Razi Journal of Medical Sciences
مجله علوم پزشکی رازی
RJMS
Medical Sciences
http://rjms.iums.ac.ir
39
journal39
2228-7043
2228-7051
en
jalali
1401
12
1
gregorian
2023
3
1
29
12
online
1
fulltext
fa
شناسایی مهارتهای ذهنی ویژه بازیکنان نخبه تیم ملی فوتبال زیر ۲۳ سال مردان ایران
Identifying the Mental Skills in the Elite Players of Soccer National Team in the Iranian Men under 23-Year
روانشناسی بالینی
Clinical Psychiatry
پژوهشي
Research
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:#0070c0">زمینه و هدف: </span></span></span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">عملکرد ورزشکاران نخبه تحت تاثیر مهارتهای ذهنی قرار می­گیرد.</span></span></span></span><b> </b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">پژوهش حاضر با هدف </span></span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">شناسایی مهارت­های ذهنی ویژه بازیکنان نخبه تیم ملی فوتبال زیر ۲۳ سال مردان ایران تدوین شده است. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:#0070c0">روش کار:</span></span></span></span></b><b> </b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">جامعه آماری این تحقیق توصیفی را بازیکنان مرد نخبه فوتبال زیر 23 سال ایران تشکیل دادند. روش نمونه­گیری به­صورت کل­شمار بود و تعداد نمونه­ها را 200 بازیکن تیم ملی مردان امید ایران تشکیل دادند. جهت جمع­آوری داده­ها از روش </span></span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">میدانی و پرسشنامه سنجش مهارت­های ذهنی امست-</span></span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">۳</span></span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">(</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">OMSAT</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">-3</span></span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">) سالملا و همکاران (</span></span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">۲۰۰۱</span></span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">) استفاده شد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از </span></span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">آزمون فریدمن و </span></span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">تحلیل عاملی تأییدی با استفاده از نرم افزارهای </span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Amos</span></span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">نسخه 24 و </span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">SPSS</span></span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">نسخه 26 استفاده شد.</span></span></span></span><b> </b><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:#0070c0">یافته ­ها:</span></span></span></span></b><b> </b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">بر اساس تحلیل نتایج</span></span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">، متغیرهای بازیافت تمرکز، اعتماد به­نفس، تعهد، واکنش به استرس، تمرین ذهنی، کنترل ترس، نیروبخشی، تمرکز و تصویرسازی مطلوب و متغیرهای هدف گزینی، طرح مسابقه و آرام­سازی در محدوده نامطلوب ارزیابی شدند.</span></span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">خرده مقیاس تعهد با میانگین 766/5 در رتبه اول قرار داشت و سایر خرده مقیاس­های اعتماد به نفس (563/5)، هدف گزینی (531/5)، نیرو­بخشی (962/4)، تمرین ذهنی (923/4) کنترل ترس (830/4)، تمرکز (652/4)، آرام­سازی (612/4)، تصویرسازی (578/4)، واکنش به استرس (538/4)، طرح مسابقه (309/4) و بازیافت تمرکز (242/4) در رتبه­های بعد قرار داشتند. همچنین</span></span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black"> ضرایب برازش مدل نشان داد، تمامی ابعاد مهارتهای ذهنی ویژه بازیکنان فوتبال قابلیت تبیین متغیر مذکور را داشتند. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:#0070c0">نتیجه­ گیری:</span></span></span></span></b> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">نتایج تحقیق حاضر از عملکرد ذهنی بالای بازیکنان نخبه </span></span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">جوان حمایت می­کند همچنین در بین مهارتهای ذهنی ویژه بازیکنان فوتبال میزان اثرگذاری بعد تمرین ذهنی به نسبت سایر ابعاد را بیشتر مورد تاکید نشان می­دهد. </span></span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#0070c0">Background & Aims:</span></span></span></span></b> <span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Based on the results of international studies, it has been determined that the performance of elite and skilled athletes is affected by cognitive, perceptual-motor skills and physiological and anatomical adaptations. Recent evidence suggests that regular exercise affects brain plasticity and improves cognitive function (1,2). Cognition is defined as "mental function in achieving knowledge and understanding" (3). Participation in high-level sports exercises (elite athletes) at a young age is associated with the development of physiological, psychological and motor skills in a particular sport (4). </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">soccer </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">is a team sport in which players are faced with complex movements such as running with a rapid change of direction, with or without the ball, and its people have different characteristics, depending on the nature of the sport and the environment in which the game is played. Numerous factors play a role in the size of the pitch, the playing environment, the playing time, the playing systems, and the skills and conflicts involved in the sport (5). A player's performance in a soccer match depends on his cognitive, perceptual and motor skills (6). These characteristics are influenced by technical, tactical, physiological, physical and psychological factors (7). Some studies have reported better cognitive performance of young elite </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">soccer </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">players. Verburgh et al. (2014) conducted a study to examine a wide range of cognitive skills in young elite and non-elite </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">soccer </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">players. The results of this study showed that the elite group performed better than the non-elite group in terms of reaction time in motor inhibition as well as alertness and orientation. However, no difference was observed in executive network and selective attention or working memory capacity between the two groups (13). However, Granacher and Borde (2017) did not report any significant differences in concentration and attention between young elite and non-athlete players (16). As reported; Behavioral characteristics are not known, especially in young elite athletes. While several studies have been performed on the analysis of physiological, biomechanical, and anthropometric indices of elite adult soccer players (17-19), few studies have examined mental characteristics, especially in young elite athletes. Therefore, the </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">present study has been compiled with the aim of the Identifying the mental skills in the elite players of soccer national team in the Iranian men under 23-year.</span></span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#0070c0">Methods:</span></span></span></span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black"> The statistical population of this descriptive study consists of elite male soccer players under the age of 23 in Iran. The sampling method was counting and the number of samples was 200 players of Omid Iran men's national team. Field method and Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool (OMSAT-3) Salmala et al. (2001)</span></span></span></span> <span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">were used to collect data. Friedman test and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data using Amos software version 24 and SPSS software version 26.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> <b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#0070c0">Results:</span></span></span></span></b><b> </b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Based on the analysis of the results of this study, the variables of concentration recovery, self-confidence, commitment, stress response, mental training, fear control, empowerment, concentration and optimal imagery and targeting variables, competition design and relaxation were evaluated in unfavorable range. Commitment subscale with an average of 5.766 was in the first place and other subscales of confidence (5.563), goal setting (5.531), invigoration (4.962), mental training (4.923) Fear control (4.430), concentration (4.652), relaxation (4.612), illustration (4.578), stress response (4.538), contest design (4.309) and recycling Concentration (4.242) was in the next ranks. Also, the fit coefficients of the model showed that all dimensions of mental skills specific to </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">soccer </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">players were able to explain the variable.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#0070c0">Conclusion:</span></span></span></span></b> <span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">The results of the present study assessed the status of the dimensions of recovery of concentration, self-confidence, commitment, response to stress, mental training, fear control, empowerment, concentration and imagery, and the status of the dimensions of targeting, competition design and relaxation. These findings show that the mental skills of elite soccer athletes are at a high level. The results of our study are consistent with the findings of Vestberg et al. (2016), Verburgh et al. (2017) and Najah</span></span></span></span> <span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">& Rejeb (2015) who examined the mental functions of elite athletes (11,14,21). It is still debated whether the excellent mental skills of young elite athletes are due to training (eg, the result of long training hours, high quality training facilities and coaches) or inherent (22,23). Possible modulatory factors, such as improved motor skills (required for many neurocognitive tasks) or motivational aspects, may play a role in the relationship between athletic participation and neuropsychological function (24). Potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on neurological function include increased cerebral blood flow, growth factor release, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis (25). The short-term beneficial effects of exercise on youth have been established in a laboratory setting (26). But it remains largely unknown whether regular exercise is also positively associated with neurocognitive function in young elite athletes. Previous studies have shown that organized exercise at a younger age helps to improve mental function (27-30). The present study also confirmed the high mental performance of elite players, so these results are important for designing specific intervention programs to promote physical activity and subsequently develop mental performance in young people. The results of our study showed that there is a significant difference between the average rank of the dimensions of mental skills for young elite </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">soccer </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">players, so that the dimension of commitment is in the first place and other dimensions with the average value, respectively, confidence, goal setting, empowerment, Mental exercises include fear control, concentration, relaxation, imagery, stress response, competition design, and concentration recovery. In addition, in our study, it was found that all dimensions of mental skills specific to </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">soccer </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">players are capable of explaining this variable. In the meanwhile, the effect of mental training dimension was more than other dimensions and the effect of fear control dimension was less than other dimensions. It seems that playing </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">soccer </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">every day at a high level of performance in a professional </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">soccer </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">club team is associated with the further development of cognitive skills, especially mental training. In general, the identification of mental skills in young </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">soccer </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">elite athletes helps coaches to take steps to strengthen these mental skills. One of the limitations of the present study is the small number of samples. Due to the limited sample size of the study, it is recommended to perform mental studies in athletes of different disciplines with more accuracy, wider studies and with a larger sample size. It is also suggested that a similar study be conducted among elite adolescents and adults and that the results be compared.</span></span></span></span> <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">The results of the present study support the high mental performance of young elite players. Also, among the special mental skills of <a name="_Hlk105841408">soccer </a>players, the effectiveness of the mental training dimension is higher than other dimensions.</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
ورزشکار نخبه فوتبال, مهارتهای ذهنی, امست- ۳, استعداد یابی
Elite Players of Soccer, Mental Skills,OMSAT-3,Elite identification
61
70
http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-6821-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1
Amir Hossein
Peiravani
امیرحسین
پیروانی
3900319475328460071950
3900319475328460071950
No
Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
Keyvan
Molanourozi
کیوان
ملانوروزی
keyvan_ms@yahoo.com
3900319475328460071951
3900319475328460071951
Yes
Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
استادیار، گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
Ali
Kashi
علی
کاشی
3900319475328460071952
3900319475328460071952
No
Associate Professor of Behavioral Science, Sport Science Research Institude, Tehran, Iran
دانشیار، گروه علوم رفتاری در ورزش، پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، تهران، ایران
Seyed Kazem
Mousavi Sadati
سید کاظم
موسوی ساداتی
3900319475328460071953
3900319475328460071953
No
Assistant Professor of Behavioral Science in Sport, Sport Science Research Institude, Tehran, Iran
استادیار، گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، واحد تهران شرق، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران