salvia officinalis extract can decrease serum level of CEA, on which medicinal application of this extract particularly in cancers accompanied by CEA increased serum level is conceivable.}, Keywords = {Salvia officinalis, CEA, Rat.}, volume = {19}, Number = {100}, pages = {37-42}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2241-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2241-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {PoorsattarBejehMi, Karim and PoorsattarBejehMir, Arash}, title = {Permissive Hypoxemia and Permissive Hypercapnia in Neonates: A Review}, abstract ={  Current, lung protection strategy possesses some degree of hypercapnia and hypoxia. Permissive hypercapnia and hypoxia may attenuate the complications of mechanical ventilation in neonates. Adapting this approach and thorough understanding of the biopathologic effects of hypercapnia and hypoxia could prevent mechano-trauma and air leak syndromes. This helps protecting the lung and inflammatory organs lessening inflammatory damages, inflammatory cascade and prostaglandins at the presence of endotoxins, inflammatory cells and bacteria. In addition, allowing normal versus supra normal values of oxygen and reduction of oxygen toxicity could diminish the free radical related illness (e.g., respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)).This article reviews the pathophysiologic effects of hypercapnia and hypoxia, principals of oxygen delivery and tissue consumptions, clinical applications of permissive hypercapnia and permissive hypoxia and concerns when such approaches are decided.}, Keywords = { Mechanical Ventilation, Neonate, Oxygen, Permissive hypercapnia, Permissive hypoxemia.}, volume = {19}, Number = {100}, pages = {44-53}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2242-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2242-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Imani, Mahmood and Rezaee-pour, Mahmood and Mohamdi, Mehdi and Shiri, Mehdi and Noroozifar, Maysam and Mahmodi, Nasri}, title = {Study of relationship between total Magnesium and total bilirubin levels in neonates\' sera before and after phototherapy}, abstract ={  Background : Binding indirect bilirubin to neuronal membranes receptors such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) causes permanent injuries. Magnesium (Mg) ion is proposed to be one of the most important antagonistic regulators of this receptor. We studied relationship between serum levels of total magnesium and total bilirubin before and after phototherapy in term neonates to find new therapeutic and management techniques and the best time for discharge.   Methods: In this semi-experimental, we evaluated icteric neonates whom admitted to Zahedan Imam Ali hospital from March 2009 to March2010. Neonates with symptoms in favor of sepsis, hemolysis and with administration of magnesium sulfate in their mother were not included in this study. The collected data were analyzed by paired sample t-test, and Analysis of Variance via SPSS software.   Results: 90 patients with icterus were studied. Hyperbillirubinemia frequencies before phototherapy included Mild (14-16mg/dl) 28.8%, Moderate (16-18) 33.3% and, Severe (≥18 ( 37.7% Hyperbillirubinemia. Means of billirubin levels were 18.38mg/dl before and 12.99 mg/dl after phototherapy (p<0.0001 T= 19.44). Mg levels were also 2.669 before phototherapy, and 2.03 afterwards (p< 0.001 T= 5 . 13). Levels of magnesium in neonates with severe hyperbilirubinemia were higher than mild hyperbilirubinemia group (p= 0.03) before phototherapy. ANOVA- test results showed significant differences between total magnesium levels just in severe hyperbilirubinemia and bilirubin below 14 groups after phototherapy (p= 0.016) respectively. There was a correlation between total magnesium and total bilirubin levels before (r= 0.315, p= 0.001) and after phototherapy (r= 0.314 p = 0.004).   Conclusion: It is concluded that phototherapy can decline total magnesium and total bilirubin serum levels in the same direction.}, Keywords = {Magnesium, Neonatal hyperbillirubinemia, Phototherapy.}, volume = {19}, Number = {100}, pages = {54-61}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2243-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2243-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {SheikhAzadi, Ardeshir and Saberi, Seyed Mehdi and Ghorbani, Mazaher and Karimi, Mohamamd Reza and Meysamie, Ali Pasha and Marashi, Seyed Mahdi}, title = {A study of prevalence of faked psychotic symptoms in malingerers referred to Tehran Center of Forensic Psychiatry in 1389}, abstract ={  Background : As in many authorities, psychotic problems appear to be commuting. Claim of psychiatric disorder has become an important basis for offenders to defend themselves. Aim of this study was to investigate faking symptoms in forensic psychiatry evaluation of malingerers in Tehran.   Methods: in a cross-sectional survey, in 1389, perpetrators with a judicial order were assessed by two psychiatrists, using American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 4th Edition (DSM-IV) standards for mental disorders at the Tehran center for forensic psychiatry. Forty one cases identified as malingerers and were evaluating in another specific conversation. Collected data analyzed with statistical methods and p<0.05 used for significance.   Results: In this study, behavioral symptoms (75.6 %), Mood and affect symptoms (65.9%), cognitive function symptoms (56.1%), thought process symptoms (46.3%), perceptual disorder symptoms (34.1%) and thought content symptoms (19.5%) were observed respectively. Only thought process symptoms were significantly increased based on the educational level (p=0.045). There was no statistically significant difference among other groups.   Conclusion: In general, simulating the symptoms of mental illness is more likely to be observed in low socioeconomic estates and many will attempt to mimic simple symptoms of behavioral as well as mood and affect disorders. Probably, intelligence and reasoning ability of defendants has a close relation to expressed symptoms that should be considered during psychiatric interview.}, Keywords = {Forensic psychiatry, Malingering, Psychiatric symptoms.}, volume = {19}, Number = {100}, pages = {64-70}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2244-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2244-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Emadi, Maryam and RamezaniTehrani, Fahimeh and Yaghmaei, Parichehre and Sheikholeslami, Sara and Hedayati, Mehdi}, title = {Serum adiponectin levels and its association with insulin resistance and obesity in women with poly cystic ovarian syndrome}, abstract ={  Background : Adiponectin is one of the adipokines derived from adipose tissue. It is involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism, Insulin Resistance (IR) and obesity-related disorders. Adiponectin in patients with Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) has a different expression. This study was performed to assess the serum levels of adiponectin in PCOS patients considering the high prevalence of insulin resistance in this patients and its relation with body mass index, fasting insulin and fasting glucose to evaluate   Methods: This case-control study was performed on 45 PCOS patients and 45 controls being matched in regards to age and BMI . Adinopectin level was measured by ELISA. FBS and insulin were measured by glucose oxidase and ELISA method, respectively. Insulin resistance was determined by HOMA-IR.   Results : Serum adiponectin level in PCOS subjects and healthy women did not differ statistically. There was no significant difference between fasting insulin and fasting glucose levels in PCOS subjects and healthy women. However, HOMA-IR in PCOS subjects was significantly higher than healthy women. There was a significant negative correlation between adiponectin level and BMI (p=0.035) and fasting glucose (p=0.019). However, after separation of the two groups there was no correlation between adiponectin and BMI.   Conclusion: Despite the relationship between adiponectin levels and BMI, and as no relation is observed with PCOS, the role of this adipokine in the syndrome is unlikely. Thus, apparently increase in the amount of adiponectin will not be effective in preventing the syndrome.}, Keywords = {Poly cystic ovarian syndrome, Adiponectin, Body mass index, Insulin resistance.}, volume = {19}, Number = {101}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2257-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2257-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Aliabadi, Faranak and AskaryKachosangi, Reihaneh}, title = {Comparing the motor behaviors between normal and low birth weight neonates}, abstract ={  Background: According to studies conducted by the World Health Organization, every year nearly 25 million neonates are born with Low Birth Weight (LBW). Many researches show that LBW infants who stay alive, suffer from physical, mental and social problems more than the appropriate birth weight infants. Although developmental assessment of neonates is very difficult in the first days of life, it is important to diagnose and treat the problems at an early stage. The present study was done to compare the motor behaviors between normal and LBW neonates.   Methods : This research was a cross sectional study in which 80 neonates were randomly allocated into LBW (40) and normal birth weight (40) groups. Motor behaviors of neonates were evaluated with Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) on the first day of life. All measurements were taken with the same equipment and by the same person. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 18 and Independent T-test.   Result: Results demonstrated that general tone (p=0.01), motor maturity (p= 0.001) and pull to sit (p=0.005) showed significant differences between two groups.   Conclusion : According to the findings of the current study, LBW neonates show more immature motor behavior than neonates with normal weight and are at lower level. It seems that these neonates may be at risk of motor impairments and require intensive care and earlier supplementary intervention.}, Keywords = {Motor behavior, Low birth weight, Neonate, Neonatal assessment behavioral scale }, volume = {19}, Number = {101}, pages = {8-14}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2258-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2258-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mosayebi, Ziba and Movahedin, Amir Hossein and Safari, Ahmad and Akbari, Hossei}, title = {Evaluation of the result of hand and foot pulse oximetry in the early detection of cyanotic congenital heart diseases in newborns delivered at Kashan Shabihkhani hospital during the first 6 months of 2006}, abstract ={  Background : Delayed diagnosis of critical and cyanotic congenital heart diseases in asymptomatic newborns can lead to significant morbidity and mortality in this age group. The aim of this study was to determine the utility of hand and foot oxygen saturation as a screening test for the early detection of critical and cyanotic congenital heart diseases in asymptomatic newborns in the first day of life.   Methods: In this cross-sectional study during a 6 month period we performed hand and foot pulse oximetry in 1506 term and healthy newborns in Shabihkhani Maternity Hospital. Babies with functional oxygen saturation below 95% in either right hand or right foot were considered abnormal and a second saturation measurement was performed 2 hours later. If the repeated measurement was again below 95% they were referred for performing an echocardiogram. The data was analyzed by SPSS version 11.   Results : During the study period a total of 1506 newborns were screened of whom 1406 cases had SPO2≥95% in both extremities (mean %97.12±2.20 in right hand and mean %96.9±2.13 in right foot) and 100 babies had SPO2<95% (mean %93.35±3.17 in right hand and %92.41±3.01 in right foot). The mean SPO2 in the right foot was lower than the right hand in the both groups. The second saturation measurement was performed 2 hours later on 100 newborns with SPO2 <95%, of whom 29 had persistent low saturation who were referred for echocardiography. Six asymptomatic babies out of 29 had critical and cyanotic congenital heart diseases (incidence of 4/1000 live births). These diseases were: transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus, total anomalous pulmonary venous return and tetralogy of fallot. There was a meaningful correlation between right foot SPO2 and echocardiography results in newborns with these types of congenital heart diseases (p=0.004)   Conclusion: According to the significance of diagnosis of congenital heart disease, pulse oximetry screening along with clinical examination could help in the early detection of critical and cyanotic congenital heart diseases in asymptomatic newborns. Performing right foot pulse oximetry seems to be adequate for screening, because in all the circumstances it was lower than hand saturation.}, Keywords = {Oxygen saturation, Congenital heart disease, Pulse oximetry, Newborn.}, volume = {19}, Number = {101}, pages = {15-22}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2259-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2259-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Kheirouri, Soraya and Alizadeh, Mohamm}, title = {Age-related alteration in selected brain neurotrophins and locomotor activity in an animal model}, abstract ={Background: Accumulative evidences suggest that any change in brain neurotrophins can be involved in brain development and function. However, little is known about age related alteration of the neurotrophins. In this experimental study, we investigated the adulthood changes in the locomotor activity and the levels of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) in selected brain regions of mice.Methods: In this experimental twelve adult mice at 4 and 6 months of age were used and open filed test was performed to determine animal's locomotor activity.  Hippocampus, cerebellum and cortex of the animals were isolated under deep anesthesia, and levels of NGF, BDNF and total protein were measured from extracts of tissues at the end of 4th and 6th months of age.Results: Animals with 6 months of age were significantly hyperactive. We found a significant reduction for NGF in hippocampus (35.7%, p= 0.002), cerebral cortex (31.8%, p= 0.012), cerebellum (51.8%, p= 0.001) and for BDNF in hippocampus (11.2%), cerebral cortex (29.6%). However, BDNF level significantly increased in cerebellum (2.25 fold, p= 0.003) with age rising from four to six months. BDNF level were the highest in the hippocampus at the age of 4 months. Conclusion: These results suggest that the sustained decrease of NGF and BDNF proteins in brain regions may be involved in the adulthood brain development.}, Keywords = {Brain derived neurotropic factor, Nerve growth factor, Brain development, Hippocampus, Cerebellum, Cortex.}, volume = {19}, Number = {101}, pages = {23-30}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2260-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2260-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mansorian, Morteza and Solhi, Mahnaz and Dehdari, Tahereh and Taghdisi, Mohammad Hossein and ZamaniAlvicheh, Fereshteh and Qorbani, Mostafa and RahimzadehBazraki, Hadi and Shafieyan, Zeinab}, title = {The cause of utilization of shared needle among injecting drug users of Ahwaz city: a qualitative study}, abstract ={  Background: Prevalence of HIV and hepatitis among injecting drug users who use shared needle is greater than those drug users that generally prefer not to use each other's needles. The aim of this study was to explain the cause of utilization of shared needle among injecting drug users of Ahwaz city in 2010.   Methods: This article was part of a qualitative study which has been performed by the content analysis method and sampling ‐ based target on the injecting drug users of Ahwaz. The data were collected with semi ‐ structured individual depth interviews and analyzed by the constant comparative method of analysis. A total of 39 semi ‐ structured interviews were done with drug injectors. Informed consents were obtained from all of the participants. Participants were asked about the cause of utilization of shared needle, history of imprisonment and disease. After the first interview, continuous analysis of data was implemented and continued until data saturation.   Results: After analysis and coding of data the cause of utilization of shared needle for injection among participants were: inaccessibility and limitations for preparing syringe, lack of subjects’ awareness of the dangers of shared needle, hopelessness and tending to die through shared needle, self ‐ deception and self ‐ justification.   Conclusion: Considering the increasing number of injection drug users and the risk of diseases transmitted through shared needle as well as to control addiction and transmission of blood ‐ borne diseases such as HIV in country it is essential to improve harm reduction programs, provide sterile syringes and injection equipment as well as train injecting drug users and help them to quit addiction.}, Keywords = {Shared needle, Injecting drug users, Qualitative research method.}, volume = {19}, Number = {101}, pages = {31-39}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2261-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2261-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {DarvishDamavandi, Reihaneh and Eghtesadi, Shahryar and Shidfar, Farzad and Heydari, Iraj and RahimiForoushani, Abbas}, title = {Effects of hazelnut consumption on fasting blood sugar, total antioxidant capacity, hs-CRP and paraoxonase-1 activity in patients with type 2 diabetes}, abstract ={  Background: Diabetes is associated with increased inflammatory biomarkers and decreased paraoxonase-1 activity and total antioxidant capacity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hazelnut on hs-CRP, total antioxidant capacity and paraoxonase-1 activity in type 2 diabetes.   Methods: In an 8-week randomized clinical trial, 50 patients were assigned to either the control or intervention groups. Hazelnuts replaced 10% of total daily calorie intake in the intervention group. Blood samples were obtained at the start and at the end of week 8. Dietary data were obtained using 24-dietary recall and were analyzed by Nutritionist IV software. All data were analyzed by SPSS version 15.   Results: Compared with baseline, total antioxidant capacity decreased in both groups, but at the end of the study, there were no statistical differences between two groups. Also, no differences were observed in Fasting blood sugar (FBS), paraoxonase-1 activity and hs-CRP levels.   Conclusion: Hazelnuts consumption had no effect on FBS, hs-CRP, total antioxidant capacity and paraoxonase-1 activity in type 2 diabetic patients.}, Keywords = {Hazelnut, hs-CRP, Total antioxidant capacity, Paraoxonase-1, Type 2 diabetes.}, volume = {19}, Number = {101}, pages = {40-50}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2262-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2262-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mahdavi-Zafarghandi, Reza and Abbasioun, Reza and Shakiba, Behnam}, title = {Using tunica albuginea autograft from crural segment for the treatment of Peyronie: one year results}, abstract ={  Background : The etiolog y, pathophysiology and treatment of Peyronie’s disease remain unknown. Few medical therapies have positive effect on this condition. However, penile curvature is the major symptom of Peyronie’s disease, which can be treated by surgical reconstruction. There are many surgical techniques for correcting penile deformity but ther e is the lack of a gold standard procedure. We present a surgical technique to correct penile deformity in Peyronie’s disease.   Methods: In this case series study, w e treated 14 patients with stable Peyronie’s disease with significant curvature that precluded intercourse. We excised the fibrous area and the gap wa s covered with a graft removed from the crural segment of the corpora cavernosa.   Results: In 3, 6 and 12 months follow-up there were straightening of penis in 92.8, 92.8 and   78. 2% of patients and acceptable erectile function in 100, 92.8 and 85.7% , respectively . Thirteen and eleven of 14 patients were satisfactory with the cosmetic and functional result of surgery , respectively . No severe perioperative complication was noted.   Conclusion: Present technique may be consider ed as a treatment option in patients with curvature due to Peyronie’s disease. Tunica albuginea auto graft from crural segment seems to be an appropriate grafting material for this technique.}, Keywords = {Peyronie, Tunica albuginea, Graft.}, volume = {19}, Number = {101}, pages = {51-60}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2263-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2263-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Hosseini, Seyed Ebrahim and Mojtahedi, Shima and Kordi, Mohammad Reza and Shabkhiz, Fateme and FallahOmran, Simi}, title = {Effect of short term and light forced treadmill running on BDNF and TrkB in the hippocampus of adult wistar male rats}, abstract ={  Background: Among the trophic factors in CNS, the role of neurotrophins for their multiple actions is more pronounced. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two weeks light aerobic running on protein levels of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and the specific receptor of TrkB, relying on the more transparent role of exercise on synaptic and neurogenerative modification.   Methods: This experimental study was conducted with the animal model. Twelve adult male wistar rats, 8 weeks of age, were selected as subjects (with mean body weight of 200-225 gr) . The animals were randomly divided into 2 groups of control (n=6) and runner (n=6). In runner group, animals were allowed to run on treadmill at a speed of 12 m/min daily for 30 minutes for 2 weeks. Twenty four hours after the last session of exercise, the animals were sacrificed and the hippocampus of both sides of hemisphere removed. Changes in protein levels were determined with ELISA technique.   Results : Statistical analysis by independent sample t test showed that between the runner and control groups there was a significant difference (p≤0.05) statistically and running significantly increased the protein levels of BDNF and TrkB in the hippocampus of rats.   Conclusion : Increase in these factors shows the effect of exercise as a positive moderating factor in the growth and survival of neuronal and synaptic plasticity}, Keywords = {Running, BDNF, TrkB, ELISA, Hippocampus, Adult male rat.}, volume = {19}, Number = {101}, pages = {61-67}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2264-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2264-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mohammadi, Somayeh and Mokhtarinia, Hamid Reza and Tabatabaee, Farhad and Nejatbakhsh, Rez}, title = {Surveying ergonomic factors of backpack in tehranian primary school children}, abstract ={  Background : Children are in their developing years and their bones and physical structure has not yet fully developed to a point of resiliency that can withstand stress, pressure, and a modicum of physical abuse and about 90% of students are carrying backpacks. Unsuitable backpacks cause shoulder pain, back pain, low back pain and skeletal malformation. Carrying backpacks heavier than 10% of body weight is not recommended. Thus, the objective of this study was to survey adaption between student backpacks and their anthropometric dimension.   Methods: In this descriptive- analytical study, 50 primary school children (10 females and 40 males) cooperated in anthropometric measurement and its comparison with their backpack dimension. 212 female school children were contributed in comparison between their backpack weight and 10% body weight. Body dimensions were measured with VICON Analyze motion system (460V, oxford, UK) and ergonomics factors for their backpacks were recorded by a checklist. Weight measured with a digital scale and BMI was calculated based on WHO software.   Results: Significant difference was shown between shoulder breath-backpack width up, waist breath -backpack width down, shoulder width-shoulder strap width and back height-backpack height.   8% backpack handles, 44%shoulder straps and 34% backpack behinds had good padding. Two percent of backpacks had waist strap and no backpacks had chest strap.8% of shoulder straps were S shaped and 4% of backpacks were rolling. Just 28.3% backpack weights have been under 10% of body weight.   Conclusion: Ergonomics knowledge regarding backpacks is very important for selecting and buying the right product. However, the backpack producers should also be` informed to produce ergonomics backpack. The reduction of extra items in children backpacks by parents is beneficial, but effective management programs by ministry of education is also needed for informing school administrative persons and school children about the health problem of carring un ergonomic backpacks.}, Keywords = {Ergonomics, Anthropometry, Backpack, School children.}, volume = {19}, Number = {102}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2284-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2284-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, Rahim and Asgary, Vahid and Abedi, Gholam Rez}, title = {The comparison between the effects of cigarette and waterpipe smoke on serum level of TSH, T3 and T4 in male rats}, abstract ={  Background : Studies show that smoking can influence endocrinological functions of thyroid gland. The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of cigarette and waterpipe smoke on serum level of TSH, T3 and T4 in male rats.   Methods: In this laboratory experimental study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, cigarette, and waterpipe smoking animals of 5 in each group. After 6 weeks, blood samples were collected using cardiac puncture method. Following serum collection, levels of TSH, T3 and T4 were measured by radioimmunoassay method. Data were statistically analyzed and compared between groups using ANOVA.   Results: The results indicated that serum T3 and T4 levels were significantly increased in cigarette smoking rats compared with control animals (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively). Serum levels of T3 and T4 were also increased in waterpipe smoking rats compared with control animals (p<0.01). Serum level of TSH was insignificantly decreased in cigarette and increased in waterpipe smoking rats, respectively.   Conclusion: Our findings show that cigarette or waterpipe smoking enhances endocrinilogical function of thyroid gland appeared in increased serum level of T3 and T4 therefore, the effects of cigarette and waterpipe smoke on hyperthyroidism induction is important.}, Keywords = {Cigarette, Waterpipe, TSH, T3, T4, Rat.}, volume = {19}, Number = {102}, pages = {12-17}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2285-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2285-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {AlizadehGhavidel, Alireza and Bashavard, Sima and BakhshandehAbkenar, Hooman and Payghambari, Mohammad Mehdi}, title = {Incidence rate of pressure sores after cardiac surgery during hospitalization and its relevant factors}, abstract ={  Background : This study was conducted to assess incidence rate sores after cardiac surgery during hospitalization and its relevant factors, also discussed differences between sore and burn as a result of unstandard connections of electrocautery system in operating room.   Surgical patients because of risk factors that exist in operating room, have more potential to develop pressure sore than general acut patients. Pressure sores and burn may both occur in the intraoperative environments and are often difficult for personnel to differentiate upon postoperative inspection.   Methods : This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 333 patients in 6 month, who were operated in Shaheed Rajaei Cardiovascular Medical ;Research Center. Samples were selected Unrandomly.Demographic information, pre-intra-post operation (ICU and surgical ward) were collected by questionnaire.Data were analyzed using software SPSS15 and descriptive statistical tests.   Results: Incidence rate of pressure sores after cardiac surgery was 21.3%.71 patients were involved with pressure sores , 67 cases in ICU and 4 cases after admission in ward.68(95.7%)were first degree and 3(4.2%)were second degree.This Shows meaning relationship with,sex,hypertension, myocardial infarction , intraoperative Hypoxemia ,Using mattress postoperatively,inotropic drugs,blood pressure<80mmhg,reoperation,decreased hematocrit and albumin,hospitalization and duration of staying in ward.More skin damage were seen after operation in ICU immediately or in the first 24 hours.   Conclusion: It is worthful to control comorbidities before, during and after operation.Incidence of pressure sores can be minimized by providing enough perfusion during operation, using silicon mattress on bed of operating room, using mattress and changing position especially during stay in ICU,also paying attention to nutritional states and other known factors in study. Electrocautery system of operating rooms must always and periodically be checked, also taking care of probably burns to prevent from converting into pressure sores is very important.}, Keywords = {Pressure sore, Open heart surgery, Risk factors.}, volume = {19}, Number = {102}, pages = {18-29}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2286-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2286-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {MoradianSorkhkalaee, Monavvar and EftekharArdebili, Hassan and Nedjat, Saharnaz and Saiepour, Narges}, title = {Social capital among medical Students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2011}, abstract ={  Background : Social capital is defined as norms and networks which provide conditions to people’s participation in social activities in order to profit mutually. Considering the importance of social capital and having less studies done in this area, this research is aimed to study the social capital and factors affecting it among students of Tehran University of medical sciences (TUMS).   Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study. 200 medical students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, with a mean age (2.34) 22.55 participated in the study. Participants were selected randomly. 36-item Bullen’s questionnaire having 8 dimensions was used for data collection. Finally, data were analyzed using SPSS 18. Data analysis was performed with T-Test, Pearson correlation and ONOVA.   Results: Total means score for social capital was calculated 46.87. Minimum and maximum mean was measured for “participation in local community” and “family and friends connections” dimension, respectively. The study also showed a relationship between social capital with gender, age and language (ethnicity) of participants.   Conclusion: According to the results, there exists a relationship between social capital, in some concepts, with age, gender and Place of Residence. As a guideline, authorities can use it to increase social capital through having appropriate interventions.}, Keywords = {Social capital, Medical students, Bullen\'s 36-item questionnaire.}, volume = {19}, Number = {102}, pages = {30-37}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2287-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2287-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Salarilak, Laleh and Nejati, Vahi}, title = {Melatonin and its effect on obesity and metabolic factors in fructose fed rats}, abstract ={  Background : The Obesity and metabolic diseases appears to have emerged largely and epidemically because of changes in our diet and life style. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of melatoninon plasma glucose, uric acid, insulin, HOMA, body weight gain and Liver and kidney histology in fructose fed rats.   Methods: In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats were used. Animals were divided in three groups containing 8 rats each: *Control that received normal chow and tap water. ** Fructose, that received chow +10% fructose solutions in drinking water. *** Melatonin, that received chow +10% fructose solution+ daily injection of 10 mg/kg (BW) melatonin (IP=Intraperitoneal). Melatonin was dissolved in absolute ethanol and diluted with saline. After 8 weeks at the end of treatment plasma concentrations ofglucose, uric acid, insulin and body weight gain were measured and insulin resistance index was calculated. Then the experimental data were significantly analyzed.   Results: Fructose fed rats showed significant higher level of body weight in compared with control rats but melatonin treatment prevented from this increase. Insulin resistance index did not changed significantly. Uric acid concentration did not change in groups, but melatonin administration increased plasma glucose level. Fructose fed rats had Hepato Cellular Lipids, compared with control and melatonin groups. Kidney tissue did not change in groups.   Conclusion: These results suggest that melatonin may act as a regulator of body weight and may prevent lipid accumulation in liver tissue.}, Keywords = {Fructose, Melatonin, Glucose, Insulin resistance, Rat.}, volume = {19}, Number = {102}, pages = {38-46}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2288-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2288-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, Rahim and Belbasi, Maedeh and Mafi, Mahyar}, title = {The effects of immobilization stress and Aloe vera aqueous extract on serum levels of SGOT and SGPT in male rats}, abstract ={Background: Studies show that there are relations between various types of stress and liver function. The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of immobilization stress and Aloe vera extract on serum level of Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) and Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) in male rats.   Methods: In this laboratory experimental study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, Aloe vera extract or normal saline receiving, under acute or chronic immobilization animals of 5 in each group. After 6 weeks blood samples were collected using cardiac puncture method. Following serum collection, SGOT or SGPT level was measured by spectrophotometry method. Data were statistically analyzed and compared between groups using ANOVA.   Results: Serum SGOT level was significantly increased in rats enduring acute or chronic immobilization animals compared with control rats (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). Serum level of SGOT level was significantly increased (p<0.01) and of SGPT was significantly decreased (P<0.01) in extract receiving animals compared with control rats (p<0.001).   Conclusion: Our findings indicate that immobilization and Aloe vera extract is serum SGOT enhancer. In this respect, in clinical considerations, pathological effects of immobilization or Aloe vera intake is important in the field of SGOT biochemical alteration.}, Keywords = {Immobilization, Aloe vera, SGOT, SGPT.}, volume = {19}, Number = {102}, pages = {47-52}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2289-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2289-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Taribiyan, Bakhtiar and Baghaiee, Behrouz and Hosseini, Seyyed Reza Attarzadeh}, title = {Effect of eight week moderate exercise training on Angiotensin Converting Enzyme gene expression and Angiotensin II activity in middle-aged men}, abstract ={  Background : The aim of this research is investigation of angiotensin converting enzyme gene expression and angiotensin II activity in middle-aged men , following to eight weeks moderate exercise.   Methods: This study was a semi-experimental research with a repeated measures design. From 96 volunteer middle-aged men, 20 subject (age range of 45-55 years) participated in this study after signing an informed consent form. Next, subject divided in two groups of training (10 person) and control (10) groups and performed the eight weeks moderate exercise training (time: 45 minutes, speed: 50-65 maximal heart rate, slope: 0%). Blood samples were collected in three times: baseline, after 4 week and after 8 week, and Real time- PCR ) Polymerase Chain Reaction ( was used for evaluation of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) mRNA and Elisa methods for angiotensin II (Ang II).   Results: AngII activity in training group were not significantly changed after 4 weeks exercise training (p=0.255) but significantly increased after 8 weeks (p= 0.004). In control groups AngII increased after 4 and 8 weeks exercise training (respectively p=0.952 and p=0.876). ACE gene expression was significantly reduced in training group after 4 and 8 weeks (p=0.001), but in control group, ACE gene expression was not increased after 4 weeks of no regular exercises (p=0.35), but after 8 weeks, ACE mRNA significantly increased (p=0.001).   Conclusion: Moderate exercise training has reduced the genetic and blood markers of blood pressure in middle-aged men, but not doing regular exercises increased this factor.}, Keywords = {ACE, AngII, Middle-aged men, Moderate exercise training.}, volume = {19}, Number = {102}, pages = {53-64}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2290-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2290-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Arshi, Saba and Zandavar, Homan and Oormazdi, Hormozd and Akhlaghi, Lame and Razmjou, Elham and Hadighi, Ramtin and Meamar, Ahmad Rez}, title = {Study on the association of Toxocariasis with allergic rhinitis in individuals referred to Rasoul Akram Hospital, Tehran}, abstract ={  Background : Toxocariasis is a common worldwide zoonotic parasite infection caused by the larvae of Toxocara catti and Toxocara canis. Allergic rhinitis is the most common chronic diseases in the upper respiratory tract. The main symptoms are sneezing, watery rhinorrhea, itching in the nose, eyes and palate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between toxocara seropositivity and allergic rhinitis compared with the control population.   Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out from September 2009 to February 2011 on 93 patients with allergic rhinitis and 87 control subjects. Confirmation of the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis was defined by history and positive epicutaneous prick test. Control subjects were healthy based on history and no signs of allergic rhinitis and other allergic diseases were seen. Blood and fecal samples were taken from both groups. Sera were separated, labeled and stored at -20°C until used. Stool samples were examined by a wet mount and formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique. The diagnosis of toxocariasis was established by IgG anti Toxocara and IgE total by ELISA method.   Results: In case group (allergic rhinitis) from 93 patients, 50 patients (53.8%) were males and 43 (46.2%) were female. In the control group of 87 individuals studied, 56 (64.4%) were males and 31 (35.6%) were female. In cases and controls, 5 (5.4%) and 3 (3.4%) of sera were positive for IgG Toxocara, respectively. There was no statistical difference in Toxocara seropositivity in both groups (p =0.39).   Conclusion: It seems to be in contrast to worms and allergies several factors, including phase worm infections (acute and chronic), parasite load, parasite species and resistance genes are involved and this require further studies in different ages and populations.}, Keywords = {Toxocariasis, Allergic rhinitis, Tehran.}, volume = {19}, Number = {102}, pages = {65-70}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2291-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2291-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Labbafinejad, Yasser and Attarchi, Mir Saeed and Azimzadeh, Behrouz and Serajzadeh, Narges and Namvar, Moham}, title = {Comparison of sleep disorders in shift and non-shift workers employed in a printing factory in Tehran 2010}, abstract ={  Background : According to the previous studies, 25 percent of the total workforce is faced with the shift working. Sleep disorders are the most common health complaint of the shift workers. This study was designed to examine the sleep status of workers in a printing factory. We aimed to investigate the association between prevalence of sleep disorders with shift working and other probable factors.   Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among workers of a printing factory in Tehran, 2010. Required information was gathered through a questionnaire consisting of three parts : Demographic data, ESS questionnaire (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) and SMII questionnaire (Sleep Med Insomnia Index). Collected data from 385 questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. P values <0 . 05 were considered significant statistically.   Results: According to the results of the analysis, shift working, drug consumption and smoking were significantly associated with the prevalence of sleep disorders (especially with prevalence of insomnia). Logistic regression analysis was also performed for insomnia. The Odds Ratio for shift working and drug consumption were 2 . 3 and 3 . 2, respectively.   Conclusion: Based on this study, shift working could be considered as an important risk factor of sleep disorders. However, further studies are needed to confirm this theory and to plan for reducing such disorders among shift workers.}, Keywords = {Shift working, Sleepiness, Insomnia, ESS questionnaire, SMII questionnaire.}, volume = {19}, Number = {103}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2344-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2344-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Rostami, Hamid Reza and Tabatabai, Saeed and Babadi, Ni}, title = {Effects of mirror therapy on hand function in patients with orthopedic injuries}, abstract ={  Background : Mirror therapy as a neural based rehabilitation technique, produces illusion of two healthy limbs for the brain. The aim of the present study was to determine effects of mirror therapy in restoring hand function in patients with active Range of Motion (ROM) impairments following orthopaedic injuries.   Methods: In a randomised controlled trial, 30 patients with active ROM impairment (8 men, 22 women mean age: 38 years) were measured. Intervention group received mirror therapy, 30-minute a day, 5 days a week for 3-week, as well, half an hour conventional rehabilitation after each mirror therapy session. Patients in the control group received the same treatment program, but instead of mirror, they directly observed the affected hand. Outcome measures including Total Active Motion (TAM), and Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire were given pre, and post treatment, and 3 weeks later. Trial is registered as a randomised controlled trial in Iranian Clinical Trial Registry, number NCT01503762 in http://clinicaltrials.gov/.   Results: Final analysis was performed on 23 patients. The TAM and DASH scores significantly improved in the post-test in both groups, and improvement continued during the follow-up period however, mirror therapy group exhibited significantly greater changes in the TAM and DASH scores than control (p<0.01), either at the post-test (154º vs. 62º 34 vs. 15), or follow-up session (181º vs. 88º 39 vs. 26).   Conclusion: Mirror therapy in combination to a conventional rehabilitation program produced more improvement in hand function compared with a control group which might be through activating neural networks inhibited after injury.}, Keywords = {Range of motion, Hand therapy, Mirror therapy, Mirror neuron system}, volume = {19}, Number = {103}, pages = {9-17}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2343-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2343-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Rabiei, Zahra and Bigdeli, Mohammad Reza and Mohagheghi, Fatemeh and Rasoulian, Bahram and Sharifi, Abulghasem}, title = {Effect of dietary olive leaf extract on brain cholesterol, cholesterol ester and triglyceride levels and of brain edema in rat stroke model}, abstract ={  Background : Brain injury by transient complete global brain ischemia (cardiac arrest) and regional incomplete brain ischemia (ischemic stroke) afflicts a very large number of patients with death or permanent disability. Recent studies suggest that olive extracts suppress inflammation and reduce stress oxidative injury.   Methods: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of dietary Olive Leaf Extract (OLE) on brain cholesterol, cholesterol ester and triglyceride levels as well as brain edema in rat stroke model.   Five groups, each consisting of 12 male Wistar rats, were studied. First and second groups (control and sham) received distilled water, while three treatment groups received oral olive leaf extract (OLE) for 30 days (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg/day, respectively). Two hours after the last dose, each main group was subdivided to Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO)-operated (n=6) and intact subgroups (n=6) for assessment of neuropathology (brain edema) and brain lipid analysis.   Results: The brain cholesterol, cholesterol ester and triglyceride levels were greater in experimental groups when compared to controls. Olive leaf extracts reduced brain edema in experimental groups of 75 and 100 mg/kg/day.   Conclusion: Our data suggest that OLE may be cerebroprotective in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion. Further work is required to extend these observations.}, Keywords = {Olive leaf extract, Cholesterol, Cholesterol ester, Triglyceride, Brain stroke.}, volume = {19}, Number = {103}, pages = {18-25}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2345-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2345-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Kashanian, Maryam and Zamen, Zahra and Khorshidifar, Abdulrez}, title = {A comparison of effectiveness between skin patch of nitroglycerin and nifedipin on controlling preterm labor}, abstract ={  Background : Preterm labor is defined by bearing before 37 weeks of gestation. Premature newborn is associated with a high morbidity. Past studies demonstrated TNG has a positive effect on preterm labor, but no studies have been done comparing TNG and nifedipin in this field. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect and complications of Patch of TNG and nifedipin (Ca channel blocker) for treatment of preterm labor.   Methods: A randomized clinical trial study was performed on 120 pregnant women with preterm labor pregnancy in Shahid Akbar Abadi Hospital in Tehran. Sixty women (TNG group) were compared with 60 women (nifedipin group) for drugs’ safety and efficacy (delay of delivery for more than 48 hours). Contractions and blood pressure were controlled in both the groups.   Results: In 41 (68.3%) patients of group 1, delay of delivery occurred for more than 48 hours, and in second group, it happened in 52(86.7%) patients. There was a statistically significant difference (p=0.016). In 37 (61.7%) patients of group 1, delay of delivery occurred for more than 72 hours, and in second group, it happened in 47(78.3%) patients. There was a statistically significant difference (p=0.046).   Conclusion: TNG patch is an effective and suitable drug, associated with fewer complications in comparison with nifedipin in the treatment of preterm labor.}, Keywords = {Nifedipin, Preterm labor, TNG skin patch.}, volume = {19}, Number = {103}, pages = {26-32}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2346-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2346-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Khoshpey, Basmeh and Shidfar, Farzad and Jazayeri, Shima and Malek, Mojtaba and Hosseini, Agha Fatemeh}, title = {Effect of royal jelly intake on serum glucose, HbA1c, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, double blind clinical trial study}, abstract ={  Background : Type 2 diabetes melitus (DM) is highly prevalent worldwide. Evidence supports a role for royal jelly in reduction of serum glucose and lipids. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of royal jelly intake on serum glucose, HbA1c, and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in type 2 diabetic patients.   Methods: Fifty patients with type 2 DM participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 8-weeks study. The patients with type 2 DM were divided randomly into placebo and royal jelly groups of 25 each. Both groups received the treatment for 8 weeks. In royal jelly group participants received three 1000 mg royal jelly capsules daily and placebo group received three 1000 mg placebo capsules daily. Blood samples were taken after 12 hours of fasting at the beginning and the end of the study. Serum glucose, HbA1c, and TAC were evaluated.   Results: Forty six participants completed the study. Royal jelly intake reduced FBS levels (p=0.006) and increased TAC (p=0.016) significantly after 8 weeks compared with placebo. Royal jelly did not affect serum HbA1c levels.   Conclusion : This study shows that royal jelly has some benefits in type 2 diabetic patients.}, Keywords = {Royal jelly, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, HbA1c, TAC (total antioxidant capacity).}, volume = {19}, Number = {103}, pages = {33-40}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2347-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2347-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mohaghighi, Parisa and HashemzadehIsfahani, Masoud and MousaviKani, Kaveh}, title = {Determining the frequency of prenatal factors in infant mortality in Tehran during 2009-2010}, abstract ={  Background : The worldwide annual incidence of neonatal mortality has been estimated as 3.7 million. Most of these deaths occur in the first 28 days of birth and in developing countries. We aimed to estimated prevalence of different related risk factors of neonatal death.   Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was performed. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was administered and 3768 data bases were recorded. Information was collected on neonatal and maternal age at the time of delivery, neonatal gender, place of delivery, head of the family, place of living, place of neonatal death, method of neonatal admission, type of delivery, etc.   Results: In this 3768 files related to neonatal deaths were evaluated. Mean maternal age was 24.1 ± 4.15 yrs (16-38 yrs). Mean number of deliveries was 2.8 ± 1.9 (1-12 deliveries). Mean neonatal apgar score of the first minute was 5.2 ± 2.7, while apgar score of the 5th minute was 7.3 ± 3.2. Mean neonatal weight was 1250 ± 322 gm (527-1620 gm).   Conclusion: The main aim of the present study was to identify the factors related to neonatal mortality. These factors were mostly neonatal infections, premature labor, and low birth weight.}, Keywords = {Infant mortality risk factors, Infant mortality, Tehran.}, volume = {19}, Number = {103}, pages = {41-47}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2348-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2348-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Yazdani, Rostam and Touhidi, Mohammad Hass}, title = {The correlation and level of agreement between arterial blood gas PCO2 and end-tidal CO2 in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation}, abstract ={  Background : Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) represents a major public health problem. The course of COPD is characterized by episodic periods of worsening symptoms, termed exacerbations. Supplemental oxygen should be given to patients with COPD exacerbation without causing CO2 retention. Arterial blood gas sampling is the gold standard for monitoring adequate oxygenation and for assessing CO2 retention. Capnography is a noninvasive method based on measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), which in this article we aim to evaluate the relationship between end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (ETCO2) and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in patients with COPD exacerbation.   Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in 75 patients with COPD exacerbation between the ages of 41 and 85 who required hospitalization in second half of year 2010. Measurements of ETCO2 and PaCO2 were taken by ABG and capnography simultaneously: 1) at admission, 2) 30 minutes after treatment with supplemental oxygen and bronchodilators.   Results: There was a significant correlation between ETCO2 and PaCO2 at both stages (correlation coefficient: 0.773 and 0.783, respectively). The mean (SD) difference for PaCO2 and ETCO2 were: 9.99 (7.17) and 9.97 (6.84) mmHg, respectively. Further analysis with Bland-Altman showed agreement between results of capnography and ABG in both stages of this study.   Conclusion: In this study we found strong correlation and agreement between arterial blood gas pco2 and end-tidal co2 results in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease exacerbation.}, Keywords = {Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, End-tidal carbon dioxide pressure, Arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide.}, volume = {19}, Number = {103}, pages = {48-54}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2349-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2349-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mohebbi, Alireza and Etemadi, Maryam and MousaviKani, Kaveh}, title = {Endoscopic evaluation of pterygopalatine fossa in adult Iranian cadavers}, abstract ={  Background : Our aim in this study was to recognize the endoscopic anatomy of the Pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) and the anatomic variations of the related neurovascular structures, to define the endoscopic endonasal approach to this region.   Methods: In a case series study 17 fresh adult cadavers were studied by endoscopic endonasal approach. To reach the pterygopalatine fossa endonasally, we performed the antrostomy and uncinectomy in all cadavers. The medial and posterior walls of the maxillary sinus were defined and studied. The internal maxillary artery and pterygopalatine ganglion and the other nerves were exposed. The posterior wall of maxillary sinus was opened to expose the pterygopalatine fossa and its neurovascular contents, which were studied and documented . Mean, median, range, standard deviation, frequency and frequency percentage were determined using statistical software SPSS V.19 and using descriptive analyses. For comparison of qualitative averages, independent t test was used after the normal distribution of data was tested to determine whether it is followed by 1-sample KS and -Chi square statistical test was used for the comparison of qualitative ratios. In all tests, significance level was considered as two tails and p value less than 0.05.   Results: The PPF was easily approached by endoscopic transnasal transmaxillary approach. The PPF region was best exposed by the middle meatus tranasal approach. In the PPF infraorbital nerve, vidian nerve, greater palatine nerve, the infraorbital artery, internal maxillary artery, sphenopalatine artery, descending palatine artery, posterior superior alveolar artery and buccal artery were exposed.   Conclusion: During the endoscopic transnasal transmaxillary approach to the PPF, it is possible to face wide range of variations in every phase of the approach but they are similarities at the base. Understanding the anatomy of this region and the neurovascular relations from the endoscopic view by cadaver dissections, will help us to perform more controlled and safe surgery.}, Keywords = {Pterygopalatine fossa, Endoscopic anatomy, Adult Iranian cadavers.}, volume = {19}, Number = {103}, pages = {55-64}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2350-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2350-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mohtashami, Mahnaz and Sepehriseresht, Saeed and Asli, Esmaeel and Boroumand, Mohammad Ali and Ghasemi, Ahm}, title = {Synthesis of silver nanoparticles through chemical reduction and biosynthesis methods and evaluation of their antibacterial effects}, abstract ={  Background : Silver nanoparticles have wide applications in medicine and treatment of bacterial infections due to their disinfection properties. Chemical synthesis, biosynthesis and antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles have been studied previously, but regarding the high costs of chemical synthesis and the increase of antibiotic-resistance phenomenon among bacteria, assessment of the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their effects on different clinical and standard bacterial strains is of great importance.   Methods: Silver nanoparticles were synthesized through chemical and biosynthesis methods and their size and size distribution was assessed Transmission Electron Microscope. Chemically synthesized nanoparticles were added to tubes containing TSB medium and different bacterial strains for their antibacterial effects and their minimum inhibitory concentration was calculated   Results: Chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles had high monodispersity, but biosynthesized nanoparticles had higher polydispersity. Smaller silver nanoparticles had better antibacterial effects on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, in such a manner that they inhibited the bacterial growth at 0.2 mM concentration, but larger nanoparticles had lesser effects.   Conclusion: Biosynthesis through bacterial supernatant is cost effective, but it produces polydisperse nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles can replace antibiotics due to their suitable antibacterial effects, but it should be mentioned that clinical strains are more resistant than standard strains and bacterial resistance to these nanoparticles should be checked before their prescription.}, Keywords = {Silver nanoparticles, Antibacterial effects, Transmission electron microscope, Bacterial supernatant.}, volume = {19}, Number = {103}, pages = {65-74}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2351-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2351-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {MohammdnejadPanahkandi, Yahya and Masoudian, Behnam and Shahidi, Fereshte}, title = {The effect of time of performing a maximal aerobic exercise session on granulocyte serum changes in young male athletes}, abstract ={  Background : Blood is the third component of the circulatory system where changes occur following exercise-induced increase in metabolism. The purpose of the present research was to examine the effect of time of performing a maximal aerobic exercise session on granulocyte serum changes in young male athletes.   Methods: Twenty athletes were randomly selected from the students of Physical Education in the University of Tehran and were divided into a morning group (N=10 20.9±0.99 years, 67.35±6.27 kg, and 180.4±4.28 cm) and an afternoon group (N=10 21±0.63 years, 67.13±9.13 kg, and 176.9±9.01 cm).The morning and afternoon groups performed the seven-station Bruce protocol from 8 to 10 A.M. and 3 to 5 P.M., respectively. The present research is quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design. Blood samples were collected from both groups before, immediately after, and 2 hours after the exercise. Mean and standard deviation were used for data description, and repeated measures ANOVA as well as Bonferroni test were applied for hypothesis testing at the 0.05 significance level.   Results: The result suggested that during a maximal aerobic exercise session in morning and afternoon neutrophil levels in the two groups decreased in post-test compared pre-test and in the recovery increased to a higher rate than the pre-test. Lymphocyte levels in the two groups increased compared to pre-test and in the recovery test was lower than before. Monocyte and eosinophil levels in three stages declined. On the other hand, no significant differences were noted in the neutrophil and lymphocyte levels in both morning and afternoon and monocytes in the morning group.   No significant differences were noted in the levels of eosinophils and monocytes of the groups at different stages of blood sampling. Only there was a significant difference between neutrophil levels in male athletes during maximal aerobic exercise session in the morning and afternoon, before, immediately and 2 hours after the activities (p≤0/05).   Conclusion: Based on the results of the research, it can be argued that a maximal aerobic exercise session is considered as a stress and repressive factor for the immune system.}, Keywords = {Granulocytes, Maximum aerobic activity, Activity time, Young male athletes, Follow up.}, volume = {19}, Number = {103}, pages = {75-84}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2352-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2352-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Rezaei, Marzeieh and Zarkesh-Esfahani, Seyyed Hami}, title = {Production of recombinant human growth hormone by eukaryotic CHO cell and measurement of its biological activity by gene reporter assay}, abstract ={ Background: Cultivated mammalian cells, because of their capacity for proper protein folding, assembly and post–translational modification, have become the dominant system for production of recombinant proteins in clinical application. Therefore, the quality and efficacy of protein can be superior when expressed in mammalian cells compared to other hosts such as bacteria. Gene reporter systems have contributed greatly to the study of eukaryotic gene expression and regulation. Although reporter genes have played a significant role in numerous applications, both in vitro and in vivo, they are most frequently used as indicators of transcriptional activity in cells. Luciferase-reporter assays are widely used to monitor the cellular events related to transduction and gene expression regulated by specific cascades, such as PRL/Jak2/Stat5 pathway. Methods: In this study, recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) was produced in eukaryotic Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell and production and concentration of rhGH verified by ELISA and western blotting. Then, the biological activity of rhGH was assessed by a gene reporter assay system (containing LHRE, TK promoter and Luc gene), using HEK 293 cells transfected with GH receptor and response element for STAT-5 measuring luciferase activity on a Berthold luminometer. Results: The date showed that rhGH could be produced by eukaryotic host in good quantities as assessed by ELISA and western blotting. The results of gene reporter assay showed that rhGH produced by CHO cells is able to induce GH intracellular cell signaling. The rhGH produced by CHO cells showed higher bioactivity when compared to commercial GH. Conclusion: rhGH could be produced in mammalian cell lines at high levels with higher bioactivity. Gene reporter assay is a sensitive, quantitative, rapid, easy, reproducible and safe system for assessment of bioactivity of recombinant proteins such as rhGH. }, Keywords = {Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), Human growth hormone (hGH), Bioassay, Gene reporter assay, ELISA.}, volume = {19}, Number = {104}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2383-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2383-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Tol, Azar and Pourreza, Abolghasem and RahimiForoshani, Abass and Tavassoli, Elahe}, title = {Assessing the effect of educational program based on small group on promoting knowledge and health literacy among women with type2 diabetes referring to selected hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={ Background: Health Literacy is the capacity in which individuals have to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. Limited health literacy can reduce adults’ ability to comprehend and adhere treatment plans. This study was designed and implemented to assess effect of health education on promoting knowledge and health literacy in women with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This randomize clinical trial study, was conducted among 160 women with type 2 diabetes, in two experimental and control groups. Tools of current study were a brief form of standard questionnaire (Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults, TOFHLA) and knowledge was measured by self-administrated questionnaire. Intervention in a form of small groups, was performed in 6 educational sessions (45-60minuts) in experimental group. In order to analyzing data, SPSS16 software was used and independent t- test, Kruskal-Wallis, Whitney U، Wilcoxon, Co-Variation, Chi-square were conducted. Results: Demographic variables of studied population in two groups was similar before intervention (p>0.05). Differences between the scores of Knowledge and Health Literacy in two groups, after and before intervention, was totally different (after, p0/05). Conclusion: Study findings indicated that education with small group's strategy in experimental group, in comparison with current education is effective. }, Keywords = {Education, Knowledge, Health Literacy, Type 2 diabetes.}, volume = {19}, Number = {104}, pages = {10-19}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2384-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2384-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Aghilinejad, Mashallah and Kouhpayezade, Jalil and Noori, Mohammad Kazem and Golabadi, Maji}, title = {Association of age and work experience with work-related injuries in mining and mineral industries in Iran 2003 – 2011}, abstract ={ Background: Based on estimations, each year about 250 million work-related injuries and many temporary or permanent disabilities occur which most are preventable. Mining and metal industries are among industries with high incidence of injuries in the world. The aim of this study was assessment of incidence of and age and work experience characteristics in work-related injuries in mining and mineral industries in Iran. Methods: In a retrospective study data about severe non fatal and fatal work related injuries gathered from accident registry system of the governmental Iranian mining and mineral industries development & renovation organization (IMIDRO) between 2003 and 2011. Injury characteristics including injury types, injured body parts, injury outcome and also age and work experience categorized. Incidence rates and Injury characteristics assessed based on age and work experience groups in injured workers.  Results: 10032 work-related injuries and 197 deaths were reported in the mentioned period. Mean age of injured workers was 33.9 (SD=8.4) years and mean work experience was 7.7 (SD=6.6) years. Age in 76 percent of cases was less than 40 years. 49.9% of them had work experience less than 5 years. Most common accident type was trauma and impact (27%) followed by falls (24.1%). Most common injured parts were lower limbs (33.3%) and upper limbs (33%). Most common accident outcome was strain and sprain (42.4%). There were some differences between age and work experience groups. Conclusion: Occupational injuries are more common in younger and less experienced workers. High risk workers should be recognized and suitable programs should be considered for them. }, Keywords = {Occupational injuries, Age, Work experience, Incidence, Metal industries, Mining. }, volume = {19}, Number = {104}, pages = {20-28}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2385-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2385-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Seyfi, Shahram and Hassani, Valliollah and Faiz, Seyed Hamid-Reza and Latifi, Shahrbanoo and Hajiesmaeili, Mohammad Reza and Sedaghat, Alireza and Soleimanirad, Rez}, title = {Surgical tracheostomy versus percutaneous tracheostomy in the intensive care unit}, abstract ={ Background: Prolonged intubation and need to mechanical ventilation is an indication for tracheostomy. This procedure can be done, surgical or percutaneous. In this study, we compare surgical and percutaneous dilated tracheostomy. Methods: In this retrospective study, which was conducted in ICU wards of Rasool Akram Hospital from Mehr 1387 to Mehr 1390. We compared complication of tracheostomized patients in two groups. Results: In this study, early postoperative bleeding, in 11 cases, 1case (4.2%) in PDT group and 10 cases (17.5%) in surgical group was shown (with a significant difference). Surgical site infection in 1 case, 2 cases (7.4%) in PDT group and 1 case (4.2%) in surgical group was shown (with a non-significant difference). Subcutaneous emphysema in 11 cases, 2 case (8.3%) in PDT group and 1 case (1.7%) in surgical group with a significant difference, was shown. Other complications such as tracheal posterior wall were not shown in both groups. Conclusion: Because of lower complications rate and bedside PDT doing, percutaneous tracheostomy is a safe and suitable alternative for surgical tracheostomy. }, Keywords = {Tracheostomy, Percutaneous, Surgery, Complication.}, volume = {19}, Number = {104}, pages = {29-33}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2386-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2386-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {PournaghashTehrani, Said and Etemadi, Soraya and Dehdari, Tahereh and Lavasani, Masood Gholamali and Sadeghian, Sai}, title = {Assessment of the relationship between psychological factors and impotency with quality of life of male patients following CABG}, abstract ={ Background: Given the increase in prevalence of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) surgery and the significant role of psychological factors in prognosis and relapse of cardiac disease, the present study is designed to determine the relationship between psychological factors or impotency and quality of life of male patients following CABG. Methods: In this descriptive- analytical study 160 male patients were randomly selected four weeks after heart surgery and were administered DASS-21, IIEF-5 and SF-36 to assess anxiety, depression and stress, impotency and quality of life, respectively. Regression analyses (One-way ANOVA) and Chi-square were performed to analyze the data. Results: Findings showed that the average age of patients was 60 (±10) years. Among psychological variables the average score for depression was significantly related to the average scores of quality of life (p=0.02). Furthermore, 62.4% of patients had some degrees of depression 86.7% had some degrees of stress and 47.3% had anxiety to some degree. Also, 85.5% of patients displayed mild to severe levels of erectile dysfunction which were significantly correlated with scores in anxiety (p=0.03) and depression (p=0.001). Finally, diabetic patients had higher scores in depression and stress compared to non diabetic patients. Conclusion: The findings are discussed in the context of proposing interventional strategies for improving psychological conditions of CABG patients. }, Keywords = {CABG, Impotency, Anxiety, Depression, Stress.}, volume = {19}, Number = {104}, pages = {34-42}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2387-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2387-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Jahani, Gholam Reza and Entezami, Kobra and Haydari, Hossan and Abkar, Alireza and Mollasaeidi, Zohre}, title = {The effect of intensive activity and regular exercise with carbohydrate ingestion on cell-mediated immunity}, abstract ={ Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate “the effect of intensive activity and regular exercise with carbohydrate ingestion on cortizol, lymphocyte, monocyte, white blood cell, fast blood suger, CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD4 to CD8 ratio, cell-mediated immunity”. Methods: This semi experimental, cross sectional and double blind study performed to investigate the responses of cell-mediated immunity after 12 weeks intensive activity and regular exercises. 39 sedentaryand healthy studentswith same-life style, were selected .They did not use cigarette, alcohol, supplementary and they had not infection diseases. Students selected randomly and then divided into three groups: Glucose and train (TG) 23±2.1years, 73±8.2 Kg, 179±4.7Cmand with 22±2.5 BMI.  Train (T), 23.5±1.8 years, 71.7±7.8 Kg, 176.4±3.6 Cmand 22±1.9 BMI. Control (C) 23.7±1.1 years, 72.4±6.6 Kg, 174.8±3.5 Cmand 22±2 BMI, they did endurance and speed train for 12 weeks. TG group drank 2cc/Kg, glucose5% monohydrate & water solution, in the middle of their train session. T group drank 150 – 200 ml water. Bloods sample were withdrawn from antecubital vein after 14±2/hr fasting and evaluated before, immediately and after 48/hr of train. As well as cellular determined by immunology assay. For analyze in between groups ,one way ANOVA with significan used from modify method of green house-ghezer (GG), level      , were used. Results: There were not any differences in T, TG and C group before 12 weeks exercise. The amounts of cortizol in TG & T groups significantly increased after exercise, but there was a lower increase in TG group. Results was significantly decreased after 48/hrs of train in before and after train parameters. The FBS in TG and T groups had not any differences but in TG group / T group results was significantly lower, after 48 hours. There was not any diffrences in amount of LYM after train but after 48/hrs, it significantly increased in TG group. The amount of WBC increased in after train but significantly decreased after 48/hr in TG group. The CD4 significantly increased after train in TG group, and CD3 significantly increased after train and after 48/hrs in TG group. Monocytes, ratio CD4/CD8 and CD8 amount had not any differences in TG and T groups. Conclusion: This research showed that intensive activity and regular exercise with cabohydrat digestion induced increase some of immune cells and cellular defence against infection disease that caused from intensive exercises. Another finding of this investigation indicates that drinking a CHO solution during exercise, improves performance. This study has practical implications for those sports and drinking CHO solution during activity. Carbohydrates as a factor can increase security against infection disease risk in recovery time and after intensive exercise. }, Keywords = {Combind training, Immunity system, Carbohydrate, Cortizol.}, volume = {19}, Number = {104}, pages = {43-59}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2388-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2388-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Nozari, Shima and HaydariKohan, Fariba and Ahmadi, Farzaneh and Asadi, Mehrdad and Fallahi, Fariba and Ghasemi, Zaynab and Falahati, Mehrab}, title = {Comparision of antifungal effect of Nystatin alone and in combination with nanosilver particles against candida species isolated from chronic candidal vaginitis}, abstract ={ Background: Nystatin is a polyene with antifungal effect which is used in treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous candidiasis in diverse forms. Increasing its utilization in recent years has led to predominant increasing of resistances. Nowadays for increasing of antifungal effect and decreasing of resistance and side effects of drugs they are used in combination with each other. So we decided to investigate antifungal effect of Nystatin in combination with nanosilver particles. Methods: This was an experimental study which has been accomplished on 30 samples of isolated candida species from patients effected to chronic candidal vaginitis. In this study the antifungal effects of Nystatin and silver nanoparticles each of them alone and in combination with each other by microdilution broth, were examined. Findings were described on the base of logestic regression and man-vitni exam. Results: Findings suggested that Nystatin was able to inhibit the growth of candida species at an expanded range of concentration between 16-128 microgeram per milliliter. As well antifungal activity of Nystatin with silver nanoparticles was increased in comparision with using Nystatin alone. Conclusion: Introduce of nanosilver in drug formation of Nystatin can be useful in treatment of chronic vaginal candidiasis. }, Keywords = {Nystatin, Nanosilver, Antifungalactivity, Synergism, Candida Species.}, volume = {19}, Number = {104}, pages = {60-66}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2389-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2389-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Pourmarzi, Davood and Rimaz, Shahnaz and MerghatiKhoii, Effat al-sadat and Razi, Maryam}, title = {Comparative survey of youth educational needs for mental health promotion in marital life in two stages before and after marriage}, abstract ={ Background: Educational programs for promotion of mental health in marital life are necessary.  Ignorance of target group needs diminishes effectiveness of efforts in educational programs. This research aimed to report and compare mental health educational needs before and after marriage. Methods: In a cohort study in 2011, by random stratified sampling 450 males and females were selected. These were participated in pre-marital counseling in Hasheminezhad center in Tehran. A researched-made questionnaire was used to measure rate of mental health educational needs with 5 degree-Likert scale before and six months after marriage. Data were analyzed by Independent t-test, paired t-test and Prioritization was done by calculating mean rank. A P-value less than 0.05 have been considered as significant different. Results: “How to keep romance alive in marital life” topics was the first priority in both before and after marriage. Rates of mental health educational needs in both stages were more than average (3 degree). After marriage rate of needs was increased but it was not significant. Women in both stages report more rate of educational needs than men but this difference wasn’t significant.  Conclusion: Designing mental health promotion educational programs based on people needs are necessary and these programs should be performed in different stages of life. }, Keywords = {Education, Mental health, Marital life.}, volume = {19}, Number = {104}, pages = {67-76}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2390-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2390-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Khavaninzadeh, Morteza and MousaviVaeezi, Seyyed Saber and RamezaniyanNik, Ehsan and RezaGharebagh, Kobr}, title = {Determination of the frequency of prophylaxis usage against deep-vein thrombosis in hospitalized patients admitted in an educational hospital}, abstract ={ Background: Misdiagnosis and treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Thromboembolism (PTE) usually cause some problems and also lengthen the hospitalization period and treatment costs. Prophylaxis often reduces the risk of DVT and following PTE, therefore in this study we aimed to determine the frequency of using Prophylaxis to prevent DVTs in Rasoul Akram hospital in Tehran, Iran. Methods: In this Retrospective descriptive study, 202 participants were chosen from the patients admitted for surgery in the surgery unites and randomly stratified and classified. Information was extracted for these participants, based on variables and the objectives of this study and after that the frequency of using prophylaxis to prevent DVT was calculated by using descriptive analysis tool. Results: Our study consisted of 105 male (%52) and 97 female (%48) patients in which 62(%30.7) were from surgery unite, 52(%25.7) orthopedic , 36( %17.8) Gynecology, 33(%16.3) neurosurgery and 19(%9.4) urology. 114(%56.43) of participants received prophylaxis versus 88 (%43.56) the patients did not receive prophylaxis. 13 in high risk groups, 10 in the moderate risk group and 91 were in low-risk group. Conclusion: In our study, the correct usage of prophylaxis was in %24.3 of incidents, which was consistent with previous studies. In older populations who are subject to more risks in treatment, it is very important to employ more precise prophylaxis treatments. In this study only %14 of participants were from high risk group. Regarding the serious need for prophylaxis to prevent DVT in this particular population, the expansion of our studies toward those populations in higher risks is absolutely suggested.  }, Keywords = {Pulmonary Thromboembolism, Deep Vein Thrombosis, Prophylaxis, Prevention.}, volume = {19}, Number = {104}, pages = {77-82}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2391-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2391-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mirkarimpour, Seyyed Hossein and Alizadeh, Mohammad Hossein and FallahMohammadi, Mohammad and Adibmoradi, Masoud and Dilmaghanian, Aydi}, title = {The Effect of 4-week Swimming Training on Rat’s Knee Osteoarthritis induced by Monosodium Iodoacetate}, abstract ={ Background: Osteoarthritis is the most common form of synovial joint diseases which affect old people all around the world and can lead to chronic pain and severe disability. The aim of present study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of swimming exercise on MIA-induced osteoarthritis in male rats’ knee joint. Methods: Eighteen Wistar male rats (weight of 173±1 g, 8 weeks old) were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups: intact control, monosodium Iodoacetate (MIA) only and swimming. Intra-articular injection of MIA (50µl) was applied on rats’ right knee, similarly saline was injected in left knees. Training program used in the study was swimming with moderate intensity for 28 days. After the completion of the protocol, rats were killed and both knees of the animals were assessed histopathologically. One-way ANOVA (p<0/05) and post-hoc Tukey test were used for statistical analysis of data. Results: Results indicated that moderate swimming training for 4 weeks significantly improved osteoarthritic symptoms of rats’ knee in 3 histopathological measures of Depth Ratio of Lesions (p=0/001), Total Degeneration Width (p=0/001) and Significant Degeneration Width (P=0/001). Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that a moderate swimming training program exerts a beneficial influence on cartilage lesions induced by monosodium iodo acetate injection. Thus, the training protocol used in this study can be recommended for the treatment of osteoarthritis. }, Keywords = {Swimming Training, Knee Osteoarthritis, Monosodium Iodoacetate, Rats.}, volume = {19}, Number = {104}, pages = {83-91}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2392-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2392-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Kadkhodaei, Hamid Reza and Vasigh, Mahtab}, title = {Retrospective study of management of chronic organized empyema with thoracoscopy versus thoracotomy}, abstract ={ Background: Empyema remains a challenging issue for thoracic surgeons. In the early stages of empyema antibiotic therapy and pleural space drainage are the treatment of choice. In organized empyema with pleural peel and re-expandable underlying lung, decortication is the procedure of choice. There is agreement about the value of Video Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) in the management of stages I and II empyema, but there are doubts about its efficacy in stage III empyema. We seek to evaluate the comparative merits of thoracoscopic versus open decortication in the surgical management of patients with chronic postpneumonic pleural empyema.  Methods: From March 2004 to December 2010, 50 patients (43 males, 7 females, mean age: 37.6 years, range: 13-75 years) with chronic postpneumonic pleural empyema underwent decortications. It was a retrospective cross-sectional study. The data was gathered by investigating the patients medical records and analysed by SPSS17. Results: Decortication was performed by open thoracotomy in 29 (58%) patients and VATS in 21 (42%). Mortality was 6.5% .There was no difference in terms of re-operation, mortality and success rates. The operation time in (OT) thoracotomy group was shorter (p=0.03). Hospital stay, drainage duration and antibiotic therapy in VATS group was shorter. There was no statistical difference in regard to the success rate between the two groups. Conclusion: According to the results of this study we found that success rate of VATS decortication is comparable to open thoracotomy, however, a multicentric-randomized trial should be performed before video thoracoscopic decortication becomes the gold standard for the treatment of pleural empyema.  }, Keywords = {Thoracotomy, Thoracoscopic surgery, Empyema, Decortication.}, volume = {19}, Number = {105}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2394-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2394-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Vahabi, Zahra and Nafisi, Shahriar and Safarian, Fatemeh and Safarian, Zahra and Amirzargar, Ali Akbar and Soltanzadeh, Akbar and Sikarodi, Hajir}, title = {Serologic and electrophysiologic evaluation of patients with Myasthenia gravis}, abstract ={ Background: Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder mainly caused by antibodies to the muscle acetylcholine receptors (AChR-Ab) at the neuromuscular junction. Loss of these receptors leads to a defect in neuromuscular transmission with muscle weakness and fatigue. This antibody is not detected in all the patients and electrophysiologic study is necessary in some patients as a diagnostic tool. The serologic and electrophysiologic tests in Myasthenia gravis are evaluated in this study. Methods: One hundred twelve patients entered in a cross-sectional study. Serum AChR-Ab was measured and Repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) was done. The frequency of positive AChR-Ab and abnormal RNS and the relationship between them were determined.   Results: Thirty (26.8%) patients were males and 82 (73.2%) were females. Mean of age was 37.6±15.4 years. AChR-Ab was positive in 71 (63.4%) and negative in 41 (36.6%). RNS was done in 101 patients and was abnormal in 74 (73.3%) and normal in 27 (26.7%) patients. Ratio of abnormal RNS was 84.4% and 53.7% in seropositive and seronegative patients, respectively (p=0.001).  Conclusion: There is significant relationship between serologic and electrophysiological findings in Myasthenia gravis. Combining electrophysiological and serological tests could increase the accuracy of Myasthenia gravis diagnosis. }, Keywords = {Myasthenia gravis, AChR-Ab, RNS. }, volume = {19}, Number = {105}, pages = {8-14}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2395-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2395-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mohebi, Nafiseh and Mamarabadi, Mansoureh and Moghaddasi, Mehdi}, title = {Evaluation of the relation between Helicobacter pylori and Multiple sclerosis}, abstract ={ Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent central nervous system demyelinating disease. There are known risk factors for MS. However, there is uncertainty in its protective factors. Few studies have demonstrated that some chronic infections may have protective effects on this disease. We carried this study to investigate the relation between Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and the prevalence and severity of MS. Methods: In this case-control study, 163 MS patients and 150 sex- and age- matched controls were included. Blood samples for IgG and IgM anti HP antibodies were collected from all individuals. Also the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was used to evaluate the MS patients. Suitable statistical analysis was applied. Results: A significant difference was observed in seropositivity between these two groups. (p<0.001), but no significant difference was seen in seropositivity between conventional and opticospinal MS (p=0.522). No significant difference was observed in seropositivity among ages (p=0.075) and between genders (p=0.204). A significant difference was seen in EDSS value between seropositive and seronegative patients (p=0.017). Conclusion: We concluded that patients with HP infection had lower incidence of multiple sclerosis and MS patients with HP infection showed lower neurologic complications, which can demonstrate that HP infection may have a protective influence on MS pathogenesis. }, Keywords = {Helicobacter pylori, Multiple sclerosis, Immunological influences, Iranian patients.}, volume = {19}, Number = {105}, pages = {15-20}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2396-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2396-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Shahmoradi, Mohammad Kazem and Khavaninzadeh, Morteza and MousaviKani, Kaveh}, title = {Catheter related complications and survival among Iranian ESRD patients treated in Hasheminejad hospital 2010-2011}, abstract ={ Background: With the innovative idea of Central Vein Catheter at the end of 80’s, treatment of hemodialysis patients faced a significant change. Nowadays CVC’s are widely used and as a result CVC related complications have become important for surgeons. In this study survival and complications associated with CVC’s have been studied in End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients referring to Shahid Hasheminejad Hospital during 2010-11. Methods: In this cross- sectional and descriptive study,  all documents of ESRD patients’ that had catheter insertion at Hasheminejad Kidney Center during 2010-11 were included and demographic data, catheter related side effects, site of catheter, and duration of catheter utilization were taken from the records and major catheter related complications, reasons of catheter removal were obtained by descriptive analyses. We also calculated survival of catheters by Kaplan-meyer analytic method.  Results: In this study 150 records were enrolled with 122 male and 28 female patients, and a mean age of 56±15 years (range of 19-87 yrs). Regression analyses had shown that increasing age (p=0.003, RR=0.78), Hb (anemia), (p=0.04, RR=0.34), increased BUN (p=0.014, RR=0.37) and Cr (p=0.023, RR=0.45) levels had significant correlation with the side-effects. One and two months catheter survival were 88% and 69%, respectively.  Conclusion: Side effects were not higher than similar western studies. Studied patients had higher rates of anemia. Catheter thrombosis was reported as the second and local infection as the first common side effects. Survival of central vein catheters in Iran was similar to earlier conducted studies. }, Keywords = {Central venous catheter, Temporary catheter survival, Complication. }, volume = {19}, Number = {105}, pages = {21-27}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2397-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2397-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Abolhallaje, Masoud and Bastani, Peivand and Ramazanian, Maryam}, title = {Accomplishments of health system financial management reform implementation in units affiliated with MOHME}, abstract ={ Background: This study was conducted to summarize the main accomplishments of implementing the first phase of health system financial reform (establishment of accrual accounting) from the management development and resources  assistants points of view in universities affiliated with Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME). Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive research that was performed in a  census way in 2011. An instrument tool was a teacher made 23-item check list in 8 dimensions that was approved for its face and content validity with expert view and split half was applied confirming its reliability. Data was analyzed using Excel. Results: The highest ratio of stated accomplishments was related to recognition of revenues (86.5 out of 100) versus the lowest one belonging to external effects (37.9 out of 100). Moreover the most rate of diversion in answers was seen in units` financial autonomy. Conclusion: According to the significance of establishing accrual accounting accomplishments in units affiliated with MOHME and in order to achieve a broader spectrum of expert views, it is recommended to conduct similar studies with a qualitative approach on this study population. }, Keywords = {Health system financial management reform, Accrual accounting, Accomplishment.}, volume = {19}, Number = {105}, pages = {28-35}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2398-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2398-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Bervis, Soha and Kahrizi, Sedighe and Parnianpour, Mohammad and Mobini, Bahram}, title = {Evaluation of postural stability while holding variable dynamic load in asymmetric postures in healthy men subjects}, abstract ={ Background: Changes in load during asymmetric holding may be associated with particularly high risk of loss of balance and spinal injury. Therefore, in order to assess occupational lesions and to make preventive rehabilitation programs in such conditions like holding dynamic loads in asymmetric postures could be important.  Methods:  In a cross-sectional study, COP amplitude and velocity sway were studied in 14 normal male volunteers during holding static and dynamic load in symmetric and asymmetric postures.  Results: Similar Anterior-Posterior responses to the postures were seen, although asymmetric postures showed a larger Medial-Lateral COP amplitude and velocity sway (p<0.05). While dynamic load increased Anterior-Posterior and Medial-Lateral postural parameters in asymmetric posture (p<0.05), we observed increase only in Anterior-Posterior direction in symmetric posture (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that dynamic load challenges the postural stability control, with a higher effect in asymmetric posture. }, Keywords = {Postural stability, Variable dynamic load, Asymmetric posture.}, volume = {19}, Number = {105}, pages = {36-45}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2399-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2399-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Ziaei, Mansour and TabatabaiGhomshe, Seyed Farhad and Mokhtarinia, Hamid Reza and Maghsoudipor, Maryam and HamzeiyanZiyarani, Mostaf}, title = {The effect of change in the design of shoe\'s sole on the human stability during walking}, abstract ={ Background: Shoes is the first point of contact between the foot and the ground in walking.Any change in that could affect the balance and postural stability. The risks associated with slipping and falling is related to the materials of footwear, surface condition, and geometric design of the shoe sole. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of different shoe sole tread groove depths on the stability during walking on dry and slippery surfaces. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 22 healthy young men with average age 24.5±3.43 years wore the oxford standard shoe and walked on two different surfaces (dry and slippery) with three different groove depths (1, 2.5 and 5 mm). In fact, there were six different test conditions. Data was collected by the VICON Motion Analysis system and Force plate set. The Paired T-test was performed to study the effects of groove depth and surface contamination on the Coefficient of Friction (COF) and Fluctuations Rate of Ankle (FRA). Results: The results showed that on slippery and dry surfaces, increase in groove depths leads to increase of COF and decrease of FRA (p<0.05). Also values of COF on slippery surface were less than dry surface significantly (p<0.01).  Conclusion: The aim of this study was to find the groove depth which has the optimal stability. In our study, the deepest groove (5 mm) was better for reduction of FRA and increase of COF during walking on slippery and dry surfaces. }, Keywords = {Balance, Slippery, Sole tread groove depth, Surface contamination, Stability.}, volume = {19}, Number = {105}, pages = {46-53}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2400-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2400-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {JavadMousavi, Seyed Ali and Barati, Mitra and Kochari, Mohammad Reza and Javadinia, Shima and TalebiTaher, Mahshi}, title = {Evaluation of the diagnostic value of PCR and smear for diagnosis of tuberculosis in bronchoalveolar lavage}, abstract ={ Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one the oldest known diseases in human. According to its high prevalence in Iran, using a diagnostic procedure with more rapid result than culture, more sensitive and specific than smear and near to culture can help us to diagnose and treat the disease rapidly and accurately, and thus control it in the community. So we decided to evaluate PCR for the diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Broncho-alveolar Lavage (BAL) and compare it with smear.  Methods: Patients who were admitted at Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital during 2 years of 2010-11 with the impression of tuberculosis and underwent bronchoscopy were included.  Their BAL was sent for smear, culture and PCR for tuberculosis diagnosis. Data were analyzed by mean and standard deviation and p Value under 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Forty seven patients with probable pulmonary tuberculosis underwent bronchoscopy. BAL cultures were positive in 6 (12.8%) patients, smears in 5 (10.6%) patients and PCR in 3 (6.4%) patients. According to this result smear had 83% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% PPV and 98% NPV. However PCR had 50% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% PPV and 93% NPV. Conclusion: Although PCR is a rapid and new tool for TB diagnosis, smear- which is an older way- is simpler has lower cost and is feasible in all points of Iran and still is a better method for TB diagnosis.  }, Keywords = {Pulmonary tuberculosis, Bronchoalveolar lavage, PCR.}, volume = {19}, Number = {105}, pages = {54-58}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2401-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2401-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mazinani, Robabeh and AkbariMehr, Mandana and Kaskian, Adis and Kashanian, Maryam}, title = {Evaluation of prevalence of sexual dysfunctions and its related factors in women}, abstract ={ Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of sexual dysfunctions and their related factors in women referring to health clinics in Tehran. Method: The study was performed as a descriptive analytic study. For this purpose, 405 married women were selected from 4 clinics of four geographic areas (north, south, west and east) in Tehran city (30 people from each center) through randomized and multistage sampling. The assessment was done by using demographic questionnaire and Sexual Function Questionnaire (SFQ). The research data were analyzed by independent t-test and one-way ANOVA and correlation test. Results: The results of data analysis showed general prevalence of sexual dysfunction in women were 31%, so that the prevalence of hypoactive sexual desire was 33%, the prevalence of sexual arousal disorder was 16.5%. The prevalence of orgasmic disorder was 25% and the prevalence of painful sexual disorder (dyspareunia) was 45.5%. Conclusion: The assessment of related factors showed that age of women, duration of marriage, positive history of psychiatric disorders and using psychotropic medication and also history of sexual abuse had significant correlation with sexual dysfunction. }, Keywords = {Sexual dysfunction, Sexual desire disorder, Sexual arousal disorder, Orgasm disorder, Dyspareunia.}, volume = {19}, Number = {105}, pages = {59-66}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2402-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2402-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mostafapour, Elyas and Pourfakharan, Mohammad and Hosseini, Ehsan and Mostafapour, Abolfazl and Javad-Mousavi, Seyyed Arash and Pourfakharan, Mohammad Has}, title = {Case report: Monitoring of blood pressure and pulse rate and sending the information to physician by Global System for Mobile Communications}, abstract ={ Background: Hypertension is a common chronic disease with increasing prevalence worldwide. Regular close monitoring of blood pressure is key point of hypertension management. Home monitoring of blood pressure has its own problems such as lack of early access to a physician in case of emergency. In this study we have designed a device that could send the patient’s self-measured blood pressure to physician.  Case report: A 56 year old woman with a 6 year history of hypertension was enrolled to the study. After giving information about using the device, we gave it to her. With each use of device at home we received an SMS (Short Message Service) on patient’s blood pressure that were coordinated with self-recorded blood pressures. This device consisted of a designed electronic board and installed components (such as programmed mobile board and micro controller) placed on the board and attached to a blood pressure measuring device. After pushing a button, the blood pressure was measured spontaneously and data shown on an LED monitor and sent through GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) by a sim card to the physician. Conclusion: This new device helps physicians to control patients’ blood pressure closely without any extra cost. Also using this device will decrease the rate of complicated hypertensive attacks. }, Keywords = {Hypertension, GSM, Remote monitoring.}, volume = {19}, Number = {105}, pages = {67-71}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2403-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2403-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2013} }