Razi Journal of Medical Sciences

fa طراحی مدل انسجام زناشویی براساس سبک‌های دلبستگی، تمایز یافتگی در زوجین مراجعه‌کننده به کلینیک‌های مشاوره خانواده شهر کرمان Designing a Model of Marital Cohesion Based on Attachment Styles and Differentiation of Self in Couples Referring to Family Counseling Clinics in Kerman روانشناسی بالینی Clinical Psychiatry پژوهشي Research <div style="text-align: justify;">زمینه و هدف: زوجین به دلیل مسائلی که در زندگی زناشویی برایشان اتفاق می‌افتد و با توجه به نحوه نگرش آنها نسبت به قضایا، مسائل، مشکلات و حوادثی که با آن روبه‌رو می‌شوند، سلامت جسم و روان خود را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهند. لذا هدف از انجام این پژوهش، طراحی مدل انسجام زناشویی بر اساس سبک‌های دلبستگی و تمایزیافتگی در زوجین مراجعه‌کننده به کلینیک‌های مشاوره خانواده شهر کرمان در سال 1402 بود. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از نوع طرح‌های همبستگی مبتنی بر روش مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری بود. جامعه آماری کلیه مراجعه‌کنندگان به کلینیک‌های مشاوره خانواده شهر کرمان در بازه زمانی شش ماه اول (بهار و تابستان) سال 1402 بوده است. برای محاسبه حجم نمونه به ادبیات پژوهشی مرتبط با روش آماری SEM مراجعه شد و با در نظر گرفتن نظریه تاپاچنیک و فیدل (2007)، حجم نمونه 386 نفر که شرایط ورود به تحلیل را داشتند انتخاب گردید که از هشت کلینیک روان‌شناختی شهر کرمان به شیوه نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای تصادفی انتخاب شدند. ابزار پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه تمایزیافتگی اسکورون (2000)، مقیاس انسجام زناشویی گراهام اسپانیر (1976) و پرسشنامه دلبستگی بزرگسال هازن و شیور (1987) بود. برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها در بخش آمار استنباطی و بررسی فرضیه‌های پژوهش، از روش معادلات ساختاری و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار AMOS بهره گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان دهنده  رابطه معنا‌دار بین سبک‌های دلبستگی ایمن با انسجام زناشویی است. با توجه به مثبت بودن ضریب‌های مسیر، این رابطه‌ها از نوع افزایشی (مستقیم) است. همچنین رابطه معنادار و کاهشی (معکوس) میان سبک‌های دلبستگی ناایمن با انسجام زناشویی، سبک‌های دلبستگی دوسوگرا با انسجام زناشویی و تمایز یافتگی با انسجام زناشویی برقرار بود. نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی می‌توان بیان نمود که مدل پیشنهادی پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که ارتقای امنیت دلبستگی و تقویت مهارت‌های تمایزیافتگی می‌تواند به‌عنوان راهبردی کلیدی در مداخلات مشاوره‌ای برای افزایش انسجام زناشویی و پیشگیری از طلاق عاطفی مورد توجه قرار گیرد. بنابراین طراحی برنامه‌های آموزشی و درمانی با محوریت اصلاح الگوهای دلبستگی و رشد تمایزیافتگی، گامی مؤثر در بهبود سلامت روان خانواده و تحکیم روابط زوجین خواهد بود.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Background & Aims: Marriage is regarded as one of the most fundamental social institutions that plays a crucial role in ensuring psychological well-being, emotional stability, and social health. The quality of marital relationships not only affects the couple themselves but also influences family functioning and, consequently, the mental health of the broader community. Couples are continuously exposed to a variety of life events, challenges, conflicts, and stressful situations. The way they perceive, interpret, and respond to these issues can significantly affect their physical and psychological health. When couples possess constructive attitudes, effective communication skills, and emotional regulation abilities, they are more likely to maintain a cohesive and satisfying marital relationship. Conversely, maladaptive perceptions and dysfunctional interaction patterns may lead to emotional distance, marital dissatisfaction, and even emotional divorce. One of the key psychological factors influencing marital cohesion is attachment style. According to attachment theory, early interactions with primary caregivers shape individuals’ internal working models, which later influence their expectations, emotional responses, and behaviors in intimate relationships. Securely attached individuals tend to trust their partners, express emotions appropriately, and manage conflicts constructively, all of which contribute to higher levels of marital cohesion. In contrast, insecure attachment styles- such as anxious or avoidant attachment- are often associated with fear of intimacy, excessive dependency, emotional withdrawal, or heightened sensitivity to rejection, which can undermine the stability of marital relationships. Another influential variable is differentiation of self, derived from Bowen’s family systems theory. Differentiation refers to an individual’s ability to maintain emotional autonomy while remaining emotionally connected to significant others. Individuals with higher levels of differentiation can balance rational thinking and emotional responses, tolerate stress, and engage in intimate relationships without losing their sense of self. Low differentiation, however, is associated with emotional reactivity, fusion, or emotional cutoff, which may increase marital conflicts and reduce cohesion. Considering the social and cultural transformations in contemporary Iranian society, marital relationships are undergoing significant changes, and many couples experience difficulties in adapting to new relational patterns. Family counseling clinics frequently encounter couples struggling with communication problems, attachment insecurities, and unresolved emotional dependencies. Therefore, identifying the psychological determinants of marital cohesion is essential for developing effective preventive and therapeutic interventions. Accordingly, the present study aimed to design a structural model of marital cohesion based on attachment styles and differentiation of self among couples referring to family counseling clinics in Kerman in 2023. The study sought to examine the direct and indirect relationships among these variables and to determine the extent to which attachment styles and differentiation of self can predict marital cohesion. Methods: The present study was a correlational research based on the structural equation modeling approach. The statistical population consisted of all clients referring to family counseling clinics in Kerman during the first six months (spring and summer) of 2023. To determine the sample size, the research literature related to the SEM method was reviewed, and according to the recommendation of Tabachnick and Fidell (2007), a sample of 386 individuals who met the inclusion criteria was selected. Participants were chosen from eight psychological clinics in Kerman using cluster random sampling. The research instruments included the Differentiation of Self Inventory (Skowron, 2000), the Dyadic Adjustment Scale by Graham Spanier (1976), and the Adult Attachment Questionnaire by Hazan and Shaver (1987). For inferential statistics and testing the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling was conducted using AMOS software. Results: The findings indicated a significant relationship between secure attachment style and marital cohesion. Considering the positive path coefficients, these relationships were direct and incremental. Moreover, significant negative (inverse) relationships were found between insecure attachment styles and marital cohesion, ambivalent attachment style and marital cohesion, as well as differentiation of self and marital cohesion. Conclusion: The findings of the present study highlight the pivotal role of attachment styles and differentiation of self in shaping marital cohesion among couples seeking counseling services. The structural model confirmed that secure attachment positively predicts marital cohesion, indicating that individuals who feel emotionally safe and trust their partners are more capable of establishing intimate, supportive, and enduring relationships. Securely attached couples demonstrate greater empathy, effective communication, and collaborative problem-solving, which strengthen mutual understanding and emotional bonding. In contrast, insecure attachment styles- particularly anxious and ambivalent patterns- were negatively associated with marital cohesion. These individuals often experience heightened fears of abandonment, emotional dependency, or avoidance of closeness, which disrupt healthy interaction patterns and increase marital tension. Such attachment insecurities may lead to misinterpretation of partner behaviors, emotional overreactions, or withdrawal, ultimately weakening the couple’s emotional connection. Furthermore, differentiation of self emerged as a fundamental mediator in the relationship between attachment styles and marital cohesion. Couples with higher differentiation were better able to regulate emotions, maintain personal boundaries, and engage in intimate relationships without emotional fusion or cutoff. This capacity enabled them to manage conflicts constructively and preserve relationship stability even in stressful situations. Conversely, low differentiation was associated with emotional reactivity, unresolved family-of-origin issues, and increased vulnerability to marital dissatisfaction. Based on these results, it can be concluded that enhancing attachment security and promoting differentiation skills should be considered core components of marital counseling and educational programs. Interventions that focus on improving emotional awareness, communication skills, and self-regulation can help couples modify maladaptive attachment patterns and develop healthier relational dynamics. Family therapists and counselors are encouraged to incorporate attachment-based and Bowenian approaches to strengthen couples’ abilities to balance intimacy with autonomy. The study also underscores the importance of preventive measures at community and clinical levels. Premarital and marital enrichment programs that teach couples how to recognize their attachment needs, differentiate emotions from thoughts, and resolve conflicts effectively can contribute to greater marital cohesion and reduce the risk of emotional divorce. Given the cultural transition in Iranian society, such interventions are particularly valuable for supporting couples in adapting to modern relational expectations. In summary, the proposed model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding marital cohesion through the lens of attachment and differentiation. By addressing these psychological foundations, mental health professionals can design more effective strategies to enhance marital satisfaction, promote family stability, and ultimately improve the psychological well-being of couples and society as a whole. </div> انسجام زناشویی , سبک های دلبستگی, تمایز یافتگی Marital Cohesion, Attachment Styles, Differentiation of Self 1 12 http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-8227-2&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Sara Mohammadi سارا محمدی 3900319475328460090112 0009-0006-9193-4483 No Department of Psychology, Zarand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran دانشجوی دکتری، گروه آموزشی روانشناسی، واحد زرند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمان، ایران Hamid Molayi Zarandi حمید ملایی زرندی hamid.molayi@gmail.com 3900319475328460090113 3900319475328460090113 Yes Assistant Professor Department of Psychology, Zarand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran استادیار، گروه آموزشی روانشناسی، واحد زرند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمان، ایران Farshid Khosropour فرشید خسروپور 3900319475328460090114 0009-0009-5964-7187 No Assistant Professor Department of Psychology, Zarand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran استادیار، گروه آموزشی روانشناسی، واحد زرند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمان، ایران