@article{ author = {Jafari, Afshar and Zarghamikhameneh, Ali and Nikookheslat, Said and Karimi, Poor}, title = {The effect of caffeine supplementation combined with high-intensity interval training on the levels of the cardiac tissue apoptosis-related proteins in diabetic rats}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a major public health problem that is approaching epidemic proportions globally (1). T2DM is associated with severe arteriosclerosis, hypertension and etc. All of which further contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease that the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) involves mitochondrial dysfunction (2). In this regard, Fang-Yuan et al (2018) showed that cardiac dysfunction elong with anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2) downregulation, while levels of pro-apoptotic proteins  (Bax, Cas-3) were upregulated in rats with long-term diabetic cardiomyopathy (3). However, a number of evidence suggests that apoptotic processes may be affected by some pharmacological and oral interventions. In this regard, several epidemiological and experimental studies have reported that caffeine may have ability to suppress cell proliferation and induce apoptosis via regulation some oncogenic signalling pathways, including the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), PI3K/Akt, p53 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways (5, 6).  For example, Hanyang Liu et al (2017) have found that caffeine treatment significantly up-regulates mRNA expression levels of PTEN and p53 proteins, increased the activation of caspase-9 and -3, and increased the expression levels of Cyt-c in on human gastric cancer cells (6). On the other hand, Rahimi et al (2018) have reported that ingestion of caffeine reduced in the expression of Bax and increased Bcl-2 serum protein levels immediately after resistance training (8). Whereas, Moradi et al (2019) showed 8-weeks high-intensity  interval  training  (HIIT) at the  intensity of 80-85% of the maximum speed could significantly increase Bcl-2 and decrease Bax on diabetic rats (12). In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the effects of 8-weeks of caffeine administration alone and in combination with HIIT intervention on the levels of some proteins in the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis i.e. Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 in the myocardium of diabetic rats as a sensitive somatic tissue to cell death. Methods: The present study is a type of animal experiments clinical intervention that was conducted in the form of a two-factor post-test control group designs. Fifty white male Wistar rats (two-month-old with a mean body weight of 225-300 g) were acclimated in a specific laboratory setting and then, at the end of the period (acclimatization), the subjects were randomly divided into five groups (n=10 per group) including: Healthy control (C), Diabetic control (D), Diabetic with trainining (D+T), Diabetic with caffeine (D+CA), Diabetic with training and caffeine (D+T+CA). Type 2 diabetes was induced two weeks after the animals became acclimatization with the method used in a study by Sasidharan et al (2013), so that the studied animals became diabetic after two weeks of high-fat diet (45% fat) and intraperitoneal injections of single dosage of 35 mg.kg-1 body weight of STZ. After one week of the diabetic procedure (14), blood glucose samples were collected and levels more than 300 mg.dl were used as type 2 diabetic animals (12). In addition, hydrated caffeine (saline solution) was intraperitoneal injection in D+CA and   D+T+CA groups during a period of 8 weeks, 5 days a week, using insulin syringe (70 mg.kg-1 b.w per day, approximately equivalent to 14 mg of caffeine per 200 grams of rats b.w) (16). Caffeine was administered to rats during their waking hours and early in the activity period between 18-19 pm (60 min before training). The animals in D+T and D+T+Ca groups, for 8 weeks and 5 d wk-1 in the form of high-intensity interval training (6 to 13 bouts of 2-min-1 at a 0 degree slope with intensity of 85-90% of the maximum running speed followed by a 1-min-1 rest between bouts) run on animal treadmill during hours 19-20 pm (15). Finally, all rats were deeply anesthesia with ketamine HCl (90 mg.kg-1) and xylazine (10 mg.kg-1) intraperitoneal injection following the 48-hours after the last training session and after 12-14 hours fasting. We used an immunoblotting assay to measure the levels of the some proteins involved in apoptosis pathways (Bax, Cas-3, Bcl-2), following the Santa Cruz manufacturer’s instructions (17). Data were analyzed by of one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test in significance level of P≤0.05. Results: The results showed that levels of pro-apoptotic protein level (Bax and Cas-3), in diabetic control (D) was (∆=94% & ∆=618%), in diabetic with caffeine (D+CA) was (∆=106% & ∆=951%) and in diabetic with training and caffeine (D+T+CA) was (∆=221% & ∆=1071%) more than healthy control group (C) respectively (F=60.37; P=0.001 & F=2102.37; P=0.001). On the one hand, the level of this proteins in the D+T group was about (Bax=  ∆=-81% & Cas-3= ∆=-423%) lower than that in the D group (P=0.038). Moreover, the Cas-3 protein expression in D+CA group was about 333% significantly higher than the D group (P=0.001) (Fig.1&3). Furthermore, Bcl-2 protein level in D group was significantly lower than healthy C group (∆=-37%) (P=0.001). However, the levels of this protein in D+CA and D+T+CA were about (∆=-64%) and (∆=-70%) lower than those of the C group, respectively (P=0.001). Also, Bcl-2 protein in the D+T group was insignificantly lower than (∆=-20%) the D group (P=0.32) (Fig.2). Conclusion: In line with the results of the present study, Fang-Yuan et al (2018) showed induction of diabetes caused significant decrease of Bcl-2 gene expression and an increase in Bax and p53 gene expression in heart tissue of diabetic rats (3). It has been well established that diabetic-mediated apoptotic cell death effect on mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) leading to the irreversible release of intermembrane space proteins (e.g. Bid, Bim, Bad and Bax), thereby activating the caspase cascade (18). However, caffeine administration for two months leads to an significant increased in apoptotic markers by exacerbation of pro-apoptotic proteins expression of Bax and Caspase-3 and reduction in anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein. These findings were supported by Hanyang Liu et al (2017), indicated that caffeine treatment increased the activation of caspase-9 and -3 (cleaved caspase-9 and -3), and increased the expression levels of Cyt-c and Bax proteins (6). Researchers suggested the caffeine triggered intrinsic apoptotic pathways via; inactivation of PI3K-Akt-mTOR cell survival signaling pathways and activation of cell death such as p21-activated protein kinase 2 (PAK2) and N-terminal and C-Janus kinases (JNK), thereby increased levels of Bax and cleaved caspase 3 and phosphorylating of Bcl-2 protein tha cause initiation of apoptotic events (9-11). In contrast of this paper, Rahimi et al (2020) reported that the caffeine intake decresed Bax protein and significantly increaesd Bcl-2 levels after acute resistance exercise protocol (8). Though, the protective effects of exercise training on apoptosis have been well established. For example, Moradi et al (2019) showed that HIIT training (80-85% maximum speed) could significantly increase Bcl-2 and decrease Bax and p53 in muscle tissue of the diabetic rats (12). Nonetheless, contrary to the results of these studies, some studies also Shirpour  Bonab  et al (2017) conclusion that the Bax expression was higher in HIIT intervention after 8-weeks  in aged female (27). While, the intervention of 8-weeks HIIT alone in the present study reduced the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 proteins and increased the Bcl-2 in myocardial tissue. In other words, HIIT training ameliorates myocardial apoptosis. while, the combination of two independent variables in present study (e.g caffeine with HIIT) even induced deterioration the apoptotic cell death process in the myocardial tissue of diabetic rats. Perhaps the combination of caffeine with strenuous or prolonged exercise training  can result increased tissue damage during contractile activity along with an increase in ROS levels, calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum and increases in concentrations of inflammatory cytokines production have been shown to modulation apoptotic processes.}, Keywords = {Career Advancement, Knowledge Management, Knowledge Sharing, Mazandaran Social Security Organization}, volume = {28}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-12}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر مکمل‌دهی کافئین همراه با تمرین تناوبی با شدت بالا بر سطوح پروتئین‌های مرتبط با آپوپتوز بافت قلبی در موش‌های صحرایی دیابتی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: برخی مطالعات گزارش کرده‌اند که فرآیند آپوپتوز متعاقب مداخلۀ جداگانۀ هر یک از کافئین و تمرینات ورزشی تشدید می‌گردد. لذا، هدف از پژوهش حاضر تعیین آثار تجویز همزمان کافئین با تمرین تناوبی با شدت بالا (HIIT) بر سطوح برخی پروتئین‌های مرتبط با آپوپتوز (Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3) در بافت قلبی موش‌های دیابتی بود. روش‌کار: بدین‌منظور، 50 سر موش صحرایی نر بالغ سفید نژاد ویستار با دامنۀ سنی 2 تا 3 ماه به‌طور تصادفی در 5 گروه همگن 10 سری شامل: کنترل سالم (C)، کنترل دیابتی (D): دیابتی شده با رژیم غذایی پُرچرب همراه با تزریق درون صفاقی 35 mg.kg-1 استرپتوزوسین)، دیابتی تمرین کرده (D+T): دویدن با شدت 90-85% سرعت بیشینه؛ 5 روز در هفته به مدت 8 هفته)، دیابتی با مکمل‌دهی کافئین (D+CA): تزریق درون صفاقی کافئین خالص به میزان 70 mg.kg-1) و دیابتی تمرین کرده با مکمل‌دهی کافئین (D+T+CA) تقسیم شدند. یافته‌ها: القاء دیابت (D) موجب افزایش معنی‌دار پروتئین‌های Bax و کاسپاز-3 و کاهش پروتئین Bcl-2 می‌گردد (05/0≥P). در حالیکه اعمال HIIT باعث کاهش قابل توجه 81 و 423% در میزان Bax و کاسپاز-3 در مقایسه با گروه D می‌شود (001/0=P). از سویی، تجویز کافئین به تنهایی (D+CA) و همراه با تمرینات (D+T+CA) منجربه تشدید پروتئین‌های Bax و کاسپاز-3 و کاهش در میزان  Bcl-2در مقایسه با گروه تمرین (D+T) گردید (023/0=P). نتیجه ­گیری: بر اساس یافته­های این مطالعه می‌توان اظهار داشت که، هشت هفته تمرینات تناوبی با شدت بالا یک راهکار پیشگیرانه در مقابل آپوپتوز افزایش یافته بوده، در حالی‌که تیمار با کافئین به تنهایی و در ترکیب با تمرینات تناوبی شدید ممکن است موجب وخامت در مرگ سلولی آپوپتوتیک ناشی از دیابت گردد.}, keywords_fa = {کافئین, تمرینات تناوبی شدید, آپوپتوز, دیابت}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6330-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6330-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Irannezhad, Zohre and Hamidpour, Rahim and Heidari, Hasan and Davoudi, Hosei}, title = {Evaluation of the effectiveness of group therapy based on emotion therapy and group training based on ACT therapy on attachment, intimacy and sexual satisfaction in women with sexual reluctance}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The family can be considered as an emotional unit and a network of intertwined relationships that is built from the marital bond of man and woman. Marital satisfaction is very unstable, especially in the early years, and relationships are most at risk. The results of some studies indicate that the satisfaction of the couple is not easily achieved and as a result, marriage can be seriously endangered within the family system. It can be said that the cause of many psychological disorders and marital incompatibilities is due to sexual dissatisfaction and years of neglect of sexual instinct in humans has left irreparable consequences in social and marital relationships and has destroyed the foundation of families. One of the components that is considered in close relationships, especially marital relationships, is sexual satisfaction, an emotional state that is created by fulfilling a person's personal desires within the scope of his sexual life. Sexual issues are among the first issues of a married life in terms of importance, so that marital satisfaction is significantly associated with sexual pleasure, and with increasing sexual pleasure, marital satisfaction also increases. One of the most common sexual problems among couples is sexual desire disorder (sexual dysfunction). Hyperactivity disorder is a lack of emotional response to desire that is accompanied by a lack of intrinsic sexual motivation and lack of pleasure during sexual intercourse, such as responses from actively avoiding sexual contact to engaging in sexual activity with a partner despite the lack It involves sexual desire and sexual activity is very rare). Research has shown that one of the factors that increase sexual satisfaction is the patterns of attachment and ego defenses that affect couples' experiences of intimacy and sexual satisfaction to understand the couple's sexual problems and block the expression of sexual desire and set up barriers. Intimacy is used. Balbi calls his and others' mental representations patterns of introspection. Introspection patterns are the basis of attachment styles, also known as attachment biases or attachment patterns. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive stimulus (convenience of service) on cognitive and behavioral reactions (economic value, satisfaction and loyalty) with the role of emotional stimulus (pleasure and arousal) of customers of chain stores in the country. Methods: This research is an applied type with a quasi-experimental method of pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all married women in Najafabad in 1398 who referred to Mahour Counseling Center located in Najafabad. A total of 40 women who scored low on the Hoggs & Steele Sex Scale and were diagnosed with sexual reluctance were selected using available sampling method and randomly assigned to groups. Entry and exit criteria are age range 25 to 48 years. Have at least one year of living together. They have reported a history of reluctance or low desire for at least six months and have scored less than 3.3 on the Female Sexual Performance Index questionnaire under the Sexual Reluctance Scale. Diagnosis of sexual anemia is not of physiological origin. Do not receive any other treatment during the training period. The instruments used in this study are: 1) Collins and Reed Attachment Styles Questionnaire: This self-assessment scale has 18 items that are measured by marking on a five-point Likert scale. Each subscale consists of 6 items and is secure attachment, avoidance attachment and ambivalent attachment. The stability of the retest was estimated to be 0.7 and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the safe style was 0.629, for the avoidance style was 0.542 and for the ambivalent style was 0.824. 2) Thompson & Walker Marital Intimacy Questionnaire: This questionnaire is a 17-item tool designed to measure marital intimacy. The subject score in this questionnaire is obtained by adding the scores of the questions and dividing it by 17. The range of scores is between 1 and 7, and a higher score is a sign of greater intimacy. This questionnaire was evaluated by a trustee to determine the validity. To determine the content and face validity of this scale, the questionnaire was first reviewed by 15 counseling professors and 15 couples and its face and content validity was confirmed. Also, Khazaei has calculated 0.82 through simultaneous implementation with Bagarozi questionnaire and estimating their correlation coefficient and has reported the total reliability of 0.85 using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Rosen et al. Female Sexual Performance Index: A measure of female sexual function, which is a suitable tool for measuring sexual function. In Iran, the index of female sexual function was standardized by Mohammadi et al. The reliability of the index was reported for each of the six domains and the whole scale for the control groups and all individuals using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.85. It was also found that the cut-off points for the whole scale and subscales are: total scale 28, desire 3.3, psychological stimulation 3.4, satisfaction 3.8, sexual pain 3.8. Scores higher than the cut-off point indicate good performance. After performing the pre-test for both groups, ACT-based training based on Goodwin et al. Protocol and group training based on emotion-based therapy based on Johnson protocol were provided to the experimental group members. Did not receive. Results: The results showed that the interventions presented to the experimental groups could have a significant effect on improving the mean of marital intimacy (P <0.001) and sexual satisfaction (P <0.001). These interventions also had a significant effect on the mean of secure attachment styles (P <0.001), avoidance (P <0.05) and ambivalent (P <0.001). It was also found that the interventions presented to the experimental groups were significantly different only in improving marital intimacy. Conclusion: As a result, the research findings have supported the importance and prominent role of marketing activities based on cognitive and emotional stimuli in creating cognitive and behavioral reactions of chain store customers. Focusing on cognitive and emotional stimuli can provoke positive cognitive and behavioral reactions. Also, during emotion-oriented training, reconstruct situations that cause inappropriate emotion, such as rejection or avoidance, or stress and confusion. Due to the taboo nature of sex as a whole for some people, many experiences remain unsaid and suppressed, and the accumulation of these experiences causes disruption and dissatisfaction in the relationship. In the trainings, women were taught to reconstruct the conflicts that caused the relationship to be disturbed, and after exploring and spreading the emotions, to reconstruct them so that they can be reached and developed and in a safe environment by expressing real emotions in different life situations. They show newness and this increases and increases their sexual satisfaction.}, Keywords = {Cognitive stimulus, Emotional stimulus, Cognitive reaction and Emotional reaction}, volume = {28}, Number = {4}, pages = {13-23}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {هم سنجی اثربخشی آموزش گروهی مبتنی بر درمان هیجان مدار و آموزش گروهی مبتنی بر درمانACT بر دلبستگی، صمیمیت و رضایت جنسی در زنان مبتلا به بی میلی جنسی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثربخشی آموزش گروهی مبتنی بر درمان هیجان­مدار و آموزش گروهی مبتنی بر درمان ACT بر دلبستگی، صمیمیت و رضایت جنسی در زنان مبتلا به بی­میلی جنسی در زنان نجف­آباد انجام شد. روش: جامعه آماری متشکل از تمامی زنان متاهل شهر نجف­آباد در سال 1398 بود که به مرکز مشاوره ماهور شهر نجف­آباد مراجعه کرده بودند. تعداد 40 نفر از زنانی که دارای نمره پایینی در مقیاس رابطه جنسی هاگز و استل بوده و تشخیص بی­میلی جنسی برای آنها تأیید شد، با استفاده از نمونه­گیری دردسترس انتخاب و بصورت تصادفی در گروه­ها جایگذاری شدند. ابزار به کار رفته در پژوهش پرسشنامه سبک­های دلبستگی کولینز و رید، پرسشنامه صمیمیت زناشویی تامپسون و واکر و شاخص عملکرد جنسی زنان روزن و همکاران بودند که در پیش­آزمون و پس­آزمون با رعایت اصول اخلاقی پژوهش بر روی اعضای نمونه پژوهش انجام شد. جهت تحلیل نتایج از آزمون تحلیل کواریانس چند متغیره در سطح معناداری (05/0=α) استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد که مداخلات ارائه شده بر گروه­های آزمایش توانسته تاثیر معناداری بر بهبود میانگین صمیمیت زناشویی (001/0>p) و رضایت جنسی (001/0>p) داشته باشد. این مداخلات بر میانگین سبک­های دلبستگی ایمن (001/0>p)، اجتنابی (05/0>p) و دوسوگرا (001/0>p) نیز اثربخشی معناداری داشتند. همچنین مشخص شد که مداخلات ارائه شده بر گروه­های آزمایش، تنها در بهبود صمیمیت زناشویی تفاوت معناداری داشتند. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به اثربخشی معنادار مداخلات ارائه شده بر متغیرهای پژوهش، به نظر میرسد اجرای این روش گروه درمانی در سطوح گسترده جامعه می تواند سلامت روان زنان جامعه را بهبود بخشد.}, keywords_fa = {آموزش گروهی مبتنی بر درمان ACT, صمیمیت زناشویی, رضایت جنسی, سبک‌های دلبستگی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6531-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6531-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Barzegari, Ali and Mirzaaghaee, Soheyla and Delfanihosseiny, Seyedeh Neda and SoltaniDehkordi, Mohsen and Jafari, Sadegh}, title = {Alteration of expression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the liver tissue of male wistar rats following different intensities of interval training}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The liver is one of the main and major organs of the body, which with the help of various enzymes is of special importance in regulating hormonal activities and metabolism, during rest, training, and returning to the original state of sports activities. Under normal circumstances, the liver and kidneys receive 27% and 22% of circulating blood, respectively, but as a result of heavy training, the blood flow to the liver and kidneys decreases to 5% and 3%, respectively. Prolonged reduction in blood flow to the liver and kidneys may have detrimental consequences, of which fatigue observed as a result of the constant sub-maximal activity is part of it. The liver is also one of the most sensitive tissues targeted by training-induced oxidative stress. Sports science coaches and professionals are working to find ways to reduce the effects of strenuous training and increase the effectiveness of training programs over a limited period. While athletes use a variety of training methods to increase their aerobic and anaerobic fitness, one of the most recent training activity protocols that training physiologists are considering is interval training (HIT, HIIT, MIT). Among cellular changes in the body following training, cAMP is a type of intracellular secondary messenger and is produced in response to various extracellular stimuli such as hormones or neurotransmitters. The cAMP is synthesized from ATP by the enzyme Adenylin Cyclase and degraded to AMP by Phosphodiesterases. The cAMP is involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as cell differentiation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis, and performs these functions both in a protein-dependent and protein A-independent manner. cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a purine nucleoside that has broad and important effects on biological processes such as smooth muscle contraction, neurotransmission, secretion of endogenous and exogenous hormones, immune responses, inflammation, cardiac pain, and platelet aggregation. Effective training programs, such as intense intermittent training, seem to not only save time but also increase physiological capabilities such as aerobic capacity and anaerobic capacity, giving sufficient time to improve other essential skills such as related technical and tactical skills. Provided with different sports. Methods: The present study was approved by the ethics committee of Payame Noor University with the code IR.PNU.REC.1398.059. In terms of purpose, it is fundamental-applied, which was implemented experimentally. In the present study, 32 8-week-old male Wistar rats with an average weight of 237±33 g were purchased from the Pasteur Institute. After being transferred to the animal laboratory environment, these animals are housed in transparent polycarbonate cages in an environment with a temperature of 22±1.4 °C, the humidity of 45 to 55%, four heads in each cage with free access to water and closed. Foods were maintained according to a 12-hour sleep-wake cycle. Animals were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group (Co) (8 heads), moderate intensity training (MIT) (8 heads), high-intensity training (HIT) (8 heads), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (8 heads) were divided. The MIT protocol was performed in such a way that in the first week, 5 minutes of warm-up, 5 minutes of cooling, and 20 minutes of the main body of the exercise, including running at 65% VO2max at a speed of 20 m/min, was added to the training time every week. In the sixth week, the training time reached 37 minutes and remained constant until the end of the eighth. Also, the training speed was unchanged from the first week to the eighth week and was equal to 20 meters per minute. The HIT protocol in the first week included: 5 minutes of warm-up, 5 minutes of cooling, and 20 minutes of running training with 65% VO2max at a speed of 20 m/min and an increasing slope of the treadmill. The training time was increased every week, so that in the sixth week the training time reached 30 minutes and remained constant until the end of the eighth. On the other hand, the slope of the strip was 2% in the first and second weeks and 2% was added to the slope every 2 weeks to reach 8% in the seventh and eighth weeks. Also, the training speed from the first week to the eighth week was 20 meters per minute and was kept constant. The HIIT protocol also included 10 minutes of warm-up before the workout, in the first to fourth weeks including 3 intense intermittent runs with an intensity of 90 to 100% VO2max and a speed of 30 meters per minute in 4 minutes and 3 low-intensity intermittent runs. With 50 to 60% VO2 max and at a speed of 20 meters per minute in 3 minutes. From the fifth to the eighth week, it also includes 4 intense intermittent runs with an intensity of 90 to 100% VO2max at a speed of 30 meters per minute in 4 minutes and 3 low-intensity intermittent runs with 50 to 60% VO2 max at a speed of 20 meters per minute. It took 3 minutes. The main body time of the exercise was 28 minutes per repetition. Mice in the control group did not participate in any exercise program but were placed on a stationary treadmill for 10 to 15 minutes per session to adapt to the environment to create the same conditions. After in vitro analysis of the samples, descriptive statistics including standard mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics were used to quantitatively describe the data. First, the Shapirovilk test was used to determine the normality of data distribution, and the Leven test was used to determine the homogeneity of variance. Due to the normal distribution of data, parametric tests including one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used at a significance level of p≥0.05. Results: The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that there was a statistically significant difference in cAMP gene expression in the liver tissue of rats in the study groups (p<0.001). The results of the Tukey post hoc test also showed that there was a significant decrease in cAMP gene expression as a result of training compared to the control group (p=0.001), so that in the HIIT group there was a significant decrease in the control group compared to the control group. There was cAMP expression (p=0.001), so that in the HIIT group it decreased by 0.0006 units compared to the control group and in the MIT group by 0.00059 units compared to the control group and in the HIT group by Decreased by 0.00053 units. However, the findings showed that there was no significant difference between the three groups of HIT, MIT, and HIIT (p>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of our study, it was found that there is no significant difference in the expression of cAMP gene in the liver tissue of male Wistar rats between MIT and HIT groups compared to HIIT group. While there was a significant difference between HIIT and control groups, no significant difference was observed between HIT and MIT groups. Examination of post hoc test in training groups showed that there was a significant difference in cAMP gene expression between MIT and HIT training groups compared to the control group. Due to age, apoptosis and necrosis increase and training is the best way to reduce apoptosis in old age. One of the limitations of the present study is the lack of control over the calorie intake of rats and the lack of control over physical activity outside the animal research program. However, the research background on the effect of the present training protocols on cAMP in liver tissue is very limited and needs further investigation.  }, Keywords = {Moderate Intensity Continuous Training, High Intensity Continuous Training, High Intermittent Intensity Training, cAMP, Liver}, volume = {28}, Number = {4}, pages = {24-33}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تغییرات بیان آدنوزین مونوفسفات حلقوی در بافت کبد رت‌های نر نژاد ویستار متعاقب شد‌ت‌های گوناگون تمرین تناوبی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بسیاری از هورمون‌ها اثرات خود را در سلول‌ها نخست با تشکیل آدنوزین مونوفسفات حلقوی اعمال می‌کنند. با توجه به فقدان اطلاعات کافی در خصوص تأثیر شدت­های مختلف تمرین هوازی بر بیان ژن cAMP، هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی تغییرات بیان ژن cAMP در بافت کبد رت­های نر نژاد ویستار به دنبال شدت­های مختلف تمرین هوازی بود. روش­ کار: در این مطالعه تجربی، 32 سر موش صحرایی نر نژاد ویستار 8 هفته­ای با میانگین وزنی­33±237 گرم به‌طور تصادفی به 4 گروه کنترل، تمرین هوازی با شدت متوسط (MIT)، تمرین هوازی شدید (HIT)، تمرین هوازی تناوبی شدید (HIIT) تقسیم شدند. برنامه­های تمرینی در گروه­های تجربی به مدت 8 هفته و 5 روز در هفته انجام شد. 48 ساعت پس از آخرین جلسه تمرینی، نمونه­برداری از بافت کبد انجام گرفت. بیان ژن­ cAMP در بافت کبد با روش PCr تعیین شد. یافته‌ها: بیان cAMP در هر یک از گروه­های ورزشی مورد مطالعه در مقایسه با گروه کنترل، به‌طور معنی­داری کاهش یافت (001/0p=). به­طوری­که در گروه­ HIIT نسبت گروه کنترل کاهش معناداری بیشتری در بیان cAMP وجود داشته است ولی با این وجود یافته­ها نشان داد که اختلاف معناداری بین سه گروه HIT، MIT و HIIT  وجود ندارد (05/0p>).  نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که سه شیوه متفاوت تمرینی (MIT، HIT و HIIT) سبب کاهش میزان cAMP در موش­های صحرایی شد و اختلاف تأثیر پروتکل­های تمرینی حاضر و مسیر مکانیسم­های سیگنالینگ احتمالی آن­ها مشخص نیست و نیاز به پژوهش­های بیشتری در این زمینه می­باشد.}, keywords_fa = {تمرین تدوامی با شدت متوسط, تمرین تداومی با شدت شدید, تمرین تناوبی شدید, cAMP, کبد}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6440-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6440-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ghalavand, Akbar and Delaramnasab, Mojtaba and Ghanaati, Sepideh and Abdolahigazari, Maryam}, title = {Comparison of the effect of telenursing and aerobic training on cardiometabolic and anthropometric indices in patients with type 2 diabetes}, abstract ={  Background & Aims: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic and progressive, chronic metabolic disease in the world and hyperglycemia, is the main characteristic of this disease. Overweight and obesity are effective factors in the development of type 2 diabetes, which are closely related to hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors. In these patients, due to hyperglycemia and inflammation, causing pathological injuries in cardiovascular system such as vascular macro and micro vascular disease, arterial stiffness, hypertension, Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and changes in cardiac function such as tachycardia at rest, and decreased functional capacity such as cardio respiratory endurance. Poor management of diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular factors disease and increases morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. The need to use effective methods to glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors as one of the effective factors in Shows the disabilities associated with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the use of effective methods in glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors as one of the effective factors in disabilities associated with type 2 diabetes is essential. Nursing is one of the ways of intervention in the field of communication technologies such as the telephone and messaging software, which as a telenursing, can lead to better communication between type 2 diabetes patients and medical team to get the knowledge and health services. Scientific research has also shown that a sedentary lifestyle is associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity, and exercise training has been introduced as one of the main parts of treatment for type 2 diabetes. Due to the fact that no specific research has been done to compare the effect of regular aerobic training and telenursing intervention on anthropometric and cardiometabolic indices in patients with type 2 diabetes, the present study aimed to compare the effect of telenursing and aerobic training on glycemic control. Blood pressure, body composition, resting heart rate and cardiorespiratory endurance (vo2max) were assessed in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In a semi-experimental study, 60 patients with type 2 diabetes were selected through targeted sampling and randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 20): 1) aerobic training group, 2) telenursing group and 3) control group. After baseline measurements (pretest), intervention study was conducted for eight weeks and 48 hours after the end of treatment variables were measured again (posttest). The exercise program consisted of eight weeks of aerobic training, three sessions per week consist of 30 to 50 minutes running exercises by intensity of 50-70% of the subjects' heart rate reserve in each session. In the telenursing group, Educational Intervention Based on treatment of diabetes, including diet, exercise training, how to use the drug and how to use a glucometer and barometer and glycemic and blood pressure monitoring, were provided to patients through a software. During the study, the control group received no intervention other than their routine management. Body weight, body fat percentage, fasting blood glucose, Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) were measured before and after intervention. For statistical analysis, dependent t-test was used to examine within-group changes and one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to examine between-group changes. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version and P < 0.050 was considered as statistically significant level. Results: After eight weeks aerobic training intervention, a significant decrease was observed in levels of body weight (P = 0.023), body fat percentage (P < 0.001), fasting blood sugar (P = 0.003), HbA1C (P = 0.009), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.039) and resting heart rate (= 0.004) P) and a significant increase in VO2max (P <0.001). Also in the telenursing intervention group, was observed a significant decrease in levels of body weight (P = 0.048), fasting blood sugar (P < 0.001), HbA1C (P = 0.012), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.007), and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.045). But in the control group, no significant difference was observed in any of the variables (p <0.05). In the study of between group changes, the results showed that in the both of aerobic training and telenursing groups, there was a significant decrease in fasting blood sugar (P < 0.001) and HbA1C (P <0.001; P = 0.005, respectively) compared to the control group was observed. There was a significant decrease in body fat percentage and resting heart rate and a significant increase in VO2max in the aerobic training group compared to the telenursing and control groups (P <0.001). Significant decrease was observed in systolic blood pressure levels in the aerobic taining group (P <0.001) and telenursing group (P = 0.018) compared to the control group, Also reduction of systolic blood pressure in the aerobic training was significantly greater compared to the telenursing group (P <0.001).But no significant difference was observed in changes in weight (P = 0.083) and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.617) between groups. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, it can be said that both intervention methods of aerobic training and telenursing are effective intervention methods on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. In the study of two intervention methods on glycemic control (fasting blood sugar and HbA1C), there was no significant difference was observed between the two intervention methods of aerobic training and telenursing, and both interventions were effective for glycemic control. Comparing the two methods of intervention on body composition, only aerobic training could reduce body fat percentage and improve body composition in type 2 diabetes patients. In the study of changes in blood pressure, two intervention methods reduced systolic blood pressure without significant change in diastolic blood pressure and the reduction of systolic blood pressure in the aerobic training group was significantly greater than the telenursing group. Comparing the effect of interventions on resting heart rate and VO2max as two variables related to cardiorespiratory function, the results were similar to changes in body fat percentage in the aerobic training group and a significant increase in VO2max and a significant decrease in resting heart rate were observed in type 2 diabetes patients. In general, although both methods of intervention have an effective role in the management of type 2 diabetes, especially glycemic control in these people, However, due to the results and greater effectiveness of aerobic training on body composition and cardiovascular function (systolic blood pressure, resting heart rate and VO2max), More care to exercise training as an important port of the treatment of type 2 diabetes is essential.  }, Keywords = {Type 2 diabetes, Exercise training, Telenursing, Cardiovascular risk factors}, volume = {28}, Number = {4}, pages = {34-45}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مقایسه اثر پرستاری از راه دور و تمرینات هوازی بر شاخص‌های آنتروپومتریک و کاردیومتابولیک در بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: یکی از اهداف درمان دیابت نوع 2، کاهش ریسک فاکتورهای قلبی- عروقی می­باشد. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر مقایسه اثر تله­نرسینگ و تمرینات هوازی بر شاخص­های آنتروپومتریک و کاردیومتابولیک در بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 بود. روش کار: در تحقیق نیمه­تجربی حاضر 60 بیمار مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 به روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی انتخاب و به 3 گروه تمرینات هوازی، تله­نرسینگ و کنترل تقسیم شدند. تمرینات هوازی به مدت هشت هفته، سه جلسه در هفته تمرینات ایروبیک با شدت 70-50 درصد ضربان قلب ذخیره انجام شد. در گروه تله­نرسینگ آموزش بیماران از طریق پیامرسانی با تلفن انجام شد. یافته‌ها: در گروه­های تمرین و تله­نرسینگ، کاهش معنی­داری در قند خون ناشتا (001/0 > p) و HbA1C (به ترتیب: 001/0>p؛ 005=p) نسبت به گروه کنترل مشاهده شد. کاهش معنی­داری در درصد چربی بدن و ضربان قلب ذخیره و افزایش معنی­داری در VO2max در گروه تمرین نسبت به گروه­های تله نرسینگ و کنترل مشاهده شد (001/0 >p). کاهش فشار خون سیستول در گروه­های تمرین (001/0 > p و تله­نرسینگ (018/0 = p نسبت به گروه کنترل معنی­داری بود، همچنین این کاهش در گروه تمرین بیشتر از تله­نرسینگ بود (005/0 = p. ولی تفاوت معنی­داری در وزن (083/0 =p) و فشار خون دیاستول (617/0 =p) بین گروه­های تمرین مشاهده نشد. نتیجه‌گیری: اگرچه هر دو شیوه تمرین هوازی و تله­نرسینگ نقش موثری در مدیریت دیابت دارند اما تمرینات هوازی منافع بیشتری برای عملکرد قلبی-تنفسی و ترکیب بدنی دارد.}, keywords_fa = {دیابت نوع 2, تمرین ورزشی, پرستاری از راه دور, ریسک فاکتورهای قلبی- عروقی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6400-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6400-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Bayat, Mohsen and Jabbari, Saeideh and SorayaTayfehDallali, Kivan and Atadokht, Akbar}, title = {The role of loneliness, educational exhaustion and sleeping quality in predicting smoking tendency in students}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The use of smoking is considered as an important and widespread health problem in various sectors, including students in other parts of the world. Smoking, as one of the greatest threats to human health, causes the worst biological and psychosocial catastrophes and is one of the deadliest factors that increase the overall disease in the world, especially in relation to possible disease. Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, cancer and seizures have been reported (1). Of the world's 1.1 smokers, 80% are in low- and middle-income communities (2). In the study, 7.28 causes smoking in the age range of 18 to 24 years, which is the majority of students in the same age range (3). Findings of this study showed that 10.9% of students are smokers, 1.9% are women and 15.45% are men(4). Numerous factors have been investigated as possible causes of students' tendency to smoke; In the study of the existence of problems and incompatibilities with family members, especially spouses and parents, and increasing relationships outside the family, including friends, or feelings of loneliness increases the tendency to smoke (5). The feeling of loneliness is a common experienceamong all human beings that almost every person has experienced and experienc) 6). Feeling lonely is a person's mental assessment of the situation in which he or she finds himself or herself, so that he or she will not feel as intimate in his or her friendly and intimate relationships as he or she would like. In other words, the feeling of loneliness can be considered as perceived social loneliness and not necessarily objective social loneliness. Feeling lonely as a threat to mental health (7); Increases stress and anxiety, dropping out of school, depression, shyness, low self-esteem, increases the risk of suicide and high-risk behaviors such as smoking and substance abuse in adolescents (5). Another factor that seems to be the tendency to smoke is academic burnout. Academic burnout in students means feeling tired in doing homework and studying materials, having a pessimistic attitude towards education and feeling inadequate for education (10) Burnout also occurs when a person experiences stress for a long period of time. The results of some studies indicate that academic burnout in students leads to despair and apathy (11). It seems that academic stressors provide the ground for students' tendency to smoke by creating grounds for emotional fatigue and feelings of academic inefficiency in students (12). Little research has been done on the relationship between the variables of academic burnout and the tendency to smoke. In studies of burnout, there was a positive correlation with personality traits of neuroticism and agreement and a negative correlation with personality traits of extroversion and openness, and no significant correlation was reported between conscience and burnout (13). . Research has shown that academic failure is a predictor of drug addiction (14). In a study, they found that drug use has negative effects on students' academic achievement (15). Another variable that can be related to smoking tendency is sleep quality. Sleep quality refers to mental indicators of how you experience sleep, such as sleep satisfaction (16). Some studies on the young population have reported a higher prevalence of sleep problems in the sleep quality of the young population (17). The student population is a group that is particularly affected by sleep disorders (18) and sleep problems in this group are estimated to be 2 to 5 times the general population. They usually go to bed later, wake up later, and experience more boredom and fewer hours of sleep (19). They experience most of the conditions such as insomnia and insomnia, extreme fatigue, irritability and sensitivity, forgetfulness and neglect, difficulty concentrating and attention, physical complaints and personality-related disorders (20); It is clear that sleep-related problems and their diagnosis are an unknown public health problem among students (21). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of loneliness, burnout and sleep quality in predicting smoking tendency in students. Methods: The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study consisted of all students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in the academic year 1397-98. Among them, 181 people were selected using available sampling method and to collect data from the questionnaire on smoking attitude (this questionnaire includes a Likert scale to measure the attitude to smoking, which in a total of 32 items with The reliability coefficient is 0.871 in three cognitive dimensions of 9 items with a reliability coefficient of 0.739, the emotional dimension of 11 items with a reliability coefficient of 0.825 and the behavioral dimension of 12 items with a reliability coefficient of 0.876 (27) Ditomasu loneliness and Colleagues (this scale has 14 questions and its purpose is to assess the level of social and emotional loneliness of individuals (romantic loneliness, family loneliness, social loneliness). The scoring method is based on a 5-point Likert scale that respondents agree with. Or express their opposition to these questions on a scale of 5 options from strongly agree (5) to strongly disagree (1) In this questionnaire, except for question 14, all other questions are scored in reverse Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also used for its reliability and the value of this coefficient for the dimensions of this questionnaire is as follows: romantic loneliness 0.92, family loneliness 0.84, community loneliness 0.78 (28), Practical burnout (This is a modified questionnaire of the general burnout scale, which has been modified for use in student samples. This questionnaire has a total of 15 questions and includes three subscales. Emotional fatigue is measured by 5 questions. Doubt and pessimism through 4 questions examined, academic self-efficacy is measured by 6 questions. All questions are scored in a 7-point continuum from never (0) to always (6). Cronbach's alpha for the dimensions of this questionnaire is as follows; Emotional fatigue 0.89; Doubt and pessimism 0.84; Academic self-efficacy (0.29) and Petersburg quality of sleep (this questionnaire measures seven factors of mental quality, delay in falling asleep, duration of sleep, useful sleep, sleep disorders, use of sleeping pills and daily dysfunction, and It consists of 18 items.The subjects answer a range of answers from zero to 3. The total score of the index also ranges from 0 to 21 and high scores indicate poor sleep quality and a score above 5 indicates significant sleep disturbance. Validity of 86.5 and reliability of 89.6 were reported (30) and statistical methods of correlation coefficient and multiple regression on SPSS 22 software were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that the tendency to smoke with a total score of feeling lonely (R= 0.35, P= 0.01), burnout (R= 0.17, P= 0.05), sleep quality. (R= 0.15, P= 0.05) There is a positive and significant relationship. The regression results also showed that the combination of sleep quality, burnout and loneliness predicts 12% of the variance of smoking tendency scores. Also, the feeling of loneliness is the only variable that alone predicts the tendency to smoke. Conclusion: According to the results, loneliness, burnout and sleep quality have important role  in students' tendency to smoke. By providing counseling, workshops, and intervention programs to reduce these factors to prevent smoking in students can be helpful.  }, Keywords = {Cigarette smoking tendency, Loneliness, Sleep quality, Educational exhaustion, Students}, volume = {28}, Number = {4}, pages = {46-56}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {نقش احساس تنهایی، فرسودگی تحصیلی و کیفیت خواب در پیش‌بینی گرایش به مصرف سیگار دانشجویان}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: امروزه استعمال دخانیات به عنوان یک معضل مهم بهداشتی و فراگیر در اقشار مختلف و از جمله در دانشجویان در بسیاری از مناطق دنیا مطرح می­باشد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش احساس تنهایی، فرسودگی تحصیلی و کیفیت خواب در پیش‌بینی گرایش به مصرف سیگار در دانشجویان  صورت گرفت.  روش کار: مطالعه­ی حاضر توصیفی از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعه­ی آماری این پژوهش را کلیه دانشجویان دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی در سال تحصیلی98-1397 تشکیل می­دادند. از بین آنها تعداد 181 نفر با استفاده از روش نمونه­گیری در دسترس انتخاب گردیدند و برای جمع­آوری داده­ها  از پرسشنامه نگرش به مصرف سیگار، فرسودگی تحصیلی مسلش، احساس تنهایی دیتوماسو و همکاران و کیفیت خواب پیترزبورگ استفاده شد. برای  تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها نیز از روش­های آماری  ضریب همبستگی و رگرسیون چندگانه بر روی نرم افزار SPSS 22 استفاده شد. یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد که گرایش به مصرف سیگار با نمره کل احساس تنهایی (35/0=R ، 01/0 P=)، فرسودگی تحصیلی (17/0=R ، 05/0 P=)، کیفیت خواب . (15/0=R ، 05/0 P=) رابطه مثبت و معنادار وجود دارد. همچنین نتایج رگرسیون نشان داد که  ترکیب متغیرهای کیفیت خواب، فرسودگی تحصیلی و احساس تنهایی 12 درصد از واریانس نمره­های گرایش به مصرف  سیگار را پیش­بینی می­کند. هم چنین احساس تنهایی تنها متغیری هست که به تنهایی گرایش به مصرف سیگار را پیش‌بینی می‌کند. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج، احساس تنهایی، فرسودگی تحصیلی و کیفیت خواب بر گرایش به مصرف سیگار در دانشجویان نقش دارد. ارائه مشاوره، برگزاری کارگاه­ها و برنامه­های مداخله­ای برای کاهش این عوامل در راستای پیشگیری از مصرف سیگار در دانشجویان می­تواند مفید واقع شود.  }, keywords_fa = {گرایش به مصرف سیگار, احساس تنهایی, کیفیت خواب, فرسودگی تحصیلی, دانشجویان.}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5968-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5968-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Amerian, Davood and Nemti, Nemt Allah and Azarbayjani, Mohammad Ali and BagherPoor, Tahereh}, title = {Interactive effect of exercise training and octopamine on SIRT-1 gene expression in brown adipose tissue of male rats fed with DFO}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Normally, there is a good balance between the production of free radicals and the body's antioxidant defense. Disruption of this balance causes oxidative stress. Some studies show that heated oils in food can be a source of free radicals in the body. The reason for this is that, the harmful effects of high temperature and heat on the production of trans fatty acids, which increase the production of free radicals by increasing lipid peroxidation. Consumption of fast food and fried foods causes oxidative stress and obesity in people. Brown adipose tissue as a specialized thermoregulatory organ and mitochondria as a source of oxidative stress and a site of beta- oxidation and production of antioxidants are very important. SIRT1 is located in the nucleus and is one of the first known genes involved in the cellular response to stress and the recall of fatty acids from fat cells in the human body. SIRT1 is recognized as an essential protein in antioxidant defense and homeostatic control. Studies have shown that antioxidant activity in various tissues of the body can be affected through stimulants such as exercise training or the use of herbal supplements such as octopamine, which is an effective ingredient in bitter orange. Both exercise training and octopamine have antioxidant properties and have the ability to activate catecholamines and beta-energy receptors in adipose tissue. So the purpose of the present study was to determine an interactive effect of exercise training and octopamine on SIRT-1 gene expression in brown adipose tissue of male rats fed with DFO. Methods: In an experimental study, 30 adult male Wistar rats weighing an average of 300 to 350 g and aged 8 weeks were purchased. All rats were kept in polycarbonate cages (5 mice per cage) at 22 2 2 ° C, 55% humidity and under the light and dark cycle for 12:12 hours without restriction on water and food. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: healthy control (n=6), deep frying oil (DFO, n=6), aerobic training + DFO (n=6), octopamine + DFO (n=6) and aerobic training + octopamine + DFO (n=6). Intraperitoneal injection of 10 ml/kg of octopamine and Gavage of deep frying oil were done five times a week and every day, respectively. In order to adapt the rats in the aerobic training group, before starting the main training program, the rats in this group ran at a speed of 9 m / min for 20 minutes for a week. The aerobic exercise protocol consisted of 4 weeks of aerobic exercise and 5 sessions per week. The training session included 5 minutes of warm-up at 7 m / min and 5 minutes of cooling at 5 m / min. The intensity of training started in the first week with 50% vo2max and a speed of 16 m / min, and in the last week it reached 65% vo2max and a speed of 26 m / min. To prepare deep frying oil, 8 liters of sunflower oil was heated for 190 consecutive days at a temperature of 190 to 200 ° C for 4 consecutive days.48 hours after the last training session and 8 hours of fasting, all rats were anesthetized with chloroform and then sacrificed. The brown adipose tissue was immediately removed from the body and stored in a nitrogen tank at -80°C. SIRT1 gene expression was measured by Real time PCR. Independent t-test, two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. All the analyses were done by SPSS software version 21, and the charts were drawn using Microsoft Excel software version 16. The significance level was p <0.05. Results: The results showed that consumption of deep frying oil induced a significant decrease in gene expression of SIRT-1 (P<0.05) compared to the healthy control group. The aerobic training group and octopamine group showed a significant increase in gene expression of SIRT-1 compared to DFO group (P<0.05). The interaction effect of aerobic training and octopamine caused the non-significant difference in SIRT-1 gene expression (P>0.05) in comparison with the DFO group. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, oxidative stress due to deep heated oil is one of the inhibitors of SIRT-1 activity. Stimulation of upstream mechanisms by octopamine appears to stimulate SIRT1 activity. Aerobic training also increases SIRT1 gene expression by activating cell surface receptors of epinephrine. The interactive effect of aerobic training and octopamine did not increase statistically significantly, but these positive changes are also physiologically important. To see a significant increase in a synergistic effect, it may be necessary to change factors such as the duration and intensity of training or the dose of octopamine. Briefly, it appears that aerobic training and octopamine can cause an increase of SIRT-1 gene expression of brown adipose tissue by stimulating catecholamines.  }, Keywords = {Exercise training, Brown adipose tissue, DFO, STIR-1.}, volume = {28}, Number = {4}, pages = {57-65}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تأثیر تعامل تمرین ورزشی و اکتاپامین بر بیان ژن SIRT-1 در بافت چربی قهوه‌ای رت‌های نر تغذیه شده با DFO}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: مصرف غذاهای فست فود و دارای روغن‌های عمیق حرارت دیده باعث استرس اکسیداتیو می‌شود. فعالیت ورزشی و اکتاپامین دارای ویژگی آنتی‌اکسیدانی می‌باشند. لذا هدف از انجام مطالعه‌ی حاضر، تعیین تأثیر تعامل تمرین ورزشی و اکتاپامین بر بیان ژن SIRT-1 در بافت چربی قهوه‌ای رت‌های نر تغذیه شده با DFO بود. روش کار: در یک مطالعه‌ی تجربی، 30 سر رت نر ویستار با میانگین وزن300 تا350 گرم و سن 8 هفته به‌طور تصادفی به 5 گروه (6=n) کنترل سالم ، کنترل مسموم (DFO)، تمرین ورزشی + گروه DFO، اکتاپامین + DFO و تمرین ورزشی + اکتاپامین + DFO تقسیم شدند. تزریق درون صفاقی ml/kg10 اکتاپامین و گاواژ روغن حرارت دیده، به ترتیب پنج بار در هفته و هر روز انجام شد. پروتکل تمرین ورزشی شامل 4 هفته تمرین هوازی، 5 جلسه در هفته به مدت 20 دقیقه دویدن بر روی تریدمیل بود. بیان ژن SIRT-1توسط Real time PCR اندازه گیری شد. از آزمون های تی مستقل، تحلیل واریانس دو سویه و تعقیبی بنفرونی جهت تحلیل داده‌ها استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها: مصرف DFO موجب کاهش معنی‌دار بیان ژن SIRT-1 در مقایسه با گروه کنترل سالم (05/0> p) شد .تمرین ورزشی و اکتاپامین به تنهایی باعث افزایش معنی‌دار بیان ژن SIRT-1 (05/0< p) در مقایسه با گروه DFO شدند. اثر تعامل تمرین ورزشی و اکتاپامین بر بیان ژن SIRT-1 (05/0< p) در مقایسه با گروه DFO معنی‌دار نبود. نتیجه‌گیری: به نظر می‌رسد تمرین ورزشی و اکتاپامین می‌توانند از طریق تحریک کاتکولامین‌ها موجب افزایش بیان ژن SIRT-1 در بافت چربی قهوه‌ای شوند.}, keywords_fa = {تمرین ورزشی , بافت چربی قهوه ای, DFO , SIRT-1}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6640-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6640-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Aminian, Mohsen and Azarbayjani, Mohammad Ali and Nemti, Nemt Allah and BagherPoor, Tahereh}, title = {Interaction effect of 4 weeks of endurance training and octopamine on gene expression of PGC-1α in brown adipose tissue of male rats fed with DFO}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Obesity, as a primitive risk factor in type 2 diabetes, is recognized by the imbalance between absorption and energy expenditure. This imbalance is probably due to the combined effect of reduced physical activity and increased supply of fried foods and fast food at reasonable prices. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has a substantial ability to dissipate excess energy as heat in a process called thermogenesis, which is activated in response to stimulants such as high-fat diets, cold and exercise training. Nowdays, the consumption of fried foods such as french fries has become very popular among human societies. The use of heat causes chemical changes, including oxidation, that can affect mitochondrial function. PGC-1α is the major regulator of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Low levels of PGC-1α gene expression increase ROS production and cause oxidative stress. Endurance training is used to prevent and treat obesity, insulin resistance, or type 2 diabetes because of its ability to improve mitochondrial function and fatty acid oxidation. One of the adaptations resulting from exercise is altered expression of the PGC-1α gene. Octopamine is an antioxidant and endogenous antioxidant biogenic amine that has properties similar to catecholamines such as norepinephrine. Octopamine has the ability to stimulate lipolysis and fat metabolism . The present study aimed to determine the interaction effect of 4 weeks of endurance training and octopamine on gene expression of PGC-1α in brown adipose tissue of male rats fed with DFO. Methods: In an experimental study, 30 adult male Wistar rats weighing an average of 300 to 350 g and aged 8 weeks were purchased. All rats were kept in polycarbonate cages (5 mice per cage) at 22°C, 55% humidity and under the light and dark cycle for 12:12 hours without restriction on water and food. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: healthy control (n=6), deep frying oil (DFO, n=6), endurance training + DFO (n=6), octopamine + DFO (n=6) and endurance training + octopamine + DFO (n=6). Intraperitoneal injection of 10 ml/kg of octopamine and gavage of deep -frying oil were done five times a week and every day, respectively. To adapt the rats in the aerobic training group, before starting the main training program, the rats in this group ran at a speed of 9 m / min for 20 minutes for a week. The endurance training protocol consisted of 4 weeks of endurance training and 5 sessions a week week. The training session included 5 minutes of warm-up at 7 m / min and 5 minutes of cooling at 5 m / min. The intensity of training started in the first week with 50% vo2max and a speed of 16 m / min, and in the last week it reached 65% vo2max and a speed of 26 m / min. To prepare deep frying oil, 8 liters of sunflower oil was heated for 190 consecutive days at a temperature of 190 to 200 ° C for 4 consecutive days. 48 hours after the last training session and 8 hours of fasting, all rats were anesthetized with chloroform and then sacrificed. The brown adipose tissue was immediately removed from the body and stored in a nitrogen tank at -80 ° C. Gene expression of PGC-1α was measured by Real time PCR. Independent t-test, two-way analysis of variance and Bonferoni post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. All the analyses were done by SPSS software version 21 and the charts were drawn using Microsoft Excel software version 16. The significance level was p<0.05. Results: The results showed that consumption of deep frying oil induced significant decrease in gene expression of PGC-1α (p<0.05) compared to the healthy control group. The endurance training caused a significant increase in gene expression of PGC-1α (p>0.05) compared to the DFO group. Effect of octopamine alone and the interaction effect of endurance training and octopamine caused the non-significant increase in PGC-1α gene expression in comparison with the DFO group (P>0.05). Conclusion: The endurance training and octopamine may have influenced PGC-1α gene expression through their antioxidant and lipolytic properties. However, the octopamine group and the interaction group of endurance training and octopamine require changes in the dose, intensity, and duration of endurance training for their effects to be statistically significant. Probably, endurance training has affected PGC-1α gene expression by stimulating elevated levels of catecholamines (epinephrine), stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors through the upregulation of orexin signals in adipose tissue, and activation of CREB transcription factors. In addition, exercise can increase the gene expression of PGC-1α by increasing and activating NRF2 and binding it to the Antioxidant response element (ARE) and finally the production of antioxidants.}, Keywords = {Endurance training, Stress oxidative, Brown adipose tissue, DFO, PGC-1α.}, volume = {28}, Number = {4}, pages = {66-74}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {اثر تعامل 4 هفته تمرین استقامتی و اکتاپامین بر بیان ژن PGC-1α در بافت چربی قهوه ای رت های نر تغذیه شده با DFO}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: امروزه، بافت چربی قهوه‌ای به عنوان هدف بالقوه درمانی برای افزایش هزین‌ی انرژی و استفاده از فعالیت ورزشی جهت تحریک این بافت مورد توجه پژوهشگران قرار گرفته است. از این رو، هدف از مطالعه‌ی حاضر، تعیین تأثیر تعامل 4 هفته تمرین استقامتی و اکتاپامین بر بیان ژن PGC-1α در بافت چربی قهوه‌ای رت‌های نر تغذیه شده با DFO بود. روش کار: 30 سر رت نر ویستار با میانگین وزن300 تا350 گرم و سن 8 هفته،  به‌طور تصادفی به 5 گروه (6=n) کنترل سالم ، کنترل مسموم (DFO)، تمرین استقامتی + گروه DFO ، اکتاپامین + DFO و تمرین استقامتی + اکتاپامین + DFO تقسیم شدند. تزریق درون صفاقی ml/kg10 اکتاپامین و گاواژ روغن حرارت دیده، به ترتیب پنج بار در هفته و هر روز انجام شد. پروتکل تمرین استقامتی شامل 4 هفته تمرین هوازی، 5 جلسه در هفته به مدت 20 دقیقه دویدن بر روی تریدمیل بود. بیان ژن UCP-1 توسط RT& PCR اندازه گیری شدند. از آزمون های تی مستقل، تحلیل واریانس دو سویه و آزمون تعقیبی بونفرونی جهت تحلیل داده‌ها استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد، مصرف DFO موجب کاهش معنی‌دار بیان ژن PGC-1α (05/0<  p) در مقایسه با گروه کنترل سالم شد. تمرین استقامتی باعث افزایش معنی‌دار بیان ژن PGC-1α (05/0<  p) در مقایسه با گروه DFO شد. اثر تعامل تمرین استقامتی و اکتاپامین باعث افزایش غیر معنی‌دار بیان ژن PGC-1α (05/0>  p) در مقایسه با گروه DFO شد. نتیجه‌گیری: به نظر می‌رسد، تمرین و اکتاپامین می‌توانند از طریق ویژگی آنتی‌اکسیدانی خود، بیان ژن PGC-1α در بافت چربی قهوه‌ای را فعال کنند.}, keywords_fa = {تمرین استقامتی, استرس اکسیداتیو, بافت چربی قهوه‌ای,DFO,PGC-1α}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6641-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6641-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Hesami, Maryam and Samiee, Roohalla and Azma, Fereydoon and Mostaghimi, Mahmood Rez}, title = {Investigating the effect of psychological factors and organizational intelligence on people\'s competence}, abstract ={Background & Aims: People's competence has been identified as one of the most important issues today. In a way, a public effort has been made to improve the competence of individuals (2). Individual competence makes people have good self-awareness and have a good knowledge of themselves in the first step. This is done through the role of individual competence in managing emotions as well as knowing the environment (7). Personal competence also improves people's management while enabling them to have more appropriate discipline. On the other hand, competence causes the improvement of motivational processes among individuals and they have appropriate capacities to improve and expand their performance due to having the desired motivational status (8). Individual competence plays an important role in people's success in work and life by distinguishing them from each other. This issue has caused individual competence as a key and important variable to always be considered by researchers. In an effort to improve individual competence has led to the identification of various variables in this area (9). Attention to psychological issues as well as organizational intelligence has caused it to be mentioned as key variables in the formation of desirable capacities in people. Psychological aspects have always been identified as one of the most important and influential issues due to the capacities it has created in the individual and attitude domains (10). Psychological factors, by affecting the general nature of individuals, cause their mental, attitudinal and behavioral status to be severely affected, and this overshadows the process of improving individuals' skills and abilities (11). Psychological factors as important components of individual issues play an important role in people's success. Psychological factors cause people to have good mental health, have the ability to make decisions and have the best behaviors in accordance with the situation in critical situations (12). This is due to the important and key capacities of psychological aspects in the formation of environmental awareness in individuals and through it the mastery of different situations. Organizational intelligence is one of the components that managers and employees must have in order to gain organizational knowledge by gaining deep knowledge of all environmental factors (15). Organizational intelligence functions have caused it to be mentioned as an important and influential variable among individuals (16). Given the importance of people's competence, it is necessary to consider the variables that improve this issue. The research gap on the impact of psychological factors and organizational intelligence on the competence of individuals has led to the formation of fundamental ambiguities about improving the competence of individuals, as well as operational strategies to improve the competence of individuals. Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether psychological factors and organizational intelligence affect people's competence. Methods: The present research is a descriptive-survey research and from the purpose perspective, it is one of the applied researches that was conducted in the field. The statistical population of the present study consisted of managers of power distribution companies in the northern provinces of the country (124 people) who were selected as a sample based on Morgan table and a simple random number of 94 people. The research instruments include 3 questionnaires of researcher-made psychological factors (including 22 questions and five components of perception, motivation, learning, attitude and mental health), Karl Albrecht 2002 Organizational Intelligence Questionnaire (including 49 questions and seven components of strategic vision, shared destiny, desire to Change, unity and agreement, morale, application of knowledge and performance pressure) and the Good Behavior Competence Questionnaire 2011 (including 12 questions and three components of self-awareness, self-management and self-motivation) which are scored based on a five-point Likert scale. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were also evaluated as desirable in the present study. Finally, Kalmogorov-Smirnov test and structural equations using PLS software version 3 and SPSS software version 20 were used to analyze the data. Results: The results of the present study showed that psychological factors have an effect on the competence of individuals by 0.491. It was also found that organizational intelligence has an effect on individual competence of 0.366. Selected indicators were used to evaluate the fit of the research model. The results showed that psychological factors, organizational intelligence and competence of individuals are in good condition (criteria higher than 0.7). On the other hand, it was found that the second root of the mean values of the extracted variance of each structure is greater than the correlation values of that structure with other structures (Table 1). On the other hand, considering that the desired value of the GOF index is higher than 0.36, it can be said that the value of this index is in a favorable position in the individual competency variable. According to the results of the model fit index, it was found that the research model has a good fit in all indicators (Table 2). Conclusion: The results showed that organizational intelligence has an effect of 0.366 on people's competence. In other words, focusing on organizational intelligence and psychological factors including perception, motivation, learning, attitude and mental health can provide the basis for improving people's competence. This issue has been mentioned in various researches. It seems that organizational intelligence can help make faster decisions by fully evaluating the information and past actions and examining the selected solutions of the organization. Organizational intelligence due to strategic vision, common destiny, and desire for change, unity and agreement, morale, application of knowledge and performance pressure causes people to have desirable skills and capacities in their areas of performance, and this raises the level. It becomes the merit of individuals. In other words, organizational intelligence creates potential capacities among people that can lead to increased competence among them. It also seems that psychological factors by improving the attitude and behavior of people and also improving the mental health of people cause people to have a good mental and psychological state. In other words, psychological factors create desirable capacities in individuals to improve individual status and improve individual skills, which leads to improved individual competence. With this in mind, it can be said that the potentials of psychological factors and its positive effects on the abilities of individuals have caused it to affect the level of competence of individuals. According to the results of the present study, it can be suggested that by holding training courses to improve the organizational intelligence of individuals, while improving the organizational intelligence of individuals to improve their competence. According to the results of the present study, it is suggested that in order to improve the morale of individuals in order to achieve success, they should improve their mental abilities in order to improve competence. According to the results of the present study, it is suggested that screening people in terms of mental health and identifying people with mental health problems, while improving people's mental health to improve their competence.}, Keywords = {Psychological factors, Organizational intelligence, Competence}, volume = {28}, Number = {4}, pages = {75-83}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی تاثیر عوامل روانشناختی و هوش سازمانی بر شایستگی افراد}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: بهبود شایستگی همواره مدنظر مدیران بوده است. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر بررسی تأثیر عوامل روانشناختی و هوش سازمانی بر شایستگی افراد بود. روش کار: تحقیق حاضر توصیفی- پیمایشی و از نظر هدف کاربردی است که به‌صورت میدانی انجام شد. جامعه آماری تحقیق حاضر شامل مدیران شرکت توزیع نیروی برق استان‌های شمالی کشور بود که بر اساس اطلاعات کسب شده، تعداد آنان  124 نفر بود. بر اساس جدول حجم نمونه مورگان، تعداد 94 نفر به‌صورت تصادفی به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. روش نمونه گیری در تحقیق حاضر به‌صورت تصادفی ساده بود. ابزار تحقیق شامل پرسشنامه عوامل روانشناختی محقق ساخته (شامل 22 سؤال و پنج مؤلفه ادراک، انگیزش، یادگیری، نگرش و سلامت روان)، پرسشنامه هوش سازمانی کارل آلبرخت 2002 (شامل 49 سؤال و هفت مؤلفه چشم‌انداز استراتژیک، سرنوشت مشترک، میل به تغییر، اتحاد و توافق، روحیه، کاربرد دانش و فشار عملکرد) و پرسشنامه شایستگی افراد نیک رفتار 1390 (شامل 12 سؤال و سه مؤلفه توانایی خودآگاهی، توانایی خود مدیریتی و خود انگیزشی) بود. روایی و پایایی پرسشنامه­ها نیز در تحقیق حاضر مورد تایید قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که عوامل روانشناختی بر شایستگی افراد تأثیری به میزان 491/0 و هوش سازمانی بر شایستگی افراد تأثیری به میزان 366/0 دارد. نهایتا مشخص شد که مدل تحقیق از برازش مناسبی برخوردار است. نتیجه ­گیری: نتایج تحقیق تایید کننده تأثیر عوامل روان­شناختی و هوش سازمانی بر شایستگی افراد می­باشد. بنابراین توصیه می‌شود جهت بهبود شایستگی در ادارات به مولفه­های روان­شناختی و هوش سازمانی توجه ویژه­ای شود}, keywords_fa = {عوامل روانشناختی, هوش سازمانی, شایستگی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6479-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6479-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {SadatYaghoubi, Mohaddese and Abedi, Bahram and Saremi, Abas}, title = {The effect of tabata exercise on water and metformin use on endostatin and TIMP2 in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrine disorder, affecting approximately 1 in 15 women worldwide (1). One of the cases that seems to be associated with polycystic ovary syndrome is angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is essential for the growth and differentiation of the human endometrium, and this process depends on the major endothelial vascular growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors, so that angiogenesis is the major feature of implantation and placenta formation (6). Progesterone has been shown to stimulate the proliferation of endometrial endothelial cells, and this proliferation may be mediated by genes involved in angiogenesis (8). In general, angiogenesis is the process of active proliferation of endothelial cells, and the formation of active vessels requires coordinated interactions between endothelial cells, the extracellular matrix, and the cells that surround them. In addition, intercellular connections must be broken. This is done by the large family of matrix metalloproteases, and inhibition of their secretion or activity can lead to tumor control in angiogenesis leading to metalloprotease inhibitors (12). But which factors influence angiogenesis is a question that has occupied the minds of researchers. Meanwhile, TIMP2 inactivates MMP9 (13). Exercise has also been shown to increase TIMP2 activity one day after exercise (14). Endostatin is another factor that is inversely related to the capillary network of the anterior buttock muscle and the left ventricular muscle of the rat. Endostatin levels are also low in the left ventricle and anterior tibialis muscle (15). Research suggests that the most important way to prevent and treat infertility disorders in people with polycystic ovary syndrome is to control their diabetes and weight (16). Although the benefits of aerobic exercise have been proven in many studies, little research has been done on intense intermittent exercise. One type of intense intermittent exercise is the Tabata exercise (5). Numerous clinical studies have reported significant aerobic, metabolic, musculoskeletal, and psychological benefits for water sports programs and intermittent swimming exercises (22). Considering the above and the importance of treating polycystic ovary syndrome on the one hand and the importance of angiogenesis on the other hand, the researcher intends to investigate the effect of Tabata exercise in water and metformin on endostatin and in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Methods: The present research is a quantitative and applied study that was conducted with a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all women with a body mass index of more than 29.9 in Isfahan with polycystic ovary syndrome. 30 people were selected as a sample from the community and provided they met the inclusion criteria, which were randomly assigned to the experimental group of Tabata + metformin exercise control. Subjects then completed a personal information questionnaire and blood samples were taken after 12 hours of night fasting to determine the level of research variables. In the continuation of the experimental group, the training program consisted of 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session lasted 40 minutes of Tabata training in water with a special training song for 20 minutes and 10 minutes of stretching and cooling exercises. The dose of metformin prescribed in the experimental group was 500 mgr twice a day after breakfast and dinner. 48 hours after the last training session, blood samples were taken again from all subjects. Descriptive statistics and Shapiro-Wilk tests, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data using SPSS / 21 software at the significance level of 0.05. Results: The results showed that Tabata exercise in water and metformin consumption had a significant effect on endostatin factor in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (F = 12.782, P = 0.001). Water training post-test (P = 0.001) on the one hand and there is a significant difference between water training post-test with control pre-test (P = 0.001) and control post-test (P = 0.001) but between other groups There is no significant difference (Figure 1). The results showed that Tabata exercise in water and metformin consumption significantly increased TIMP2 in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (F = 12.520, P = 0.001). Water training test (P = 0.001) on the one hand and there is a significant difference between water training post-test with control pre-test (P = 0.001) and control post-test (P = 0.001) but there is a difference between other groups. There is no significance (Figure 2). Conclusion: Imbalance of expression of angiogenic factors plays an important role in abnormal increase of ovarian stromal blood flow in polycystic ovary syndrome. In this study, Tabata exercise program in water and metformin consumption significantly reduced serum endostatin levels. Findings from this study and other research show that exercise, unlike acute activity, has a different effect. These results indicate that the response of endostatin to exercise depends on the anthropometric characteristics and the level of readiness of the subjects. The mechanism by which endostatin is reduced in response to exercise is still unclear. But it is possible that exercise reduces the rate of metamorphosis in the extracellular matrix, and this may prevent the release of endostatin from collagen. Endostatin levels depend on factors such as gender, age, disease, history, and level of fitness (26). Regarding the increase of TIMP-2 due to Tabata exercise in water and metformin consumption in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome, it can be stated that although the exact mechanism of the effect of exercise on the regulation of TIMP-2 levels is not well known, but increased production Angiostatin (a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis in vivo) and the activity of cathepsin D, an enzyme required for angiostatin production, have been observed in mice (35). Also, with increasing age, the amount of oxidative stress and activation of the nuclear factor NF-κB increases (36). Therefore, it can be suggested that exercise may be one of the ways to reduce oxidative stress and increase the production of inhibitors leading to an increase in TIMP-2 in the present study.    }, Keywords = {tabata exercise on water, metformin, endostatin, TIMP2, polycystic ovary syndrome}, volume = {28}, Number = {4}, pages = {84-94}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر تمرین تاباتا در آب و مصرف متفورمین بر اندوستاتین و TIMP2 در زنان چاق مبتلا به سندرم تخمدان پلی کیستیک}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: از سوی متخصصین رژیم غذایی و فعالیت بدنی به عنوان یک اولویت برای درمان بیماران سندرم تخمدان پلی کیستیک توصیه می­شود هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تبیین تاثیر تمرین تاباتا در آب و مصرف متفورمین بر اندوستاتین و TIMP2 در زنان چاق مبتلا به سندرم تخمدان پلی کیستیک بود. روش­ کار: بدین منظور از بین زنان دارای BMI فراتر از 9/29 شهر اصفهان، 30 نفر به عنوان نمونه آماری انتخاب و به طور تصادفی به دو گروه آزمایش (متفورمین+تمرین تاباتا) (15 نفر) و کنترل (متفورمین) (15 نفر) تقسیم شدند. گروه­ تجربی برنامه تمرینات تاباتا شامل 3 جلسه در هفته به مدت 40 دقیقه (10 دقیقه گرم کردن، 20 دقیقه تمرین و 10 دقیقه سرد کردن) متشکل از دوره­های 4 دقیقه­ای (20 ثانیه فعالیت و 10 ثانیه استراحت) را به مدت 12 هفته انجام دادند. آزمودنی­ها همچنین 500 میلی­گرم متفورمین را دو بار در روز و پس از صرف صبحانه و شام مصرف کردند. برای اندازه­گیری متغیرهای تحقیق پس از 12 تا 14 ساعت ناشتایی و در دو مرحله قبل و 48 ساعت پس از آخرین جلسه تمرین، خون­گیری انجام گرفت. نهایتا جهت تجزیه و تحلیل استنباطی داده‌ها از آزمون­های شپیرو ویلک، تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه و تعقیبی توکی استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد تمرین باعث کاهش معنی­دار اندوستاتین (001/0 p=) و افزایش معنی­دار TIMP2 (001/0 p=) در گروه تجربی شد. نتیجه ­گیری: نتایج تحقیق حاضر تایید کننده تاثیر تمرین تاباتا در آب همراه با مصرف متفورمین بر فاکتورهای آنژیوژنز در زنان چاق مبتلا به سندروم تخمدان پلی کیستیک می­باشد.}, keywords_fa = {تمرین تاباتا در آب, اندوستاتین, TIMP2, سندرم تخمدان پلی کیستیک}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6449-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6449-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Allami, Farshad and IranZadeh, Soliman and Khadivi, Asadollah and BudaghiKhajenobar, Hosei}, title = {Developing a model of psychological factors affecting ambidexterityin organizations}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Dual power is very difficult because it involves two opposing processes of exploration and exploitation that must be managed simultaneously (3). Exploration refers to innovation, creativity, change and repetition, while exploitation refers to cost-effectiveness, implementation, re-launching processes and achieving goals (4). Organizational ambiguity is a new concept in management that can be discussed in relation to organizational survival and its performance. An organization needs organizational ambiguity to survive, grow, improve performance, innovate and be competitive in today's dynamic environment. Successful organizations in a dynamic environment are ambiguous by using the facilities at their disposal (exploiting) and discovering new opportunities (exploring). 11 The basic concept of ambivalent is the individual's ability to use both hands simultaneously. Some research has examined the prerequisites for ambivalence, for example, personal characteristics that can increase employees' ambiguity, including intrinsic motivation (17), cognitive information (18), self-efficacy (19), attitude and orientation. (20) is stress management and self-confidence for social support (21). Also, the relationships between psychological characteristics of the individual and ambivalence may be adjusted by other variables such as age, experience, and emotional intelligence (22, 23). Therefore, based on the existing theoretical foundations, the variables of psychological capital, intrinsic motivation, ability to cope with stress, competence mediated by emotional intelligence are defined as important psychological preconditions on the duality of the organization. But also provide new ground for fundamental research and new psychological strategies to increase organizational ambiguity for managers and decision makers. Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether the pattern of psychological factors affecting ambiguity in organizations is sufficiently appropriate. Methods: The present descriptive and applied research population consisted of managers of small and medium companies in Tabriz, which due to the unlimited population and 379 available managers of companies were selected as a sample. Then the emotional intelligence questionnaire has 33 questions and evaluation of three components (emotional evaluation and expression, emotional regulation and exploitation of emotion), dual-ability questionnaire has 14 questions and two components (exploratory and exploitation), internal motivation has 6 questions, management Stress has 34 questions and component evaluations (strategies for creating a sense of optimism, time management, recreational activities, exercise, putting the body at rest, putting others patiently on a diet) and psychological capital and psychological empowerment. Provide them with 15 questions and evaluation components (competency, management, assistance, management, etc.) and ask them to answer the questionnaire patiently and honestly. Finally, to describe the data, the mean and standard deviation in the form of SPSS software version 26, to examine the conceptual model, confirmatory factor analysis (measurement and structural model) version 9.3 was used. Results: The results of confirmatory path analysis showed that the effect of psychological capital, intrinsic motivation, stress management and psychological empowerment and emotional intelligence on duality in organizations is positive and significant. Also, psychological capital and intrinsic motivation do not have a significant effect on duality in organizations, but also, the effect of stress management and psychological empowerment on duality in organizations is positive and significant (Table 1) The results of celebrating the mediator variable showed that emotional intelligence does not have a mediating and significant role on the relationship between capitalism and the ambiguity of organizations, emotional intelligence does not play a mediating and significant role on the relationship between intrinsic motivation and ambiguity of organizations. Also, emotional intelligence has a positive and significant role on the relationship between stress management and ambiguity of organizations; Finally, emotional intelligence has a positive and significant role on the relationship between psychological empowerment and ambiguity of organizations (Table 2). It was also found that the proposed model has a good fit. Conclusion: The results showed that increasing psychological capital leads to improving organizational ambiguity. In fact, psychological capital, by relying on the psychological variables of positivism such as hope and self-efficacy leads to the promotion of the value of human capital and social capital in the organization (26). Belief or confidence in one's abilities is known as self-efficacy. This belief and confidence in a person becomes success in performing certain tasks, and this success is also through motivating oneself, providing cognitive resources for oneself and The necessary actions are taken (27). Therefore, since ambiguity is very difficult, because it involves two opposing processes of exploration and exploitation that must be managed simultaneously (3). Therefore, having self-efficacy, optimism and resilience along with hope seem to play a significant role in organizational ambiguity. Another finding showed that intrinsic motivation is one of the factors affecting organizational ambiguity. One of the most important factors influencing the performance of managers and employees is internal motivation. Employees who have strong motivation to do the job, do their job enthusiastically and have a lot of passion for their job. Thus, job aspiration - as a desirable resource - may lead to a positive cycle of resources and consequently positive effects on health (30), which results in the proper performance of the assigned job tasks or behaviors beyond it, such as individual ambiguity. it is possible. The results showed that the use of stress management strategies can improve organizational ambiguity. Research has shown that job stress can reduce people's performance by affecting micro-factors such as sleep, lifestyle, food intake, fatigue and health complaints (32,31). Given that stress reduces organizational productivity, it seems logical that stress management through methods such as experiencing a sense of happiness, diet, recreation ... can address ambiguity as a dual opposite process and challenge Have a positive effect. The results of the present study showed that psychological ability has a positive effect on organizational ambiguity. Psychological empowerment is the feeling and perception of the individual in the work environment that creates and strengthens the sense of empowerment in the mental dimensions of the individual leads to his empowerment. In fact, empowerment in organizations reflects the psychological state of employees. Psychological empowerment seems to create a sense of competence; To be meaningful; The right to choose and influence (34) can lead to the improvement of organizational ambiguity. Finally, it was found that emotional intelligence has a positive effect on organizational ambiguity. But it only has a mediating and significant role between psychological empowerment and stress management with ambiguity. Emotional intelligence is one of the capabilities associated with success in life. Employees with high emotional intelligence are more conscientious because of their ability to evaluate and deal with emotions, understand the causes of stress, be gentle with problems, and control their own and others' emotions, and have more loyalty to the organization. Those people in the organization who have higher emotional intelligence are more successful in obtaining a job and job position (34).  }, Keywords = {optimism, ambidexterity, resilience, self-efficacy, motivation, stress and managers}, volume = {28}, Number = {4}, pages = {95-104}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تدوین الگوی عوامل روان شناختی موثر بر دوسوتوانی در سازمان ها}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: یک سازمان برای بقا، رشد، بهبود عملکرد، نوآوری و توان رقابت­پذیری در محیط پویای امروزی به قابلیت دوسوتوانی سازمانی نیاز دارد. هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر تدوین الگوی عوامل روان شناختی موثر بر دوسوتوانی در سازمان ها بود. روش کار: بدین منظور الگوی مفهومی عوامل موثر طراحی و پرسشنامه­های استاندارد دو سوتوانی جانسن (2006)، توانمندسازی روانشناختی اسپریتزر و میشرا، راهکارهای مدیریت استرس کوبین و همکاران (1990)، انگیزش درونی کواس و دیسویک (2009)، سرمایه­ی روانشناختی لوتاز (2007) و هـوش هیجـانی شـات (1998) بین 379 از مدیران شرکت­های کوچک و متوسط شهر تبریز که به صورت در دسترس به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند، توزیع و جمع­آوری شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که عوامل سرمایه روان شناختی، انگیزه درونی، مدیریت استرس، توانمندی روانی و هوش هیجانی نقش مثبت و معنی­داری در دوسوتوانی سازمانی دارند. سرمایه روان شناختی، مهمترین عامل می‌باشد. نتیجه­ گیری: با توجه به نتایج تحقیق پیشنهاد می­شود مدیران برای پیشبرد اهداف و بهبود عملکرد شرکت­ به متغیرهای سرمایه روان شناختی، انگیزه درونی، مدیریت استرس، توانمندی روانی و هوش هیجانی و مخصوصا سرمایه روان­شناختی توجه بیشتری داشته باشند.}, keywords_fa = {دوسرتوانی, عوامل روان شناختی, سازمان ها}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6553-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6553-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {MousaviFakhr, Seyed Mohammad Hassan and Keavanloo, Fahimeh}, title = {The relationship between religiosity and students\' mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis}, abstract ={Background & Aims: In spite of benefiting from technology, the modern mankind is suffering from miscellaneous problems and anxieties which not only threaten their mental health and peace, but also affect their physical health to drop the level of physical immunity and delay in healing. The World Health Organization defines mental health as patterns, methods and strategies which provide a stress-free, relaxed life with no mental preoccupations. In other words, mental health guaranties a desirable physical, mental and social state in harmony with other people.  Thus far, a great deal of research has been carried out on the relation between mental health and physical activity, job satisfaction, fasting etc.  Much research has already been carried out on the relation between devotion to religion and mental health. The bulk of such research indicate positive effects of religiousness on mental health (8-23). Mousavi and Hasani studied the relation between religiousness and mental health in university students, and concluded that there was a direct positive relation between them. They concluded that devotion of students to religion tends to decrease the probability of mental disorders and contributes to their social support, mental health and a rise in the physical immunity system through developing healthy behavioral patterns, increasing positive affections and optimism. Strengthening students’ religious beliefs and attitudes will add to their health. As previously mentioned, plenty of research has been carried out on the relation between religion and mental health; however, because of the contradiction prevalent in their conclusions, the present study seeks to investigate the effects of religiousness on university students’ mental health in a systematic and meta-analytical manner to come up with a sound understanding of the effects of religion on mental health as in previous pieces of research. Methods: The present research is of a systematic review and meta_analysis. Articles in Persian language were retrieved from the websites of the Irandoc, SID, noormags, civilica, elmnet. Papers were searched without time limitations until December 2020 through Persian equivalents for “religiousness”, “religion” and “mental health” as key terms. Entry criteria included researches based on relation evaluation and subjects of study were university students. Upon searching the above-mentioned websites, all the selected papers were applied to Endnote Software to detect and eliminate identical ones.  After eliminating identical papers, all titles and abstracts were reviewed to detect those relevant with the research. Through a number of stages, the present study determined the exact research question, collected, analyzed and interpreted the data based on PRISMA (36). The findings concerned with the role of religiousness on university student's mental health were extracted. The correlation coefficient and sample size were used for statistical calculations. Results: Searching the keywords in different sites led to 203 relevant papers. Then identical papers (60 cases) were eliminated leaving 143 papers for reviewing titles and abstracts. Sieving led to seeing into 43 papers in more detail. The whole criteria of import and export observed, 27 papers were thoroughly investigated. 11 papers were eliminated because of failing in providing the required information, leaving 16 papers for final investigation. Availability of 16 studies with fine quantitative data on the relation between university students’ religiousness and mental health made a meta-analysis test possible (8-23). The meta-analysis test reveals a meaningful relation between students’ religiousness and mental health with a confidence interval of 95% by the random effects model. Because the confidence interval EF= 0.035, CI: 95%(0.003 to 0.67) does not include zero (I2 =% 90.50, P=0.000). Begg’s Funnel plot was used to measure the bias of publishing articles. Funnel plot studies the bias of meta-analysis publication of the relation between university students’ religiousness and mental health. Regarding funnel plot and Z grade and the level of meaningfulness resulting from Begg’s Test (P= 0.669, Z=-0.427), no directionality was found concerning publication of articles on the relation between student's religiousness and mental health. Moreover, the points on the chart look symmetric, and no visual directionally was detected. Conclusion: Religiousness is an important psychological structure related to the mental health of human beings and can be of assistance to those in charge of health planning. Strengthening the various dimensions of religiousness in university students contributes to the promotion of their mental health. However, the planning which would apply the findings of the present study with a view to the relation between different elements of religiousness and mental health could yield more favorable results.  }, Keywords = {Mental health, Mental wellbeing, Religion, Religiousness, Religious orientation, University students}, volume = {28}, Number = {4}, pages = {105-114}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {نقش دینداری در سلامت روان دانشجویان : مطالعه مروری نظام‌مند و فراتحلیل}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: انسان امروزی، علی رغم برخورداری از مزایای تکنولوژی، درگیر مشکلات مختلف و اضطراب‌های ناشی از آن بوده که سلامت روان و آرامش انسان را بیشتر تهدید می‌کند و علاوه بر مشکلات روحی، روی جسم انسان نیز تأثیرات زیادی دارد و باعث کاهش ایمنی بدن و به تأخیر افتادن روند بهبودی بیمار می‌شود. هدف از  انجام این تحقیق مرو نظام‌مند و فراتحلیل نقش دینداری بر سلامت روان دانشجویان بود. روش  کار: این تحقیق از نوع مروری نظام‌مند و فراتحلیل است. جستجوی مقالات به زبان فارسی در پایگاه‌های ایران­داک، جهاد دانشگاهی، نورمگز، سولیکا، علم نت، بدون محدودیت زمانی تا آذرماه سال 1399 با کلیدواژه‌های مرتبط با"دینداری"،  "دین"، "سلامت روان"، "بهداشت روان" انجام شد. فقط تحقیقاتی که به بررسی ارتباط سنجی بین دینداری و سلامت روان دانشجویان پراخته بودند، دراین پژوهش وارد شدند. یافته‌ها: بر اساس معیارهای ورود و خروج در نهایت 16مقاله از 203 مطالعه مورد بررسی جامع قرار گرفت. نتایج فراتحلیل و نمودار انباشت نشان داده‌شده است که ارتباط معناداری بین دینداری و سلامت روان در این مطالعات وجود دارد (067/0 تا 003/0  CI: 95% ، 035/0 EF=). نتیجه‌گیری: دینداری یکی از سازه‌های روانشناختی مهم و مرتبط با سلامت روان است؛ و استفاده از آن در برنامه‌ریزی‌های سلامتی و بهداشتی برای مسئولین کمک کننده خواهد بود. به این معنی که تقویت ابعاد مختلف دینداری در دانشجویان منجر به ارتقای سلامت  می­شود.  البته این برنامه‌ریزی‌ها با استفاده از نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش و توجه به ارتباط بین مؤلفه‌های متفاوت دینداری و سلامت روان، می‌تواند اثربخشی بیشتری داشته باشند.}, keywords_fa = {بهداشت روان,سلامت روان, دین, دینداری, جهت‌گیری دینی, دانشجو}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6656-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6656-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {ZabihiShekhraje, Kia and FaghaniMakrani, Khosro and Zabihi, Ali}, title = {Emotionality of managers as a personality character and corporate social responsibility}, abstract ={Background & Aims: The present paper aims to explore the relationship between the emotionality of firm managers as a personality character and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Personality is a pattern of social behavior and social interrelations, so an individual’s personality is a set of ways by which he or she typically responds to and interacts with others. Attitudes, job efficiency, educational achievement, healthcare effectiveness, and, overall, the adaptability of humans to life situations are associated with their personality attributes. An individual’s performance is affected by many variables, above all their personality characteristics. Research on people’s personality characteristics shows that their behavior depends on their character and personality, so personality characteristics lay the ground for their behaviors. An organization’s social responsibility is beyond the framework of the minimum legal requirements of the organization. A major attribute of social responsibility is that all stakeholders should be considered. Stakeholder parties are defined as the groups of people somehow affecting or being affected by the organization and its activities. They include owners, board members, employees and unions, customers, commercial partners, suppliers, competitors, government, non-governmental organizations, and local communities. A human capital that plays a key role in converting the resources of a firm into income and creating wealth for stakeholders and can guarantee the viability and growth of organizations is potent and efficient management. The best performance and success of organizations can be expected only if they have potent and capable managers. The enhancement of society requires understanding people’s personalities considering the differences in personality and their impact on their performance. To understand personality, psychologists have studies its aspects and categorized people into different personality types. They argue that this categorization can be used in developing various economic, social, cultural, education, and other plans. To do their duties about all stakeholders, firms should incur costs. Managers incur these costs to create a proper mentality in stakeholders and believe that satisfying a community will motivate it to participate and will improve its performance. Methods: The statistical population of the present research was composed of all managers of the firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange and the research period was a one-year period over 2019-2020. The sample size was determined by Cochran’s method to be 184. The firms included in the sample were selected by simple randomization.  The research is an applied ex-post-facto study that is a descriptive survey in terms of methodology. The emotionality of the managers was considered as the independent variable and the corporate social responsibility (CSR) as the dependent variable. Emotionality is one of the six characters in the HEXACO model. CSR has five dimensions including responsibilities towards society and country, environmental responsibility, workspace responsibility, market and industry responsibilities, operation, and intra-organizational processes. Data on the managers’ personality characteristics were collected by the HEXACO personality inventory (Ashton and Lee, 2009) The CSR checklist was prepared by the researcher and was used after it was confirmed by a panel of academic teachers and experts. Data on CSR were extracted from the firms’ annual reports.  These reports are published in the Codal portal concurrent with the publication of annual audited financial statements. They provide important information such as the introduction of board members, opportunities and threats, the general status of the firm by providing the main financial ratios of the firm, a description of ongoing activities, a description of the future programs, the industrial perspective in which the firm operates, the status of the firm in the industry inside and outside the country, the firm’s incomes and expenses, the most important income and expense information including the trend of the income and final price of the firm in recent years. The conceptual model of the research was tested by the analysis algorithm using the partial least squares in the Smart PLS 3 and SPSS 24 software packages. Results: The analyses were performed in two phases of analyzing the fit of the measurement model and the fit of the structural model. The fit of the measurement model was checked by three criteria of reliability, convergent validity, and divergent validity. The reliability of the measurement model was calculated by the coefficients of factor loads, Cronbach’s alpha, and composite reliability. The structural model was studied by analyzing the relations of the latent variables and the criteria of coefficients of significance, coefficients of determination, and Stone-Geisser criterion. The results of testing the research hypotheses showed that the emotionality of managers is related to all dimensions of CSR. Conclusion: So, it is concluded that managers with the emotionality personality character pursue the benefits of all groups involved in the company and prioritize social responsibility towards all people, personnel, environment, and the market of the company’s commodities in corporate programs. Prioritizing stakeholders will increase mutual attention to the company and its products and this will ultimately increase the firm value and stakeholders’ wealth.  }, Keywords = {Personality trait emotionality of CEOs, HEXACO, Corporate Social Responsibility, structural equations modeling}, volume = {28}, Number = {4}, pages = {115-124}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {ویژگی شخصیتی هیجان‌پذیری مدیران و مسئولیت‌پذیری اجتماعی شرکت‌ها}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: شخصیت یکی از مهم‌ترین سازه­های مطالعاتی در رفتار سازمانی می­باشد که می­تواند نقش اساسی در پیش­بینی رفتار انسان­ها داشته باشد، لذا هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی ارتباط بین ویژگی شخصیتی هیجان­پذیری مدیران شرکت­ها و مسئولیت­پذیری اجتماعی شرکت­ها می­باشد. روش‌ کار: جامعه آماری پژوهش، مدیران کلیه شرکت­های پذیرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران می­باشد. تعداد نمونه آماری با روش کوکران 184 نفر تعین شد و با روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی انتخاب شدند. این پژوهش از نوع کاربردی و پس­رخدادی است. مسئولیت­پذیری اجتماعی شرکت­ها دارای دارای پنج بعد مسئولیت­های جامعه و کشور مسئولیت­های زیست محیطی، مسئولیت­های محیط کار، مسئولیت­های بازار و صنعت، راهبری و فرآیندهای درون سازمانی می­باشد. گردآوری داده­های ویژگی­ شخصیتی هیجان­پذیری مدیران با استفاده از پرسشنامه­ ویژگی­های شخصیت هگزاکو و داده­های مسئولیت­پذیری اجتماعی با استفاده از چک لیست مسئولیت­پذیری اجتماعی شرکت که توسط پژوهشگر تهیه شده است، صورت گرفت. داده­های اخیر از گزارش فعالیت سالانه هیات مدیره شرکت­ها استخراج گردید. در پژوهش حاضر تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها با استفاده از مدل­سازی معادلات ساختاری و نرم­افزار smart pls3 و SPSS 24 انجام گردید. یافته‌ها: یافته­های پژوهش نشان می­دهد که ویژگی شخصیتی هیجان­پذیری مدیران با کلیه ابعاد مسئولیت­پذیری اجتماعی شرکت­ها ارتباط معناداری دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: مدیران با ویژگی شخصیتی هیجان­پذیری به دنبال منافع گروه­های مختلف افراد درگیر با شرکت می­باشند و مسئولیت اجتماعی در قبال عموم افراد جامعه، کارکنان، محیط زیست و بازار محصولات شرکت در اولویت برنامه­های شرکت قرار خواهد گرفت.}, keywords_fa = {ویژگی شخصیتی هیجان‌پذیری, هگزاکو, مسئولیت‌پذیری اجتماعی, مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6644-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6644-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {ZiaieBigdeli, Tavoos and Peeri, Maghsoud and Azarbayjani, Mohammad Ali and Farzanegi, Parvi}, title = {Synergic effects of endurance training and octopamine on oxidative stress in the cerebellum of male rats treated with Deep frying oils}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Deep frying oil (DFO) are a method used in many fast foods. High heat has changed the structure of  oil, which can affect people's health. Fried oils can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can play an important role in many pathological conditions. ROS in cerebellar tissue can cause oxidative stress and damage nerve cells. Regular physical activity, as a necessity for a healthy life, can affect all organs and systems of the body, and has a valuable role in the functioning of the central nervous system and they are effective in preventing or delaying the death of cerebellar cells. Also the use of some supplements, such as herbal supplements, can increase the antioxidant effects of exercise, which can affect the cerebellum tissue and neutralize the oxidative damage caused by harmful foods . In general , along with endurance training, a variety of herbal remedies can be prescribed. Octopamine has been reported to modulate some neurophysiological processes due to its stimulant function, which increases the efficiency of physical function in endurance training, so it can be used as a supplement. Therefore, due to the increase in consumption of foods prepared with DFO ,The present study aimed to review the effects of aerobic exercise and octopamine supplement on the activity of SOD and MDA concentration in cerebellar tissue of rats fed with DFO. Methods: This experimental study, was conducted on 30 adult male wistar  rats average aged 20 weeks  with an average weight of 300-350 gr  . The subjects were randomly divided into 5 groups: Healthy  Control, DFO Control, exercise+DFO , DFO+octopamine , DFO+exercise+octopamine . At the beginning of the first week, the subjects were exposed to DFO poisoning  0.1cc  per 100 gr of  body weight by Gavage. The rats received the intraperitoneal injection of octopamine (81 mMol / kg /day) for 4  weeks, 5 days per week.  Training was done for 4 weeks, 5 days a week and 20 minutes per day at a speed of 26 m/minute aerobic exercises. After 4 weeks, all rats were anesthetized with respiratory chloroform and histoplasty  was performed and MDA and SOD levels were measured on samples fixed cerebellum. Finally, descriptive statistics and Shapiro-Wilk tests, two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc using SPSS software were used to analyze the data. Results: DFO intake significantly increased MDA concentration and decreased SOD activity (p<0.01). Exercise significantly reduced cerebellar MDA concentration (F=174.87, P=0.001). Octopamine supplementation had a significant reduction in cerebellar MDA concentration (F=211.61, P=0.001). The interaction of exercise and octopamine supplementation had a significant decrease on cerebellar MDA concentration more than the effect of each intervention alone (F=4.39, P=0.049). Exercise significantly increased cerebellar SOD activity (F=200.65, P=0.001). Octopamine supplementation had the effect of increasing cerebellar SOD activity (F=99.79, P=0.001). The interaction of exercise and octopamine supplementation also had a significant increase in cerebellar SOD activity more than the effect of each intervention alone (F=22.87, P=0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that endurance training combined with octopamine consumption can reduce the oxidative damage caused by unhealthy diets such as deep-heated oils in brain tissue. The reception of deep frying oils by reducing the activity of SOD enzyme and increasing the concentration of MDA causes the development of oxidative pressure in cerebellum tissue. SOD are the front line of defense against oxygen-induced damage (ROS). These proteins reduce free radicals that damage cells in excessive concentrations. MDA which is the result of peroxidation of lipids, especially membrane lipids, as one of the most important mediators of free radical damage, can easily and extensively bind or break down important biological macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, which can lead to a variety of diseases. Regular endurance training can lead to the adaptation of the antioxidant system and improve the capacity of this system in the detoxification reaction, or in other words, the neutralization of active species of oxygen and nitrogen. Also, the use of herbal supplements such as octopamine is able to increase the antioxidant effects of exercise, which can affect the cerebellum tissue and neutralize the oxidative damage caused by harmful foods. Due to its stimulant function, octopamine modulates some neurophysiological processes that increase the efficiency of physical function in endurance training.  Endurance training and octopamine alone reduced the oxidative pressure created and, when applied simultaneously, enhanced each other's effect. Based on this, it is found that in the conditions of induction of oxidation pressure induced by DFO, these two interventions have a neuroprotective effect and enhance each other synergistically.    }, Keywords = {DFO,Endurance Training,Octopamine,MDA,Superoxide dismutase}, volume = {28}, Number = {4}, pages = {125-134}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {تاثیر هم زمان تمرین استقامتی و اکتاپامین بر استرس اکسیداتیو در مخچه موش های تیمار شده با DFO}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: روغن‌های زیاد سرخ شده (DFO) روشی رایج در تهیه بسیاری از خوراکی‌ها می‌باشد. حرارت زیاد ترکیبات تشکیل دهنده روغن را تغییر داده و بر سلامت افراد تأثیر می‌گذارد. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین تأثیر تمرین هوازی و اکتاپامین بر غلظت MDA و فعالیت SOD در بافت مخچه موش دریافت کننده DFO بود. روش کار: در تحقیق حاضر از بین موش‌های نر نژاد ویستار با میانگین سنی20 هفته و وزن 350-300 گرم ،30 سر موش بطور تصادفی انتخاب و به 5 گروه کنترل سالم ، بیمار (DFO) ، بیمار+ اکتاپامین ، بیمار+ ورزش ، بیمار+ اکتاپامین + ورزش  تقسیم شدند. به ازای هر 100 گرم وزن موش μmol/kg 81 اکتاپامین حل شده با نرمال سالین 9% به مدت 4 هفته و 5 روز در هفته به صورت درون صفاقی تزریق شد. همچنین روغن روزانه به میزان cc  1/0 به ازای هر 100 گرم وزن موش از طریق گاواژ خورانده شد. گروه های تمرین پنج جلسه در هفته با سرعت 26 متر در دقیقه و 20 دقیقه در روز بر روی تردمیل تمرین کردند. بعد از 4 هفته سنجش فعالیت SOD و MDA بر روی نمونه‌های مخچه فیکس شده انجام شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد دریافت DFO به‌طور معنی‌داری غلظت MDA را افزایش و میزان فعالیت SOD را کاهش می‌دهد (01/0p<). دریافت اکتاپامین و تمرین هریک به تنهایی منجر به افزایش میزان فعالیت SOD و کاهش میزان MDA شدند (05/0p<). تعامل تمرین و اکتاپامین تأثیر هم افزایی معنی‌داری برکاهش غلظت MDA و افزایش فعالیت SOD داشت (01/0p<). نتیجه‌‌گیری: نتایج تحقیق حاضر تایید کننده تأثیر تمرین و اکتاپامین بر  افزایش محافظت عصبی در برابر شاخص‌های استرس اکسیداتیو می‌باشد.}, keywords_fa = {DFO,تمرین استقامتی,اکتاپامین,مالون دی آلدئید,سوپر اکسید دیسموتاز}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6696-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6696-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Bahadorizadeh, Leyla and minaeian, sara and TaheriTinjani, Reyhaneh and ShamlouMahmoudi, Fatemeh and Khazaie, fatemeh and Alidoust, laleh and mashayekhi, Farzaneh and alimohamadi, yousef}, title = {Evaluation of phenotypic resistance pattern of gram-negative bacteria isolated from sputum of patients admitted to intensive care units of Firoozabadi hospital}, abstract ={  1. Pourkazemi A, Farashbandi H, Balu H. Epidemiological study of nosocomial infections and antibiotic resistance patterns In Guilan. Yafteh. 2019;21(1). 2. Darvishi M, Forootan M, Nazer MR, Karimi E, Noori M. Nosocomial Infections, Challenges and Threats:A Review Article. Iran J Med Microbiol. 2020;14(2):162-81. 3. Khan HA, Baig FK, Mehboob R. Nosocomial infections: Epidemiology, prevention, control and surveillance. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2017 May 1;7(5):478-82. 4. Tolera M, Abate D, Dheresa M, Marami D. Bacterial nosocomial infections and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among patients admitted at hiwot fana specialized university hospital, Eastern Ethiopia. Adv Med. 2018 Dec 4;2018. 5. Despotovic A, Milosevic B, Milosevic I, Mitrovic N, Cirkovic A, Jovanovic S, et al. Hospital-acquired infections in the adult intensive care unit—Epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance patterns, andrisk factors for acquisition and mortality. Am J Infect Control. 2020. 6. Puchter L, Chaberny IF, Schwab F, Vonberg R-P, Bange F-C, Ebadi E. Economic burden of nosocomial infections caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7(1):1-7. 7. Metersky ML, Kalil AC. New guidelines for nosocomial pneumonia. Curr Opin Pulmonary Med. 2017 May 1;23(3):211-7. 8. Stiller A, Schröder C, Gropmann A, Schwab F, Behnke M, Geffers C, Sunder W, Holzhausen J, Gastmeier P. ICU ward design and nosocomial infection rates: a cross-sectional study in Germany. J Hosp Infect. 2017 Jan 1;95(1):71-5. 9. Ang H, Sun X. Risk factors for multidrug‐resistant Gram‐negative bacteria infection in intensive care units: A meta‐analysis. Int J Nurs Pract. 2018;24(4):e12644. 10. Chia PY, Sengupta S, Kukreja A, Ponnampalavanar SSL, Ng OT, Marimuthu K. The role of hospital environment in transmissions of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2020;9(1):29. 11. Siwakoti S, Subedi A, Sharma A, Baral R, Bhattarai NR, Khanal B. Incidence and outcomes of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria infections in intensive care unit from Nepal-a prospective cohort study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7(1):114. 12. Zeinali Aghdam S, Minaeian S, Sadeghpour Karimi M, Tabatabaee Bafroee AS. The antibacterial effects of the mixture of silver nanoparticles with the shallot and nettle alcoholic extracts. J Appl Biotechnol Rep. 2019 Dec 5;6(4):158-64. 13. Lepape A, Jean A, De Waele J, Friggeri A, Savey A, Vanhems P, et al. European intensive care physicians’ experience of infections due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2020;9(1):1-11. 14. Khoshfetrat M, Keykha A, Sedaghatkia M, Farahmandrad R. Determination of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Organisms Isolated from Endotracheal Tube Cultures of Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Unit. Arch Anesthes Crit Care. 2020 Aug 18. 15. Hemmati A, Nikoonejad AR, Lotfollahi L, Jahed S, Nejad Rahim R, Nabizadeh E. Antibacterial resistance pattern of microorganisms isolated from posetive blood cultures at ICUs of Imam Koeinihospital. J Urmia Univ Med Sci. 2016;27(6):533-40. 16. Khashei R, Navabi Z, Mohebi S, Samadi N. Antibiotic Resistance Among Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates Obtained From Shiraz Nemazi Hospital ICU Wards. Iran J Med Microbiol. 2018;12(4):294-300. 17. Salehifar E, Abedi S, Mirzaei E, Kalhor S, Eslami G, Ala S, et al. Profile of Microorganisms Involved in Nosocomial Pneumonia and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern in Intensive Care Units of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Sari, 2011-2012. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2013. 18. Bayani M, Siadati S, Rajabnia R, Taher AA. Drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae isolated from ICU, Babol, Northern Iran. Int J Mol Cell Med. 2013;2(4):204. 19. Molazade A, Gholami MS, Shahi A, Najafipour S, Mobasheri F, Ashraf Mansuri J, Jafari S. Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Isolated Gram-Negative Bacteria from Urine Culture of Hospitalized patients in Different Wards of Vali-Asr Hospital in Fasa During the Years 2012 and 2013. J Fasa Univ Med Sci. 2014 Sep 1;4(3). 20. Xie J, Roberts JA, Lipman J, Cai Y, Wang H, Zhao N, et al. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic adequacy of polymyxin B against extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in critically ill, general ward and cystic fibrosis patient populations. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Jun;55(6):105943. 21. Jeannot K, Bolard A, Plesiat P. Resistance to polymyxins in Gram-negative organisms. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2017;49(5):526-35. 22. Velkov T, Dai C, Ciccotosto GD, Cappai R, Hoyer D, Li J. Polymyxins for CNS infections: pharmacology and neurotoxicity. Pharmacol Ther. 2018;181:85-90.}, Keywords = {Nosocomial Infection, Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Multidrug-Resistant (MDR), Antibiotic Resistance}, volume = {28}, Number = {4}, pages = {135-144}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {بررسی الگوی مقاومت فنوتیپی ایزوله‌های گرم منفی جداسازی شده از خلط بیماران بستری در بخش‌های مراقبت‌های ویژه بیمارستان فیروزآبادی}, abstract_fa ={زمینه و هدف: عفونت‌های بیمارستانی شایع‌ترین عارضه در بیماران بستری در بیمارستان گزارش شده است. بخش‌های مراقبت‌های ویژه (ICU) مکانی حساس برای بروز و گسترش مقاومت آنتی‌بیوتیکی می باشد. شایع ترین عفونت اکتسابی بیمارستانی پنومونی می‌باشد. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی الگوی مقاومت فنوتیپی ایزوله‌های گرم منفی جداسازی شده از (ترشحات خلط لوله تراشه) بیماران بستری  در بخش‌های مراقبت‌های ویژه بیمارستان فیروزآبادی می‌باشد. روش‌ کار: در این مطالعه مقطعی توصیفی - تحلیلی 147 ایزوله ‌گرم منفی از (ترشحات خلط لوله تراشه) بیماران بستری در بخش‌های مراقبت‌های ویژه بیمارستان فیروزآبادی جداسازی شدند. تمامی نمونه‌ها با روش‌های میکروسکوپی و بیوشیمیایی تعیین هویت شدند. سپس برای کلیه ایزوله‌ها تست آنتی بیوگرام به روش کربی –بایر (Disk Diffusion) بر اساس استانداردCLSI 2019  انجام گرفت. نتایج به وسیله نرم افزار  SPSS-23مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: نتایج به‌دست آمده از این مطالعه نشان داد بیشترین میزان عفونت به ترتیب متعلق به ایزوله‌های اسنیتوباکتر بومانی با (68) 3/46%، (52) 4/35% عفونت با کلبسیلا پنومونیه، (20) 6/13% عفونت با پسودوموناس آئروژینوزا،  (4) 7/2% عفونت با اشرشیاکلی، (2) 4/1% سیتروباکتر دایورسوس و کمترین میزان عفونت با سیتروباکتر فروندی (1) 7/0% گزارش گردید. بیشترین میزان مقاومت آنتی‌بیوتیکی به ترتیب در آنتی‌بیوتیک‌های پیپراسیلین (5/92%) و سفپیم (8/91%) دیده شد و کمترین مقاومت در آنتی‌بیوتیک سیپروفلوکساسین (8/74%) گزارش گردید. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به آلودگی بخش‌های بیمارستانی خصوصاً بخش‌های مراقبت ویژه به باکتری‌هایی با مقاومت چندگانه به آنتی‌بیوتیک‌ها بررسی و پایش دوره‌ای نوع عفونت بیمارستانی و الگوی مقاومت آنتی‌بیوتیکی آن‌ها در هر بخش از بیمارستان بسیار لازم و ضروری می‌باشد. با توجه به الگوی مقاومت آنتی بیوتیکی در مطالعه حاضر و اینکه پیپراسیلین و سفپیم جز درمان‌های آنتی بیوتیکی رایج تجربی در پنومونی‌های وابسته به ونتیلاتور می‌باشند، بازنگری در شیوه‌های درمان تجربی ضروری به نظر می‌رسد.  }, keywords_fa = {عفونت بیمارستانی, بخش مراقبت‌های ویژه (ICU), باکتری‌های مقاوم به چند دارو (MDR), مقاومت آنتی‌بیوتیکی}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6586-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6586-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Saneii, Seyed Hassan and Vasaghi-Gharamaleki, Behnoosh and Sanjari, Mohammad Ali and Keyhani, Mohammadreza and Roohi-Azizi, Mahtab}, title = {A Review of Clinimetrics}, abstract ={According to Alvan Feinstein, the world of clinical medicine faces two challenges of mensuration and quantification. An individual-level challenge called mensuration and a group-level challenge called quantification. Feinstein calls mensuration the process of converting clinical observations (observed phenomena) into primary raw data, which are expressed as numbers and digits. Then, he called the conversion of raw data into digits and numbers specific to groups, such as the average, quantification. Quantification also has group indices to describe physical symptoms and clinical phenomena. In many scientific disciplines, the extension metry/metrics has been used to represent works based on measurement or mensuration. Combined terms with this suffix were first used by Sir F. Galton for biometry about a century ago to represent the combination of statistical committees with biological knowledge. Biometrics gradually expanded into the realm of biology, and three areas of anthropometry, sociometry, and psychometric emerged. In addition to biological activities, the scope of metrics has been widely extended to other sciences such as econometrics, technometrics, cliometric, bibliometrics, and chemometrics. Therefore, the idea and name of clinimetric is not new. The cousins of the large metrics family have been waiting for the word clinimetrics for a long time, and they may wonder why clinicians and therapists joined them so late. To express people's height, scale data in centimeters or inches, to express gender, scale data such as men and women, and to classify the severity of the disease, scales such as mild, moderate and severe or +1, +2, +3 and .... were defined. All the scales and criteria used in mensuration are to describe the types of treatments so that the observed phenomena can be divided into specific categories and analyzed. Quantification occurs after collecting primary raw data and assigning it to categories to make comparisons between them. In the categorized raw data, indicators can be calculated for each group. The average as an indicator of the health status of severely ill men receiving a treatment is one of them. In a complete and comprehensive definition, clinimetrics is an indicator of clinical phenomena. It evaluates or describes clinical and laboratory signs, symptoms, and findings using scales, indicators, and other quantitative instruments. Clinical measurement can be divided into two types of activities. One of them is mensuration in which raw data is collected to label or group so that the observed phenomena. Mensuration means what determines the status of each individual to generate such variables and raw data such as "place of birth: Mashhad", "gender: female", "age: 42" and "functional status: level 4". Another type of clinical trial can be called quantification that involves the collection of raw data in a group and summarizing the group’s characteristics, and sometimes a comparison is made between two or more groups. In quantification, it can be said that in a special group of 57 people, 81% of them were born in Mashhad, 56% were women and their average age was 46.2 years and their average functional status was level 3. Then we can compare this group with another group of people to achieve the conclusion for quantification. Over the years, the term "clinical epidemiology" has been used to quantify and compare clinical phenomena. Hence, clinimetrics is limited to mensuration activities to distinguish between these two types of measurements. On the other hand, clinical epidemiology can be a subset of clinimetrics or vice versa clinimetrics subset of clinical epidemiology. With these limitations, clinimetrics can be related to indicators, rating scales, and other conditions that are defined to describe or measure physical signs and symptoms or overt clinical phenomena in clinical medicine. Although markers, indicators, and measurements are components of clinimetrics, the main focus of this branch of science is expanding on methodology for measurement to have the necessary application. This issue is related to the quality of measuring instruments and now there is more focus on the development process of instruments than their final format. Dr. Feinstein, known as the father of clinical epidemiology, dreamed of a new field, which he introduced as clinimetrics in the early 1980s and scientists like Henrica De. Wet, Per Bech and Paul Krabbe pursued his work. He wrote a book on Clinimetrics after writing a book on Clinical Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology.  He published four consecutive articles in the journal Ann. Intern Medicine (September to December 1983) to emphasize the necessity of basic sciences in medicine as "clinical medicine". In the last of these articles, he introduced the field of clinimetrics and predicted the types of opposition to the establishment of this field. The concept of clinimetrics gradually took its place in the medical literature. Given his scientific background in mathematics, statistics and psychometrics, he now teaches clinimetrics at the VU University of the Netherlands and has begun a wide range of activities to promote it (www.clinimetrics.nl/). He and his colleagues believe that clinimetry and psychometry are two sides of a coin. However, people like Per Bech in his book "Clinical Psychometry-2012" consider clinical psychometry to be the same as "clinimetrics" in psychiatry. Paul Krabbe of the University of Groningen in the Netherlands has dedicated chapter 13 of his book to measuring health and health status to clinimetrics. Clinimetrics has been proposed in other sciences such as physiotherapy and rehabilitation sciences by Dekker et al. (2005). Soon courses on clinimetrics will begin in faculties that deal with patients and clinical sciences (such as rehabilitation, dentistry and medicine). Perhaps the best place to start this field is in the "basic sciences" group at medical universities, so that Dr. Feinstein's dream of making the field of clinical studies as a basic field comes true. It is hoped that the pioneering universities of medical sciences in the country will also contribute to the development of this field by understanding the necessity of establishing such a field as a basic and complementary field.  }, Keywords = {Clinimetrics, Mensuration, Quantification, Metrics}, volume = {28}, Number = {4}, pages = {145-153}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {مروری بر بالین سنجی}, abstract_fa ={پزشکی بالینی با دو چالش داده نگاری (Mensuration) و کمی سازی (Quantification) روبرو است. داده‌نگاری همان فرآیند تبدیل مشاهدات بالینی به داده‌های خام اولیه و کمی‌سازی ارائه شاخص‌های مربوط به گروه ها برای توصیف نشانه‎ها، علائم جسمانی و پدیده‌های بالینی است. در بسیاری از علوم برای شناساندن چنین کارهایی از پسوند سنجش (Metrics/(Metry استفاده نموده‌اند. زیست‌سنجی، روان‎سنجی، اقتصادسنجی، جامعه‎سنجی، شیمی‎سنجی و ... نیز بر همین اساس شکل یافته‌اند. بالین‌سنجی (Clinimetrics) نیز در زمره خانواده «سنجش» قرار دارد و برای سنجش پدیده‎های بالینی بکار می رود. در این حوزه‎ از شاخص‌ها، مقیاس رتبه‎بندی و سایر ویژگی‎ها برای توصیف علائم جسمانی و پدیده‎های بالینی استفاده می شود. فنیشتاین در اوایل دهه 1980 رویای رشته جدیدی را در سر می‌پروراند که نخستین بار آن را با عبارت بالین‌سنجی 1980 معرفی کرد و کسانی چون هنریکا دی. وت، پر بچ  و پل کرابه آن را ادامه دادند. بالین سنجی شاخصی از پدیده‌های بالینی است که به دو بخش داده‏نگاری و کمی‌سازی  تقسیم می شود. بالین سنجی فراتر از محاسبات بوده و به دنبال کاربرد محاسبات آماری در علوم پزشکی است تا بتواند احساس را از تصمیمات مبتنی بر توجیه منطقی دور سازد. در آینده‎ای نه چندان دور، انتظار می‎رود که شاهد ضرورت راه اندازی رشته بالین‌سنجی در دانشکده‌های پزشکی، دندانپزشکی، توانبخشی و غیره که با درمانگاه و بیمار سروکار دارند، باشیم. این رشته می‌تواند در دپارتمان‎های علوم پایه راه‌اندازی شود.}, keywords_fa = {بالین سنجی, داده‌نگاری, کمی‎سازی, سنجش}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6419-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6419-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {2021} }