Razi Journal of Medical Sciences
مجله علوم پزشکی رازی
RJMS
Medical Sciences
http://rjms.iums.ac.ir
39
journal39
2228-7043
2228-7051
en
jalali
1401
10
1
gregorian
2023
1
1
29
11
online
1
fulltext
fa
مقایسه تاثیر دو شیوه تمرین بر اینترلوکین-15 و میزان نوتروفیلها در ورزشکاران جوان
Compare the Effect of Two Training Methods on the Interleukin-15 and Neutrophil Count in Young Athletes
فیزیولوژی ورزش
Exercise Physiology
پژوهشي
Research
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:#0070c0">زمینه و هدف: </span></span></span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">بازی در زمین­های کوچک یکی از روش­های تمرینی است که می­تواند نیازهای مسابقه­ای را شبیه­سازی نماید.<b> </b>هدف از این پژوهش، مقایسه اثر دو شیوه تمرین بر اینترلوکین-15 و میزان نوتروفیل­ها در ورزشکاران جوان بود.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:#0070c0">روش کار:</span></span></span></span></b><b> </b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">در این تحقیق نیمه تجربی، </span></span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">تعداد </span></span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">24 بازیکن فوتبال رده جوانان لیگ برتر استان تهران (15 تا 18سال) به صورت نمونه­گیری در دسترس انتخاب و در سه گروه کنترل، 2 در مقابل 2 و 4 در مقابل 4 تقسیم شدند. بازی 2 در مقابل 2 شامل هشت فعالیت دو دقیقه­ای با یک دقیقه استراحت بین هر دو دقیقه بازی در زمینی به ابعاد 20 در 25متر انجام شد. همچنین بازی 4 در مقابل 4 شامل چهار فعالیت چهار دقیقه­ای با دو دقیقه استراحت بعد از هر </span></span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">چهار دقیقه در زمینی به ابعاد 28 در 35 متر انجام شد. قبل و بعد از تمرین، سطوح پلاسمایی اینترلوکین-15 و تعداد نوتروفیل­های خون آزمودنی­ها اندازه­گیری شد. </span></span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">داده</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">­</span></span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">ها با استفاده از آزمون </span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">t</span></span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">، تحلیل واریانس یک­طرفه و آزمون تعقیبی توکی </span></span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">در سطح معنی­داری </span></span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">05/0</span></span></span></span> <span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">P<</span></span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">تجزیه و تحلیل شد</span></span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:#0070c0">یافته ­ها:</span></span></span></span></b><b> </b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">میزان </span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">IL-15</span></span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black"> تنها پس از بازی 2 در مقابل 2 نسبت به قبل از تمرین به­طور معنی­داری افزایش یافت </span></span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">(043/0</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">P=</span></span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">).</span></span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">تعداد ن</span></span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">وتروفیل در هر دو گروه تجربی نسبت به قبل از تمرین به­طور معنی­داری افزایش یافت (001/0</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">P=</span></span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">). بین دو گروه تجربی تفاوت معنی­داری در تعداد نوتروفیل­ها مشاهده نشد (000/1</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">P=</span></span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:#0070c0">نتیجه ­گیری:</span></span></span></span></b> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black">احتمالا پاسخ اینترلوکین-15 به شدت بالای تمرین می­تواند در پاسخ به استرس ایمنی در پایداری پروتئین عضله و اکسیداسیون چربی برای تولید انرژی مهم باشد. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#0070c0">Background & Aims:</span></span></span></span></b> <span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">One of the methods that coaches use to simulate a real game is training or small sided games, and now the study of small sided games is one of the topics that has received the most attention of researchers active in soccer (3). Small sided games are defined as a smaller version of the official game, in which the trainers divide the playground into several small sided according to the training objectives (2). small sided games allow for increased individual participation and short-term physiological and immunological responses (4,5). However, little information is available on the effects of this type of training methods on physiological characteristics, including the immune responses of soccer players (6,7).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">One of the cytokines involved in immunity is interleukin-15 (IL-15). Interleukin 15 is involved in the interaction and cooperation between adipose-muscle tissue and increases the metabolism of adipose tissue triglycerides and provides the resulting fatty acid to muscle fibers for consumption. On the other hand, this cytokine precipitates free fatty acid deposition, reduces adipose tissue and thus has potential role in weight control (10). On the other hand, some interleukins can increase the motility of neutrophils at the site of inflammation (14, 15). Neutrophils are among the axes of the innate human immune system, which according to available reports, their function is easily affected by the quality and quantity of physical activity (16).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">small sided games are one of the training methods that can simulate the needs of racing (2). The importance of this type of training method is such that many coaches in the world often use it to simulate the physical, technical and tactical needs of a real soccer match (18), however, the impact of this type of training on the immune system and aspects Its physiological properties have received less attention. Examining the effects of this type of exercise on the immune system and especially the functional components of this system, including cytokines, can provide very effective information. There are contradictions in the research on the effect of exercise on IL-15, some of which have confirmed the acute effects of resistance training on this cytokine (11) and in another study, the lack of effect of endurance training on IL-15 has been reported (19). Therefore, in order to answer the ambiguities in this field, it is necessary to conduct various researches based on different variables such as the type, intensity and duration of training. On the other hand, a study that examines the effect of training in the field Small on IL-15 and neutrophils were not found. Therefore, the present study intends to compare the effect two modes of small sided games on the interleukin-15 and neutrophil levels in soccer players.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#0070c0">Methods: </span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">In this semi-experimental study, 24 youth soccer players of Tehran Province Premier League (15 to 18 years old) were selected and randomly divided into three groups include; control, 2 vs. 2 and 4 vs. 4. small sided game 2 vs. 2 consisted of eight two-minute activities with a minute of rest between each two minutes of play on a field measuring 20 by 25 meters. Also, the small sided game 4-on-4 included four four-minute activities with two minutes of rest after every four minutes on a field measuring 28 by 35 meters. Plasma levels of interleukin-15 and blood neutrophil counts were measured. Data were analyzed by t-test, One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at the P <0.05.</span></span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#0070c0">Results:</span></span></span></span></b><b> </b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">The results showed that IL-15 levels increased significantly only after small sided game 2 vs. 2 compared to before training (p=0.043). The number of neutrophils in both experimental groups increased significantly compared to before exercise (p=0.001). There was no significant difference in the number of neutrophils between the two experimental groups (p=1.000).</span></span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#0070c0">Conclusion: </span></span></span></span></b> <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">The results of the present study showed that immediately after 2 vs. 2 in the small sided games, IL-15 levels increased significantly, although increase in IL-15 levels was also seen in exercise 4 vs. 4, but this increase, from the comment was not statistically significant. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of some Previous research showed that exercise leads to significant increase in IL-15 levels </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">(11,20). Due to the fact that exercise training is performed in different intensities and will have different effects, according to the above, it can be suggested that one of the reasons for the difference between the effect of exercise 2 vs. 2 compared to 4 vs. 4 in contrast to IL-15, the intensity of exercise is high, which increases the response of interleukin-15 to exercise. No change or increase in IL-15 has been observed following exercise. These changes probably depend more than anything on the age and training status of the subjects. In any case, more research is needed and with only one research cannot be concluded with confidence. also, it has been suggested by Ajuwon and Spurlock (2004) that IL-15 may be produced by organs in response to immune stress in muscle protein stability and fat oxidation to produce energy (26). Therefore, the action of interleukin-15 on muscle mass and fat can be important for exercise. In the present study, small sided game 20-25 compared to small sided game 28-35 led to a further increase in interleukin-15 levels. In this regard, it has been shown that in a training session, there is strong inverse relationship between the reaction of interleukin-15 circulating to the intensity and duration of training, so that longer and less intense muscle activity can reduce the secretion of this myokine (11). As mentioned, the intensity of training on small sided can be adjusted by changing or manipulating several factors, including the number of players involved in training, the size and shape of the small sided. Research has shown that training in small sided with fewer players increases heart rate more than training in small sided with more players (2).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Also, the results of the present study showed that exercise 2 vs. 2 and 4 vs. 4 increased the number of neutrophils, which is in line with the results of previous research (29,30). It is possible that the increase in neutrophil count is mainly due to exercise-induced muscle injury, but this increase has been seen following exercise that does not cause muscle damage (32). Also, some studies have shown that regular exercise reduces the number of neutrophils in active people (33). Because exercise can be considered a stress, and stress (both physical and mental) causes messages to be released from the brain and affect the functioning of the human immune system, the main neuroendocrine pathways against stress activated on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the human immune system controls the release of glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) and catecholamines. Thus, the primary increase in neutrophils is rooted in the release of catecholamines and the secondary increase is rooted in plasma cortisol activity (34). </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">Overall, it seems that high intensity training on smaller pitches (Exercise 2 vs. 2 on </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">20-25m field</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">) increased the IL-15 response. As mentioned, IL-15 is secreted by organs in response to immune stress in muscle protein stability and fat oxidation to produce energy. Therefore, the action of IL-15 on muscle mass and fat can be important for exercise. Therefore, it is recommended to use the game on smaller fields in order to have its benefits.</span></span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Mitra""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="tab-stops:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span dir="RTL"></span>
شناختی-رفتاری, پریشانی روان شناختی, پرخوری عصبی, اضافه وزن
Exercise, Neutrophils, IL-15, Young athletes
1
11
http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-4983-2&slc_lang=fa&sid=1
Rasool
Badi
رسول
بادی
3900319475328460070834
3900319475328460070834
No
Department of Physical Education and Sport Science Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre-rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشیدانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد یادگار امام خمینی (ره) شهر ری، تهران، ایران
Mozhgan
Ahmadi
مژگان
احمدی
mahmadi1376@gmail.com
3900319475328460070835
3900319475328460070835
Yes
Department of Physical Education and Sport Science Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre-rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد یادگار امام خمینی (ره) شهر ری، تهران، ایران
Ameneh
Agha fathi
آمنه
آقافتحی
3900319475328460070836
3900319475328460070836
No
Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرج ، کرج، ایران
Amin
Molaie
امین
مولایی
3900319475328460070837
3900319475328460070837
No
PhD Student of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran, Kish International Campus, Kish, Iran
دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی ورزشی، پردیس بین المللی کیش دانشگاه تهران، دانشگاه تهران، کیش، ایران