Research code: مقاله مستخرج از رساله دکتری است
Ethics code: IR.IAU.SRB.REC.1402.291
Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran , abednazari@gmail.com
Abstract: (155 Views)
Introduction
Regular exercise with moderate intensity with low and continuous production of free radicals through production in mitochondria and activation of the inflammatory system and macrophages and anti-inflammatory defense system increases the adaptability of antioxidant defense and increases the repair proteins of the body, which causes Establishing a balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. As a result, the damage to the tissues and cells of the organs is reduced, and in addition, the repair proteins remove the substances resulting from oxidative stress in the damaged tissues (3). The results of recent studies point to the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on various biological aspects, and its benefits include improving factors such as: aerobic and anaerobic fitness, cardiovascular factors, lipid profile, reducing Weight, maintenance of muscle mass, increased mitochondrial biogenesis, 4-GLUT and insulin sensitivity were noted (4).
Along with exercise and its beneficial effects, the use of herbal supplements can also be effective. At the same time, the use of nutritional factors and the use of antioxidant supplements as a treatment method to increase the antioxidant conditions or clean up free radicals has attracted a lot of attention (9). It has been observed that thymol and carvacrol present in thyme extract, like flavonoids and other polyphenols, are involved in antioxidant activities. Rosmaritic acid from hydroxycinnamic derivatives and flavonoid compounds performs important antioxidant activities in laboratory conditions by inhibiting the formation of iron superoxide anion and lipid peroxidation in microsomal and mitochondrial systems. In addition, thymol in thyme has antioxidant activity by neutralizing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrizyl (DPPH) radical (10).
Method
To conduct the present experimental and applied research, 36 4-week-old male Wistar rats were selected in the weight range of 110±20 grams and were kept for two weeks with the aim of getting to know the environment and reached about 190±20 grams. After the rats became obese and reached an average weight of 407 ± 50 grams, 25 mg/kg STZ was injected intraperitoneally to create a type 2 diabetes model. One week after the induction of diabetes, fasting blood glucose was measured and blood sugar above 150 to 400 mg/dL was considered as a criterion to ensure that the mice had type 2 diabetes. Then type 2 diabetic rats were divided into 4 groups (diabetic control 6, aerobic exercise 8, thyme 4 and exercise-thyme 7). The experimental group of intermittent training and exercise-thyme performed intense intermittent aerobic training with an intensity of 30 to 36 meters per minute (80 to 95% of maximum oxygen consumption) 15 to 33 minutes per session and 5 sessions per week for a period of two months (8 weeks ) did (Table 1).
The experimental groups of thyme consumption (thyme and thyme-exercise) consumed 200 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract of Shirazi thyme dissolved in distilled water 5 days a week before exercise by oral gavage. At the end of the training period and 48 hours after the last training session of the experimental training groups and after 12 hours of fasting, the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed with ether anesthetic and the brain was removed to examine the expression of the desired genes. Finally, descriptive statistics and Benferoni's one-way and post hoc analysis of variance tests and two-factor test and determining the effect size index were used to statistically analyze the data at a significance level of p≥0.05.
Results
The results showed that high-intensity interval training, thyme extract and exercise-thyme had a significant effect on BDNF gene expression in the hippocampus of the brain. As the information in Table 2 shows, the effect of intermittent exercise on BDNF gene expression in the brain hippocampus of the thyme extract group under study is significant. Examining the effect size indices shows that the effect size of the thyme extract group on BDNF gene expression in the brain hippocampus is greater than other groups (Table 2). Also, the results of Benferroni's post hoc test showed (Table 3) that the changes in BDNF gene expression in the brain hippocampus tissue in the exercise-extract group and the extract group compared to the control group, as well as the exercise-extract group and the extract group were significant compared to the exercise group.
Another finding of the current research showed that high-intensity interval training, thyme extract and exercise-thyme had a significant effect on the level of GCSF gene expression in the hippocampus of the brain. It was also found that the effect of periodic training on GCSF gene expression in the brain hippocampus of the studied groups is significant. The effect of thyme extract on GCSF gene expression in hippocampal brain tissue of the studied groups is significant, and the interactive effect of exercise - thyme extract on GCSF gene expression in hippocampal brain tissue of the studied groups is not significant. Examining the effect size index shows that the effect size of intermittent training on GCSF gene expression in hippocampal brain tissue is greater than other groups. Finally, the results of Benferroni's post hoc test showed that the changes in GCSF gene expression in the brain hippocampus tissue in the exercise-extract group and the extract group and the exercise group were significant compared to the control group and also in the exercise-extract group compared to the extract group (Table 5).
Discussion
The results of the present study showed that the expression of the BDNF gene in the hippocampal tissue of rats in the experimental groups of exercise, thyme and exercise-thyme increased, and the changes were significant. As previously explained, HIIT is characterized by high-intensity, low-volume training sessions. Regarding exercise intensity, evidence in healthy rodents has shown that brain BDNF synthesis is higher in animals that perform high-intensity exercise compared to animals that perform low-intensity exercise and sedentary rodents (18).
The results of the present study showed that the expression of GCSF gene in the hippocampal tissue of rats increased in the experimental groups of exercise, extract and exercise-extract, which changes are significant. The increase in G-CSF level is related to the increase in C-kit protein level. Exercise also increases the level of G-CSF and other stem cell inducers by causing ischemia and low hypoxia in different tissues of the body, including the heart, and this increase can induce the stem cell to the tissue. increase ischemia and hypoxia (27). Exercise with controlled intensities starts the regeneration of cardiac myocytes by increasing the expression of growth factors and subsequently activates the differentiation of C-Kit; This causes the production of new heart cells. Investigations have shown that even one session of sports activity with an effective intensity increases the amount of stem cell summoners and even the stem cell itself in the peripheral blood circulation (22). It seems that these acute responses were probably caused by changes in cytokines such as 6-IL and G CSF and growth factors and other parameters such as Ft SDF (28).
Regular exercise with moderate intensity with low and continuous production of free radicals through production in mitochondria and activation of the inflammatory system and macrophages and anti-inflammatory defense system increases the adaptability of antioxidant defense and increases the repair proteins of the body, which causes Establishing a balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. As a result, the damage to the tissues and cells of the organs is reduced, and in addition, the repair proteins remove the substances resulting from oxidative stress in the damaged tissues (3). The results of recent studies point to the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on various biological aspects, and its benefits include improving factors such as: aerobic and anaerobic fitness, cardiovascular factors, lipid profile, reducing Weight, maintenance of muscle mass, increased mitochondrial biogenesis, 4-GLUT and insulin sensitivity were noted (4).
Along with exercise and its beneficial effects, the use of herbal supplements can also be effective. At the same time, the use of nutritional factors and the use of antioxidant supplements as a treatment method to increase the antioxidant conditions or clean up free radicals has attracted a lot of attention (9). It has been observed that thymol and carvacrol present in thyme extract, like flavonoids and other polyphenols, are involved in antioxidant activities. Rosmaritic acid from hydroxycinnamic derivatives and flavonoid compounds performs important antioxidant activities in laboratory conditions by inhibiting the formation of iron superoxide anion and lipid peroxidation in microsomal and mitochondrial systems. In addition, thymol in thyme has antioxidant activity by neutralizing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrizyl (DPPH) radical (10).
Method
To conduct the present experimental and applied research, 36 4-week-old male Wistar rats were selected in the weight range of 110±20 grams and were kept for two weeks with the aim of getting to know the environment and reached about 190±20 grams. After the rats became obese and reached an average weight of 407 ± 50 grams, 25 mg/kg STZ was injected intraperitoneally to create a type 2 diabetes model. One week after the induction of diabetes, fasting blood glucose was measured and blood sugar above 150 to 400 mg/dL was considered as a criterion to ensure that the mice had type 2 diabetes. Then type 2 diabetic rats were divided into 4 groups (diabetic control 6, aerobic exercise 8, thyme 4 and exercise-thyme 7). The experimental group of intermittent training and exercise-thyme performed intense intermittent aerobic training with an intensity of 30 to 36 meters per minute (80 to 95% of maximum oxygen consumption) 15 to 33 minutes per session and 5 sessions per week for a period of two months (8 weeks ) did (Table 1).
The experimental groups of thyme consumption (thyme and thyme-exercise) consumed 200 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract of Shirazi thyme dissolved in distilled water 5 days a week before exercise by oral gavage. At the end of the training period and 48 hours after the last training session of the experimental training groups and after 12 hours of fasting, the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed with ether anesthetic and the brain was removed to examine the expression of the desired genes. Finally, descriptive statistics and Benferoni's one-way and post hoc analysis of variance tests and two-factor test and determining the effect size index were used to statistically analyze the data at a significance level of p≥0.05.
Results
The results showed that high-intensity interval training, thyme extract and exercise-thyme had a significant effect on BDNF gene expression in the hippocampus of the brain. As the information in Table 2 shows, the effect of intermittent exercise on BDNF gene expression in the brain hippocampus of the thyme extract group under study is significant. Examining the effect size indices shows that the effect size of the thyme extract group on BDNF gene expression in the brain hippocampus is greater than other groups (Table 2). Also, the results of Benferroni's post hoc test showed (Table 3) that the changes in BDNF gene expression in the brain hippocampus tissue in the exercise-extract group and the extract group compared to the control group, as well as the exercise-extract group and the extract group were significant compared to the exercise group.
Another finding of the current research showed that high-intensity interval training, thyme extract and exercise-thyme had a significant effect on the level of GCSF gene expression in the hippocampus of the brain. It was also found that the effect of periodic training on GCSF gene expression in the brain hippocampus of the studied groups is significant. The effect of thyme extract on GCSF gene expression in hippocampal brain tissue of the studied groups is significant, and the interactive effect of exercise - thyme extract on GCSF gene expression in hippocampal brain tissue of the studied groups is not significant. Examining the effect size index shows that the effect size of intermittent training on GCSF gene expression in hippocampal brain tissue is greater than other groups. Finally, the results of Benferroni's post hoc test showed that the changes in GCSF gene expression in the brain hippocampus tissue in the exercise-extract group and the extract group and the exercise group were significant compared to the control group and also in the exercise-extract group compared to the extract group (Table 5).
Discussion
The results of the present study showed that the expression of the BDNF gene in the hippocampal tissue of rats in the experimental groups of exercise, thyme and exercise-thyme increased, and the changes were significant. As previously explained, HIIT is characterized by high-intensity, low-volume training sessions. Regarding exercise intensity, evidence in healthy rodents has shown that brain BDNF synthesis is higher in animals that perform high-intensity exercise compared to animals that perform low-intensity exercise and sedentary rodents (18).
The results of the present study showed that the expression of GCSF gene in the hippocampal tissue of rats increased in the experimental groups of exercise, extract and exercise-extract, which changes are significant. The increase in G-CSF level is related to the increase in C-kit protein level. Exercise also increases the level of G-CSF and other stem cell inducers by causing ischemia and low hypoxia in different tissues of the body, including the heart, and this increase can induce the stem cell to the tissue. increase ischemia and hypoxia (27). Exercise with controlled intensities starts the regeneration of cardiac myocytes by increasing the expression of growth factors and subsequently activates the differentiation of C-Kit; This causes the production of new heart cells. Investigations have shown that even one session of sports activity with an effective intensity increases the amount of stem cell summoners and even the stem cell itself in the peripheral blood circulation (22). It seems that these acute responses were probably caused by changes in cytokines such as 6-IL and G CSF and growth factors and other parameters such as Ft SDF (28).
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Exercise Physiology
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