@article{ author = {Ebrahimpour, P and Fakhrzadeh, H and Pourebrahim, R and Hamidi, A and Heshmat, R and Nouri, M and Larijani, B}, title = {Metabolic Syndrome and its Relationship with Insulin Levels in Obese Children: A Study on Primary School Children of the 6th District of Tehran}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: Insulin resistance syndrome, a cluster of metabolic abnormalities, is accompanied by an increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This has become an important problem in urban children due to their increasing levels of obesity. The aim of the present study is to determine the status of metabolic syndrome in obese urban children of Iran. Patients & Method: 535 obese 7 to 11-year-old students of all the primary schools of the 6th district of Tehran were studied according to their waist circumference and International Obesity Task Force(IOTF) criteria. Waist circumference, fasting serum triglyceride, high density lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and insulin levels were measured. Results: The crude prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome in these children was 20.6%. There was no significant difference between genders. The most common metabolic abnormality was hypertriglyceridemia and the least common one was low HDL levels. All the components of metabolic syndrome except low HDL levels were significantly higher in obese children with metabolic syndrome. Moreover, these children showed distinctly higher insulin levels. Conclusion: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is high in obese Iranian children. Early intervention in this population who will become our future obese adults is needed not only to increase their life quality but also to decrease the future burden of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases on our society.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Metabolic Syndrome 2) Insulin 3) Children 4) Obese}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {7-16}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-584-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-584-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Otoukesh, H and Sharifian, M and Basiri, A and Simforoush, N and Hosseini, R and Sedigh, N and Golnari, P and Rezaee, M and Fereshtehnezhad, S.M}, title = {Evaluation of Renal Graft Survival Rate in Children with Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in Labafi Nejad Hospital}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: Previously, patients with end stage renal failure(ESRF) and lower urinary tract abnormality(LUTA) were often considered high risk for renal transplantation. In order to examine the degree of risk, 48 patients who received renal transplants in Labafi Nejad Hospital were evaluated between 1986 and 2003. Patients & Method: In this retrospective cohort study, the mean age of the patients was 11.5 years in both case and control groups. Girls comprised 35% of the subjects and boys 65%. Urologic anomalies included posterior urethral valves in 4 cases, ureteral obstruction in 4 cases, and neurogenic bladder in 40 cases. Results: Among the subjects of the control group, 2.3% had hyper-acute rejection, 59% acute rejection, and 35% chronic rejection. In patients with LUTA, 8% showed hyper-acute rejection, 75% acute rejection, and 39.5% chronic rejection. However, there was no significant difference between these two groups(hyper-acute rejection: Pv=0.11, acute rejection: Pv=0.52, chronic rejection: Pv=0.29). Graft failure was seen in 33%(16 out of 48) of the patients. This value was the same in children without LUTA who underwent renal transplantation. The mean survival period was 6 years in patients with LUTA and 7.3 years in the control group. This difference was not statistically significant, though(Pv=0.7). In patients with LUTA, the rate of graft survival in the first year after transplantation was 90% rates for the third, fifth and seventh years after transplantation were 76%, 65% and 40% respectively. In the control group, graft survival rate was 88% in the first year, 73% in the third, 70% in the fifth, and 49% in the seventh year after transplantation. Conclusion: Graft survival rate was the same in both groups.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Kidney 2) Transplantation 3) Lower Urinary Tract Anomalies}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {17-24}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-585-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-585-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Ehsanipour, F and Shayanfar, N and Azimi, M}, title = {Seroprevalence of Hepatitis A Infection in Children Referred to Rasoul Akram Hospital}, abstract ={   Background & Aim: Hepatitis A(HA) infection has different epidemiologic and clinical patterns, depending on the level of endemicity in a given geographic area. Iran is considered an endemic region for this infection therefore, we decided to assess the seroprevalence of HAV(Hepatitis A Virus) in children referred to Rasoul Akram Hospital. Patients & Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study involved 288 children whose ages ranged from 6 months to 15 years with a mean of 5.73 years. The subjects were then tested serologically for total IG(IgG+IgM) antibody to HAV by using EIA(Enzyme Immuno Assay). Results: The overall seroprevalence among the cases was 50%(6 months of age=86%, 6 months-1 year of age=80%, 1-5 years of age=36.8%, 5-10 years of age=50%, 10-15 years of age=52.4%). As the results show, the seroprevalence of children between 6 months and 1 year of age is significantly higher than that of children between the ages of 5 and 10(P<0.000001). The female children had higher seropositivity rate than the male ones(63% VS 44% P<0.0005). The lower socioeconomic status the children had, the greater the prevalence of immunity against HAV infection was(low=75%, intermediate=49%, high=32% P<0.0001). Conclusion: It is suggested that IG be prescribed for post exposure prophylaxis, especially for children over the age of one and those who belong to higher socioeconomic status.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Hepatitis A 2) Antibody 3) Children 4) Prophylaxis}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {25-32}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-586-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-586-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Akhlaghi, L and Gharegozlou, M and Ourmazdi, H and Bakhtiari, M and Kashi, L}, title = {Relationship between Giardiasis and Allergy in Children Referred to the Allergy Clinic of Tehran Children’s Medical Center, 2003-2004}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: Human giardiasis is an infection produced by the flagellate protozoan, giardia lamblia, that is localized to the small bowel where it produces damage to the mucosa with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. This parasitosis has a worldwide distribution. Its incidence varies from 15 to 30%. Current evidence suggests that both humoral and cellular immune responses are involved in providing immunity to this parasitic infection. A number of reports have described the existence of allergic symptoms in persons with giardiasis. Furthermore, elevated levels of serum IgE and eosinophilia have also occasionally been described in this infection. Due to the importance of this issue in children, it seems essential to evaluate the relationship between giardiasis and allergy so that we can help physicians with the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. Patients & Method: From January 2003 to December 2004, we evaluated a group of 125 children under 15 admitted to the Allergy Clinic of Children’s Medical Center as a case group and also a group of 125 children with no allergic signs admitted to the Internal Clinic of the same center as a control group. Both groups had already been matched when we performed three fecal examinations and measured their total serum IgE and eosinophilia. Results: We found out that 20(16%) out of 125 allergic children were infected with giardia lamblia. In addition, 16 of the children infected with G.lamblia showed significantly higher levels of total IgE. Conclusion: Like previous studies that showed a relationship between giardiasis and skin allergy the results of the present study revealed a relationship between giardiasis and the level of total IgE(P<0.05), which can account for a relationship between giardiasis and skin allergy(p0.05).}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Giardiasis 2) Giardia Lamblia 3) Allergy 4) Eosinophilia 5) Children}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {33-38}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-587-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-587-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {ArabiMoghaddam, M.Y and SayadpourZanjani, K}, title = {Evaluation of 290 Children with Rheumatic Heart Disease}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: Acute rheumatic fever and its cardiac involvement is one of the most prevalent acquired pediatric heart diseases in developing countries needing long hospitalization, cardiac surgery, prophylaxis, and delicate management and causing death in some cases. A paucity of information about this disease in our country made us perform the present study in one of the largest pediatric cardiac centers of Iran. Patients & Method: 290 pediatric rheumatic cases with cardiac involvement admitted from April 1985 until March 1999(15 years) were assessed in terms of the age of first involvement and admission, sex, valvar involvement, type of surgery, recurrence of infectious endocarditis, and mortality. Results: There was no sexual predominance(51% male versus 49% female). The age of first involvement ranged from 4 to 16 years with the mean of 9.7. 65% of cases showed their first involvement between the ages of 7 and 12. The age of admission ranged from 4 to 18 years with the mean of 11.1. 80% of cases were admitted over the age of 11. cardiac valvar involvement was diagnosed by physical exam, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray, and echocardiography. Angiography was done for most patients. The results indicated isolated mitral disease in 49%, combined aortic and mitral involvement in 39.5%, isolated aortic involvement in 3.5%, and the involvement of 3-4 valves in 7% of the patients. In other words, mitral valve was involved in 90% and aortic valve in 44% of the patients(isolated or combined). Of 190 patients who underwent valvar surgery, 96(51%) had operation on mitral valve, 83(43.5%) on mitral and aortic valves, and 10(5.2%) on aortic valve. Recurrence of rheumatic fever occurred in 42 cases(14%), infectious endocarditis in 16(5.5%), and mortality in 4(1.3%). Conclusion: Afflicting girls and boys equally, rheumatic heart disease is most commonly found among children of school age. 65% of the studied patients underwent surgery and often needed valve replacement. Therefore, it is recommended that special attention be paid to diagnosis and early treatment of streptococcal infection so that its grievous complications will be avoided.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Rheumatic Heart Disease 2) Children 3) Valvar Heart Surgery}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {39-46}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-588-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-588-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Bahasadri, SH and Dehghaninic, M}, title = {The Effect of Subcutaneous Sterile Water Injection in Lumbosacral Area on Low Back Labor Pains at the First Stage of Labor}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: About 30% of women experience severe continuous low back pains in labor, but limited options are available to reduce this pain especially in developing countries like Iran and remote areas. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of subcutaneous sterile water injection in lumbosacral area on low back labor pains at the first stage of labor. Patients & Method: We conducted a double blind randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of subcutaneous sterile water injection in lumbosacral area on low back labor pains at the first stage of labor. During the first stage of normal vaginal delivery, the intervention(case) group(n=50) received 0.5 ml sterile water injected subcutaneously and the control group(n=50) received 0.5 ml normal saline. Both groups received injection in a painful part of lumbosacral area. Pain score was measured before and after 10 and 45 minutes of injection using a visual face rating scale. This scale consists of 5 faces in which the severity of pain has been depicted by different facial expressions. Score one is considered for the lowest amount of pain and score five for the highest and intolerable amount of pain. The patient is asked to select the picture which corresponds to her condition best. The median scores of both groups were compared then. Results: The two groups were not significantly different regarding maternal age and weight, gestational age, parity and gravidity, degree of effacement, and education. Prior to the injection, median pain score was equal in both groups as per face rating scale. Both groups showed decrease in pain levels both 10 and 45 minutes after injection. The median pain score in the intervention(case) group was significantly lower than the control group 10 minutes as well as 45 minutes after injection(p<0.01). Conclusion: Administering single subcutaneous injection of sterile water in a tender point of lumbosacral area is effective in reducing low back pains during labor. Since this method is inexpensive, harmless, accessible, simple to apply and efficacious, it is recommended for routine clinical practice.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Subcutaneous Sterile Water Injection 2) First Stage of Labor}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {47-54}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-589-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-589-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Pishgoo, B and Assari, SH}, title = {Primary Pericardial Angiosarcoma: A Case Report and Literature Review}, abstract ={    Introduction: Among malignant pericardial tumors, which appear to be scarcely seen, primary pericardial angiosarcoma is considered as one of the rarest ones. Case Report: A 51-year-old female presented with dyspnea on exertion and edema of lower limbs. Echocardiography showed pericardial effusion. Aspiration and biopsy of pericardium were reported as chronic pericarditis as well. In her third admission, dyspnea and orthopnea were on the increase. In serial echocardiography, restrictive pattern was seen despite small pericardial effusion, which suggests constrictive pericarditis(CP). Cardiac catheterization also confirmed CP. A palliative total pericardiectomy was performed and angiosarcoma was diagnosed based on histopathological and immunohistochemical reports. Conclusion: While there was no tumor source in breast, lungs, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and reticuloendothelial system, the tumor was recognized as primary pericardial angiosarcoma. However, she died a few days after the initiation of chemotherapy due to cardiopulmonary arrest.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Pericardium 2) Tumor 3) Primary Pericardial Angiosarcoma}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {55-60}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-590-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-590-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Panahi, F and Assari, SH and Mohebbi, H.A and Jahanshahi, M}, title = {Umbilical Pilonidal Sinus: A Retrospective Study of Cases who Underwent Surgery in Baqyiatallah Hospital between 1996 and 2003}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: Umbilical pilonidal sinus is a granulomatous reaction to hair shaft penetrating the epidermis of umbilicus from the external surface. Several affected patients never undergo invasive investigations therefore, in most cases no pathological samples are taken. McClenathan(2000) recommended the clinical diagnosis of this entity. This study presents the cases who were pathologically or clinically diagnosed as umbilical pilonidal sinus and underwent surgery in Baqyiatallah Hospital between 1996 and 2003. Patients & Method: In this retrospective study, umbilical pilonidal sinus was clinically diagnosed with respect to the history of extraction of hair from umbilicus or observation of hair deep in umbilicus during the physical exam or operation. Demographic(age, sex, job, and province), clinical(symptoms and duration) and treatment(anesthesia and duration of hospitalization) data about 56 patients who underwent surgery between 1996 and 2003 were registered. Results: The age of the patients ranged from 12 to 40 with a mean age of 24±4.7 years. The most common symptoms were discharge from umbilicus(96%), pain(51%), and bleeding(44%). Length of stay in the hospital ranged between two and ten days. Conclusion: Clinical diagnosis of umbilical pilonidal sinus may result in determination of real prevalence of this disease.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Umbilical Pilonidal Sinus 2) Pilonidal Sinus 3) Granulomatous Disease 4) Umbilicus}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {61-66}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-591-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-591-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Jadidi, M and Firoozabadi, S.M and Vafaei, A.A}, title = {The Effect of Short Time 7.5 mT Magnetic Field on Spatial Learning in Mice}, abstract ={     Background & Aim: In human environment, magnetic fields are created by electrical generators, power lines, and electrical instruments. These fields could affect learning and memory. This study was planned to evaluate whether short time exposure to magnetic fields has any significant effect on spatial memory. Material & Method: In this experimental study, we used 10 male Albino Wistar mice that were trained for spatial memory in a T-maze model within six days. Twenty-four hours after training, animals were tested for retention of discrimination in three stages(control, restrainer and magnetic field) at two-hour intervals and each of the animals was given 5 successive trials at one-minute intervals. The time of movement from the start area until they reached the criterion zone was measured by a chronometer. Magnetic field was induced by a round coil with an internal diameter of 8 cm and 850 turns of copper wire. Maximum intensity of 7.5 mT at the center of the coil was calibrated by a digital teslameter. Results: Evaluation of the results of the three stages indicated that the mean of time was 15.4 s, 11.5 s, 11.3 s respectively. Also, there was a significant difference between the time in the control stage and the other stages (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the restrainer stage and the magnetic field regarding the time measured. Conclusion: Research findings indicated that short time 7.5 mT, 50 Hz magnetic field did not have any significant effect on T-maze alternation tasks in mice and it would probably have no effect on spatial memory process either.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Magnetic Field 2) Spatial Learning 3) Memory}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {67-76}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-592-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-592-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Jafarian, A.A and Imani, F and Nasernezhad, SH}, title = {A Case Report of Neurapraxia Following Orthopedic Surgery with General Anesthesia}, abstract ={    Introduction: One of the important complications after anesthesia is nerve injury. Although this complication is rare, it can be followed by some problems if it occurs. Case Report: This report presents a 17-year-old woman who underwent orthopedic surgery with general anesthesia in semilateral position due to her left femoral fracture. Post operation, she could not move her left shoulder, arm, forearm, and wrist. Conclusion: Physical examination, laboratory studies and recovery process revealed the complication would be neurapraxia. Physical therapy started 3 days later and at the end of the third, fifth and sixth week, the patient regained partial activity of her shoulder, arm and hyposthesia respectively. 7 weeks after the start of physical therapy, she could move her shoulder and arm completely and was discharged from the hospital.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Neurapraxia 2) General Anesthesia 3) Upper Extremity Movement Disorder}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {77-84}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-593-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-593-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Jalali, S.M and Heydari, M}, title = {Gynecomastia and Revising its Diagnostic Algorithm}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: Gynecomastia or benign enlargement of breasts in males may occur at any age due to several reasons. The main problem in this disease is finding hidden feminizing tumors in testis or adrenals which can be considered as a dangerous but potentially treatable cause. In this study, we assessed 62 patients with gynecomastia to suggest a new algorithmic approach for evaluation of these patients. Patients & Method: In a case series study, all the patients hospitalized for surgical treatment of gynecomastia in general surgery wards of Tehran University of Medical Sciences from March 2002 to 2004 were enrolled. Required data such as history, physical examination, lab studies, testicular and adrenal sonographic reports, breast imaging, and surgery and pathology reports were collected and assessed. The pathology reports were considered as an approval to clinical diagnosis. All the patients underwent testicular and adrenal sonographic examinations. Results: 7 out of 69 patients were excluded because of incomplete data and 62 patients were finally assessed. The mean age was 30.35±14.06 years and the mean of disease duration was 42.83±37.77 months. Primary or idiopathic gynecomastia was seen in 42 patients(68%) and 20 patients(32%) presented with secondary gynecomastia. Low testosterone level, normal LH(Luteinizing Hormone) and high prolactin were noted in one patient who was diagnosed as idiopathic hyperprolactinemia. Apart from two cases of mild varicocele, no abnormalities were detected in testicular or adrenal sonographic examinations of the patients. Conclusion: This study suggests a new algorithmic approach for evaluation of patients with gynecomastia, which can lower the costs of treatment. Further studies are required to compare this algorithm with the current diagnostic approach.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Algorithm 2) Diagnosis 3) Gynecomastia}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {85-90}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-594-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-594-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Javadi, M and MalekiDelarestaghi, M and Rezaii, R}, title = {A Ten-Year Survey on the Prevalence of Thyroglossal Duct Cyst in Firouzgar and Hazrat-e-Rasoul Akram Hospitals}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: One of the commonest complaints of patients referred to ENT clinics is neck mass that accounts for 10-15% of the patients. However, thyroglossal duct cyst is the commonest congenital neck mass and the second common childhood neck mass that is usually presented before 5 years of age, but it sometimes remains asymptomatic until adolescence. Except lymphadenopathy, it is the commonest non-cancerous neck mass and should be differentiated from other neck masses. The fact that incomplete or incorrect treatment may lead to recurrence and difficulty in next attempts displays the necessity of knowledge and awareness on the part of physicians to decrease the rate of recurrence and complications by adopting a correct surgical approach. The present study was carried out to determine different clinical manifestations of the above-mentioned cyst and their incidence rates among Iranians to help doctors diagnose and treat the cases properly. Patients & Method: In this study we investigated files of patients who were admitted to Hazrat-e-Rasoul Akram and Firouzgar hospitals between 1991 and 2002 with the diagnosis of thyroglossal duct cyst confirmed by histopathological reports. Results: 54 patients including 53% male and 47% female participated in the study. The average age for males and females was 21 and 17.7 respectively. Major complaints consisted of neck mass(67.7%), discharge from anterior cervical region(29.5%), local abscess(3.5%), and lingual mass(2.3%). Regarding the location of the mass or fistula, 42 cases(82.3%) presented in midline cervical area, 3 cases(5.8%) in right cervical area, 5 cases(9.8%) in left cervical area, and one case(1.9%) intralingual. Concerning mobility, 31 cases(60.7%) presented with mobile masses or fistulas, 15 cases(29.5%) with immobile ones and in other cases required data was not available. Conclusion: Although the patients of the present study were reported to be older than those of similar studies, other signs and symptoms were the same.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Thyroglossal Cyst 2) Neck Mass 3) Lymphadenopathy}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {91-96}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-595-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-595-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Delshad, S and Farhood, P and Nasiri, S.J}, title = {Esophageal Replacement in Children: 18 Case Reports from Ali-Asghar Hospital}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: Esophageal replacement is done for patients with long gap esophageal atresia, severe stenosis of esophagus due to gastroesophageal reflux, and burns due to chemical agents. A suitable replacement for esophagus must have the following qualities: appropriate function, no tendency to malignancy, straight direction, no gastroesophageal reflux, and fewer complications. Today gastric tube, stomach, jejenum, and colon are used for esophageal replacement and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. The appropriate time for esophageal replacement is the age of 3-6 months in the case of esophageal atresia. However, when the stenosis needs over a 12-month period for dilation or the length of the stenosis is more than 5 cm and in the case of esophageal burns due to chemical agents and esophageal reflux, replacement seems to be necessary. Patients & Method: In this retrospective study, we examined the results of different methods of esophageal replacement and their complications in Ali-Asghar Hospital from 1996 to 2004. Then the results were compared with the international scientific findings . In Ali-Asghar Hospital, 18 children were operated for esophageal replacement. Among these cases, 3 patients were severe stenosis due to esophageal burns and the others were cases of long gap esophageal atresia. Replacement was done for 15 cases by colon interposition, 2 patients by gastric replacement and one case by gastric tube procedure. The third gastric replacement was performed on complicated patients who had undergone colon interposition before. Colon can be used for esophageal replacement by two methods: isoperistaltic and antiperistaltic. The rate of complications and mortality is higher in antiperistaltic method. Anastomotic leakage and stenosis of the anastomotic line are the most common complications in esophageal replacement. The common causes of mortality are aspiration pneumonia and congenital heart disease. Results: 14 out of 18 patients were male and the rest were female. The range of age to have a replacement operation was 3.5-12 months in the case of esophageal atresia and 15-30 months in the case of GER(gastroesophageal reflux) and esophagitis. Three cases of GER and chemical esophagitis underwent two methods of surgery including gastric replacement(two cases) and gastric tube(one case). 15 cases of esophageal atresia underwent colon interposition. The colon segments used for replacement were right colon in 9, left colon in 5, and transverse colon in 1 case. Conclusion: In Ali-Asghar Children’s Hospital and most other pediatric surgery centers around the world, colon is most commonly used for esophageal replacement. This kind of replacement can be carried out by two methods named isoperistaltic and antiperistaltic. In comparison with antiperistaltic method, the isoperistaltic one is accompanied by fewer complications. However, if colon interposition fails, the best replacement is the whole stomach.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Esophageal Replacement 2) Esophageal Atresia 3) Esophageal Burns}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {97-104}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-596-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-596-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Rahimi, A and Ahmadi, F and Akhoond, M.R}, title = {An Investigation into the Prevalence of Vertebral Column Pains among the Nurses Employed in Hamedan Hospitals, 2004}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: In the last decades, musculoskeletal disorders have increasingly become endemic. These disorders are the common cause of work-related disabilities among nurses. They are also considered to be highly important due to the enormous treatment costs and early retirements caused by them. In this respect, the present descriptive cross-sectional study was done to measure the incidence of nurses’ vertebral pains and determine the correlation between nurses’ personal characteristics and those complaints. 180 nurses working in Hamedan hospitals participated in this study. Patients & Method: For data collection, a questionnaire consisting of three parts was drawn upon. Part one and two were related to demographic and occupational characteristics respectively and part three contained pain scale measurement. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, statistical tests of Chi-square and t-student by SPSS(13) were used. Results: The samples who were all RN(Registered Nurses) included 32.8% men, 67.2% women, 38.9% single, 60% married, and 15.6% had a second job besides nursing. The study showed that while 48.9% of all participants had average knowledge of accurate principles of spine care, only 6.7% always applied them at work. In addition, the results showed that among 51.1% of the subjects who went through back pains at the start of their nursing professions, 51.1% felt the pains suddenly following an accident at work. Furthermore, 56.7% of the subjects suffered from at least one type of pains, of which the most common was low back pain. There was a statistically significant correlation between the existence of pain and applying accurate principles of spine care(P=0.029). Conclusion: Given that a high percentage of nurses suffer from a kind of vertebral pain, it is highly recommended that in order to solve these problems, the use of appropriate instruments for patient and heavy tools handling, regular exercises, and the effect of nurses’ intrinsic factors on vertebral complaints should be given priorities. Finally, to improve the quality of nursing care and general health, caring and planning are said to be the best strategy.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1)Pain 2) Musculoskeletal Disorders 3) Nurses}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {105-114}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-597-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-597-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {RazzaghiAzar, M and Moghimi, A and Montazer, M and MohammadSadeghi, H and Golnari, P and Sedigh, N and Ossivand, S and Fereshtehnezhad, S.M and ZahediShulami, L and Ebrahimpour, N and ZanganehKazemi, A}, title = {Evaluation of Height, Weight and BMI(Body Mass Index) in Healthy 6-17-year-old Schoolgirls and 6-15-year-old Schoolboys, Tehran}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: Growth monitoring is a necessary part of routine medical health services all over the world. In growth monitoring, it is important to define standard values of growth indices for each country and human race. In this respect, the present study aimed to evaluate and determine growth indices for schoolboys and girls living in Tehran and to compare those indices with standard reference values. Patients & Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 2924 children consisting of 1412 healthy 6-17-year-old schoolgirls and 1512 healthy 6-15-year-old schoolboys living in Tehran, Iran, between 2001 and 2004. The samples were collected on the basis of multistage probability sampling. To be healthy was defined as the absence of systemic disorders and history of known diseases. All samples were examined and evaluated by a physician with regard to their weight and height, and their precise age was also determined. The LMS method introduced by Cole et al was applied to estimate the standard percentiles using LMS Light software. The mean standard deviation score of samples was compared with NCHS(National Center for Health Statistics) standard using one sample t-test. Results: The percentiles 3, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, and 97 — and 85 only for BMI — were calculated for height, weight and BMI in boys and girls, and their corresponding graphs were plotted. There was no significant difference between the mean of boys’ height, weight and BMI standard deviation scores and NCHS standards, but the girls’ height and weight were significantly less than reference data. Conclusion: In conclusion, the results indicate that overall height and weight of Iranian girls are less than reference values and this difference is more significant with regard to their height. However, Iranian boys’ growth indices are similar to reference values up to 15 years of age.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Height 2) Weight 3) BMI(Body Mass Index) 4) Growth Chart}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {115-130}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-598-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-598-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Sarasgani, M.R and Firoozraee, M}, title = {The Effect of Amino Acids on the Growth of Epidermophyton Floccosum and Microsporum Gypseum}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: Amino acids have different effects on the growth of some dermatophytes. Some may increase and the others may inhibit their growth. The concentration of some amino acids is also an important factor for their effect. Therefore, we decided to investigate the effects of amino acids on the growth of two Iranian species of dermatophytes including epidermophyton floccosum and microsporum gypseum. Material & Method: In this experimental study, two concentrations(1gr/dl and 0.1gr/dl) of 23 amino acids were added to sabouraud glucose agar media of these dermatophytes. The experiment was carried out 3 times. After 2 weeks, the means of the colonies were compared with the mean of the control group which was made without adding any amino acids to sabouraud glucose agar media. Results: The results showed that L-cysteine hydrocholoride, L-cysteine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid and DL-tryptophan had more inhibitory effects on the studied dermatophytes and the rest of amino acids had less inhibitory and even stimulating effects on the growth of the dermatophytes. Conclusion: Microsporum gypseum has more sensitivity to amino acids, in contrast to epidermophyton floccosum.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Microsporum Gypseum 2) Epidermophyton Floccosum 3) Amino Acids}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {131-138}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-599-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-599-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Shahpourian, F and Mollaahmadi, L and Feizi, Z and Hosseini, F}, title = {A Comparison of Adequacy of Cervical Cytology Sampling with Cervix Brush and Modified Ayre Spatula: A Two-Group Randomized Trial}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: Pap smear test is an easy and low cost screening method for prevention of cervical cancer. Attempts to improve the quality of this test have an important role in early diagnosis and treatment of the disease. The purpose of this study is determination of differences between cervix brush and modified Ayre spatula in terms of cervical smear adequacy. Patients & Method: In a two-group randomized trial, two hundred forty women undergoing cervical smear at the gynecology clinic of Air Force Hospital were randomly assigned to two groups of cervix brush and modified Ayre spatula, each with 120 cases. The cytopathologist was blind to the cervical smear collection device. Bethesda system guideline was used and smears were considered either satisfactory or unsatisfactory accordingly. Results: The findings showed no significant difference between capability of cervix brush and modified Ayre spatula to produce satisfactory and unsatisfactory smears(p=0.497). Conclusion: Both methods are recommended to be used in health centers with emphasis on training medical personnel to take pap smears with special care. Comparison of the two mentioned devices regarding the detection of precancerous lesions in high risk women is recommended for further studies.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Pap Smear 2) Cervical Cancer 3) Bethesda System}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {139-148}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-600-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-600-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Sheikh, M and Olyaee, G.R and Abolfazli, R and Hosseini, H.A}, title = {Assessment of the Effects of Neurodevelopmental Treatment(NDT) and Botulinum Toxin Injection on Spastic Hemiplegic Patients}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: Hemiplegia results from upper motor neuron lesion and the patient encounters complications such as spastic paralysis of limbs, weakness and disability in performing movement patterns. One of the effective treatment approaches for these patients is neurodevelopmental treatment(NDT) based on Bobath’s assumptions. On the other hand, the latest researches show that botulinum toxin can effectively reduce spasticity in spastic muscles. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of NDT techniques and NDT plus BTX-A (Botulinum Toxin Type A) injection on reduction of spasticity and improving the quality of movement patterns of lower limbs in hemiplegic patients. Patients & Method: 15 hemiplegic patients whose ages ranged from 27 to 70 participated in this study. The patients were in spastic phase and able to walk with or without supportive devices. According to OAS(Original Ashworth Scale), the severity of spasticity was assessed between 1 and 3. Five patients were treated using NDT method(Group A) and ten patients were treated using combined method(Group B). BTX-A injection was performed into the calf muscles of lower limbs. Baseline assessment consisted of measuring the severity of spasticity of plantar flexors, active and passive ROM(Range of Motion) of ankle dorsiflexion, and the quality of movement patterns of lower limbs. Results: In both groups reduced spasticity, increased active and passive ROM, and improved quality of movement patterns were seen after treatment while mean changes of these parameters were significantly higher in group B(P<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that NDT techniques may reduce spasticity and increase ROM and quality of movement patterns by providing an inhibitory mechanism for abnormal movement patterns, facilitating normal responses and increasing the ability of patient to perform discrete movements in spite of the presence of synergic movement patterns. Direct effect of BTX-A on muscle tone and spasticity reduction may increase the effectiveness of NDT techniques.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Hemiplegia 2) Spasticity 3) Neurodevelopmental Treatment(NDT)}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {149-156}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-601-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-601-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Ghafoori, M and Rostampour, A}, title = {Evaluation of the Relation of Diameter and Reflux to Sperm Analysis in Varicocele Patients in Hashemi Nejad Hospital in the year 2003}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: Varicocele is the dilation of the pampiniform venous plexus of testis more than 2 mm and is one of the most common causes of sperm abnormalities in infertile men. The main diagnostic test for varicocele is ultrasonography that evaluates the vein diameter in B mode exam and venous reflux in color Doppler exam, but there is no single agreement on the importance of these two findings in different references. This research was performed to evaluate the effect of these two factors on sperm analysis test. Patients & Method: This descriptive analytical cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the relation of diameter and reflux to sperm analysis in patients with varicocele. With the help of sonography, maximum diameter of pampiniform venous plexus, presence and duration of reflux during valsalva maneuver were measured in 62 patients with varicocele. Then the patients were referred to the laboratory unit for sperm analysis(S/A). Results: The mean age of the patients was calculated to be 25.6 years(SD=5.08). 85.5% of the cases had left side involvement and 14.5% showed bilateral involvement. Mean diameter of left venous plexus and its mean reflux time were 3.62 mm and 2.30 seconds, while mean diameter of right venous plexus and its mean reflux time were 2.93 mm and 1.06 seconds respectively. Reflux was absent in 20.96% of them. Regarding routine criteria such as motility, morphology, sperm count, and the like, 54.66% was presented with abnormal S/A, of which abnormal morphology had the highest frequency(41%). The analysis of data revealed a direct significant statistical relationship between the diameter of left venous plexus and its reflux time, which means the reflux time increased significantly with increasing diameter of vein(PV=0.00, r=0.378). A reverse statistically significant relationship was observed between left side vein diameter and sperm motility(PV=0.019, r=-0.297) and between left side reflux time and sperm motility(PV=0.009, r=-0.325), which means motility decreases with increasing diameter and reflux time. In addition, the results of t-test showed a statistical difference between left side vein diameter and its reflux time for both groups with motility 50(PV=0.35, PV=0.002), which indicates that both vein diameter and reflux time were apparently more for the group with motility<50 than the normal group, but left side diameter and its reflux time showed no relation to other parameters of S/A such as abnormal morphology and sperm count, and the same was found about right side diameter and its reflux time. Moreover, no relation was detected between presence or absence of reflux and S/A abnormalities, and bilateral or unilateral involvement bore no relationship to sperm count, motility and abnormal morphology. Conclusion: We noticed that the presence or absence of reflux is not a suitable factor to determine prognosis or sperm abnormalities.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Varicocele 2) Doppler Ultrasonography 3) Reflux 4) Spermogram}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {157-164}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-602-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-602-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Faraji, L and Akbari, M and Moosavi, A and Khojasteh, O}, title = {Hearing Assessment in Infants and Neonates Suffering from Meningitis by Using EOAE(Evoked Otoacoustic Emission) & ABR(Auditory Brainstem Response) Tests plus Behavioral Hearing Tests}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: Attending to the importance of hearing in development of language skills and the essence of hearing loss in meningitis as an acquired hearing loss, this study focuses on hearing assessment and early diagnosis of hearing loss. The purpose of the present study is to apply EOAE, ABR and behavioral hearing tests to evaluate audiologic condition of infants and neonates suffering from meningitis at the acute and recovery stages. Patients & Method: This cross-sectional study included 40 infants and neonates whose ages ranged from birth to 12 years. These patients, 24-72 hours after diagnosis or starting the treatment, were evaluated using ABR test. This test was also repeated 24 hours before discharge or recovery. 7-14 days after discharge or recovery, all the 40 patients were assessed using EOAE and behavioral tests, which could evaluate choclear function besides confirming the results of ABR test. To analyse the data and draw the charts and diagrams, we profited from SPSS, t-test, Fisher test, and EXCEL. Results: According to the results of ABR test, 24-72 hours after diagnosis, 4 patients(10%) showed bilateral severe to profound SNHL(sensorineural hearing loss) and 1 patient(2.5%) showed unilateral severe to profound SNHL. The same results were observed in re-evaluation 24 hours before discharge using ABR test and also in behavioral test 7-14 days after discharge from the hospital. However, ABR test recognized the rest of the cases(35 patients) as normal regarding their hearing abilities. These 35 patients were diagnosed to have normal hearing sense by EOAE test, which was carried out 7-14 days after discharge from the hospital, as well. EOAE, however, indicated that three of the five patients suffering from SNHL presented with abnormal choclear function but the two of them remained normal in this respect. Conclusion: SNHL caused by meningitis, which involved 12.5% of our subjects, is detectable at the acute stage of the disease. Moreover, it can be concluded that meningitis can cause damage not only to choclear nerve but probably to choclear function, too. The damage to choclear function may occur in the presence of the damage to choclear nerve or by itself.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Sensorineural Hearing Loss(SNHL) 2) Auditory Brainstem Response(ABR)}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {165-172}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-603-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-603-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Falahati, M and Shabani, M and MirmohammadaliRoodaki, M and Jahanbani, F and PooshangBagheri, K}, title = {Antifungal and Interactive Effects of NO Donor Complexes and Common Antifungal Drugs on Candida Species and Cryptococcus Neoformans}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: Nitric oxide(NO) is a molecule with expanded and numerous roles in biologic system of the body. It shows antitumor and antimicrobial activities. Stimulation of macrophages by different microorganisms leads to the production of a large amount of NO with toxic property that causes the death of microorganisms. Mechanisms related to NO perform an important role in host’s defense against fungal infections. In candidial infections NO is regarded as the most important factor in killing candida albicans by polimorphonuclear cells. Material & Method: This experimental study was designed to investigate antifungal potential of two NO donor complexes namely DPTA/NO(Dipropylenetriamine nitric oxide) and DEA/NO(Diethyleamine nitric oxide) per se and in combination with antifungal drugs such as ketoconazole and amphotricin B against candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, candida tropicalis, candida glabrata, and cryptococcus neoformans. In order to do so, we determined MIC(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MFC(Minimum Fungicidal Concentration) of the above-mentioned complexes as per NCCLS(National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards) using microdilution broth method. Results: The obtained findings showed that DPTA/NO complex per se exerted antifungal effects. In addition, this complex revealed synergic effects on C. tropicalis, C. glabrata II, and cryptococcus neoformans(FIX<0.5) and additive effects on C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. glabrata I(0.5<fix}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Nitric Oxide 2) NO Donor Complexes 3) Antifungus 4) Candida Albicans }, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {173-182}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-604-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-604-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Lotfi, Y and Mehrkian, S and Jafari, Z}, title = {Evaluation of the Prevalence of Consanguineous Marriage in Children with SNHL(Sensory Neural Hearing Loss)}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: Consanguineous marriage is strongly favored in many large human populations. In most parts of South Asia, consanguineous marriage accounts for 20-50% of the total present generation. The effect of consanguinity on hereditary deafness has been well studied and documented. Many authors have suggested that approximately one half of sensory neural hearing loss in children can be attributed to hereditary causes. The aim of this research is to evaluate the prevalence of consanguineous marriage in children with SNHL. Patients & Method: This research was carried out in rehabilitation centers of welfare organization in seven provinces of Iran. 1352 infants and preschool children with SNHL participated in this study. To collect data, participants were asked to fill out questionnaires including personal history, medical history, and hearing loss history. Results: Consanguinity was found among 45.7% of children whose parents were first cousins and 17.2% of children whose parents were second cousins. Hereditary factors were thought to be the cause of bilateral SNHL in 863 children(62.9%). Conclusion: The incidence of hereditary hearing impairment is very high in developing countries compared to developed ones. Prevention seems essential to reduce the incidence of genetic hearing loss. Consanguinity should be discouraged and genetic counseling is to be applied at least for those at risk of developing genetic diseases including hearing impairment.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Consanguineous Marriage 2) Hearing Impairment 3) Sensory Neural Hearing Loss }, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {183-188}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-605-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-605-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Monabbati, A and Jokar, F and Naseri, M and Abaee, A and Dastgheib, L and Sadeghipour, A.R}, title = {Value of Cytology of Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Nodules as a Diagnostic Method in Comparison with Histology}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: Fine needle aspiration biopsy(FNAB) is a well recognized diagnostic method in various organs. Since it is a non-invasive, quick, easy and cost - effective procedure, it is considered suitable for clinical evaluation of various lesions. The goal of this analytical cross-sectional study is to evaluate the value of cytology of cutaneous and subcutaneous nodules as a diagnostic method in comparison with histologic findings as a gold standard test. Patients & Method: To achieve this objective, a cytologic study including FNA(Fine Needle Aspiration) and scraping methods was performed on 95 patients who had been referred to Rasoul Akram and Shahid Faghihi hospitals in 2003 with the diagnosis of cutaneous and subcutaneous nodules or masses. Then biopsy specimens were processed and stained with H;E(Haematoxylin & Eosin). Results: The specimens with unavailable histologic results or unsatisfactory samples were omitted from this assessment. The most frequent areas of sampling were face, scalp and extremities in order of frequency. It was also observed that the predominant sex was male by 69.2%. FNA technique was applied to 76.9% of the patients, while scraping technique was performed on the rest of the cases. Lesions found in both cytology and biopsy included benign(86.2%) and malignant(13.8%). In comparison to histology, sensitivity and specificity of cytology to distinguish malignant lesions from benign ones were 88.9% and 98.2% respectively. Positive predictive value(PPV) and negative predictive value(NPV) in cytology were 88.8% and 98.2% respectively. Conclusion: Ultimately, we used a correlation test to discover cytohistologic agreement. In this test Kappa and PV were 0.871 and 0.000 respectively, which confirms acceptable correspondence. Also, this study indicated that cytologic diagnosis corresponded exactly to histologic diagnosis in 76.9% of the samples. The Chi-square test yielded PV=0.000, which suggests suitable agreement. Therefore, based on this study and previous assessments cytology can be considered as a quick, easy, non-invasive and cost-effective method for clinical evaluation of cutaneous and subcutaneous nodules or masses.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Fine Needle Aspiration 2) Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Masses}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {189-196}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-606-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-606-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Namvar, S and Mirnajafizadeh, S.J and Fathollahi, Y and Rezvani, M.E and Shahabi, P and Hosseinmardi, N and Ghorbani, P and Zeraati, M}, title = {The Role of Piriform Cortex Adenosine A1 Receptors in Hippocampal Kindled Seizures in Rats}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: Hippocampal CA1 region is the most common area in the development of temporal lobe epilepsy and piriform cortex is recognized as an important structure involved in the control of kindled seizures. This fundamental study dealt with the role of adenosine A1 receptors of piriform cortex in CA1 hippocampal kindled seizures in rats. Material & Method: We implanted a tripolar electrod in the right hippocampal CA1 and two guide cannulae in the left and right piriform cortex of all the studied animals. In fully kindled animals, N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA a selective adenosine A1 receptors agonist injected at concentrations of 1,10 and 100 µm) and 1,3-dimethyl-8-cyclopenthylxantine(CPT a selective adenosine A1 receptors antagonist injected at concentrations of 10 and 20 µm) were microinfused into the piriform cortex and the animals were stimulated 5, 15 and 90 minutes after the drug injection. Results: Obtained data showed that CHA infusion at concentrations of 10 µm and 100 µm reduced afterdischarge duration(ADD), stage 5 seizure duration(S5D), and total seizure duration(SD). Stage 4 latency(S4L) did not change significantly. On the other hand, CPT injection at concentration of 20 µm increased ADD, S5D, SD and decreased S4L significantly. Infusion of CPT(10 µm) 5 minutes before CHA(100 µm) microinjection reduced the effects of CHA on seizure parameters. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that the activity of adenosine A1 receptors in the piriform cortex has anticonvulsant effects on CA1 hippocampal kindled seizures.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) Seizure 2) Kindling 3) Hippocampus 4) Piriform Cortex}, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {197-204}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-607-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-607-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Nemati, A and Moghimi, A and Rahmati, M}, title = {A Comparison between Forced Expiratory Volume in the First Second(FEV1) and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate(PEFR) after Respiratory Challenge Tests in Young Males with Dyspnea}, abstract ={    Background & Aim: The evaluation of correlation between FEV1 and PEFR has always been under investigation. The importance of understanding this correlation is to use PEFR instead of FEV1. The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation between FEV1(Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second) and PEFR(Peak Expiratory Flow Rate) after respiratory challenge tests in young men suffering from dyspnea. Patients & Method: This is a prospective analytical cross-sectional study conducted in 505 Army Hospital between 2003 and 2004. 143 young men with dyspnea were evaluated. All subjects underwent methacholine or exercise challenge tests properly. All challenge tests were performed under the situations described by ATS(American Thoracic Society). Finally, all adjusted FEV1 and PEFR measures and their falls in comparison to basic measures were determined. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients and linear regression were used for analysis. In addition, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, positive and negative likelihood ratio for the detection of a fall of 15-20% in FEV1 in line with a fall of 10-30% in PEFR were calculated and their ROC(Recipient Operator Curve) curves were plotted. Results: FEV1 was not normally distributed but its square was. The correlation between squared FEV1 and PEFR was statistically and clinically significant(p=.000, r=0.75). Its linear regression model was(r2=0.57): 99.42* %PEFR= %FEV12. Falls in PEFR and FEV1 correlated significantly(p=.000, r=0.65), but they were not normally distributed. A fall of 15-20% in PEFR had the best diagnostic value for detection of a fall of 20% in FEV1. However, fall in PEFR was less accurate in the prediction of a 15% fall in FEV1 than a 20% one. Conclusion: It seems that the crude measures of PEFR are more reliable in predicting FEV1, while PEFR falls cannot predict falls in FEV1 as reliably. In addition, changes in PEFR could hardly predict small changes in FEV1.}, Keywords = {Key Words: 1) FEV1(Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second) }, volume = {13}, Number = {51}, pages = {205-214}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-608-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-608-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2006} }