@article{ author = {Zarkandi, J. and Mazhari, S.Z.}, title = {PREVALENCE OF CONGENITAL NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS IN 30142 NEWBORNS IN SHAHID AKBARABADI MATERNITY HOSPITAL}, abstract ={Congenital neural tube defects (NTDs) consisting anencephalus , encephalocele, myelomeningocele have been major problems for parents and physicians. The major causes of these malformations are unknown, but effects of several factors such as, genetic suseptibitity , maternal age, low socioeconomic state , maternal malnutrition specially folic acid deficiency on genesis of these malformations have been reported frequently. In this retrospective survey the records of 30142 newborns were studied in shahid akbarabadi maternity hospital during 22 months. The incidence of NTOs was 3.1 per thousand and 1.5 per thousand for anencephalus, and 1.4 per thousand for myelomeningocele. The essential factors to decrease, incidence of these malformations included prevention of above mentined risk factors and application of new diagnostic procedures such as sonography, scaning, fetoscopy, radiography and measurment of AFP and acetyl coline estrase before 16-18 th week of pregnancy.}, Keywords = {1) Anencephalus 2) Myelomeningocele 3) Incidence 4) NTDs}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {215-221}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1884-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1884-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1995} } @article{ author = {Azizi, R.}, title = {BREAST CANCER DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION}, abstract ={Carcinoma of the breast may occur or diagnosed during pregnancy and lactation. Diagnosis is often delayed, and women usually present with far advanced stage of the disease, which accounts for poor overall prognosis. Primary care physicians, specially obstetrician and gynecologists playa pivotal role in the diagnosis of breast cancer during pregnancy and lactation. It is specially important that a careful breast examination be performed at the initial obstetric visit before the breast become engorged and difficult to examine carefully. Treatment is similar to that for nonpregnant patients except that radiation and chemotherapy is not recommended at any stage of pregnancy.}, Keywords = {1) Breast cancer 2) Pregnancy 3) Chemotherapy}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {222-225}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1886-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1886-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1995} } @article{ author = {Fesharaki, M. and Hosseini, F.}, title = {DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE IN MEDICAL RESEARCH}, abstract ={One of the questions that most investigators specially physicians encounter when they plan a research project is determining sample sizes. Selecting a sample greater than what is required to obtain the desired results causes wastage of the sources, while selection of very small samples often leads the investigator to the results which have no practical use. Determining number ot the required samples depends on various factors such as type, purpose and domain of action of the study and expected results which all should be considered at the time of planning. The present article deals with the cases that make it necessary to adopt a great smaple, and the cases that make selection of the samail smples more advisable. Anyway, in the cases that number of the samples is optionally selected, the percentge of problems appeared in research findings will increase and leads to wrong interpretaition or the results. Meanwhile it should be taken into account that large number of samples cannot be a substitute for incorrect samplins plan. In recent years, easier methods have been used to determine the required number of samples in addition to the formulas presented in the statistical texts. one of these methods is to prosper the tables and pamphlets that are published by WHO. The presented tables and examples in the pamphletes are selected in such a way that contain many of the current methods in the health investigations. This not only has the direct practical application for the researchers but also opens a horizon toward the statistical methodology in determining number of the samples.}, Keywords = {1) Sample size 2) Medical research 3) Methodology}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {226-231}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1887-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1887-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1995} } @article{ author = {Fathi, M. and Latifi, N.A. and Karimi, A.R.}, title = {ONE -STAGE TOTAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE EAR WITH SIMULTANEOUS TYMPANOPLASTY}, abstract ={Microtia is the complete absence of auricular tissues. Total reconstruction of the ear is one of the most difficult problems is reconstructive surgery. Classical multi-staged reconstructions can achieve satisfactory results but they require multiple hospitalizations and high cost. The ideal would be reconstruction of a life-like ear in one operation. Yeguang Song from China has done one stage total ear reconstruction in 1981. After studing the vascular anatomy of the auricular region we began the work of one stage total ear reconstruction in Hazrat Fatemeh hospital and the results were good. Therefore we suggested one stage total ear reconstruction instead of multiple stages.}, Keywords = {1) Microtia 2) Ear Reconstruction 3) Tympanoplasty}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {232-238}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1888-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1888-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1995} } @article{ author = {Keyhani, Z. and Safarnavadeh, M.}, title = {BREAST FEEDING AND NEONATAL SEPSIS}, abstract ={The purpose of this study was based on discovering a relation, it any, between breast feeding and the occurrence of sepsis in neonatal period. Two hundred one-month-old healthy neonates (group I) and two hundred one-month-old neonates with proven sepsis (group /I) born in Tehran who were matched in every view points were studied. The data were collected by questionares, interviews, and medical charts reviews of mothers and their neonates. The study was carried on from Februaty throuth June 1992 in fifteen hospitals in Tehran city. In group I 67% were roomed-in with mothers, and breastfed by average eithteen hours and half after birth, 47% were exclusively breastfed, 76.5% were fed as of ten as they demands and not by any strict schedule. In group /I 63% were separted from their mothers and were fed by average 24-37 hours after birth, only 6% were exclusively breast fed, 40% were fed by strict schedule, and 50% were deprived from feeding during the night. This study show that rooming-in , early feeding exclusively by breast milk, according to newborn's demand and not by any strict schedule has a definite role in reducing the occurrence of neonatal sepsis.}, Keywords = {1) Sepsis 2) Breast feeding 3) Rooming}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {239-247}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1889-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1889-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1995} } @article{ author = {Mehdizadeh, A. and Akbarian, A.R.}, title = {THE ROLE OF CYTOKINES IN REPRODUCTION}, abstract ={The role of cytokines and growth factor on reproduction is a rapidly growing new area of investigation. Immune cells and related cytokines have been shown to affect the neuroendocrine events of reproduction, ovarian function, placenta and the developing embryo. Further more, it is now becomming apparent that these relationships are reciprocal in that the different cellular components of the neuroendocrine and reproductive systems and the developing embryo can modulate the production of cytokine by immune system and can also produce certain cytokines.}, Keywords = {1) Cytokines 2) Neuroendocrine 3) Reproduction 4) Immune system}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {248-255}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1890-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1890-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1995} } @article{ author = {Meersamadi, M.M. and Modaress-zadeh, S.M.}, title = {PREVALENCE OF CONGENITAL COLOR BLINDNESS IN INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL STUDENTS IN TEHRAN}, abstract ={An epidemiologic study was conducted to determine the incidence of color blindness in secondary school students (age 12-14). A total of 2058 students (1136 boys and 922 girls) were examined with Ishihara pseudoisochromatic color plates Considering the special test conditions, best corrected vision was recorded for each individual. In the study population, 97 cases of defective color vision were detected including 93 males and 4 females. The affected individuales all had negative histories of previous systemic and ocular disease and long term use of drugs. The visual acuity was 20/20 and the fundus was normal in all affected students. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1- Defective color vision in boys: 8.18%(93 cases) Deuteranomaly: 4.93%(56 cases) Protanomaly: 1.14%(13 cases) Deuteranopia: 1.14% (13 cases) Protanopia: 0.97% (11 cases) 2-Defective color vision in girls: 0.43% (4 cases) Deuteranomaly: 0.32% (3 cases) Protanomaly : 0.11% (1 case) In female students deuteranopia and protanopia was not detected. Statistical analysis shows that there is no significant difference between the incidence of color blindness as reported in this study compared to the prevalence of color blindness as reported in Western, including American medical literature.}, Keywords = {1) Color Blindness 2) Deuteranomaly 3) Protanopia}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {256-260}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1892-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1892-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1995} } @article{ author = {Amini, A.}, title = {DEMOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF 250 PATIENTS WITH PELVIC MASS IN SHAHID AKBARABADI HOSPITAL}, abstract ={Pelvic masses are common findings in patients referred to obstetric and gynecology clinics. These masses originate from various organs such as alimentary, urinary and genital systems. In this survey demographic and clinical characters of 250 patients with pelvic mass referred to shahid Akbarabadi hospital in 2 consecutive years were studied retrospectivety. Chronic abdominal pain and abnormal uterine bleeding were common complaints of patients. In young patients, the majority of masses were due to complications of pregnancy such as ectopic pregnancy. Leiomyoma and adenomyosis were most common histologic diagnosis. Almost always preoperative sonographic diagnosis were compatible with operative findings.}, Keywords = {1) Pelvic mass 2) Leiomyoma 3) Ectopic pregnancy}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {142-149}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1893-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1893-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Jalali, S.A.}, title = {OCTREOTIDE AS AN ADJUNCT IN GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY}, abstract ={Almost all major gastrointestinal operations should have some sort of mechanical drainage by a nasogastric tube suction in order to keep the system at rest and prevention of gastric dilatation. The rational behind this preliminary study was to inhibit the secretions medically rather than to drain it mechanically ,by injections of somatostatin analogue (octreotide) 100 mg half hour before removal of nasogastric suction tube on the first post-operative day and continue it for three days every eight hour S. C. . We used this treatment protocol as a pilot study on ten patients with results far better than expected. Above all they were able to eat second day after surgery, and needed far less narcotics postoperatively. We also used ten patients as our control group with almost the same ages and similar operations, although all patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery could be considered as control group. In our treated group not only they had less discomfort and other complications due to nasogastric tube, but overall about 1000c.c of G.I. secretions remained and preserved in their G.I. systems instead of being pumped out from gastrointestinal tract.}, Keywords = {1) Octreotide 2) Somatostatin 3) Nasogastric}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {150-156}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1894-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1894-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Razzaghy-Azar, M.}, title = {HORMONE INDUCED CHILDHOOD HYPERTENSION}, abstract ={This article outlines the various childhood endocrine disorders associated with hypertension . In many circumstances this is due to inadequate sodium excretion although other mechanisms are often involved. A close link with the kidney will be apparent since it is through this organ that the major effects of hormonal control of sodium are manifested although primary disturbances of kidney function may mimic endocrine diseases. The main emphasis will be on the hormonal derangements that can result in high blood pressure. Enzyme deficiecies in adrenals, primary hyperaldostronism, cushing's syndrome, apparent mineralocorticoid excess causes endocrine hypertension in childrens. Some postulate that essential hypertension is caused by an inherited disorder of the kidney to stimulate the production of a sodium transport inhibitor , possibly from the hypothalamus which helps kidney to eliminate sodium but at the ex pence of increasing blood pressure. This should be the case then it might be argued that essential hypertension comes into the category of hormone induced high blood pressure.}, Keywords = {1) Hypertension 2) Adrenal hyperplasia 3) Cushing\'s Syndrome}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {157-161}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1895-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1895-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Salekmoghdam, A.R.}, title = {APPLICATION OF IMMUNOTHERAPY IN CANCER TREATMENT}, abstract ={In cancer therapy, the need for new treatments is profound. Alone or together, surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy cure cancer in almost half of the patients in whom it develops. Immunotherapy like chemotherapy can be delivered systemically to combat metastases. What is more , it normally attacks only diseased cells ignoring healthy ones , so it is more cancer-specific than chemotherapy and radiotherapy which often kill dividing cells indiscriminately. Immunotherapy is a costly and complex treatment with sever side effects, because to determine the dose for each patient and for each kind of malignancy is important in results. This article is review of the latest methods and specially the most promising one Adoptive Immunotherapy in brief.}, Keywords = {1) Immunotherapy 2) Cancer 3) Cytokine}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {162-170}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1896-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1896-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Shakibi, M.R. and Korfi, M. and Abhari, R. and Akbarian, A.R. and Forghanizadeh, J.}, title = {OUTCOME OF 111 PREGNANCIES IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS}, abstract ={Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease which affects young females in reproductive ages. This disease and pregnancy have adverse effects on each other. In this regard there are different reports in literatures. The objective of this article is to report the outcome of 111 pragnancies in 48 patients with SLE and comparison of the outcome before and after diagnosis of the disease. The medical records of 100 consecutive patients with diagnosis of SLE were reviewed. 56 patients were married females. In 48 patients we had enough informations from medical records or could contact them to obtain the necessary informations. In 28 patients 74 pregnancies had been occured before diagnosis of SLE with 67 (90%) full term deliveries. In 21 patients 37 pregnancies had been occured after diagnosis of SLE with only 11 (30%) full term deliveries (p<O.0001). There were 4 spontaneous and 3 induced abortions in pregnancies before diagnosis and 13 spontaneous (pO.05). After diagnosis of SLE there were 4 stillbirth (p<0.001) and 5 premature deliveries(p<0.0005). In conclusion, SLE has had adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes in this series of patients and the number of spontaneous abortions, stillbirths and premature deliveries have been more common after diagnosis of SLE than before diagnosis.}, Keywords = {1) Lupus 2) Pregnancy 3) Abortion}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {171-176}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1897-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1897-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {SadeghiLooyeh, A.}, title = {THE ROLE OF BOMBESIN IN PREABSORPTIVE SATIETY}, abstract ={Spontaneous cessation of eating and feeling of fullness before any digestion or absorption of food stuff begins,indicates that G.I. tract sensory nerves or hormone like secretion of upper G.I. tract can causes preabsorptive satiety. Some neurotransmitters or hormonal secretions are assumed to be responsible for this phenomenon, one of them is called bombesin, which mimics neurotransmission activity in mamalian's G.J. tract. Bombesin available in lateral ventricles activates paraventricular substrates and thus causes preabsorptive satiety and hypoinsulinemia. Intraperitoneal injection of bombesin reduces food intake and increases intervals between meals. Also bombesin and GRP(Gastrin Releasing Peptide) causes release of hormone which brings along feeling of fullness and as a result cessation of eating.}, Keywords = {1) Bombesin 2) Satiety 3) Neurotransmitter}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {177-183}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1898-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1898-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Honarbakhsh, A. and SeyedMaleki, M.M.}, title = {APPLICATION OF ULTRASOUND IN PORTAL HYPERTENSION}, abstract ={With considerable advances in                     technology, ultrasound, as a noninvasive procedure has been more frequently used for diagnosis of liver diseases and portal hypertension (P.H.). Venography and splenoportography, both are invasive procedures with considerable X-ray exposure. The information obtained from these procedures are limited only to condition of vesseles, while with ultrasonic study, diameter of main portal and splenic veins could be measured and any increases in diameter more than 2 mm would suggest P.H. Diagnosis of vessele wall thrombosis in portal system as uniform or heterogenous echogenic area also is possible with ultrasound. Pulse doppler can be used for determining blood velocity and volume, in the same vesseles, and color doppler ultrasound study will show patency of smaller vesseles when clinically indicated. We studied, 15 patients who were clinically suspision to have P.H. with ultrasound to confirm P.H. . In all of cases ultrasonic findings such as increased diameter of portal and splenic veins, splenomegaly and presence of collaterals were evidences for diagnosis of P.H. In 2 cases evidences of portal vein thrombosis, were found. In another 2 cases evidences of extrinsic pressure on portal system due to hydatid cysts of liver was thought as causes of P.H..}, Keywords = {1) Ultrasound 2) Portal hypertension 3) Splenoportography 4) Portal vein thrombosis}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {184-192}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1899-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1899-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Hoomand, A. and Latifi, N.A.}, title = {REPORT OF 5 PATIENTS WITH LIGHTNING-ASSOCIATED INJURY}, abstract ={Ligthning - associated injuries (L -AI) are rare and not well recognized by many physicians. Awareness of pathophysiology and first line therapy would improve final prognosis in these patients. In last 10 years we have seen 5 cases of L-AI in plastic & reconstructive surgery hospital center in Tehran. They presented with 3-24% (average 16%) total body surface burn injury. Cardiac arrhytmia, fractures, myoglobulinuria, vision and hearing impairments and abnormal neurological findings are major complications of L-AI. Detail of cases are discussed in this article.}, Keywords = {1) Lightning 2) ECG 3) Burning 4) Myoglobulinuria}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {193-197}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1900-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1900-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Jalali, S.A. and Karimian, B.}, title = {CYLINDROMA OF THE BREAST - A CASE REPORT AND A SHORT REVIEW OF LITERATURE}, abstract ={Adenoid cystic carcimona of the breast is considered a rare entity with a comparatively favourable prognosis. We report the case of a 44 year old woman and review another 152 cases published to date in the pertinent literature, including two cases from Iran. The diagnosis is made by histological examination which shows the presence of pseudo- cysts encased in cellular masses hespedup, composing epithelium and myoepithelial elements. These are sometimes visible with light microscopy, and if necessary confirmed by electron microscopy and using immunohistochemical techniques. It is now realised that the myo- epithelial cell plays a role in the histogenesis of cylindroma. The outcome is usually good after simple surgical removal which has to be sufficient to avoid local recurrences. All the same there have been rare cases of metastases in the literature. Which means that these cases should be followed up carefully.}, Keywords = {1) Cylindroma 2) Mastectomy 3) Adenocystic carcinoma}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {66-71}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1901-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1901-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Hadjitarkhani, A.H.}, title = {HEALTH PROFESSIONALS AND BLOMEDICAL INFORMATION}, abstract ={To know the latest and newest biomedical information' is necessary and a professional responsibility. This is possible with using various sources. Biomedical information sources are various and different factors such as age experience, speciality, practice type and ... have influence on their selection. Orientation with different types of biomedical information sources and the ways of using them is necessary and useful. It seems that the most widely used information sources by medical society in our country are journals, books, scientific meetings and courses for aquisition of biomedical information. Recognizing that what are the medical society information needs, how, when and where they can be seeked, could be used for organizing necessary facilities and the better application of these sources.}, Keywords = {1) Biomedical information 2) Medical journal 3) Scientific meeting}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {72-76}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1902-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1902-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {SadeghiLooyea, A.}, title = {NIGHTLY RHYTHM OF N -ACETYL TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN PINEAL GLAND OF RAT}, abstract ={Living organisms have multiple biological rhythms. Some of these rhythms are endogenous and some are under the influence of light and dati cydes during 24-hours. Nowadays periodic changes in melatonin secretion from pineal gland and changes in N-acetyl transferase (NAT) activity which influence the melatonin secretion rate has been acknowledged as a basic rhythm. In this study NAT activity in pineal gland of rats during the night in which the rate of melatonin synthesis reaches a maximum has been investigated. According to the techniques employed in the experiments it has become evident that NA T activity depends on the length of light exposure in the environment and, variations of environmental light, considerably changes pineal gland NAT activity by sympathetic innervation via norepinephrine release.}, Keywords = {1) Pineal gland 2) Melatonin 3) N -acetyl transferase}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {77-80}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1904-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1904-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Saremi, A. and Heydari, E.}, title = {SPECULATIVE RISK FACTORS OF GASTRIC CANCER (A SURVEY OF NINTY PATIENTS)}, abstract ={In this observational case control survey, ninty patients with histologic diagnosis of gastric cancer from two university hospitals were studied retrospectively. A sizable 50 % of the patients were farmers who lived in the remote and under developed rural areas being in contact with nitrate fertilizer and nitrated soil and having little or no access to the modern food storage and preservations and usually consume large amount of partially decayed contaminated, dried, smoked, salted and starchy food which are the presumed etiologic factors for gastric cancer and therefore the result of this survey might be considered another favorable study for the current hypothesis. The survey revealed that gastric cancer which is the most common gastrointestinal cancer in Iran was significantly more common in men with a mean male to female ratio of 4.5:1 in contrast to the 2:1 ratio of the western countries and in correlation with the respective ratio of a recent study conducted in kashmir, India (11). Thirty six percent of the patients had a long history of smoking which is a relatively rare habit among Iranian women and the large number of female non - smokers might be considered one of the speculative reesnons for the significantly lower incidence of gastric cancer in women in this survey. Twenty two percent of the patients were opium users. The 36% smokers and the 22% opium users are significants and do not match the estimated smokers and opium addicts in this country and whether tobacco and opium should also be considered as risk factors of gastric cancer deserves further investigations. Pathologically only 10.8% of the cases were of infiltrative type and the remainder were practically of the ulcerative and polypoid type, indicating that although gastric cancer is very common in this country but it is usually of the less malignant intestinal type.}, Keywords = {1) Gastric cancer 2) Esophageal cancer 3) Nitroso compound 4) Fungal toxins}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {81-88}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1905-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1905-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Forghanizadeh, J.}, title = {ADVANCES IN SPONDYLOARTHROPATHIES}, abstract ={In last few years, numerous observations and studies on pathogenesis of spondyloarthropathies have been published and an animal model which confirms the associations of new information is now available. Bacteria which are responsible for reactive arthritis all can remain in the cells for long time. Molecules of class I MHC are able to present the intracellular peptides to immune system. B27 molecule can bind a special group of peptide«. A model of binding B27 to one or series of pathogenic peptide: (or srthritogenk: peptides) has been described. Class I molecules of MHC region can bind to the peptides and initiate an immune reaction or in selecting the T cell repertoire during T cell development in thymus. Recognition of subtypes of B27 molecule and the racial distribution of them has helped to better understanding of association of this antigen with spondyloarthropathies. The relation of spondyloarthropathies with intestine and various theories about the role of B27 and development of spondyloarthropathies are also described in this article.}, Keywords = {1) Spondyloarthropathy 2) HLA- B27 3) Reactive arthritis 4) Ankylosing spondylitis}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {89-99}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1906-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1906-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Mahloudji, Kh.}, title = {ACUTE GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND STUDY OF 520 PEDIATRIC CASES}, abstract ={The approach to patients with gmrointestinal tract infections begins with a thorough mediCdI history, induding information about epidemiologic factors, a physiCdI examination, and knowledge of the pathophysiology of various enteropathogens. Gastrointestinal tract infections conduded with a wide range of symptom complexes and csn be produced by a variety of Mferopathogens. Most infectious diarrheal illnesses Cdn be dassified into one of several Cdtegories based on the causative agent, its pathophysiologic mechanism, and the dinicaJ response. These informations can then be used to determine the appropriate use of laboratory facilities and proper therapy. All patients with diarrhea require nonspecific support, but only for some cases, specific antimicrobial therapy is indiCdted to shorten the course of illness and eradicate fecal exarfion of the organism. (5) The results of our study that illustrated in FifUres, No. 1-5 are induding: Age distribution: infant 66.5% (fig.1), Sex distribution: Males 61.7%, Formula fe«Jing: 77% (fig 2), Established etiologic agent: In 82.5% stool cultures and smears were negative, E.coli 5.8%, salmonella 4.6%, Entamoeba histolytiCd 3.1%, Giardia lambelia 23% and shigella 1.7% (fig 3) Dehydration status: 59% No detectable or mild dehydration (fig 4) Dehydration type: Isonatremic dehydration 87.5% (fig 5), and mortality rate was 2.1 % Condusion: We assume viruses are the major cause of diarrhea in our patients. Standard stool cultures and smears were negative in 82.5% of cases, but of course no viral studies were done. The cornerstone of proper management is related to fluid and electrolyte therapy. In general, this therapy should indude oral replacement and maintenance with rehydration solutions such as those specified by the WHO. Early refeeding with breast milk should be encouraged as soon as dehydration is corrected. (5) Despite this common belief that early rmeding is aggrevating diarrhea, it should be encouraged because prolonged with holding of keding frequently leads to chronic diarrhea and malnutrition. (72)}, Keywords = {1) Acute G1 infection 2) Dehydration 3) ORS}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {100-107}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1907-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1907-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Moazedi, A.M.}, title = {THE ROLE OF HEPATITIS B IN LIVER CIRRHOSIS (A SURVEY OF 170 PATIENTS)}, abstract ={In order to evaluate the pathogenic role of viral hepatitis in liver cirrhosis, a retrospective study was carried out in 170 patients with cirrhosis of liver who were admitted in Rasool-Akram hospital between the years 1360-1371. The cause of cirrhosis was unknown in 67.1 % and in others with known etiology, hepatitis B and hepatitis C were causes of cirrhosis in 22.4 % and 3 % respectively. The cirrhosis was more common in males than in females and the majority of patients were in 5th and 6th decades of life. It was concluded that hepatitis B is one of the major causes of liver cirrhosis and can be effectively prevented by vaccination.}, Keywords = {1) Hepatitis 2) Cirrhosis 3) HBsAg 4) Hepatocellular carcinoma}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {108-116}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1908-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1908-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Nilforushan, M.A.}, title = {PHYSICIAN AND GENETIC COUNSELING}, abstract ={Physicians are families' best counsellers, and genetic counseling is one of the most important and delicate aspects of medicine. Genetic disorders are the third most common problems of mankind after infectious diseases and malnutrition. 10% of neonatal and 25% of pediatric mortalities are some how related to congenital and genetic disturbances. Genetic disorders are categorized in four major groups: 1- Cytoplasmic, such as: mitochondrial and peroxisomal diseases, which are only transmitted by the mother. 2- Single gene defect, that follow the mendelian patterns of inheritance, including, autosomal and sex-linked disorders, which are transmitted by parents ordinarily to l...­4 (recessive genes) or ~ (dominant genes) of their offsprings. 3- Polygenic or multifactorials, which are influenced by both, genetic and environmental factors. Recurrence risk is 3- 5% after recognition of index case and about three times when two individuals are detected relatives. 4- Chromosomal abnormalities, structural and numericals, or due to translocations. They mostly occur sporadically and unless the mother, is over 34 years or carries a balanced translocation, the chance of their recurrence is not very high. This article is concluded with the main indications for chromosomal studies.}, Keywords = {1) Genetic counseling 2) Karyotyping 3) Genetic disorder}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {117-124}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1909-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1909-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Isfahani, M.M}, title = {THE LEGAL SECURITY IN MEDICAL SERVICES AND THE LIMIT OF ITS ACQUAINTANCE}, abstract ={Medical sciences which respond to basic human needs (that is providing, maintaining and restoring health) have a high value in the Islamic weltanschaung because they have to preserve lives. Having sufficient knowledge and doing one's best by using divine motives is an obvious clue of a great worship and without having the necessary knowledge, giving the medical services by physicians or any in giving medical care makes the physician responsible for his doing. In this regard, by having a brief look at religious responsibilities of medical professionals, it is obvious that being free of malpractice and its consequences is related to continuing education, accuracy and attention, acting professional limits and getting consent from the patient or his parents (guardians).In this article different aspects of the problem being discussed and emphasis has put on an increasing knowledge in proportion to scientific developments by using islamic guidances.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {9-14}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1910-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1910-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Jalali, S.A.}, title = {SPONTANEOUS PERFORATION OF INTESTINE IN CASE OF HENOCH SCHONLEIN SYNDROME}, abstract ={The ~n~phyloctoid putpUr~ is ~n ~/lergic vasOllitis which may involve the skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys. Although SO percent of these patients develop abdominal pain, surgic~1 complications are quite infrequent. spontaneous perforation of intestine in Henoch-schOnlein purpura is also rare and only several cases have been reported in the literature so far. Most of the cases with perforated intestine have been followed by intussusception and focal intestinal necrosis. This case was not preceded by intussusception which is indeed very rare only a very few such cases have been reported. physicians and surgeons should be aware of this rare complication and have patients with abdominal pain under close observation.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {15-19}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1911-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1911-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Shekarabi, M. and Nikbin, B. and Davachi, F. and Khosravi, F.}, title = {ASSOCIATION OF HLA IN SELECTED GROUP OF IRANIAN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS}, abstract ={Close relation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and HLA antigen DR4 has been reported with incidence as high"as 50-75% (3) In this study 34 patients in different stages of RA and treated with different drugs were studied for HLA DR4 antigen. 100 healthy individuals working in the lab. were tested as controls. DR4 were noted in patients with 3/25 risk, RR=3.25 (1'<0.01) These findings will increase knowledge on RA pathophysiology.}, Keywords = {1) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 2) HLA Antigen 3) Relative risk (R.R)}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {20-24}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1915-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1915-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {SadeghiLooyeh, A.}, title = {RECENT ADVANCES REGARDING PARIETAL CELLS OF STOMACH}, abstract ={During the last five years the recognition of ionic channels in the parietal cells of stomach and acid chloride mechanisms of secretion by these cells has become totally clear by the "Patch Oamp" technique. The apical cytoplasm in the oxyntic cells are in the form of vesicles where membranes contain H+, K+ -ATPase pump. Stimulation causes fusion of these tubular vesicles with the cell membran of the apical region and this process increases the cell membrane area to about 10 times. Associated with this process is the activation and opening of the channel of chloride and potassium in the apical membrane. After the stimulation of cell a considerable amount of chloride passes through the activated vesicles thus producing cannaliculi secretion of acid associated with the hyperpolarization of the membrane of the apical region. This process also transport considerable amount of chloride and also presumably opens the cannaliculi several folds. At present the acceptable model-of transport in apical cell membrane of the parietal cells is based on the counter transport of chloride and potassium. Thus during stimulation, fusion of vesicles in the apical membrane and expansion of apical membrane leads to opening of hydrogen-potassium pump into the lumen of the gland. The hyperpolarization of the membrane of the apical region is associated with the secretion of acid.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {25-29}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1916-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1916-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Ghods, Ah}, title = {CHRONIC IDIOPATHIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS AND PREGNANCY}, abstract ={The effect and outcome of pregnancy in patients with chronic idiopathic glomerulonephritis was studied. The study population consisted of 98 patients. All patients were divided into 8 groups according to presence, absence or coexistence of 3 general risk factors such as hypertension, renal failure and nephrotic syndrome. The adverse effect of renal disease and risk factors on the outcome of pregnancy was evaluated by increased incidence offetal death, toxemia and premature delivery. The influence of pregnancy on maternal nephropathy was evaluated by unexpected rise of serum creatinine from onset of pregnancy upto six months post delivery. There was high incidence of fetal death (36%), toxemia (27%), premature delivery (30%) and worsening of maternal nephropathy (28%). Toxemia was more common in hypertensives (P< 0.007) and premature delivery in patients with nephrolic syndrome (P<0.007). Worsening of maternal nephropathy was correlated with renal failure (P<O.OS), hypertension (P<0.02S) and toxemia (P<0.007) but not with nephrotic syndrome or with fetal death rate.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {30-36}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1917-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1917-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Ghoraeian, M.A. and Javidan, S.}, title = {10 YEAR RETROSPECTIVE STUDY ON 420 THYROIDECTOMIES DONE IN SHAHID DR. RAHNEMOON HOSPITAL}, abstract ={This is a retrospective study of 420 patients undergone thyroidectomy in Rahnemoon hospital during last 10 years. The results are as follows: Thyroid malignancies and surgical procedures were three times more common in female than male. Mean age was 38.2 years for male and 35.1 for female. For both sex 4th decade of life was the most common age of disease. 22% of patients had Positive family history of thyroid disease, but this did not increase the incidence of thyroid malignancies. in thyroid malignancies 77% were female and 23 % male, with 4th of decade of life being the most common age of occurrence. all patients with malignant tumors and majority with benign lesions were euthyroid, so, abnormal thyroid function is indicator of benign lesions. solitary nodules were more common and occurred more in right Lobe than left. Incidence of malignancy in solitary nodules were 20% and in multinodular Lesions 13%. In radioistope scan study, all malignant nodules and majority of solitary and multinodular goiters were cold nodules. In surgery82% of all nodules were benign and 18% malignant. Most common benign lesions. were multinodular goiter and adenoma respetivelv and most common malignant lesions were papillary carcinoma, 66%, follicular ca.26%, medullary ca. 4.5%, sarcoma 1.5% and Hurthle cell ca, 1.5%. This study in major parts was compatible with results reported by other centers.}, Keywords = {1) Thyroid 2) Thyroidectomy 3) Cold nodulle 4) Papillary carcinoma 5) Thyroid scan}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {37-43}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1918-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1918-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} } @article{ author = {Nilforushan, M.A.}, title = {EXPANDED PROGRAMME ON IMMUNIZATION AND HEPATITIS B VACCINE}, abstract ={Immunizaton is the most effective way of preventing contagious diseases in children. Expanded programme immunization (E.P.I) in Iran started actively in 1984 when coverage of immunization for six communicsbl« diseases namely poliomyelitis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and measles was about 20 percent and for tuberculosis was less than 5 percent surveys done in mid 1988 and 1991 showed that the over all coverage for first five diseases and tuberculosis rapidly reached 88 and 92 percent respectively (4). Who recommended that hepatites B vaccination to be added to E.P.I. in countries where carrier rate is 8% or over this vaccination to be added by the end of 1995 and in all countries by the end of 1997. Studies on volunteer !Jlood donors carried out by the Iran National Blood bank in various parts of Iran showed 2- 3 percent HbsAg positivity healthy blood donors who were HbsAg negative, HBc Ab and HBsAb rate was 11.2 and 10.4 percent in those under 20 years, and 54 and 47 percent in those above fifty years of age, respectively (3). Prevention of this dangerous debilitating and lethal diseases which is highly contagious is very important and life saving, National Commitee of E.P.I has rcommended and approved the addition of hepatitis B vaccine to the previous immunization schedule which has come to action since the second haff of march 1993 and is going to cover all the new borns with three doses of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine shortly after birth, six weeks later and the last one at 9 months of age (2).}, Keywords = {}, volume = {1}, Number = {0}, pages = {44-49}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1919-en.html}, eprint = {http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1919-en.pdf}, journal = {Razi Journal of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2228-7043}, eissn = {2228-7051}, year = {1994} }